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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Declaration of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>American Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_theater_(1776–1777)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_theater_(1776–1777)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Northern theater (1776–1777)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_theater_(1776–1777)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_theater_(1776–1782)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_theater_(1776–1782)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Western theater (1776–1782)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_theater_(1776–1782)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_theater_(1778–1781)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_theater_(1778–1781)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Southern theater (1778–1781)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_theater_(1778–1781)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Treaty of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederation_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederation_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Confederation period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Confederation_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Confederation period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Confederation_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_of_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_of_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Articles of Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_of_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Constitutional Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_for_ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_for_ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Campaign for ratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_for_ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westward_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westward_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Westward expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westward_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Science and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patriots_and_loyalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriots_and_loyalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Patriots and loyalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriots_and_loyalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United States (1776–1789)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1776–1789) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1776–1789)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_tarixi_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="ABŞ tarixi (1776–1789) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ tarixi (1776–1789)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AC%E2%80%93%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AF)" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস (১৭৭৬–১৭৮৯) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইতিহাস (১৭৭৬–১৭৮৯)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_historie_(1776-1789)" title="USA's historie (1776-1789) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's historie (1776-1789)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B7%DB%B6-%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B9)" title="تاریخ ایالات متحده (۱۷۷۶-۱۷۸۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ایالات متحده (۱۷۷۶-۱۷۸۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_de_1776_%C3%A0_1865" title="Histoire des États-Unis de 1776 à 1865 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des États-Unis de 1776 à 1865" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC_(1776%EB%85%84~1789%EB%85%84)" title="미국의 역사 (1776년~1789년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 역사 (1776년~1789년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1776-1789)" title="ԱՄՆ-ի պատմություն (1776-1789) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ-ի պատմություն (1776-1789)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America_(1776-1789)" title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America (1776-1789) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli Stati Uniti d'America (1776-1789)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Verenigde_Staten_(1763-1789)" title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten (1763-1789) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Verenigde Staten (1763-1789)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(1776-1789)" title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1776-1789) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1776-1789)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_historie_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="USAs historie (1776–1789) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs historie (1776–1789)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_(%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B7%DB%B6-%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B8%DB%B9_%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="د متحده ایالاتو تاریخ (۱۷۷۶-۱۷۸۹ ز کال) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالاتو تاریخ (۱۷۷۶-۱۷۸۹ ز کال)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1776%E2%80%941789)" title="История США (1776—1789) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История США (1776—1789)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (1776–1789) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (1776–1789)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="Lịch sử Hoa Kỳ (1776–1789) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Hoa Kỳ (1776–1789)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">The United States of America</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1776–1789</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931777).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Colors">Continental Colors</a> flag (1775–1777)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Including</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>, most notably The Seven Greats:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a><br />Drafting and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Mutiny">Philadelphia Mutiny</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Ratification of the Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234909266">.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar{width:22.0em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;background-clip:padding-box}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"><small>History of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/250px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/375px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/500px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>, the last major battle of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American revolution</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932016)" title="History of the United States (1991–2016)">1991–2016</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2016–present)">2016–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Trump Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2016–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the United States from 1776 to 1789</b> was marked by the nation's transition from the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> to the establishment of a novel constitutional order. </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen British colonies</a> emerged as a newly independent nation, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, between 1776 and 1789. Fighting in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> started between colonial militias and the British Army in 1775. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on July 4, 1776. The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 to form the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a>. Under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a> defeated the British military, securing the independence of the Thirteen Colonies. The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> continued until 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, which remains the fundamental governing law of the United States. </p><p>The 1780s marked an economic downturn for the United States due to debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, Congress' inability to levy taxes, and significant <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental dollar">Continental dollar</a>. Political essays such as <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> had a major effect on American culture and public opinion. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> was created as the first federal territory in 1787, and a border dispute in this region prompted raids that escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>. The Revolution and the Confederation period are placed within the <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a>, a period in which <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> ideas grew popular and prompted scientific advancement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a></div> <p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, British colonies in America were given considerable autonomy under the system of <a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">salutary neglect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This autonomy was challenged in the 1760s by several acts of the <a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act 1765</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering Acts</a>. These acts provoked an ideological conflict between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> regarding the nature of the Crown's authority over colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests by the colonists began as a demand for equal rights under the <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a>, but as the dispute progressed, they took a decidedly <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> political viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Stamp Act of 1765 onward, disputes with London escalated. <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a> were formed between 1770 and 1773 to organize colonists that opposed British authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riots occurred in opposition to British taxation on tea, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> on December 16, 1773, that saw dozens of men dumping massive amounts of British tea into the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain responded with the even more controversial <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> that enforced penalties on the colonies, and on <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> in particular. This prompted the colonists to convene the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> on September 5, 1774, as a unified body to oppose British authority. The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began on April 19, 1775, with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, in the aftermath of armed clashes in April. With all thirteen colonies represented, it immediately began to organize itself as a central government with control over the diplomacy and instructed the colonies to write constitutions for themselves as states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1775, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, a charismatic Virginia political leader with combat experience, was unanimously appointed commander of a newly organized <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow,_2010186–194_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow,_2010186–194-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> continued with the Continental Army besieging British-occupied Boston until the British retreated to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> in March 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985140_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985140-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Invasion of Quebec in the northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">southwest</a> was also carried out by the Continental Army in the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaration of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Declaration of Independence</a></i>, an 1819 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, shows the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> submitting its draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, voted unanimously to declare independence as the "<a href="/wiki/United_States#Etymology" title="United States">United States of America</a>". Two days later, on July 4, Congress <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signed the Declaration of Independence</a>. The Second Continental Congress was not initially formed to declare independence. Support for independence had grown gradually in 1775 and 1776 as Great Britain refused the colonists' demands and hostilities became more pronounced. The political pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i> further popularized support for independence. In May 1776, the Continental Congress recommended that the colonies establish their own governments independently of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drafting of the Declaration was the responsibility of a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>; it was drafted by Jefferson and revised by the others and the Congress as a whole. It contended that "<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>" with "certain unalienable rights, that among these are <a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness</a>", and that "to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>", as well as listing the main colonial grievances against the crown. Jefferson expressed that he did not wish to create new arguments, but rather to present those of previous philosophers, such as those of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a>, an Italian physician and promoter of liberty, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas Jefferson. In 1774 he published a pamphlet containing the phrase, which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the Declaration of Independence: "All men are by nature equally free and independent".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The signers of the Declaration of Independence were highly educated and wealthy, and they came from the older colonial settlements. They were largely <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and of <a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British descent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following century, the signing of the Declaration of Independence would be commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/220px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/330px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/440px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A 1775 map of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> shown in red</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_theater_(1776–1777)"><span id="Northern_theater_.281776.E2.80.931777.29"></span>Northern theater (1776–1777)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern theater (1776–1777)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_Ross_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/220px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/330px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/440px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The 13-star blue canton design that replaced the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Continental Colors</a> flag following the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Acts" title="Flag Acts">Flag Act of 1777</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The task of organizing the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/General_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="General Washington">General Washington</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> oversaw military action through war boards.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the onset of the war, the army had little equipment or formal training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200997_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington assigned Prussian Baron <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a> to train the army, and the baron's military experience produced a strong military for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supply the army, Washington pressured Congress for additional supplies, but funding from each state was not compulsory and there was never a sufficient amount.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> began in July 1776 as British reinforcements landed in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The British counteroffensive won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, and subsequent battles resulted in alternating American and British victories. The Continental Army was routed to New Jersey, and the British army failed to take control of New England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969262–263_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969262–263-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign shifted to Washington's favor after he led a <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossing of the Delaware River</a> that resulted in a victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, followed immediately by another victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a>, boosting American morale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969281–283_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969281–283-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009102–103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009102–103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1777, a grand British strategic plan, the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a>, was drafted in London. The plan called for two British armies to converge on <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> from the north and south, dividing the colonies in two and separating <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> from the rest. General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> led British soldiers from Montreal in June 1777, engaging in skirmishes with American forces. American General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> was appointed as Northern Army commander.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces of Burgoyne and Gates fought in the Saratoga campaign, with the British forces surrendering after the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Second Battle of Saratoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969324–325_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969324–325-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces of British commander <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> were supposed to provide reinforcements from the south, but he instead engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, taking the capital city of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969287–300_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969287–300-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009103_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009103-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American victory at Saratoga led the French into <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">a military alliance</a> with the United States through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> in 1778. France was soon joined by Spain and the Netherlands, both major naval powers with an interest in undermining British strength. Britain now faced a major European war, and the involvement of the French navy neutralized their previous dominance of the war on the sea. Britain was without allies and faced the prospect of invasion across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009105–106_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009105–106-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_theater_(1776–1782)"><span id="Western_theater_.281776.E2.80.931782.29"></span>Western theater (1776–1782)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western theater (1776–1782)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>Throughout the Revolutionary War, smaller battles and ambushes were fought west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> along the southwestern area of Canada and in American territories. Fearing the expansion of the United States and encouraged by the British, several Native American tribes launched attacks against Americans. Battles and massacres took place between the Continental Army and Native American fighters as well as against non-combatants and farms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200922–23_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200922–23-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final years of the war, Great Britain stopped providing much of its support for Native American tribes, and the United States won in the western theater with strict terms of surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200924_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200924-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_theater_(1778–1781)"><span id="Southern_theater_.281778.E2.80.931781.29"></span>Southern theater (1778–1781)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern theater (1778–1781)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>Except for an attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> in 1776, Great Britain did not attack the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in the early years of the war. Most fighting in the South had been carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. Following the failure at Saratoga, however, Great Britain moved its focus to the South, and the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">Capture of Savannah</a> occurred in 1778. The United States had not been prepared for a campaign in the South, and American General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> was appointed to the South to raise a militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198127–30_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198127–30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Siege of Charleston</a> took place in 1780, and the British captured this city as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198141_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198141-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia had higher Loyalist populations than other states, further contributing to British victories in the southern theater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Siege of Charleston, British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> took charge of the British forces in the Southern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969416_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969416-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a> in 1780 reiterated British control over the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198166–67_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198166–67-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornwallis advanced his forces into North Carolina, depending on Loyalists to join his forces as he went, but few joined him. General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> routed the British forces, preventing them from taking North Carolina. Against his instructions to defend the occupied South, Cornwallis moved his forces north to Virginia. Greene's forces moved south and reclaimed Georgia and South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969464–465_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969464–465-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis positioned his forces in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a> in hope of defeating the forces of the French General <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>. The French navy prevented the British navy from providing assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>, and Washington and Lafayette's forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">laid siege to Yorktown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969469–471_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969469–471-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969474_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969474-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King George III and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a> wished to mount another campaign, but <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> overruled them, forbidding any further conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969478–479_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969478–479-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Paris">Treaty of Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <p>King George III formally acknowledged American independence and ordered the end of hostilities on December 5, 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace negotiations took place in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> representing the United States. Negotiations concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which legally recognized the United States as an independent country.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain agreed to give up portions of southwestern Canada, though the boundary with the rest of British Canada remained unsettled.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some elements of the treaty were controversial among Americans, including those that recognized the monetary debts owed to Loyalists and those that critics felt challenged the status of each state government as a sovereign entity.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 25, 1783, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> led a procession through New York City on horseback as the final British soldiers boarded their boats to leave the harbor. Victory celebrations were held in the city, and the day would be remembered as <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 23, 1783, Washington <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">resigned his commission</a> as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-house_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-house-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Paris was ratified by Congress on January 14, 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederation_period">Confederation period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confederation period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_of_Confederation">Articles of Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles of Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/220px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/330px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/440px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Preamble through Article V of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Articles of Confederation were proposed by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and they were ratified on March 1, 1781. It replaced the administrative boards and appellate courts that Congress had created during the early stages of the Revolutionary War. While the Articles of Confederation granted certain powers to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a>, they also imposed restrictions that made governance difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions were by design, as many Americans feared that a strong central government would be too similar to the British monarchy. The powers of the central government were limited primarily to war, diplomacy, and resolving interstate disputes. It lacked powers to pass economic legislation, causing economic decline as it proved unable to pay its debts.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts of Congress required high majorities to be passed, and amendments to the Articles required unanimous approval by the states.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most governing was carried out by state governments during the Confederation Period.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Pennsylvania was the only state to use official political parties, informal <a href="/wiki/Partisanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisanship">partisanship</a> developed across the new nation in the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985168_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985168-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divisions emerged over how powerful the central government should be, how debts should be managed, and how Western settlement should be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The factions disagreed on how democratic the nation should be, influenced by fears of both <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> by elites and <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">mob rule</a> by the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009161_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009161-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political and economic troubles caused civil conflict within the states. Mutinies occurred in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompton_Mutiny" title="Pompton Mutiny">New Jersey</a> in January 1781, soldiers <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">marched on the capital</a> in June 1783, and a <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">coup against General Washington</a> was considered among military officers in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985183_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985183-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unrest culminated in <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> in the winter of 1786–1787, in which protests against the handling of debts in Massachusetts led to an armed uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states declined to fund a military force, and Massachusetts was forced to fund its own state force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200712–13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200712–13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Shays' Rebellion was short-lived, it became a strong argument for those in favor of reforming the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009153–155_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009153–155-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1776%E2%80%931801" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801">History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801</a></div> <p>Congress oversaw foreign policy, but the states had the final say in their own foreign relations, with each state ratifying treaties individually.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with Great Britain were still troubled after the war. Many states did not comply with the terms of the Treaty of Paris regarding the treatment of British nationals, and the British Army maintained a presence in the western territories. Britain also hurt American trade through restrictions on American products to promote Canadian growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a> had been lenient in the negotiation of the Treaty of Paris, but this proved controversial, prompting a change in government that resulted in much colder relations with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As economic conditions worsened, Congress failed to repay its debts to the countries that provided military support during the war: France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Relations with Spain were further strained by the Spanish government's closure of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, which hindered American transport and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a strong alliance during the revolution, France paid little attention to the United States during the Confederacy period. The United States also made trade agreements with the Netherlands, Sweden, and Prussia in the 1780s, but these made up a relatively small portion of American trade compared to Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, American ships faced the North African <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>. As Congress had few resources to address the issue, little was done during the Confederation period to take action against the pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peace negotiation was made with Morocco, but Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis continued to allow the capture of American ships.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Convention">Constitutional Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Constitutional Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History of the United States Constitution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall,_Aug_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> was convened in the old Pennsylvania State House in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Economic conflict grew between the states as the Confederation period went on, and Congress had no power to prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1786, many of the most prominent Americans in government were expressing concerns that the government under the Articles of Confederation was not sufficient, as it lacked both the economic and military security that had previously been provided by Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200311–13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200311–13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a> was held in 1786 to address trade issues, but it saw meager attendance with most states failing to send a delegate. The delegates from New Jersey had been authorized wide latitude by the state, and this was used to submit a proposal for a convention to reform the government entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1787, Congress voted to hold the convention the following May, indicating a broad loss in confidence of the governmental system under the Articles of Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there was not a clear objective before the convention, some delegates wished to establish a new central government that would have more power than Congress did under the Articles of Confederation. <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> became the leader of these delegates, developing the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> that would form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200330–31_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200330–31-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention began on May 25, 1787, after a sufficient number of delegates had arrived in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200343_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200343-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main issue at contention was the extent of power that would be transferred from the states to the federal government. Many state delegations, particularly that of Delaware, resisted centralization for fear that it would be dominated by the larger states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200344–45_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200344–45-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison's Virginia Plan competed with the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a>, which opposed proportional representation in favor of equal representation. The dispute was resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a>, which created a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003101–104_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003101–104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of slavery was also a concern, particularly in regard to whether slaves should be counted as citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2007118_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2007118-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final draft of the Constitution was delivered by <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a> on September 12, 1787. Written to correct the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution established the procedures and powers relating to Congress, the presidency, the courts, and how these offices related to the states. It also allowed for future amendments, acknowledged the debts incurred under the Articles of Confederation, and set the requirements for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003149–156_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003149–156-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delegates signed the Constitution on September 17 and sent it to Congress, where it was approved and sent to the states for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985192–193_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985192–193-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_for_ratification">Campaign for ratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Campaign for ratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png/220px-Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png/330px-Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png/440px-Dates_US_Constitution_ratified_by_the_13_States.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>The dates each of the 13 initial <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> ratified the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Those who advocated the Constitution took the name <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalists</a> and quickly gained supporters throughout the nation. The most influential Federalists were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and James Madison, the anonymous authors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>, a series of 85 essays published in New York newspapers, written under the pen name "Publius" to sway the closely divided New York legislature. The papers have become seminal documents for the United States and have often been cited by jurists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier84_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier84-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who opposed the new Constitution became known as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>. They were generally local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective, oriented to plantations and farms rather than commerce or finance, and wanted strong state governments and a weak national government.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each state held a convention to vote on ratification of the Constitution. Supporters of ratification ensured that states more likely to accept the Constitution were the first to hold conventions, fearing that early rejections may dissuade other states from ratifying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller states were supportive of the Constitution, as a centralized government offered a check on the power of larger states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delaware and New Jersey ratified in 1787, and Georgia ratified on January 2, 1788, all by unanimous votes. Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland, and South Carolina all ratified by large majorities over the winter and spring of 1788. It was more controversial in other states, with Massachusetts only ratifying by a narrow vote of 187–168. New Hampshire provided the final ratification that was necessary for the Constitution to go into effect on June 21, 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193–196_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193–196-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratification was more controversial in the larger states of New York, Virginia, and Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promises of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> from Madison secured ratification in Virginia, while in New York, the Clintons, who controlled New York politics, found themselves outmaneuvered as Hamilton secured ratification by a 30–27 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier396_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier396-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Carolina and Rhode Island were the last of the 13 states to ratify, doing so after the new government had begun operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003190_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003190-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a> met on February 4, 1789, to unanimously vote for George Washington in the <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">first presidential election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st United States Congress</a> read the results on April 6,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003192_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003192-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Washington was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">inaugurated</a> at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> on April 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003198–199_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003198–199-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Bill of Rights was approved by the new Congress in September 1789 and took effect in December 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009179_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009179-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westward_expansion">Westward expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Westward expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/220px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/330px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png/440px-United_States_1789-08-1790-04.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>Settlement of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Appalachia" title="Trans-Appalachia">Trans-Appalachia</a> grew during the Revolutionary War, increasing from a few thousand to 25,000 settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200813–15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200813–15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westward expansion stirred enthusiasm even in those who did not move west, and many leading Americans, including Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, purchased lands in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200822–23_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200822–23-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Land speculators</a> founded groups like the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a>, which acquired title to vast tracts of land in the west and often came into conflict with settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff610–611_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff610–611-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1780 to 1784, Congress held negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to cede its western territory. An agreement took effect on March 1, 1784, creating the first national territory that was not part of any state.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress created a territorial government and set requirements for statehood with the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a>. </p><p>In 1787, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>, which granted Congress greater control of the region by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. Under the new arrangement, many of the former elected officials of the territory were instead appointed by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff609–611_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff609–611-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to attract Northern settlers, Congress outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory, though it also passed a fugitive slave law to appease the Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor341–342_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor341–342-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</a> remained under the control of the southern states, and each state claimed to extend west to the Mississippi River. In 1784, settlers in western North Carolina sought statehood as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a>, but their efforts were denied by Congress, which did not want to set a precedent regarding the secession of states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor340–344_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor340–344-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, Great Britain had aligned with many of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes in its claimed territories to the west of the colonies. This was an escalation of the skirmishes that made up the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> that had been prompted by land encroachment by colonists and raids by Native American tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneers responded to Native American attacks against colonial civilians by in turn attacking Native American civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British continued to supply arms to Native Americans after the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Between 1783 and 1787, hundreds of settlers died in low-level conflicts with Native Americans, and these conflicts discouraged further settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling264–265_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling264–265-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the decade, the frontier was engulfed in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Confederacy" title="Northwestern Confederacy">Northwestern Confederacy</a>. These Native Americans sought the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a> with the support and under protection of the British, posing a major foreign policy challenge to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Great Britain had agreed to cede its western influence to the United States, it continued to provide weapons for the Northwestern Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200924_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200924-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Congress provided little military support against the Native Americans, most of the fighting was done by the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor343_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor343-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This war would continue until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> in 1795 that defined the boundary between the United States and the Native American tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_Currency_$1_banknote_obverse_(February_17,_1776).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg/220px-Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg/330px-Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg/440px-Continental_Currency_%241_banknote_obverse_%28February_17%2C_1776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>A one dollar continental banknote in 1776</figcaption></figure> <p>The American Revolution had large scale effects on the economies of the Thirteen Colonies. The Continental Congress did not have the power to levy taxes, so it depended on the newly formed state governments to raise funds, and they were forced to raise taxes to cover war expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also caused a <a href="/wiki/Labor_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor shortage">labor shortage</a> as workers enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> militaries, ending a decades-long trend of industrial expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a>. The workforce consisted of both free laborers and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labor</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> had largely fallen out of practice by the time of the American Revolution. Economic growth was further slowed by a reduction in immigration because of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> was established as the country's first bank in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985170_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985170-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Continental Congress created its own <a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Currency">Continental currency</a> banknotes to increase funding, but this currency quickly <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">depreciated in value</a> and did not survive to the end of the war. The lack of a centralized currency and economic policy was a major factor in the decision to hold the Constitutional Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war and the inflation caused shortages for both the military and for civilians. It was common during these shortages for civilians to form crowds and ransack stores that did not offer what they considered to be fair prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985143–144_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985143–144-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar issues plagued the state governments as they accumulated their own debts, though the states could impose taxes and increased them significantly as the economic crisis worsened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009148–149_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009148–149-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early supporters of revolution also supported <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, but most political and economic thinkers rejected these concepts, and support grew for a democratic <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> system with taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985147–154_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985147–154-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy of the early United States was heavily agricultural, but it also involved other forms of resource extraction, such as <a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">lumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur</a>. Manufacturing was limited, though <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> was a major industry. The revolution required American merchants to rebuild connections with global markets, as trade had previously been facilitated under the flag of Great Britain. The high tariffs that were common at the time limited profitability, but high demand for American goods allowed the United States to make up for the economic turmoil of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the war ended, the Treaty of Paris allowed British creditors to call in debts from the American market, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985157_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985157-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government was also in debt to France, the Netherlands, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many states raised taxes after the war to cover the expenses that it brought, prompting unrest, including that of Shays' Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the close relation of American and British commerce, many traders renegotiated with British merchants after the war, and they facilitated American trade as they did under colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic policies of individual states made domestic trade more difficult, as state governments often discriminated against merchants from other states. A national deficit occurred in 1786, and it continued to increase through the Confederation period.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1787, Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_media">Culture and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg/220px-Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg/330px-Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg/440px-Watsonandtheshark-original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9895" data-file-height="7847" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Watson_and_the_Shark" title="Watson and the Shark">Watson and the Shark</a></i>, a 1778 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A distinct American culture separate from Britain had already developed by the 1750s. A plainness in fashion and speech was common, originating from <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> standards of the colonial era and reasserted by the revolution. The United States in the 18th century saw a proliferation of newspapers and magazine, many of which were in print only briefly. Political essays such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i>, <i>Common Sense</i>, and <i>The Federalist Papers</i> were influential in shaping the early United States. Full-length books also addressed political concepts regarding the revolution, including <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_an_American_Farmer" title="Letters from an American Farmer">Letters from an American Farmer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._Hector_St._John_de_Cr%C3%A8vec%C5%93ur" title="J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur">J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> by Thomas Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social and political ideas were often expressed through poetry. Poets such as <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull_(poet)" title="John Trumbull (poet)">John Trumbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Henry_Brackenridge" title="Hugh Henry Brackenridge">Hugh Henry Brackenridge</a> wrote of nationalist ideas about an independent United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Conquest of Canaan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dwight_IV" title="Timothy Dwight IV">Timothy Dwight</a> is credited as the first <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> of the United States. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchiad" title="The Anarchiad">The Anarchiad</a></i> was a prominent satire of the early United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first American novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Sympathy" title="The Power of Sympathy">The Power of Sympathy</a></i>, was published by <a href="/wiki/William_Hill_Brown" title="William Hill Brown">William Hill Brown</a> in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drama and theater were controversial in the early United States. Plays had been condemned by Puritans in the colonial era, and the Continental Congress issued a formal condemnation of plays in 1774. Plays that were performed during the revolutionary era were typically European.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent American dramatist during the revolutionary era was <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a>, whose plays included <i>The Adulateur</i>, <i>The Group</i>, and <i>The Blockheads</i>. Hugh Henry Brackenridge wrote two historical plays that portrayed the Revolutionary War. John Leacock wrote <i>The Fall of British Tyranny</i>, the first play to feature George Washington as a character. Innovations in drama declined after the Revolutionary War, in part due to the political and economic turmoil of the 1780s. <a href="/wiki/William_Dunlap" title="William Dunlap">William Dunlap</a> began his prolific career as a playwright with <a href="/wiki/The_Father_(Dunlap_play)" title="The Father (Dunlap play)"><i>The Father</i></a> in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visual art was influenced by the literature of European aestheticians, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alphonse_du_Fresnoy" title="Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy">Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Piles" title="Roger de Piles">Roger de Piles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson" title="Jonathan Richardson">Jonathan Richardson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>. Many American artists traveled abroad to learn art, particularly to London to learn under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a> were prominent painters in the first years of the United States; as supporters of republicanism, they are both known for their respective portraits of George Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_education">Science and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Science and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.11.029_(10995364195).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg/220px-HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg/330px-HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg/440px-HD.11.029_%2810995364195%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> performing his <a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">kite experiment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians categorize the time of the American Revolution as part of a broader <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a>, in which the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> began to influence American science and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included a shift away from religious groundings in philosophy. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were prolific philosophic writers in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Reason:_the_Only_Oracle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason: the Only Oracle of Man">Reason: the Only Oracle of Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> was an early challenge to the religious rejection of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> in the United States in 1784. Massachusetts formed a medical society in 1781, following the precedent set by New Jersey in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific community of the early United States was centered in Philadelphia, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> were two of the most prominent scientific fields at the time, and physicians of the revolutionary era often had a scientific background beyond medicine. Benjamin Franklin developed the study of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> in the United States and discovered many of its properties. Many prominent scientists were immigrants from other countries, particularly Great Britain, which had a much larger scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> already existed by the time of the American Revolution. These colleges were all male, and they were based on the ideas of education associated with the Enlightenment. <a href="/wiki/State_university_system" title="State university system">State universities</a> began to form after the end of the Revolutionary War, starting with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> in 1785. African Americans and Native Americans were only rarely admitted to universities, though African American men in northern states sometimes formed literary societies.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history of the United States</a></div> <p>The population of the Thirteen Colonies was 2.5 million in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">first national census</a> was taken in 1790, shortly after the end of the Confederation period. It found that the United States had a population of 3,929,214 residents with an average of 4.5 people per square mile. There were five cities with a population over 10,000 residents. The largest city was New York City with 33,131 residents, followed by Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriots_and_loyalists">Patriots and loyalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Patriots and loyalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a></div> <p>During the revolutionary period, residents of the states were divided on whether to seek independence or to remain loyal to the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who supported revolution came to be known as Whigs or Patriots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969150_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969150-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those favoring loyalty to Great Britain were known as Tories or Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969156_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969156-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loyalists were more common in the southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though much of the population was opposed to or neutral toward revolution in the early years of independence, the proportion of Patriots increased as the conflict progressed. Supporters of the British Empire commonly included merchants and farmers that felt they benefited from colonial rule as well as slaves that hoped loyalty to Britain would bring them freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proved controversial among Patriots when compensation to Loyalists became part of the peace agreement after the Revolutionary War.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who fought as members of the Continental Army benefited from the revolution, as they were predominantly working-class men who were able to meaningfully influence their government for the first time. Women of the revolution similarly desired increased influence in politics, but they were restricted from meaningful participation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009115_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009115-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians disagree on the extent that the revolution affected women that assisted the Patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009181_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009181-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">History of religion in the United States</a></div> <p>Many churches and ministers took vocal stances on the American Revolution while it was ongoing. John Adams considered the Anglican church to be a means for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> to control the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008211–212_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008211–212-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglican clergy associated with the Loyalists, and clergy that continued the mandated prayer for the Crown were harassed or exiled. Founding Father <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> once said that some Loyalists opposed revolution because they feared it would give power to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008195–196_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008195–196-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1775 to 1783, the number of Anglican ministers in the Thirteen Colonies decreased from 311 to 141.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008198_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008198-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military, financial, and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric. The Revolutionary War drew attention away from the Pope, making King George III the most prominent foreign opponent in the minds of Americans. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states in which they had previously been discriminated against.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>The controversial issue of slavery was brought up during the drafting of the Declaration of Independence; Jefferson's original draft condemned King George III for his support of the slave trade, but Southern delegates had the language removed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia governor <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Lord Dunmore</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> in 1775, offering freedom to slaves that fought alongside the British. General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Sir Henry Clinton</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Proclamation" title="Philipsburg Proclamation">similar proclamation</a> in 1779. Thousands of slaves served as <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a> in the Revolutionary War.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Continental Army allowed Black men, including slaves, to serve in 1777. It also guaranteed freedom for slaves that joined the army, though Southern states worked to prevent such an offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Revolution made the issue of slavery more prominent, as some writers began to criticize what they saw as hypocrisy in supporting liberty while owning slaves, causing the institution to lose popularity in the Northern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009118_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009118-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many slaves also pledged support to the Patriot cause, particularly in the north, further inclining these states to end slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009116_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009116-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780, Pennsylvania enacted a law banning the enslavement of people born after March 1 of that year and guaranteeing freedom to children born into slavery after that date upon reaching the age of 28. Connecticut and Rhode Island ended slavery on similar terms in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other Northern states, slaves were active in both protest and litigation against slavery, and by the end of the 1780s, they successfully sued for freedom in all Northern states but New Jersey and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slaves in the Southern states, who made up a much larger proportion of the population, were not given significant liberties in light of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009123–124_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009123–124-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes to slavery in the South were smaller, including an end to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in several states and the passage of laws that allowed slaveowners to free their slaves in their wills. Over the 1780s, the number of free Blacks in the South increased from roughly 4,000 to 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009129–131_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009129–131-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of slavery was intensely debated during the drafting of the Constitution. Delegates at the Constitutional Convention were divided on the morality of slavery, and there was also debate about whether slaves should be counted when allocating proportional representation to each state. The dispute was resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a> in which slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Richard B. (1973). Seven who shaped our destiny; the Founding Fathers as revolutionaries. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-0609-04548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Brooks2016" class="citation web cs1">Beatrice Brooks, Rebecca (30 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-was-the-british-policy-of-salutary-neglect/">"What Was the British Policy of Salutary Neglect?"</a>. <i>historyofmassachusetts.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411044334/https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-was-the-british-policy-of-salutary-neglect/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofmassachusetts.org&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+British+Policy+of+Salutary+Neglect%3F&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.aulast=Beatrice+Brooks&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofmassachusetts.org%2Fwhat-was-the-british-policy-of-salutary-neglect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Peter D. G. (2000). "The Stamp Act crisis and its repercussions, including the Quartering Act controversy". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Stamp+Act+crisis+and+its+repercussions%2C+including+the+Quartering+Act+controversy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1970" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, W. Paul (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147877">"Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776"</a>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2147877">10.2307/2147877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147877">2147877</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031182105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147877">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Republicanism+in+Political+Rhetoric+Before+1776&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=398&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2147877&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=W.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy2000" class="citation book cs1">Conroy, David W. (2000). "Development of a revolutionary organization, 1765–1775". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+revolutionary+organization%2C+1765%E2%80%931775&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2011" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Harlow Giles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJj_AgAAQBAJ"><i>American Tempest: How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution</i></a>. Hachette Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306819629" title="Special:BookSources/9780306819629"><bdi>9780306819629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192823/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/jJj_AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Tempest%3A+How+the+Boston+Tea+Party+Sparked+a+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780306819629&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJj_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Willi Paul (2001). <i>The First American Constitutions</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742520691" title="Special:BookSources/9780742520691"><bdi>9780742520691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+American+Constitutions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780742520691&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Willi+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow,_2010186–194-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow,_2010186–194_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernow,_2010">Chernow, 2010</a>, pp. 186–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985140-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985140_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969195-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969195_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamowy, Ronald (2000). "The Declaration of Independence". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filippo Mazzei, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette" title="The Virginia Gazette">The Virginia Gazette</a></i>, 1774. Translated by a friend and neighbor, Thomas Jefferson:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti. Quest'eguaglianza è necessaria per costituire un governo libero. Bisogna che ognuno sia uguale all'altro nel diritto naturale.</i></p></blockquote>Translated by Jefferson as follow:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.<br /> All men must be equal to each other in natural law</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy, John F.</a> (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a></i>. Perennial. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061447549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061447549"><bdi>978-0061447549</bdi></a>. <q>The great doctrine 'All men are created equal' and incorporated into the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei, an Italian-born patriot and pamphleteer, who was a close friend of Jefferson. A few alleged scholars try to discredit Mazzei as the creator of this statement and idea, saying that "there is no mention of it anywhere until after the Declaration was published". This phrase appears in Italian in Mazzei's own hand, written in Italian, several years prior to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Mazzei and Jefferson often exchanged ideas about true liberty and freedom. No one man can take complete credit for the ideals of American democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+of+Immigrants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061447549&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=103_cong_bills&docid=f:hj175eh.pdfJoint">Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress</a>: the phrase in the Declaration of Independence 'All men are created equal', was suggested by the Italian patriot and immigrant Filippo Mazzei.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1977" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Caroline (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080810">"Decision in '76: Reflections on the 56 Signers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Massachusetts_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society">Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society</a></i>. <b>89</b>: <span class="nowrap">72–</span>87, 86. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080810">25080810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011724/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080810">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Decision+in+%2776%3A+Reflections+on+the+56+Signers&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E87%2C+86&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25080810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25080810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-04/">"Today in History - July 4"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029013828/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-04/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Today+in+History+-+July+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Ftoday-in-history%2Fjuly-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Gardner_Bell2005" class="citation book cs1">William Gardner Bell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwyykzbi4pUC&pg=PA3"><i>Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775-2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer</i></a>. Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160873300" title="Special:BookSources/9780160873300"><bdi>9780160873300</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192841/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwyykzbi4pUC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Generals+and+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+1775-2005%3A+Portraits+%26+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+United+States+Army%27s+Senior+Officer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780160873300&rft.au=William+Gardner+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwyykzbi4pUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S.</a> (1948). <i>George Washington: A Biography</i>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780678028346" title="Special:BookSources/9780678028346"><bdi>9780678028346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780678028346&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200997-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200997_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitridge1976" class="citation journal cs1">Whitridge, Arnold (July 1976). "Baron von Steuben, Washington's Drillmaster". <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>26</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Baron+von+Steuben%2C+Washington%27s+Drillmaster&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1976-07&rft.aulast=Whitridge&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarp1984" class="citation book cs1">Carp, E. Wayne (1984). <i>To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775-1783</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807815878" title="Special:BookSources/9780807815878"><bdi>9780807815878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Starve+the+Army+at+Pleasure%3A+Continental+Army+Administration+and+American+Political+Culture%2C+1775-1783&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780807815878&rft.aulast=Carp&rft.aufirst=E.+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969262–263-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969262–263_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969281–283-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969281–283_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 281–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009102–103-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009102–103_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2016" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Dean R. (2016). <i>1777: Tipping Point at Saratoga</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190618759" title="Special:BookSources/9780190618759"><bdi>9780190618759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1777%3A+Tipping+Point+at+Saratoga&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190618759&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Dean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969324–325-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969324–325_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969287–300-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969287–300_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 287–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009103-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009103_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2001). <i>Crucible of power: a history of American foreign relations to 1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842029186" title="Special:BookSources/9780842029186"><bdi>9780842029186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+power%3A+a+history+of+American+foreign+relations+to+1913&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780842029186&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009105–106-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009105–106_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200922–23-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200922–23_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano200924-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200924_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano200924_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198127–30-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198127–30_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumpkin1981">Lumpkin 1981</a>, pp. 27–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198141-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198141_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumpkin1981">Lumpkin 1981</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969409_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969416-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969416_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumpkin198166–67-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumpkin198166–67_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLumpkin1981">Lumpkin 1981</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969464–465-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969464–465_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 464–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969469–471-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969469–471_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 469–471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969474-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969474_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969478–479-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969478–479_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, pp. 478–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1965" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard Brandon (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacemakersgrea00morr"><i>The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence</i></a> (1st ed.). Harper & Row. pp. <span class="nowrap">411–</span>412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacemakers%3A+The+Great+Powers+and+American+Independence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacemakersgrea00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-paris">"Treaty of Paris (1783)"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. 2022-05-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031123838/https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-paris">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Paris+%281783%29&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fmilestone-documents%2Ftreaty-of-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2000" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (2000). "Foreign relations, after 1783". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">398–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+relations%2C+after+1783&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Aaron N. (2012). "Debating the Nature of State Sovereignty: Nationalists, State Sovereigntists, and the Treaty of Peace (1783)". <i>The Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2012.00372.x">10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00372.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Debating+the+Nature+of+State+Sovereignty%3A+Nationalists%2C+State+Sovereigntists%2C+and+the+Treaty+of+Peace+%281783%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2012.00372.x&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Aaron+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasanoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Jasanoff, Maya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKsn09oVwQC"><i>Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400075478" title="Special:BookSources/9781400075478"><bdi>9781400075478</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192830/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Liberty_s_Exiles/uGKsn09oVwQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%27s+Exiles%3A+American+Loyalists+in+the+Revolutionary+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781400075478&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGKsn09oVwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-house-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-house_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/General-George-Washington-resigning-his-commission-in-Annapolis,-Maryland/">"General George Washington Resigned his Commission in Annapolis, Maryland. December 23, 1783"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian of the United States House of Representatives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727042832/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/General-George-Washington-resigning-his-commission-in-Annapolis,-Maryland/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington+Resigned+his+Commission+in+Annapolis%2C+Maryland.+December+23%2C+1783&rft.pub=Historian+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1700s%2FGeneral-George-Washington-resigning-his-commission-in-Annapolis%2C-Maryland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/The-Continental-Congress-s-ratification-of-the-%E2%80%9CTreaty-of-Paris%E2%80%9D/">"The Confederation Congress's Ratification of the "Treaty of Paris"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103022351/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1700s/The-Continental-Congress-s-ratification-of-the-%E2%80%9CTreaty-of-Paris%E2%80%9D/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Confederation+Congress%27s+Ratification+of+the+%22Treaty+of+Paris%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FHistorical-Highlights%2F1700s%2FThe-Continental-Congress-s-ratification-of-the-%25E2%2580%259CTreaty-of-Paris%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Kaplanoff, Mark D. (2000). "Confederation: movement for a stronger union". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">458–</span>469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confederation%3A+movement+for+a+stronger+union&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Kaplanoff&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Cleve2019" class="citation book cs1">Van Cleve, George William (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5r0lEAAAQBAJ"><i>We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226641522" title="Special:BookSources/9780226641522"><bdi>9780226641522</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192825/https://www.google.com/books/edition/We_Have_Not_a_Government/5r0lEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Have+Not+a+Government%3A+The+Articles+of+Confederation+and+the+Road+to+the+Constitution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780226641522&rft.aulast=Van+Cleve&rft.aufirst=George+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5r0lEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985168-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985168_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009161-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009161_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985183-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985183_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2003" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Leonard L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6oeBQAAQBAJ"><i>Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780812218701"><bdi>9780812218701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192827/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/v6oeBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shays%27s+Rebellion%3A+The+American+Revolution%27s+Final+Battle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780812218701&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6oeBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart200712–13-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart200712–13_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2007">Stewart 2007</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009153–155-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009153–155_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrity2007" class="citation journal cs1">Garrity, Patrick (2007-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01495930701750232">"The United States and Barbary Piracy, 1783–1805"</a>. <i>Comparative Strategy</i>. <b>26</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01495930701750232">10.1080/01495930701750232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5933">0149-5933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153471268">153471268</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192829/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01495930701750232">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Strategy&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+Barbary+Piracy%2C+1783%E2%80%931805&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153471268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0149-5933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01495930701750232&rft.aulast=Garrity&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F01495930701750232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart20078–10_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2007">Stewart 2007</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200311–13-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200311–13_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200330–31-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200330–31_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200343-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200343_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin200344–45-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin200344–45_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003101–104-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003101–104_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2007118-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2007118_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2007">Stewart 2007</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003149–156-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003149–156_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 149–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985192–193-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985192–193_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier84-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier84_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier">Maier</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">Wilson, James Q.</a> (23 December 2008). <i>American Government: Brief Edition</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547212760" title="Special:BookSources/9780547212760"><bdi>9780547212760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Government%3A+Brief+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft.isbn=9780547212760&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003171–173_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 171–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193–196-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985193–196_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, pp. 193–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier396-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier396_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier">Maier</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003190-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003190_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003192-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003192_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003198–199-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkin2003198–199_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkin2003">Berkin 2003</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009179-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009179_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200813–15-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200813–15_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugent2008">Nugent 2008</a>, p. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200822–23-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200822–23_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugent2008">Nugent 2008</a>, p. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff610–611-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff610–611_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff">Middlekauff</a>, p. 610–611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff609–611-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff609–611_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff">Middlekauff</a>, p. 609–611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor341–342-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor341–342_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor340–344-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor340–344_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 340–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGCin1JJp8cC"><i>The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139444705" title="Special:BookSources/9781139444705"><bdi>9781139444705</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192830/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_First_Way_of_War/JGCin1JJp8cC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Way+of+War%3A+American+War+Making+on+the+Frontier%2C+1607%E2%80%931814&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139444705&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGCin1JJp8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Every1963" class="citation book cs1">Van Every, Dale (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ12AAAAMAAJ"><i>Ark of Empire: The American Frontier, 1784-1803</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192826/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/wZ12AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ark+of+Empire%3A+The+American+Frontier%2C+1784-1803&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Van+Every&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZ12AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling264–265-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling264–265_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling">Ferling</a>, p. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Herring" title="George C. Herring">Herring, George</a> (2008). <i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44, <span class="nowrap">61–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743773" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743773"><bdi>9780199743773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199743773&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor343-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor343_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor">Taylor</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSword1985" class="citation book cs1">Sword, Wiley (1985). <i>President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795</i>. 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(2000). "Currency, taxation, and finance, 1775–1787". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Currency%2C+taxation%2C+and+finance%2C+1775%E2%80%931787&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2000" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael V. (2000). "The home front during the War for Independence". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+home+front+during+the+War+for+Independence&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985170-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985170_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985143–144-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985143–144_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009148–149-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009148–149_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985147–154-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985147–154_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, pp. 147–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrand1921" class="citation book cs1">Farrand, Max (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3oBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Fathers of the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Establishment of the Union</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404761322" title="Special:BookSources/9781404761322"><bdi>9781404761322</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192827/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fathers_of_the_Constitution/K3oBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fathers+of+the+Constitution%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Establishment+of+the+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=9781404761322&rft.aulast=Farrand&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3oBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountryman1985157-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountryman1985157_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountryman1985">Countryman 1985</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove1988" class="citation book cs1">Rakove, Jack N. (1988). Barlow, J. Jackson; Levy, Leonard W.; Masugi, Ken (eds.). <i>The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31-325610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31-325610-3"><bdi>978-0-31-325610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Articles+of+Confederation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-31-325610-3&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabo2000" class="citation book cs1">Grabo, Norman S. (2000). "The cultural effects of the Revolution". In Pole, J. R.; Greene, J. P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454"><i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i></a> (1st ed.). Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">586–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756454">10.1002/9780470756454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210580" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210580"><bdi>9780631210580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030005020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470756454">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+cultural+effects+of+the+Revolution&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E586-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rft.isbn=9780631210580&rft.aulast=Grabo&rft.aufirst=Norman+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470756454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1988" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Marshall (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_VGEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Literature of the United States of America</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350317864" title="Special:BookSources/9781350317864"><bdi>9781350317864</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192827/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/w_VGEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781350317864&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_VGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmethBigsby2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wilmeth, Don B.; Bigsby, Christopher (2006). <i>The Cambridge History of American Theatre</i>. Vol. One: Beginnings to 1870. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521679831" title="Special:BookSources/9780521679831"><bdi>9780521679831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+American+Theatre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521679831&rft.aulast=Wilmeth&rft.aufirst=Don+B.&rft.au=Bigsby%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davis, Peter A. (2006). "Plays and Playwrights to 1800". In Wilmeth, Don B.; Bigsby, Christopher (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of American Theatre</i>. Vol. One: Beginnings to 1870. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521679831" title="Special:BookSources/9780521679831"><bdi>9780521679831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plays+and+Playwrights+to+1800&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+American+Theatre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521679831&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaigell2018" class="citation book cs1">Baigell, Matthew (2018). "The New Nation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpdNDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Concise History Of American Painting And Sculpture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429982354" title="Special:BookSources/9780429982354"><bdi>9780429982354</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192827/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Concise_History_Of_American_Painting_A/HpdNDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Nation&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+Of+American+Painting+And+Sculpture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429982354&rft.aulast=Baigell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpdNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1997" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Robert A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_Uueyp-0TYC"><i>The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023222" title="Special:BookSources/9780674023222"><bdi>9780674023222</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192905/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Enlightenment_1750_1820/Q_Uueyp-0TYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Enlightenment%2C+1750-1820&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780674023222&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_Uueyp-0TYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hindle, Brooke (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27796579">"Science and the American Revolution"</a>. <i>The Journal of General Education</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-3667">0021-3667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27796579">27796579</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632260">11632260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105203330/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27796579">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Education&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0021-3667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27796579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11632260&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27796579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutcheson2019" class="citation book cs1">Hutcheson, Philo A. (2019). "From the Beginning: Leadership, Exclusion, and Stratification in the Colonizing Colleges and the Early Republic". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiCeDwAAQBAJ"><i>A People's History of American Higher Education</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136697340" title="Special:BookSources/9781136697340"><bdi>9781136697340</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192827/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_People_s_History_of_American_Higher_Ed/OiCeDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Beginning%3A+Leadership%2C+Exclusion%2C+and+Stratification+in+the+Colonizing+Colleges+and+the+Early+Republic&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+American+Higher+Education&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781136697340&rft.aulast=Hutcheson&rft.aufirst=Philo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiCeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Derick (2019-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/07/july-fourth-celebrating-243-years-of-independence.html">"Fun Facts: From Counties Named Liberty to $368.6M Worth of Fireworks Sold"</a>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072250/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/07/july-fourth-celebrating-243-years-of-independence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Fun+Facts%3A+From+Counties+Named+Liberty+to+%24368.6M+Worth+of+Fireworks+Sold&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2019%2F07%2Fjuly-fourth-celebrating-243-years-of-independence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1790_fast_facts.html">"History: 1790 Fast Facts"</a>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009051127/https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1790_fast_facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=History%3A+1790+Fast+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwww%2Fthrough_the_decades%2Ffast_facts%2F1790_fast_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009112_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969150-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969150_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1969156-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden1969156_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden1969">Alden 1969</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009115-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009115_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009181-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009181_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008211–212-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008211–212_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2008">Bell 2008</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008195–196-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008195–196_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2008">Bell 2008</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2008198-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2008198_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2008">Bell 2008</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogliano1995" class="citation book cs1">Cogliano, Francis D. (1995). <i>No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313297298" title="Special:BookSources/9780313297298"><bdi>9780313297298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+King%2C+No+Popery%3A+Anti-Catholicism+in+Revolutionary+New+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780313297298&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermerhorn2018" class="citation book cs1">Schermerhorn, Calvin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLViDwAAQBAJ"><i>Unrequited Toil: A History of United States Slavery</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107027664" title="Special:BookSources/9781107027664"><bdi>9781107027664</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192905/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Unrequited_Toil/CLViDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unrequited+Toil%3A+A+History+of+United+States+Slavery&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107027664&rft.aulast=Schermerhorn&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLViDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009122_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009118-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009118_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009116-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009116_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2015" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Ira (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBPRCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Long Emancipation: The Demise of Slavery in the United States</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674286085" title="Special:BookSources/9780674286085"><bdi>9780674286085</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192828/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Long_Emancipation/cBPRCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Emancipation%3A+The+Demise+of+Slavery+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674286085&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBPRCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009123–124-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009123–124_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECogliano2009129–131-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogliano2009129–131_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCogliano2009">Cogliano 2009</a>, pp. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2015" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Jeremy (2015). "Three-Fifths Compromise". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen571"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism</i></a>. Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118663202.wberen571">10.1002/9781118663202.wberen571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118663202" title="Special:BookSources/9781118663202"><bdi>9781118663202</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106172552/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen571">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three-Fifths+Compromise&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118663202.wberen571&rft.isbn=9781118663202&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118663202.wberen571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlden1969" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica00alde"><i>A history of the American Revolution</i></a>. New York, Knopf. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/69-10201">69-10201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Knopf&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F69-10201&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofamerica00alde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bell, James B. (2008). <i>A War of Religion: Dissenters, Anglicans and the American Revolution</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230583214" title="Special:BookSources/9780230583214"><bdi>9780230583214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+of+Religion%3A+Dissenters%2C+Anglicans+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230583214&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkin2003" class="citation book cs1">Berkin, Carol (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brilliantsolutio00caro"><i>A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution</i></a>. Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100948-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100948-1"><bdi>0-15-100948-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brilliant+Solution%3A+Inventing+the+American+Constitution&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-15-100948-1&rft.aulast=Berkin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrilliantsolutio00caro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogliano2009" class="citation book cs1">Cogliano, Francis D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryame0000cogl"><i>Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96486-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96486-9"><bdi>978-0-415-96486-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+America%2C+1763%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Political+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96486-9&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionaryame0000cogl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow,_2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_A_Life" title="Washington: A Life">Washington: A Life</a></i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101444184" title="Special:BookSources/9781101444184"><bdi>9781101444184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781101444184&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountryman1985" class="citation book cs1">Countryman, Edward (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_fuBSLGMgIC"><i>The American Revolution</i></a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809025633" title="Special:BookSources/9780809025633"><bdi>9780809025633</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120192831/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Revolution/m_fuBSLGMgIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780809025633&rft.aulast=Countryman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_fuBSLGMgIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ferling" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2003). <i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199728701" title="Special:BookSources/9780199728701"><bdi>9780199728701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199728701&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumpkin1981" class="citation book cs1">Lumpkin, Henry (1981). <i>From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872494084" title="Special:BookSources/9780872494084"><bdi>9780872494084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Savannah+to+Yorktown%3A+The+American+Revolution+in+the+South&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780872494084&rft.aulast=Lumpkin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (2010). <i>Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451606362" title="Special:BookSources/9781451606362"><bdi>9781451606362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratification%3A+The+People+Debate+the+Constitution%2C+1787%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781451606362&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/84633736"><i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195162471" title="Special:BookSources/0195162471"><bdi>0195162471</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205045518/http://www.questia.com/read/84633736">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0195162471&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F84633736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2008" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Walter (2008). <i>Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400042920" title="Special:BookSources/9781400042920"><bdi>9781400042920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habits+of+Empire%3A+A+History+of+American+Expansion&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781400042920&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">Stewart, David O.</a> (2007). <i>The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743286923" title="Special:BookSources/9780743286923"><bdi>9780743286923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summer+of+1787%3A+The+Men+Who+Invented+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780743286923&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Alan</a> (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutions:_A_Continental_History,_1750%E2%80%931804" class="mw-redirect" title="American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804">American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804</a></i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393253870" title="Special:BookSources/9780393253870"><bdi>9780393253870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolutions%3A+A+Continental+History%2C+1750%E2%80%931804&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780393253870&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Rick (2019). <i>The British Are Coming: The War for America, Lexington to Princeton, 1775-1777</i>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627790444" title="Special:BookSources/9781627790444"><bdi>9781627790444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Are+Coming%3A+The+War+for+America%2C+Lexington+to+Princeton%2C+1775-1777&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781627790444&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Founding_Brothers" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Founding_Brothers" title="Founding Brothers">Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation</a></i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375405440" title="Special:BookSources/9780375405440"><bdi>9780375405440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Brothers%3A+The+Revolutionary+Generation&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780375405440&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_Founding_Brothers" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2013). <i>Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307701220" title="Special:BookSources/9780307701220"><bdi>9780307701220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Summer%3A+The+Birth+of+American+Independence&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780307701220&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-BarnesRyerson2006" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Ryerson, Richard A., eds. (2006). <i>The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-408-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-408-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebnerBurnsSiracusa2011" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M., eds. (2011). <i>Foreign Affairs and the Founding Fathers: From Confederation to Constitution, 1776–1787</i>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313398261" title="Special:BookSources/9780313398261"><bdi>9780313398261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+and+the+Founding+Fathers%3A+From+Confederation+to+Constitution%2C+1776%E2%80%931787&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313398261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_and_Kamensky2013" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Edward G.; Kamensky, Jane, eds. (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution</i>. Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199746705" title="Special:BookSources/9780199746705"><bdi>9780199746705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199746705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene_and_Pole" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R., eds. (2003). <i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405116749" title="Special:BookSources/9781405116749"><bdi>9781405116749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405116749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattem2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hattem, Michael D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/08/historiography-of-american-revolution">"The Historiography of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Revolution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826063433/https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/08/historiography-of-american-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hattem&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fhistoriography-of-american-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham,_1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Higginbotham" title="Don Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Don</a> (1983). <i>The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789</i>. Massachusetts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930350444" title="Special:BookSources/9780930350444"><bdi>9780930350444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+American+Independence%3A+Military+Attitudes%2C+Policies%2C+and+Practice%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780930350444&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham,_1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Higginbotham" title="Don Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Don</a> (1985). <i>George Washington and the American Military Tradition</i>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820309392" title="Special:BookSources/9780820309392"><bdi>9780820309392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Military+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780820309392&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1940). <i>The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299002039" title="Special:BookSources/9780299002039"><bdi>9780299002039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Articles+of+Confederation%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+Social-Constitutional+History+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1774%E2%80%931781&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780299002039&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1943). "The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">356–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2144490">10.2307/2144490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144490">2144490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+a+National+Government+During+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2144490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144490%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1950). <i>The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930350154" title="Special:BookSources/9780930350154"><bdi>9780930350154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Nation%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States+During+the+Confederation%2C+1781%E2%80%931789&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780930350154&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerber1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_K._Kerber" title="Linda K. Kerber">Kerber, Linda K.</a> (1979). <i>Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America</i>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807899847" title="Special:BookSources/9780807899847"><bdi>9780807899847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Republic%3A+Intellect+and+Ideology+in+Revolutionary+America&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780807899847&rft.aulast=Kerber&rft.aufirst=Linda+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Triumph_of_Freedom" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chester_Miller" title="John Chester Miller">Miller, John Chester</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/14559136"><i>Triumph of Freedom, 1775–1783</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404748330" title="Special:BookSources/9781404748330"><bdi>9781404748330</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528105359/http://www.questia.com/read/14559136">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+Freedom%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9781404748330&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F14559136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Morris, Richard B.</a> (1987). <i>The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789</i>. The New American Nation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060157333" title="Special:BookSources/9780060157333"><bdi>9780060157333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+Union%2C+1781%E2%80%931789&rft.series=The+New+American+Nation&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780060157333&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeimeyer1995" class="citation book cs1">Neimeyer, Charles Patrick (1995). <i>America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814757802" title="Special:BookSources/9780814757802"><bdi>9780814757802</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg7q2">j.ctt9qg7q2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Goes+to+War%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Continental+Army&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qg7q2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780814757802&rft.aulast=Neimeyer&rft.aufirst=Charles+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/82373566"><i>The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775–1789</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598500663" title="Special:BookSources/9780598500663"><bdi>9780598500663</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221193908/http://www.questia.com/read/82373566">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+States+during+and+after+the+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=9780598500663&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F82373566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton" title="Mary Beth Norton">Norton, Mary Beth</a> (2020). <i>1774: The Long Year of Revolution</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385353366" title="Special:BookSources/9780385353366"><bdi>9780385353366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1774%3A+The+Long+Year+of+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780385353366&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShachtman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shachtman" title="Tom Shachtman">Shachtman, Tom</a> (2020). <i>The Founding Fortunes: How the Wealthy Paid for and Profited from America's Revolution</i>. St. Martin's Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250170743" title="Special:BookSources/9781250170743"><bdi>9781250170743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fortunes%3A+How+the+Wealthy+Paid+for+and+Profited+from+America%27s+Revolution&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781250170743&rft.aulast=Shachtman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon S.</a> (2002). <i>The American Revolution: A History</i>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812970418" title="Special:BookSources/9780812970418"><bdi>9780812970418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780812970418&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommagerMorris1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Morris, Richard B.</a>, eds. (1958). <i>The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six': The Story of the American Revolution as told by Participants</i>. Indianapolis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417706587" title="Special:BookSources/9781417706587"><bdi>9781417706587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+%27Seventy-Six%27%3A+The+Story+of+the+American+Revolution+as+told+by+Participants&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9781417706587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2003" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Carol Sue, ed. (2003). <i>The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320835" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320835"><bdi>9780313320835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Era%3A+Primary+Documents+on+Events+from+1776+to+1800&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313320835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a>, ed. (1923). <i>Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764–1788, and the Formation of the Federal Constitution</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195002621" title="Special:BookSources/9780195002621"><bdi>9780195002621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Documents+Illustrating+the+American+Revolution%2C+1764%E2%80%931788%2C+and+the+Formation+of+the+Federal+Constitution&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=9780195002621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281776%E2%80%931789%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:US History">US History</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template talk:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_the_United_States380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_the_United_States380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">Years in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in the United States">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_the_United_States" title="1776 in the United States">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_the_United_States" title="1777 in the United States">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_the_United_States" title="1778 in the United States">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_the_United_States" title="1779 in the United States">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_the_United_States" title="1780 in the United States">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_the_United_States" title="1781 in the United States">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_the_United_States" title="1782 in the United States">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_the_United_States" title="1783 in the United States">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_the_United_States" title="1784 in the United States">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_the_United_States" title="1785 in the United States">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_the_United_States" title="1786 in the United States">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_the_United_States" title="1787 in the United States">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_the_United_States" title="1788 in the United States">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_the_United_States" title="1789 in the United States">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_the_United_States" title="1790 in the United States">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_the_United_States" title="1791 in the United States">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_the_United_States" title="1792 in the United States">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_the_United_States" title="1793 in the United States">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_the_United_States" title="1794 in the United States">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_the_United_States" title="1795 in the United States">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_the_United_States" title="1796 in the United States">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_the_United_States" title="1797 in the United States">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_the_United_States" title="1798 in the United States">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_the_United_States" title="1799 in the United States">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_the_United_States" title="1800 in the United States">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in the United States">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_in_the_United_States" title="1801 in the United States">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_the_United_States" title="1802 in the United States">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_in_the_United_States" title="1803 in the United States">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_in_the_United_States" title="1804 in the United States">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_in_the_United_States" title="1805 in the United States">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_in_the_United_States" title="1806 in the United States">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_in_the_United_States" title="1807 in the United States">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_in_the_United_States" title="1808 in the United States">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_in_the_United_States" title="1809 in the United States">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_in_the_United_States" title="1810 in the United States">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_the_United_States" title="1811 in the United States">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_the_United_States" title="1812 in the United States">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_the_United_States" title="1813 in the United States">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_the_United_States" title="1814 in the United States">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_the_United_States" title="1815 in the United States">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_the_United_States" title="1816 in the United States">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_the_United_States" title="1817 in the United States">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_the_United_States" title="1818 in the United States">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_the_United_States" title="1819 in the United States">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_the_United_States" title="1820 in the United States">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_the_United_States" title="1821 in the United States">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_the_United_States" title="1822 in the United States">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_the_United_States" title="1823 in the United States">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_the_United_States" title="1824 in the United States">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_the_United_States" title="1825 in the United States">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_the_United_States" title="1826 in the United States">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_the_United_States" title="1827 in the United States">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_the_United_States" title="1828 in the United States">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_in_the_United_States" title="1829 in the United States">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_the_United_States" title="1830 in the United States">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_the_United_States" title="1831 in the United States">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_in_the_United_States" title="1832 in the United States">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_in_the_United_States" title="1833 in the United States">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_the_United_States" title="1834 in the United States">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_the_United_States" title="1835 in the United States">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_in_the_United_States" title="1836 in the United States">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_the_United_States" title="1837 in the United States">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_the_United_States" title="1838 in the United States">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_the_United_States" title="1839 in the United States">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_the_United_States" title="1840 in the United States">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_the_United_States" title="1841 in the United States">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_in_the_United_States" title="1842 in the United States">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_the_United_States" title="1843 in the United States">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_the_United_States" title="1844 in the United States">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_in_the_United_States" title="1845 in the United States">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_the_United_States" title="1846 in the United States">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_the_United_States" title="1847 in the United States">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_in_the_United_States" title="1848 in the United States">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_the_United_States" title="1849 in the United States">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_the_United_States" title="1850 in the United States">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_in_the_United_States" title="1851 in the United States">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_in_the_United_States" title="1852 in the United States">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_the_United_States" title="1853 in the United States">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_in_the_United_States" title="1854 in the United States">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_the_United_States" title="1855 in the United States">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_in_the_United_States" title="1856 in the United States">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_the_United_States" title="1857 in the United States">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_the_United_States" title="1858 in the United States">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_the_United_States" title="1859 in the United States">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_the_United_States" title="1860 in the United States">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_the_United_States" title="1861 in the United States">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_the_United_States" title="1862 in the United States">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_the_United_States" title="1863 in the United States">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_the_United_States" title="1864 in the United States">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_the_United_States" title="1865 in the United States">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_the_United_States" title="1866 in the United States">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_the_United_States" title="1867 in the United States">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_the_United_States" title="1868 in the United States">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_the_United_States" title="1869 in the United States">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_the_United_States" title="1870 in the United States">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_the_United_States" title="1871 in the United States">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_the_United_States" title="1872 in the United States">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_the_United_States" title="1873 in the United States">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_the_United_States" title="1874 in the United States">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_the_United_States" title="1875 in the United States">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_the_United_States" title="1876 in the United States">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_the_United_States" title="1877 in the United States">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_the_United_States" title="1878 in the United States">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_the_United_States" title="1879 in the United States">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_the_United_States" title="1880 in the United States">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_the_United_States" title="1881 in the United States">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_the_United_States" title="1882 in the United States">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_the_United_States" title="1883 in the United States">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_the_United_States" title="1884 in the United States">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_the_United_States" title="1885 in the United States">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_the_United_States" title="1886 in the United States">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_the_United_States" title="1887 in the United States">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_the_United_States" title="1888 in the United States">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_the_United_States" title="1889 in the United States">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_the_United_States" title="1890 in the United States">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_the_United_States" title="1891 in the United States">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_the_United_States" title="1892 in the United States">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_the_United_States" title="1893 in the United States">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_the_United_States" title="1894 in the United States">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_the_United_States" title="1895 in the United States">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_the_United_States" title="1896 in the United States">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_the_United_States" title="1897 in the United States">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_the_United_States" title="1898 in the United States">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_the_United_States" title="1899 in the United States">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_the_United_States" title="1900 in the United States">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in the United States">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_the_United_States" title="1901 in the United States">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_the_United_States" title="1902 in the United States">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_United_States" title="1903 in the United States">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_the_United_States" title="1904 in the United States">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_the_United_States" title="1905 in the United States">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_the_United_States" title="1906 in the United States">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_the_United_States" title="1907 in the United States">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_the_United_States" title="1908 in the United States">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_the_United_States" title="1909 in the United States">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_the_United_States" title="1910 in the United States">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_the_United_States" title="1911 in the United States">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_the_United_States" title="1912 in the United States">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_the_United_States" title="1913 in the United States">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_the_United_States" title="1914 in the United States">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_the_United_States" title="1915 in the United States">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_the_United_States" title="1916 in the United States">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_the_United_States" title="1917 in the United States">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_the_United_States" title="1918 in the United States">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_the_United_States" title="1919 in the United States">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_the_United_States" title="1920 in the United States">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_the_United_States" title="1921 in the United States">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_the_United_States" title="1922 in the United States">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_the_United_States" title="1923 in the United States">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_the_United_States" title="1924 in the United States">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_the_United_States" title="1925 in the United States">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_the_United_States" title="1926 in the United States">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_the_United_States" title="1927 in the United States">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_the_United_States" title="1928 in the United States">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_the_United_States" title="1929 in the United States">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_the_United_States" title="1930 in the United States">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_the_United_States" title="1931 in the United States">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_the_United_States" title="1932 in the United States">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_the_United_States" title="1933 in the United States">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_the_United_States" title="1934 in the United States">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_the_United_States" title="1935 in the United States">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_United_States" title="1936 in the United States">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_United_States" title="1937 in the United States">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_the_United_States" title="1938 in the United States">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_the_United_States" title="1939 in the United States">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_the_United_States" title="1940 in the United States">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_the_United_States" title="1941 in the United States">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_the_United_States" title="1942 in the United States">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_the_United_States" title="1943 in the United States">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_the_United_States" title="1944 in the United States">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_the_United_States" title="1945 in the United States">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_the_United_States" title="1946 in the United States">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_the_United_States" title="1947 in the United States">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_the_United_States" title="1948 in the United States">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_the_United_States" title="1949 in the United States">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_the_United_States" title="1950 in the United States">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_the_United_States" title="1951 in the United States">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_the_United_States" title="1952 in the United States">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_the_United_States" title="1953 in the United States">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_the_United_States" title="1954 in the United States">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_the_United_States" title="1955 in the United States">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_the_United_States" title="1956 in the United States">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_the_United_States" title="1957 in the United States">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_the_United_States" title="1958 in the United States">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_United_States" title="1959 in the United States">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_the_United_States" title="1960 in the United States">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_the_United_States" title="1961 in the United States">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_the_United_States" title="1962 in the United States">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_the_United_States" title="1963 in the United States">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_the_United_States" title="1964 in the United States">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_the_United_States" title="1965 in the United States">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_the_United_States" title="1966 in the United States">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_the_United_States" title="1967 in the United States">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_the_United_States" title="1968 in the United States">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_the_United_States" title="1969 in the United States">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_the_United_States" title="1970 in the United States">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_the_United_States" title="1971 in the United States">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_the_United_States" title="1972 in the United States">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_the_United_States" title="1973 in the United States">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_the_United_States" title="1974 in the United States">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_the_United_States" title="1975 in the United States">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_the_United_States" title="1976 in the United States">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_the_United_States" title="1977 in the United States">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_the_United_States" title="1978 in the United States">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_the_United_States" title="1979 in the United States">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_the_United_States" title="1980 in the United States">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_the_United_States" title="1981 in the United States">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_the_United_States" title="1982 in the United States">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_the_United_States" title="1983 in the United States">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_the_United_States" title="1984 in the United States">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_the_United_States" title="1985 in the United States">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_the_United_States" title="1986 in the United States">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_the_United_States" title="1987 in the United States">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_the_United_States" title="1988 in the United States">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_the_United_States" title="1989 in the United States">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_the_United_States" title="1990 in the United States">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_United_States" title="1991 in the United States">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_the_United_States" title="1992 in the United States">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_the_United_States" title="1993 in the United States">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_the_United_States" title="1994 in the United States">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_the_United_States" title="1995 in the United States">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_the_United_States" title="1996 in the United States">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_the_United_States" title="1997 in the United States">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_the_United_States" title="1998 in the United States">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_the_United_States" title="1999 in the United States">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_the_United_States" title="2000 in the United States">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in the United States">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_the_United_States" title="2001 in the United States">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_the_United_States" title="2002 in the United States">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_the_United_States" title="2003 in the United States">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_the_United_States" title="2004 in the United States">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_the_United_States" title="2005 in the United States">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_the_United_States" title="2006 in the United States">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_the_United_States" title="2007 in the United States">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_the_United_States" title="2008 in the United States">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_the_United_States" title="2009 in the United States">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_the_United_States" title="2010 in the United States">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_the_United_States" title="2011 in the United States">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_the_United_States" title="2012 in the United States">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_the_United_States" title="2013 in the United States">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_the_United_States" title="2014 in the United States">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_the_United_States" title="2015 in the United States">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_the_United_States" title="2016 in the United States">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_the_United_States" title="2017 in the United States">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_the_United_States" title="2018 in the United States">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_the_United_States" title="2019 in the United States">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_the_United_States" title="2020 in the United States">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_the_United_States" title="2021 in the United States">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_the_United_States" title="2022 in the United States">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_the_United_States" title="2023 in the United States">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_the_United_States" title="2024 in the United States">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_the_United_States" title="2025 in the United States">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_the_United_States" title="2026 in the United States">2026</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By U.S. state/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Alabama" title="List of years in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Alaska" title="List of years in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arizona" title="List of years in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arkansas" title="List of years in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_California" title="List of years in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Colorado" title="List of years in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Connecticut" title="List of years in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Delaware" title="List of years in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Florida" title="List of years in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Georgia (U.S. state) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Hawaii" title="List of years in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Idaho" title="List of years in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Illinois (page does not exist)">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Indiana (page does not exist)">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iowa" title="List of years in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kansas (page does not exist)">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kentucky (page does not exist)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Louisiana (page does not exist)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maryland (page does not exist)">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Massachusetts" title="List of years in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Michigan" title="List of years in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Minnesota (page does not exist)">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Mississippi (page does not exist)">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Missouri (page does not exist)">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Montana (page does not exist)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nebraska (page does not exist)">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Jersey (page does not exist)">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Mexico (page does not exist)">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New York (page does not exist)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in North Carolina (page does not exist)">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_North_Dakota" title="List of years in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Ohio (page does not exist)">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Oregon" title="List of years in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Pennsylvania (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Dakota" title="List of years in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Tennessee (page does not exist)">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Utah (page does not exist)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Virginia (page does not exist)">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Washington_(state)" title="List of years in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in West Virginia (page does not exist)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Wyoming" title="List of years in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washington D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_American_Samoa" title="List of years in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Guam" title="List of years in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of years in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of years in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of years in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776–1789)&oldid=1247082389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1776–1789)&oldid=1247082389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1770s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1770s in the United States">1770s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1780s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1780s in the United States">1780s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_by_period" title="Category:History of the United States by period">History of the United States by period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 18:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-jkvvj","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.815","walltime":"2.048","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10970,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":428753,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10831,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":360539,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1673.224 1 -total"," 29.25% 489.430 72 Template:Cite_book"," 28.48% 476.520 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.38% 307.504 78 Template:Sfn"," 9.87% 165.079 1 Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar"," 9.70% 162.245 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.95% 133.058 7 Template:Cite_web"," 6.20% 103.663 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.04% 67.553 2 Template:Pagetype"," 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