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<ul id="toc-Economic_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Business environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Competitive advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_concerning_foreign_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_concerning_foreign_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Laws concerning foreign companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_concerning_foreign_companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laws concerning foreign companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_concerning_foreign_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investment_by_natural_persons_of_foreign_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment_by_natural_persons_of_foreign_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Investment by natural persons of foreign nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment_by_natural_persons_of_foreign_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_investment_in_the_framework_of_the_Commercial_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_investment_in_the_framework_of_the_Commercial_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign investment in the framework of the Commercial Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_investment_in_the_framework_of_the_Commercial_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Company_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Company types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Company_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIPPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIPPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>FIPPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIPPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_approaches_to_the_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_approaches_to_the_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Potential approaches to the market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_approaches_to_the_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential approaches to the market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_approaches_to_the_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Joint ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buy-back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buy-back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buy-back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buy-back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Iranian_(or_Integrated)_Petroleum_Contract_(IPC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iranian_(or_Integrated)_Petroleum_Contract_(IPC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>The Iranian (or Integrated) Petroleum Contract (IPC)</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Outward FDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outward_FDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Investment in Iran</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDI_Stock-_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FDI_Stock-_Iran.png/300px-FDI_Stock-_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FDI_Stock-_Iran.png/450px-FDI_Stock-_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FDI_Stock-_Iran.png/600px-FDI_Stock-_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Iran's FDI stock (1980-2010).</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></b> (FDI) has been hindered by unfavorable or complex operating requirements and by <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">international sanctions</a>, although in the early 2000s the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian government">Iranian government</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalized</a> investment regulations. Iran ranks 62nd in the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s 2011 analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">global competitiveness of 142 countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WEF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Iran <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran#Economy" title="International rankings of Iran">ranked sixth globally</a> in attracting foreign investments.<sup id="cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign investors have concentrated their activity in a few sectors of the economy: the oil and gas industries, vehicle manufacture, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a>, foods, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>. Iran absorbed US$24.3 billion of foreign investment from 1993 to 2007 and US$34.6 billion for 485 projects from 1992 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opening Iran's market place to foreign investment could also be a boon to competitive multinational firms operating in a variety of manufacturing and service sectors, worth $600 billion to $800 billion in new investment opportunities over the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFTC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFTC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jay_Solomon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Solomon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FDI_statistics">FDI statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: FDI statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries">Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade in Iran">Foreign trade in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_relations_of_Iran_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade relations of Iran by country">Foreign trade relations of Iran by country</a></div> <p>Firms from over 50 countries have invested in Iran in the past 16 years (1992–2008), with Asia and Europe receiving the largest share, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent of origin</th> <th>Leading countries investing in Iran (1992–2008)</th> <th>Number of projects</th> <th>Total amount invested </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>India (<a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Port" title="Chabahar Port">Chabahar Port</a>), United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore, Indonesia and Oman</td> <td>190</td> <td>$11.6 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe</td> <td>Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, UK, Turkey, Italy and France (20 countries in total)</td> <td>253</td> <td>$10.9 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americas</td> <td>Canada, Panama, the US and Jamaica</td> <td>7</td> <td>$1.4 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Africa</td> <td>Mauritius, Liberia and South Africa</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>$8 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>Australia</td> <td>1</td> <td>$682 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectors">Sectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sectors_of_the_Iranian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectors of the Iranian economy">Sectors of the Iranian economy</a></div> <p>As of 2007, Asian entrepreneurs made the largest investments in the Islamic state by investing in 40 out of 80 projects funded by foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-iran_daily_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran_daily-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest amount of foreign investment was in the industrial sector, including food and beverage, tobacco, textiles, clothing, leather, chemical, steel and oil derivates. The figure exceeded US$8.76 billion. Water, electricity and gas sector ranked second, attracting $874.83 million. In the third place, the real estate sector absorbed more than $406 million. Investments in <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service</a>, telecommunication, transportation and mines reached $193 million, $14.3 million and $14.2 million respectively. Asian countries invested $7.666 billion in various projects followed by several <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> consortia. Investments by these multinational companies exceeded $1.39 billion (in four projects). Although European entrepreneurs were involved in 34 projects, they invested only in the range of $1.2 billion in the Islamic Republic. American countries also committed $12.329 million in the country; while investments by African states registered close to $4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-iran_daily_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran_daily-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amounts">Amounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_banking_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's banking foreign relations">Iran's banking foreign relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran_in_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="International rankings of Iran in economy">International rankings of Iran in economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Value_of_the_Iranian_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Value of the Iranian currency">Value of the Iranian currency</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDI-Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FDI-Iran.png/300px-FDI-Iran.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FDI-Iran.png/450px-FDI-Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/FDI-Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> in Iran, net inflow. Foreign investment plans in Iran amounted to $4.3 billion in 2011, showing an 11% growth year-over-year.<sup id="cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investiniran.ir-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Stock of FDI in Iran equaled $16.82 billion (at home) and $2.075 billion (abroad) according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> statistics in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) in Iran hit a new record in 2010 and surpassed 3.6 billion dollars despite <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">EIU</a> estimates that Iran's net FDI flow will rise by 100 per cent within the next four years (2010–14).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> estimates that FDI (net inflow) in Iran was $1.4 billion in 2011 (equivalent to 0.3% of GDP) down from $3.2 billion in 2010. The report forecasts this figure for 2012 to fall to $1.25 billion, but increase again for the next 3 years and to reach $1.8 billion in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Iran says <i>planned</i> FDI in 2011 was $4.3 billion and planned FDI will reach $8–10 billion in 2012–13.<sup id="cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investiniran.ir-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, UNCTAD later reported that FDI <i>inflow</i> in Iran was $3.05 billion in 2013, while Iran's FDI in other countries (i.e. <i>outflow</i> FDI) was $380 million.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushehr Province">Bushehr Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> enjoy the highest volume of foreign investment which mostly goes for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">oil and gas sectors</a>. In 2012, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan Province">West Azerbaijan</a> ranked first to sixth place in attracting foreign investment in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investiniran.ir-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the government of Iran, Iran needs up to $300 billion in foreign direct investment to meet the objectives of its <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Economic_Development_Plan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2010–2015)">Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2010–2015)</a>, and reach eight percent economic growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning to "Vision 2025", the plan has set an investment target of $3.7 trillion within two decades (2005–2025) of which $1.3 trillion should be in the form of foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies">Companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">List of companies of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_International_Exhibitions_Company" title="Iran International Exhibitions Company">Iran International Exhibitions Company</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Investment,_Economic_and_Technical_Assistance_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran">Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran</a> (OIETAI) is responsible for receiving and processing all foreign investment applications. OIETAI is also responsible for approving overseas Iranian investments. In other words, the organization is in charge of consolidating and implementing two-way foreign investment flows. According to Iranian President Rouhani cooperation with Iran is on the condition that foreign companies participate in joint investments, technology programs, and exporting from Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As at 2012, 400 foreign companies are directly investing in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among developed nations, the most active investors have been Germans, Norwegian, British, French, Japanese, Russian, South Korean, Swedish, and Swiss companies. The Swedish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svedala_Industri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svedala Industri (page does not exist)">Svedala Industri</a> has played a major role in developing Iran's copper mines since the late 1990s while <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> of India has been investing in the steel sector. The <a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> of France auto companies have licensing agreements with Iranian auto manufacturers. <a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone</a> of France, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> of Switzerland and <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> of the United States have joint ventures with Iranian companies. <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> of South Korea have been active in Iran's natural gas industry. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran's constitution</a> prohibits direct concession of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum of Iran">petroleum</a> rights to foreign investors. <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a> of France, <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN Group</a> of South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> of Germany gained major <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> contracts in 2004 and 2005, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:100%; ; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="text-align: left;"> <p>The international companies are drawn by what could become the largest market in the Middle East, with nearly 80 million people, a majority of whom are under 30, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">well-educated and tech-savvy</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">the country's energy potential</a>. Iran has the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">fourth-largest proven oil reserves and second-largest proven gas reserves in the world</a>. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="text-align: right;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> (July 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Jay_Solomon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Solomon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front_men">Front men</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Front men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_agent" title="Foreign agent">Foreign agent</a></div> <p>In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported that American companies (incl. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>) are using local (Iranian) <a href="/wiki/Foreign_agent" title="Foreign agent">front men</a> to seal deals in Iran. In the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">banking</a> business some "prime contracts" have already been signed while Iran is still under "<a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">international sanctions</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> are also returning to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_profile">Economic profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Iranian Economic Reform Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">Demography of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran#Science_in_modern_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings of Iran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_environment">Business environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_labor_law" title="Iranian labor law">Iranian labor law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">Banking in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran and WTO">Iran and WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_economic_integration" title="Middle East economic integration">Middle East economic integration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions against Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG/220px-USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG/330px-USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG/440px-USD-IRR_exchange_rate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a> historical exchange rates (2000-2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a>, Iran ranked sixth globally in 2010 in attracting foreign investments.<sup id="cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the head of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)#Organization_of_Investment_Economic_and_Technical_Assistance" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">the Organisation for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran</a> (OIETAI), in 2008 Iran ranked 142 among 181 countries in terms of working conditions last year. Iran stands 96 in terms of business start, 165 in getting permits, 147 in employment, 147 in registering assets, 84 in getting credits, 164 in legal support for investments, 104 in tax payment, 142 in overseas trade, 56 in feasibility of contracts and 107 in bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is a member of the World Bank's <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran ranks 69th out of 139 in <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WEF_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has more than 50 signed-bilateral investment treaties with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-TBY_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBY-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture in Iran</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/200px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/300px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/400px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Iran holds 10% of the world's proven <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and 15% of its <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_econ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iran_econ.jpg/200px-Iran_econ.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iran_econ.jpg/300px-Iran_econ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Iran_econ.jpg/400px-Iran_econ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Iran's industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">mining map</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Iran is OPEC's second largest oil producer. It has approximately 9% of world oil reserves (some 94 billion barrels). It has the second largest reserves of natural gas in the world at some 812 trillion cubic feet. Iran is considered an <a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a>. Iran also possesses enormous mineral resources, including coal, copper, iron, zinc and gold. This has spawned a number of processing industries, particularly steel. Iran is already the third largest producer of copper in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitive_advantages">Competitive advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Competitive advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#Labor_force" title="Economy of Iran">Labor force in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Tax_Advantages_&_Exemptions" title="Taxation in Iran">Tax advantages & exemptions in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Communications in Iran</a></div> <p>Iran has made the development of non-oil exports a priority. The country has the advantage of a <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">broad domestic industrial base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Science_in_modern_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">technology</a> an <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">educated and motivated workforce</a>, cheap labor and energy resources and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">geographical location</a>, which gives it access to an estimated population of some 300 million people in <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> markets, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> states and countries further east.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran#Retail_industry" title="Industry of Iran">consumer potential</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">oil reserves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">natural gas reserves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">mineral reserves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran's area</a> roughly equals that of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has a <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">diverse climate</a> which makes it suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">a wide range of agricultural products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_concerning_foreign_companies">Laws concerning foreign companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Laws concerning foreign companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_foreign_companies_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation of foreign companies in Iran">Taxation of foreign companies in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">List of economic laws in Iran</a></div> <p>Generally speaking, Iran has two types of laws concerning foreign companies. The first are laws that address issues concerning foreign companies directly such as the <i>Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act</i> (FIPPA) and the second are general laws of which certain articles or by-laws address foreign companies, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation Law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_labor_law" title="Iranian labor law">Labor Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Iran's environment</a> is protected by strict laws and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_(Iran)" title="Department of Environment (Iran)">Department of the Environment</a> is in charge of evaluating the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">impact</a> of the projects and their monitoring. </p><p>General laws and regulations regarding foreign business in Iran could be regrouped under the following categories:<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Contract work</b> - A foreign company is allowed to be involved in contractual work in Iran. Such work may be performed either directly by the foreign company or through a registered branch in Iran. <a href="/wiki/Branch_office" title="Branch office">Branch offices</a> in Iran do not have the separate legal status enjoyed by <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLCs</a>, and the parent company is responsible for the actions of the branch office.<sup id="cite_ref-TBY_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBY-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For legal and tax purposes, opening a <a href="/wiki/Representative_office" title="Representative office">representative office</a> in Iran, by itself, is not considered <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>. Establishing and setting up a legal presence in the Iranian market requires a local advisor who can provide a step-by-step advisory service regarding incorporation, office rental, recruitment, staff, business contracts, customs, and the laws in general.<sup id="cite_ref-TBY_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBY-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CMS_Cameron_McKenna" class="mw-redirect" title="CMS Cameron McKenna">CMS Cameron McKenna</a> is among the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_firms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of law firms">major international law firms</a> to open office in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Direct sales</b> - Most foreign companies are involved in direct sales to Iranian customers through <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of credit">letters of credit</a> and, occasionally on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Usance" title="Usance">Usance</a>.</li> <li><b>Investments</b> - In accordance with the terms of the <i>Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act</i> (FIPPA), foreign companies may invest in newly established factories and industries. Foreign companies are allowed to own 100 per cent of the businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_by_natural_persons_of_foreign_nationality">Investment by natural persons of foreign nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Investment by natural persons of foreign nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a></div> <p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> was $1.3 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Iran Press Service reported that Iranian expatriates had invested between $200 and $400 billion in the United States, Europe, and China, but almost nothing in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-migrationinformation.org_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationinformation.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, Iranian expatriates have invested an estimated $200 billion (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Civil Code, foreign nationals will, subject to the existence of a treaty on reciprocity, enjoy the same rights and privileges of Iranians. The companies formed by such foreign nationals will be of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iranian nationality</a> and subject to the same laws which regulate the activities of Iranian companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_investment_in_the_framework_of_the_Commercial_Code">Foreign investment in the framework of the Commercial Code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign investment in the framework of the Commercial Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_branch_office_taxation_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign branch office taxation in Iran">Foreign branch office taxation in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_capital_and_privatization_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign capital and privatization in Iran">Foreign capital and privatization in Iran</a></div> <p>The Iranian Commercial Code is divided into four parts: </p> <ol><li>merchant and trade activities,</li> <li>trade companies,</li> <li>negotiable instruments,</li> <li>contracts and bankruptcy.</li></ol> <p>Foreign nationals can, in the framework of the Commercial Code and subject to the observance of the relevant procedures, form and register companies in Iran. Iran's Commercial Code does not differentiate between Iranian and foreign stock holders of <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Iranian companies</a>. In other words, there is no restriction regarding the nationality of those who want to establish companies in Iran. In this context, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> restrictions are equally applied to Iranian and foreign investors. Such companies, however, do not enjoy the privileges set out in FIPPA (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Company_types">Company types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Company types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country#Iran" title="List of legal entity types by country">List of legal entity types by country § Iran</a></div> <p>There are seven types of juridical entity or company which can be established under the Iranian Commercial Code as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a> may be either a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a> (<i>Sherkat Sahami Am</i>) or a <a href="/wiki/Private_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company">private company</a> (<i>Sherkat Sahami Khass</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a> (LLC) (<i>Sherkat ba Masouliyat Mahdoud</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">General partnership</a> (<i>Sherkat Tazamoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited partnership</a> (<i>Sherkat Mokhtalet Gheyr Sahami</i>)</li> <li>Joint stock partnership (<i>Sherkat Mokhtalet Sahami</i>)</li> <li>Proportional liability partnership (<i>Sherkat Nesbi</i>)</li> <li>Manufacturing / Consumer <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">Co-operative</a> (<i>Sherkat Ta’avoni va Masraf</i>)</li></ol> <p>From among all these different types, <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>, in which the capital is divided by shares, is the most common and acceptable type of company which can be recommended to foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FIPPA">FIPPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: FIPPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></div> <p>Provisions of the 2002 Act entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/44?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook">Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA)</a> include:<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Allowing foreign investment in all sectors opened to Iranian private companies.</li> <li>A review of the definition of "Foreign Investor" to include <a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian expatriates</a> provided that their investment capital originates from abroad.</li> <li>Allowing repatriation of local sales related profits in addition to export-related profits in hard currency at the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial#Value" title="Iranian rial">current official exchange rate</a>.</li> <li>Fair compensation in case of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>. If an act of the government disrupts the business activity, the government will be under obligation to make payments for any loan installments that are due on behalf of the project company.</li> <li>FIPPA allows for <a href="/wiki/International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">international arbitration</a> in legal disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two major arbitral institutions in Iran: the <i>Tehran Regional Arbitration Centre</i> (TRAC) and the Arbitration Centre of the Tehran Commercial Chamber.</li> <li>The establishment of a maximum 45-day period for the processing of individual foreign investment applications.</li></ul> <p>For the first time, project financing schemes such as buy back agreements and <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">BOT</a> projects (only under an operator status) are specifically covered under the foreign investment law.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the FIPPA, any foreign natural or legal person importing capital in Iran will enjoy the benefits and privileges of this law as long as: </p> <ul><li>The investment leads to economic growth, promotes technology, promotes quality of products, increases employment opportunities, increases exports and entering the international markets.</li> <li>The investment does not jeopardize national security and public interests or harm the environment or interrupt national economy or disrupt products of domestic investments.</li> <li>The investment does not involve the granting of any special rights resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>.</li> <li>The value ratio of goods and services produced by aggregate of foreign investments does not exceed 25% in each economic sector and in each economic branch shall not exceed 35%. FIPPA will be applicable based on the nationality of the Foreign Capital as opposed to the investor. As long as the capital comes from foreign sources, any one importing it will be eligible for FIPPA protection including Iranians residing in Iran or abroad.</li></ul> <p>Starting in 2014, foreign investors, who establish production lines in Iran and export 30 percent of their products, will be entitled to tax exemptions (up to 50%).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_approaches_to_the_market">Potential approaches to the market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential approaches to the market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign portfolio investment in Iran">Foreign portfolio investment in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licensing_and_franchising_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing and franchising in Iran">Licensing and franchising in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology_start-ups_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology start-ups in Iran">Technology start-ups in Iran</a></div> <p>First and foremost, it is crucial to realize that Iranian authorities insist on a long-term commitment and a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of technology">transfer of technology</a> as a requisite for getting a share in the market. Foreign companies are therefore advised to adopt a medium- to long-term strategy for the Iranian market. Iran will almost never honor the interests of a company that does not show long-term commitment. Tenders are strictly required for government contracts for purchasing or projects. These are rarely competitive. Breaking up contracts into smaller parts is a common practice to try to incorporate at least 30% of the contract's value in local capability and also to negotiate on specific prices. </p><p>Currently there are three main routes that a foreign company can follow to establish a long-term presence in Iran: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_ventures">Joint ventures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Joint ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_automotive_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's automotive industry">FDI in Iran's automotive industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's construction industry">FDI in Iran's construction industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's tourism industry">FDI in Iran's tourism industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_ICT" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's ICT">FDI in Iran's ICT</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's mining industry">FDI in Iran's mining industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's agriculture">FDI in Iran's agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's railways">FDI in Iran's railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_power_generation_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's power generation industry">FDI in Iran's power generation industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FDI_in_Iran%27s_healthcare_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="FDI in Iran's healthcare industry">FDI in Iran's healthcare industry</a></div> <p><br /> One possible strategy is for the foreign company to enter into a <a href="/wiki/Joint-venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-venture">joint-venture</a> agreement with a public or private Iranian partner. The existing level of technology and infrastructure makes many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">Iranian companies</a> suitable for expansion and development in conjunction with foreign companies. Many Iranian companies, especially those in the private sector, are currently actively seeking joint-venture partners both to fill their technological as well as management gaps. Others are looking for a revival of their company through foreign capital. </p><p>Should a company decide to adopt this approach to the market, it is advisable to look for products and services that have both domestic demand as well as regional export potential. If a joint-venture company can earn hard currency through export of its goods, it will not be too dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_banking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian banking system">Iranian banking system</a> for the repatriation of profits and dividends. Some joint ventures consist purely of the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of technology">transfer of technology</a> to Iran by the foreign partner without any capital commitment. Since Iranian authorities are very keen on the introduction of modern technologies, this path can prove very constructive. In August 2010, the 25% ceiling set for joint venture companies in enjoying facilities from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Oil_Stabilization_Fund_(OSF)_and_National_Development_Fund" title="Central Bank of Iran">foreign exchange reserve account</a> has been eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry and mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">transport</a>, services (such as <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">tourism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">IT</a> and the export of goods and services are the sectors authorized to enjoy the new facilities from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Reserve_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Exchange Reserve Account">Foreign Exchange Reserve Account</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buy-back">Buy-back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buy-back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran#History" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">FDI in Iran's petroleum industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/220px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/330px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/440px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> Petrochemical Complex</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s and early 2000s, some indirect oilfield development agreements were made with foreign firms. Buyback contracts in the oil sector, for instance, were arranged in which the contractor funded all the investments, and then received remuneration from the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a> (NIOC) in the form of an allocated production share, then transferred operation of the field to NIOC after a set number of years, at which time the contract was completed. </p><p>In February 2007 the government unveiled its new buyback-contract formula, which significantly extended the length of the contracts to as long as 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buy-back scheme is a formula used by the Iranian government to attract foreign investment. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in 1988, Iran faced a major problem: it needed foreign investment if it did not want to lose its vital income from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">oil and gas industry</a>, yet its revolutionary ideology and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution</a> forbid granting "<a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concessions</a>". A compromise solution was found in 1989 with the First <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#National_planning" title="Economy of Iran">Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan</a>. Under Note 29 of the said plan, the Iranian government is allowed to employ "<a href="/wiki/Buyback_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyback contract">buybacks</a>" in its effort to meet the industrial and mineral needs in connection with exports, production and investment. Put in laymen terms, a buy-back transaction is a method of trade where plants, machinery, production equipment and technology is supplied (by a domestic or foreign private firm), in exchange for the goods that will be produced directly or indirectly by means of such facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under this scheme, the foreign partner that makes the initial investment can repatriate the return on the investment (at a pre-agreed fixed rate) through goods and services produced by the project.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While many foreign companies believe that this method is a mere <a href="/wiki/Project_finance" title="Project finance">financing instrument</a> for Iran, it is more accurate to say that it is a compromise formula for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> in the short-run. In the medium to long-term, more appropriate laws and regulations will probably replace the buy-back scheme. In other words, once the constitutional concerns have been dealt with, the foreign partners of buy-back agreements can take over the projects that they are involved in, or they can enter into a joint venture with an Iranian partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Iranian_(or_Integrated)_Petroleum_Contract_(IPC)"><span id="The_Iranian_.28or_Integrated.29_Petroleum_Contract_.28IPC.29"></span>The Iranian (or Integrated) Petroleum Contract (IPC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Iranian (or Integrated) Petroleum Contract (IPC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the main criticisms of the buyback contracts include lack of flexibility of cost recovery and in some cases, the NIOC's limited expertise to reverse field decline rates in comparison to the International Oil Company (IOC) that developed the field. The Integrated Petroleum Contract (IPC) will require the IOCs to fulfill Iran's local content requirement, which will be 51% of the contract and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of technology">transfer of technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPCs will be offered for work on somewhere between 34 and 74 oil fields and could last for the duration of a field's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Spindle_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindle-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Iran also announced for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, the offering of <a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Production sharing contract">production sharing contracts</a> (PSCs) for the most complicated and difficult projects, such as deep-water wells in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> (the details of which will be revealed in December 2015 in London).<sup id="cite_ref-Spindle_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindle-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Build-Operate-Transfer_(BOT)"><span id="Build-Operate-Transfer_.28BOT.29"></span>Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company#Foreign_investment" title="National Petrochemical Company">FDI in Iran's petrochemicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport in Iran</a></div> <p>Recent regulations have introduced the <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> (BOT) scheme for Iranian projects. This is a rather new possibility in the Iranian market. In this scheme, the foreign partner invests in one project, which is then operated for a certain period of time by the foreign investor before it is fully transferred to the Iranian government. Iranian authorities are showing some flexibility regarding the BOT, which could potentially pave the way for more foreign investment in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_trade_zones_and_special_economic_zones">Free trade zones and special economic zones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Free trade zones and special economic zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran%27s_FTZs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation in Iran's FTZs">Taxation in Iran's FTZs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran%27s_FTZs" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran's FTZs">Banking in Iran's FTZs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">Iranian oil bourse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trade_balance_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trade_balance_Iran.png/220px-Trade_balance_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trade_balance_Iran.png/330px-Trade_balance_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trade_balance_Iran.png/440px-Trade_balance_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Iran's <a href="/wiki/Trade_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade balance">trade balance</a> (2000–2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's interest in free zones can be traced back to the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Free-trade (FTZ) and special economic zones (SEZ) have been established to provide additional investment incentives such as: </p> <ul><li>20 years tax-exemption (15 years, before 2014);<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>no entry visa requirement;</li> <li>100% foreign ownership possible;</li> <li>flexible employment regulations;</li> <li>flexible monetary & banking services;</li> <li>extended legal guarantees & protection.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technology_parks_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology parks in Iran">Technology parks in Iran</a></div> <p>As of January 2010, there were six <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zones</a> (FTZ) and 16 <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a> (SEZ) in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More FTZ and SEZ are planned in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Authority in charge </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anzali-fz.org/Default.aspx?alias=www.anzali-fz.org/english">Anzali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814093232/http://www.anzali-fz.org/Default.aspx?alias=www.anzali-fz.org%2Fenglish">Archived</a> 14 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chabahar" title="Chabahar">Chabahar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209223126/http://kish.ir/">Kish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arvand_Free_Zone" title="Arvand Free Zone">Arvand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aras_Free_Zone" title="Aras Free Zone">Aras</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Azerbaijan">East Azerbaijan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qeshm.ir/">Qeshm</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maku </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maku,_Iran" title="Maku, Iran">Maku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Free-trade zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsez.ir">Bushehr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorestaniec.ir">Lorestan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102090754/http://lorestaniec.ir/">Archived</a> 2 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssez.ir">Sirjan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarakhs_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Sarakhs Special Economic Zone">Sarakhs Special Economic Zone</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarakhs_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Sarakhs Special Economic Zone">Special economic zone</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarakhsfz.org">Sarakhs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payamaviation.ir">Payam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207074544/http://payamaviation.ir/">Archived</a> 7 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Payam_Air" title="Payam Air">Payam Aviation</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qssez.com">Salafchegan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astan_Quds_Razavi" title="Astan Quds Razavi">Astan Quds Razavi</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgsez.ir">Persian Gulf Mines and Metals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IMIDRO" title="IMIDRO">National Iranian Steel Company</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120113033/http://www.isoico.com/">Persian Gulf Shipbuilding</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISOICO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISOICO">ISOICO</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arg-jadid.com">Arge-e-Jadid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSEEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="PSEEZ">PSEEZ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pseez.com">[1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">NIOC</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nipc.net">Petrochemical Special Economic Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704034324/http://www.nipc.net/">Archived</a> 4 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company#Special_industrial_economic_zones" title="National Petrochemical Company">NIPC/Petzone</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahshahr">Mahshahr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seez.ir">Shiraz Electric and Electronics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">IDRO</a> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yazdiec.ir">Yazd Textile Industries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805103757/http://yazdiec.ir/">Archived</a> 5 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bandar Amirabad Behshahr </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pso-bushehr.ir">Bandar Bushehr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723215133/http://www.pso-bushehr.ir/">Archived</a> 23 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105140305/http://shahidrajaeeport.ir/">Shaheed Rajaee</a> </td> <td>Shaheed Rajaee Port Authority </td> <td>Special economic zone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outward_FDI">Outward FDI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Outward FDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Foreign_exposure_and_transactions" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank of Iran § Foreign exposure and transactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setad" class="mw-redirect" title="Setad">Setad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad</a></div> <p>Iran has made substantial investments abroad. The main agencies in charge are the Iran Foreign Investments Company (FDI) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank of Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Foreign_reserves" title="Central Bank of Iran">Forex</a>). Broadly speaking, these investments can be categorized as FDI and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investment" title="Foreign portfolio investment">foreign portfolio investments</a>: </p><p>Outward FDI include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian cars">Joint car factories</a> abroad (e.g. <a href="/wiki/IKCO#Production_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="IKCO">Syria, Azerbaijan, Senegal, Belarus, Venezuela</a>)</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">joint petrochemical plants</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">power plants</a></li></ul> <p>Portfolio investments include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Fund">National Development Fund</a> portfolio investments abroad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Foreign_reserves" title="Central Bank of Iran">Foreign exchange reserves held abroad</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a>)</li></ul> <p>Partial ownership in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler Benz">Daimler Benz</a> (sold after its merger with <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssen_Krupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyssen Krupp">Thyssen Krupp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodif" title="Eurodif">Eurodif</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Deniz">Shah Deniz</a> gas filed in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company#Participations_in_foreign_gas_fields" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Oil and gas field in North sea (UK)</a></li> <li>Various hotels, hospitals and agricultural enterprises, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> and Africa regions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="US sanctions against Iran">Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York</a> (seized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">All embassies</a> and many commercial buildings belonging to the state <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran#Presence_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">including banks</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran#Pipelines" title="Transport in Iran">Oil pipelines</a> in the ME, including <a href="/wiki/Eilat_Ashkelon_Pipeline_Company" title="Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company">in Israel</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport in Iran</a>)</li></ul> <p>Besides, Iranians citizens and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad#Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a>, as individuals, have made substantial investments in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> (e.g. real estate, trading companies) and hold significant portfolio investments in various companies throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran#Upper_class" title="Social class in Iran">Wealthy Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">state-backed</a> buyers will invest up to $8.5 billion in overseas <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> over the next five-to-10 years (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Fund">National Development Fund</a> - Iran's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalouyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asalouyeh">Asalouyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company#Participations_in_foreign_gas_fields" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Iran's outward FDI in oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_promotion_agency" title="Investment promotion agency">Investment promotion agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">List of Iranian companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Chamber_of_Commerce_Industries_and_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines">Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines</a> - Including information on commercial <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International_Exhibitions_Company" title="Iran International Exhibitions Company">Iran International Exhibitions Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)#Organization_of_Investment_Economic_and_Technical_Assistance" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Organization of Investment Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_O%27Neill,_Baron_O%27Neill_of_Gatley#Next_Eleven" title="Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley">Next Eleven</a> - list of countries having a high potential of becoming the world's largest economies in the 21st century by <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU-Iran_Forum" title="EU-Iran Forum">EU-Iran Forum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WEF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WEF_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WEF_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/09/13/iran-ranks-69th-out-of-139-in-global-competitiveness-world-economic-forum/">Iran ranks 69th out of 139 in global competitiveness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708164250/http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/09/13/iran-ranks-69th-out-of-139-in-global-competitiveness-world-economic-forum/">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> (2010). Retrieved 18 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/11/sep/1074.html">Iran's competitiveness rank up 7 places: WEF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925233321/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/sep/1074.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Tehran Times</i>, 9 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tehrantimes.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehrantimes.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=233417">"Iran ranks 6th in attracting foreign investments"</a>. <i>tehran times</i>. 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tehran+times&rft.atitle=Iran+ranks+6th+in+attracting+foreign+investments&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Findex_View.asp%3Fcode%3D233417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/07/may/1313.html">Iran attracted $24.3b foreign capital in 16 years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120459/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/may/1313.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Payvand's Iran News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817173245/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3289/html/economy.htm">"Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 12/07/08"</a>. <i>www.iran-daily.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3289/html/economy.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iran-daily.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Daily+-+Domestic+Economy+-+12%2F07%2F08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1387%2F3289%2Fhtml%2Feconomy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2014/03/12/post-sanctions-iran-could-be-a-turkey-size-win-for-investors/">Asa Fitch: Post-Sanctions Iran Could Be A Turkey-Size Win for Investors</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, 12 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFTC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFTC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean A. DeRosa & Gary Clyde Hufbauer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nftc.org/default/trade/NFTC%20Iran%20Normalizaton%20Book.pdf">"Normalization of Economic Relations"</a>. (U.S.) <a href="/wiki/National_Foreign_Trade_Council" title="National Foreign Trade Council">National Foreign Trade Council</a>. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-investors-begin-to-imagine-a-return-to-iran/2014/05/27/c5cda6d7-0c8a-442a-8577-a0726f494199_story.html">Jason Rezaian: U.S. investors begin to imagine a return to Iran</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>, 28 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay_Solomon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jay_Solomon_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jay_Solomon_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Solomon2014" class="citation news cs1">Jay Solomon (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-auto-companies-make-plans-to-invest-in-iran-if-sanctions-ease-1404257812">"Oil, Auto Companies Make Plans to Invest in Iran if Sanctions Ease"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+Auto+Companies+Make+Plans+to+Invest+in+Iran+if+Sanctions+Ease&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.au=Jay+Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Foil-auto-companies-make-plans-to-invest-in-iran-if-sanctions-ease-1404257812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1387/3289/html/economy.htm">Iran Daily: $34b Foreign Investment in 16 years</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Retrieved 23 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iran_daily-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iran_daily_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iran_daily_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1386/2813/html/economy.htm#s218571">"Foreign Investment at Record Level"</a>. <i>Iran Daily</i>. 10 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Daily&rft.atitle=Foreign+Investment+at+Record+Level&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitc.co.ir%2Firan-daily%2F1386%2F2813%2Fhtml%2Feconomy.htm%23s218571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atiehbahar.com/InTheNews/Iranisopenforbusiness.pdf">Money Magazine - Iran Is Open For Business</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070727011534/http://www.atiehbahar.com/InTheNews/Iranisopenforbusiness.pdf">Archived</a> 27 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-investiniran.ir-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-investiniran.ir_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826210418/http://www.investiniran.ir/newsdetail-2848-en.html">"Foreign investment inflow into Iran surpassed $4 billion last year"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investiniran.ir/newsdetail-2848-en.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+investment+inflow+into+Iran+surpassed+%244+billion+last+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investiniran.ir%2Fnewsdetail-2848-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"Middle East :: Iran – the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+%3A%3A+Iran+%E2%80%93+the+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124244/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/jul/1267.html">"FDI in Iran hits new record, exceeds $3.6B in 2010: Report"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3279/html/economy.htm#s347187">the original</a> on 17 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Daily+-+Domestic+Economy+-+11%2F25%2F08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1387%2F3279%2Fhtml%2Feconomy.htm%23s347187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=229818">"President orders establishment of 23 SEZs, 1 FTZ"</a>. <i>tehran times</i>. 3 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tehran+times&rft.atitle=President+orders+establishment+of+23+SEZs%2C+1+FTZ&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftehrantimes.com%2FIndex_view.asp%3Fcode%3D229818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/16/iranians-to-splash-up-to-8b-on-overseas-property-study.html">"Iranians to splash up to $8B on overseas property: Study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Iranians+to+splash+up+to+%248B+on+overseas+property%3A+Study&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F03%2F16%2Firanians-to-splash-up-to-8b-on-overseas-property-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyseNashLeland2013" class="citation book cs1">Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327120712/http://www.thebusinessyear.com/publication/overview/15/iran-2013"><i>The Business Year 2013: Iran</i></a>. London, U.K.: The Business Year. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-11-7"><bdi>978-1-908180-11-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebusinessyear.com/publication/overview/15/iran-2013">the original</a> on 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+Year+2013%3A+Iran&rft.place=London%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=The+Business+Year&rft.date=2013-01&rft.isbn=978-1-908180-11-7&rft.aulast=Ayse&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft.au=Nash%2C+Jason+John&rft.au=Leland%2C+Rice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebusinessyear.com%2Fpublication%2Foverview%2F15%2Firan-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashSasmaz2011" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Jason John; Sasmaz, Aytng (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417043321/http://www.thebusinessyear.com/publication/7/iran-2011"><i>The Business Year 2011: Iran</i></a>. London, U.K.: The Business Year. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-00-1"><bdi>978-1-908180-00-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebusinessyear.com/publication/7/iran-2011">the original</a> on 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+Year+2011%3A+Iran&rft.place=London%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=The+Business+Year&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-1-908180-00-1&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Jason+John&rft.au=Sasmaz%2C+Aytng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebusinessyear.com%2Fpublication%2F7%2Firan-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Investment guide</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317015123/http://www.atiehbahar.com/eninvestmentText/103/Iran-Investment-Guide/default.aspx">"Investment Guide To Iran"</a>. Atieh Bahar Consulting. February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atiehbahar.com/eninvestmentText/103/Iran-Investment-Guide/default.aspx">the original</a> on 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Investment+Guide+To+Iran&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atiehbahar.com%2FeninvestmentText%2F103%2FIran-Investment-Guide%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>General statistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310232210/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf">"Memorandum of the foreign trade regime of Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Ministry of Commerce (Iran)</a>. November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorandum+of+the+foreign+trade+regime+of+Iran&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irantradelaw.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F03%2FIrans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+direct+investment+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Government related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/doing-business-with-iran/frequently-asked-questions-on-doing-business-with-iran">Doing business in Iran: trade and export guide</a> - U.K. Government</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mefa.gov.ir/">Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance Of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216011637/http://www.mefa.gov.ir/">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Official Website</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102120651/http://en.mimt.gov.ir/">Ministry of Industry , Mine & Trade Of Iran</a> – Official Website</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investiniran.ir/">Organization For Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran</a> - Government "one-stop institution" for FDI in Iran</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ific.org.ir/">Iran Foreign Investment Company (IFIC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025344/http://ific.org.ir/">Archived</a> 15 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - (In charge of managing Iran's holdings abroad)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.tpo.ir/">Trade Promotion Organization Of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124091019/http://eng.tpo.ir/">Archived</a> 24 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry,_Mine_and_Trade" title="Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade">Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade of Iran</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freezones.ir/">High Council of Iran Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815034719/http://www.freezones.ir/">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Official site with information on Iran's Free Trade Zones laws and current projects</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-investment.org/">Business consulting information</a> - Affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Chamber_of_Commerce_Industries_and_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines">Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mefa.gov.ir/">Information on the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) and Taxes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216011637/http://www.mefa.gov.ir/">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000413/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Oil%26Gas.htm">Buy-backs in Iran's oil industry</a> - Atieh Bahar Group (2002)</li></ul> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebusinessyear.com/iran">Business Year – Iran</a> (VIP interviews, economic data, sector reports)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-investment.org">Iran Investment Organization</a> - Consulting services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicc.org.uk/in-regulation.html">Iranian Business Practice and Regulation</a> - U.K.-Iran Chamber of Commerce</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.businessmonitor.com/iran">Iran Business Forecast Report</a> - Business Monitor International (Economic & sector reports updated quarterly)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125154418/http://www.irantracker.org/global-business-in-iran">Global Investment in Iran</a> - <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> (list of major international companies investing in Iran broken down by their nationality, sector of activity and amount invested)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107183256/http://www.irtp.com/">Iran Trade Point Network</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> UN's global trade network, including list of English translations of Iranian laws</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdi.net/country/sub_index.cfm?countrynum=95">FDI.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207071151/http://www.fdi.net/country/sub_index.cfm?countrynum=95">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Information about FDI in Iran from the World Bank.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iran#Q5468378" class="extiw" title="voy:Iran">Iran</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage - Information on business etiquette in Iran</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Israeli–Sunni Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Iran" title="Template:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Subsidy reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_labor_law" title="Iranian labor law">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Communications and IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/220px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/330px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/440px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> Petrochemical Complex</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industries,_Mines_%26_Agriculture" title="Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines & Agriculture">Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">Oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Iran Mercantile Exchange">Iran Mercantile Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps#Economic_activity" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_and_Planning_Organization_of_Iran" title="Management and Planning Organization of Iran">Management and Planning Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravand_Institute" title="Ravand Institute">Ravand Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Religious foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setad" class="mw-redirect" title="Setad">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization" title="Social Security Organization">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks in Iran">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Nuclear facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">Dams and reservoirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airlines_of_Iran" title="Category:Airlines of Iran">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banks_of_Iran" title="Category:Banks of Iran">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charities_based_in_Iran" title="Category:Charities based in Iran">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Iran" title="Category:Companies of Iran">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Iran" title="Category:Law of Iran">Labor and tax laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Privatization_in_Iran" title="Category:Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Category:Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Energy subsidies reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Offshore_Oil_Company" title="Iranian Offshore Oil Company">Iranian Offshore Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Central_Oil_Fields_Company" title="Iranian Central Oil Fields Company">Iranian Central Oil Fields Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iran" title="Oil reserves in Iran">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian petroleum sector facilities"><img alt="Iranian petroleum sector facilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/121px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/182px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/242px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran" title="Natural gas in Iran">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_LNG" title="Iran LNG">Iran LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">Natural gas reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_LNG" title="Persian LNG">Persian LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Gasoline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gasoline_Rationing_Plan_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran">2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Smuggling" title="Taxation in Iran">Fuel smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marun_petrochemical_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Marun petrochemical complex">Marun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">National Petrochemical Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company#Special_industrial_economic_zones" title="National Petrochemical Company">Special industrial economic zones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dauletabad%E2%80%93Sarakhs%E2%80%93Khangiran_pipeline" title="Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran pipeline">Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Gas_Trunkline" title="Iran Gas Trunkline">Gas Trunkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Armenia_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Armenia gas pipeline">Iran–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_pipeline" title="Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline">Iran–Iraq–Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Oman_pipeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran–Oman pipeline (page does not exist)">Iran–Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-Pakistan-India_gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpeje%E2%80%93Kordkuy_pipeline" title="Korpeje–Kordkuy pipeline">Korpeje–Kordkuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline" title="Nabucco pipeline">Nabucco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neka%E2%80%93Jask_pipeline" title="Neka–Jask pipeline">Neka–Jask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Facilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IR-40" title="IR-40">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant">Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhovin_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant">Darkhovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordow_Fuel_Enrichment_Plant" title="Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant">Fordow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanz_Nuclear_Facility" title="Natanz Nuclear Facility">Natanz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DESA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DESA (company)">DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Shipbuilding_%26_Offshore_Industries_Complex" title="Iran Shipbuilding & Offshore Industries Complex">ISOICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam-al_Anbiya_Construction_Headquarters" title="Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters">Khatam al-Anbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SADRA" title="SADRA">SADRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Energy (Iran)">Ministry of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#Oil_Stabilization_Fund_(OSF)_and_National_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Oil Stabilization Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AzarAb_Industries" title="AzarAb Industries">AzarAb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPCO" title="HEPCO">HEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">IDRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Sazi_Arak" title="Machine Sazi Arak">Machine Sazi Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPNA_Group" title="MAPNA Group">MAPNA Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">National Iranian Tanker Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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