CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ibn Jubayr - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f693c426-447a-455b-bef5-e930c99d1446","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ibn_Jubayr","wgTitle":"Ibn Jubayr","wgCurRevisionId":1278909621,"wgRevisionId":1278909621,"wgArticleId":2174304,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Arabic-language text","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with hCards","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","1145 births","1217 deaths","12th-century Arab people","13th-century Arab people","Writers from Valencia","Geographers of the medieval Islamic world","Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world","Poets from the Almohad Caliphate","Hajj accounts","13th-century geographers","12th-century writers from al-Andalus","13th-century writers from al-Andalus","13th-century travel writers","12th-century travel writers","Saladin","Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ibn_Jubayr","wgRelevantArticleId":2174304,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q367319","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1198"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/800px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/640px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="639"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ibn Jubayr - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ibn_Jubayr rootpage-Ibn_Jubayr skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ibn+Jubayr" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ibn+Jubayr" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ibn+Jubayr" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ibn+Jubayr" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Travels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Travels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_journey_from_Ceuta_to_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_journey_from_Ceuta_to_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sea journey from Ceuta to Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_journey_from_Ceuta_to_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In Cairo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_journeys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_journeys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further journeys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_journeys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_and_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_and_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Overview and publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Jubayr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ابن جبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن جبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_C%C3%BCbeyr" title="İbn Cübeyr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Cübeyr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="ইবনে জুবায়ের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে জুবায়ের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Jubayr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_D%C5%BEubajr" title="Ibn Džubajr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ibn Džubajr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Dschubair" title="Ibn Dschubair – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Dschubair" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yubair" title="Ibn Yubair – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn Yubair" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" title="Ibn Jubair – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibn Jubair" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ابن جبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن جبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" title="Ibn Jubair – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Jubair" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%A3%BC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="이븐 주바이르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 주바이르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Իբն Ջուբայր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իբն Ջուբայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Jubair" title="Ibnu Jubair – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Jubair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Jubayr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אבן ג'ובייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן ג'ובייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_D%C5%BEubairs" title="Ibn Džubairs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ibn Džubairs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ابن جبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن جبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" title="Ibn Jubair – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibn Jubair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ibn Jubayr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="イブン・ジュバイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・ジュバイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ابن جبیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن جبیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ibn Jubayr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Ибн Джубайр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Джубайр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ابنِ جبیر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابنِ جبیر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Giobair" title="Ibn Giobair – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ibn Giobair" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Djubair" title="Ibn Djubair – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Djubair" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Ибни Ҷубайр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Ҷубайр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn-i_C%C3%BCbeyr" title="İbn-i Cübeyr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn-i Cübeyr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ابن جبیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن جبیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ibn_Jubayr" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ibn_Jubayr" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ibn_Jubayr" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&oldid=1278909621" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ibn_Jubayr&id=1278909621&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIbn_Jubayr"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIbn_Jubayr"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ibn_Jubayr&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ibn_Jubair" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367319" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Andalusian Arab traveller and poet (1145–1217)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ibn Jubayr</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1145<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Taifa of Valencia</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Valencia" title="Province of Valencia">Province of Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1217 (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Geographer, Traveler, Poet</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ibn Jubayr</b> (1 September 1145<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters199691_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters199691-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 29 November 1217; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن جبير</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also written <b>Ibn Jubair</b>, <b>Ibn Jobair</b>, and <b>Ibn Djubayr</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, traveller and poet from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. His travel chronicle describes the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> he made to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> from 1183 to 1185, in the years preceding the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>. His chronicle describes <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s domains in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> which he passed through on his way to Mecca. Further, on his return journey, he passed through Christian <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, which had been recaptured from the Muslims only a century before, and he made several observations on the hybrid <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a> culture that flourished there. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/250px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/375px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/500px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century painting showing a Christian and a Muslim playing chess</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Jubayr was born in 1145 in <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, to an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kinanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Kinanah">Kinanah</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a descendant of 'Abdal-Salam ibn Jabayr, who, in 740 AD, had accompanied an army sent by the caliph of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to put down a Berber uprising in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Spanish provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195215_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Jubayr studied in the town of <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a>, where his father worked as a civil servant. He later became secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Jubayr does not explain the reason for his travels. It has been suggested that as secretary for the ruler of Granada in 1182, he was threatened into drinking seven cups of wine. Seized by remorse, the ruler then filled seven cups of gold Dinara, which he gave him. To expiate his godless act, although it had been forced upon him, Ibn Jubayr decided to perform the duty of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj to Mecca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(writer)" title="Robert Irwin (writer)">Robert Irwin</a> has recently argued that dubious provenance aside, this seems an unlikely explanation, as Hajj was rarely penitential.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He left Granada on 3 February 1183 accompanied by a physician from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travels">Travels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yabar-IbnJubair.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yabar-IbnJubair.PNG/400px-Yabar-IbnJubair.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Yabar-IbnJubair.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption> Map of the first journey by Ibn Jubair from <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_journey_from_Ceuta_to_Alexandria">Sea journey from Ceuta to Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sea journey from Ceuta to Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Jubayr left <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> and crossed over the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, then under Muslim rule. He boarded a <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> ship on February 24, 1183 and set sail for <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. His sea journey took him past the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and then across to the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. Offshore, he heard of the fate of 80 Muslim men, women and children who had been abducted from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and were being sold into slavery. Between Sardinia and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the ship ran into a severe storm. He said of the Italians and Muslims on board who had experience of the sea that "all agreed that they had never in their lives seen such a tempest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195228_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195228-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the storm, the ship went on past Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and turned south and crossed over to the North African coast. He arrived in Alexandria on March 26. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isle_of_Graia3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Isle_of_Graia3.jpg/250px-Isle_of_Graia3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Isle_of_Graia3.jpg/330px-Isle_of_Graia3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Isle_of_Graia3.jpg/500px-Isle_of_Graia3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>Saladin and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">mamluks</a> assured the protection of <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> routes that allowed travel to distant lands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Everywhere that Ibn Jubayr traveled in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, he was full of praise for the new <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. For example, he said, "There is no congregational or ordinary mosque, no mausoleum built over a grave, nor hospital, nor theological college, where the bounty of the Sultan does not extend to all who seek shelter or live in them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195244–45_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195244–45-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pointed out that when the Nile did not flood enough, Saladin remitted the land tax from the farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195267_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195267-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that "such is his (Salahuddin's) justice, and the safety he has brought to his high-roads that men in his lands can go about their affairs by night and from its darkness apprehend no awe that should deter them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195245_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195245-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Jubayr, on the other hand, was very disparaging of the previous <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>. </p><p>Of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Ibn Jubayr noted, the colleges and hostels that were erected for students and pious men of other lands by the Saladin. In those colleges, students found lodging and tutors to teach them the sciences that they desired as well as also allowances to cover their needs. The care of the sultan also granted them baths, hospitals, and the appointment of doctors, who could even come to visit them at their place of stay who would be answerable for their cure. One of Saladin's other generous acts was that every day, 2000 loaves of bread were distributed to the poor. Also impressing Ibn Jubayr in the city was the number of mosques, estimated at between 8,000 and 12,000, with four or five of them often in the same street. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Alexandria">In Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon arrival at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Ibn Jubayr was angered by the customs officials who insisted on taking <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> from the pilgrims, regardless of whether or not they were obliged to pay. In the city, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a>, which was then still standing, and he was amazed by its size and splendor. </p> <blockquote><p>One of the greatest wonders that we saw in this city was the lighthouse which Great and Glorious God had erected by the hands of those who were forced to such labor as 'Indeed in that are signs for those who discern'. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15/75">Quran 15:75</a> and as a guide to voyagers, for without it they could not find the true course to Alexandria. It can be seen for more than seventy miles and is of great antiquity. It is most strongly built in all directions and competes with the skies in height. Description of it falls short, the eyes fail to comprehend it, and words are inadequate, so vast is the spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195232–33_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195232–33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was also impressed by the free colleges, hostels for foreign students, baths and hospitals in the city. They were paid for by <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">awqaf</a> and taxes on the city's <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. He noted that there were between 8,000 and 12,000 mosques in Alexandria. After a stay of eight days, he set off to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Cairo">In Cairo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Cairo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He reached Cairo three days later. In the city, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al-Qarafah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qarafah">al-Qarafah</a>, which contained the graves of many important figures in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. He noted that under Saladin, the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> were being extended with the object of reinforcing the entire city from any future siege by <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>. Another work that he saw being built was a <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, which would be high enough not to be submerged in the annual flooding of the river. He saw a spacious free <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, which was divided into three sections: for men, women and the <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insane</a>. He saw the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">pyramids</a>, but he was unaware for whom they had been built, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Sphinx</a>. He also saw a <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">device that was used to measure</a> the height of the Nile flood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sicily">In Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, at the very late stages of his travels (December 1184 to January 1185), Ibn Jubayr recounted other experiences. He commented on the activity of the volcanoes: </p> <blockquote> <p>At the close of night a red flame appeared, throwing up tongues into the air. It was the celebrated volcano (<a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>). We were told that a fiery blast of great violence bursts out from air-holes in the two mountains and makes the fire. Often a great stone is cast up and thrown into the air by the force of the blast and prevented thereby from falling and settling at the bottom. This is one of the most remarkable of stories, and it is true. </p><p> As for the great mountain in the island, known as the Jabal al-Nar [Mountain of Fire], it also presents a singular feature in that some years a fire pours from it in the manner of the `bursting of the dam'. It passes nothing it does not burn until, coming to the sea, it rides out on its surface and then subsides beneath it. Let us praise the Author of all things for His marvelous creations. There is no God but He.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952343–344_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952343–344-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also striking Ibn Jubayr was the city of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, which he described as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>It is the metropolis of these islands, combining the benefits of wealth and splendor, and having all that you could wish of beauty, real or apparent, and all the needs of subsistence, mature and fresh. It is an ancient and elegant city, magnificent and gracious, and seductive to look upon. Proudly set between its open spaces and plains filled with gardens, with broad roads and avenues, it dazzles the eyes with its perfection. It is a wonderful place, built in the Cordova style, entirely from cut stone known as kadhan [a soft limestone]. A river splits the town, and four springs gush in its suburbs.... The King roams through the gardens and courts for amusement and pleasure... The Christian women of this city follow the fashion of Muslim women, are fluent of speech, wrap their cloaks about them, and are veiled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952348–350_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952348–350-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_journeys">Further journeys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further journeys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-John_of_the_Hermits(1840Lithograph).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG/250px-Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG/330px-Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG/500px-Saint-John_of_the_Hermits%281840Lithograph%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_degli_Eremiti" title="San Giovanni degli Eremiti">San Giovanni degli Eremiti</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Arab-Norman architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> walls with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, by the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Jubayr also travelled to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acre (city)">Acre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, he saw how Indian timber was carefully used to make <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a> sail ships. He returned in 1185 by way of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His path was not without troubles, including a <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwreck</a>. On both occasions, he travelled on <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> ships. </p><p>Ibn Jubayr spent 32 days in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>' <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Thirteen of these days were spent anchored in the port of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, awaiting a favorable wind.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently quoted is Ibn Jubayr's famous description of Muslims prospering in the kingdom: </p> <blockquote><p>We moved from <a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Tibnin</a> - may God destroy it - at daybreak on Monday. Our way lay through continuous farms and ordered settlements, whose inhabitants were all Muslims, living comfortably within the Franks.... They surrender half their crops to the Franks at harvest time, and pay as well a poll-tax of one dinar and five qirat for each person. Other than that they are not interfered with, save for a light tax on the fruit of their trees. The houses and all their effects are left to their full possession. All the coastal cities occupied by the Franks are managed in this fashion, their rural districts, the villages and farms, belong to the Muslims. But their hearts have been seduced, for they observe how unlike them in ease and comfort are their brethren in the Muslim regions under their (Muslim) governors. This is one of the misfortunes afflicting the Muslims. The Muslim community bewails the injustice of the landlord of its own faith, and applauds the conduct of its opponent and enemy, the Frankish landlord, and is accustomed to justice from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952316_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952316-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jubayr traveled to the East on two further occasions (1189–1191 and 1217) without leaving an account. He died on 29 November 1217 in Alexandria, during the second trip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_publication">Overview and publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview and publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Jubayr provides a highly-detailed and graphic description of the places he visited during his travels. The book differs from other contemporary accounts in not being a mere collection of toponyms and descriptions of monuments but containing observation of geographical details as well as cultural, religious and political matters. Particularly interesting are his notes about the declining faith of his fellow Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> after the recent <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Norman conquest</a> and about what he perceived as the Muslim-influenced customs of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a>. </p><p>Ibn Jubayr is also considered an important source for the study of Muslim subjects within the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Frankish states</a>, based on his thirty-two-day stay in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writing is a foundation of the genre of work called <a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a>, or the creative travelogue. It is a mix of personal narrative, description of the areas traveled and personal anecdotes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrammaticoWerner2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrammaticoWerner2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Jubayr's travel chronicle served as a model for later authors, some of whom copied from it without attribution. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a>, who wrote the account of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>'s travels in around 1355 AD, copied passages that had been written 170 years earlier by Ibn Jubayr that described Damascus, Mecca, Medina and other places in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005313–314_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005313–314-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passages copied from Ibn Jubayr are also found in the writings of al-Sharishi, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Abdari_al-Hihi" title="Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi">al-Abdari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A surviving copy of Ibn Jubayr's manuscript is preserved in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a>. The 210-page manuscript was produced in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in 875 AH (1470 AD) and appears to have been written at high speed: diacritic marks are often missing, words are omitted and there is confusion between certain pairs of letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje190714–15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje190714–15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete Arabic text was first published in 1852 by the orientalist <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">William Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWright1852_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWright1852-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated edition was published in 1907 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje" title="Michael Jan de Goeje">Michael Jan de Goeje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A translation into Italian by Celestino Schiaparelli was published in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a translation into English by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Broadhurst" title="Ronald Broadhurst">Ronald Broadhurst</a> was published in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a translation into French by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gaudefroy-Demombynes" title="Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes">Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes</a> appeared in three volumes between 1949 and 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurabiyya Shia">Ghurabiyya Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters199691-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters199691_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters 1996</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full name: <i>Abū l-<a href="/wiki/Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn">Husayn</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" title="Muhammad (name)">Muhammad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad (name)">Ahmad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Jubayr_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubayr (name)">Jubayr</a> al-Kenani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو الحسين محمد بن أحمد بن جبير الكناني</span>), also called simply <i>Jabair</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yann, Dejugnat (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-jubayr-COM_30845?s.num=1&s.q=Ibn+Jubayr">"Ibn Jubayr"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.atitle=Ibn+Jubayr&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Yann&rft.aufirst=Dejugnat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fibn-jubayr-COM_30845%3Fs.num%3D1%26s.q%3DIbn%2BJubayr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yann, Dejugnat (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-jubayr-COM_30845">"Ibn Jubayr"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.atitle=Ibn+Jubayr&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Yann&rft.aufirst=Dejugnat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fibn-jubayr-COM_30845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195215-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195215_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat1986-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat1986_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPellat1986">Pellat 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Jubayr & Irwin, R., (trans), The Travels of Ibn Jubayr: A Medieval Journey from Cordoba to Jerusalem, (London, 2019) p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195228-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195228_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195244–45-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195244–45_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195267-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195267_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195245-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195245_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195232–33-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst195232–33_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952343–344-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952343–344_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, pp. 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952348–350-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952348–350_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, pp. 348–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palermoarabonormanna.com/en/percorso/church-of-san-giovanni-degli-eremiti/">"Church of San Giovanni Degli Eremiti"</a>. <i>Palermo Arabo Normanna</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palermo+Arabo+Normanna&rft.atitle=Church+of+San+Giovanni+Degli+Eremiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalermoarabonormanna.com%2Fen%2Fpercorso%2Fchurch-of-san-giovanni-degli-eremiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les Normands en Sicile</i>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibn Jubair"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibn_Jubair">"Ibn Jubair" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Jubair&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Griffithes+Wheeler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Z. Kedar. "Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant". In James M. Powell, editor. Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100-1300. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952316-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952316_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Z. Kedar. "Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant". In James M. Powell, editor. Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100-1300. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrammaticoWerner2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrammaticoWerner2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrammaticoWerner2015">Grammatico & Werner 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005313–314-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005313–314_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje190714–15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje190714–15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907">Ibn Jubayr, Wright & de Goeje 1907</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWright1852-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWright1852_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_JubayrWright1852">Ibn Jubayr & Wright 1852</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907">Ibn Jubayr, Wright & de Goeje 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906">Ibn Jubayr & Schiaparelli 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadhurst1952_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroadhurst1952">Broadhurst 1952</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956">Ibn Jobair & Gaudefroy-Demombynes 1949–1956</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroadhurst1952" class="citation book cs1">Broadhurst, Ronald J.C. (1952). <i>The Travels of Ibn Jubayr: being the chronicle of a medieval Spanish Moor concerning his journey to the Egypt of Saladin, the holy cities of Arabia, Baghdad the city of the Caliphs, the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Norman kingdom of Sicily</i>. London: Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Jubayr%3A+being+the+chronicle+of+a+medieval+Spanish+Moor+concerning+his+journey+to+the+Egypt+of+Saladin%2C+the+holy+cities+of+Arabia%2C+Baghdad+the+city+of+the+Caliphs%2C+the+Latin+kingdom+of+Jerusalem%2C+and+the+Norman+kingdom+of+Sicily&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Broadhurst&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Ross E. (2005). <i>The Adventures of Ibn Battuta</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24385-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24385-4"><bdi>0-520-24385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24385-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> First published in 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05771-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05771-6">0-520-05771-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrammaticoWerner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grammatico, Daniel; Werner, Louis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/issue/201501/travelers.of.al-andalus.part.1.the.travel.writer.ibn.jubayr.htm">"The Travel Writer Ibn Jubayr"</a>. <i>Aramco World</i>. <b>66</b> (1 January–February 2015): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Travel+Writer+Ibn+Jubayr&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1+January%E2%80%93February+2015&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Grammatico&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Werner%2C+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201501%2Ftravelers.of.al-andalus.part.1.the.travel.writer.ibn.jubayr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Jobair; Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice, trans. and ed. (1949–1956). <i>Voyages d'Ibn Jobair (3 Vol)</i> (in French). Paris: Paul Geuthner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+d%27Ibn+Jobair+%283+Vol%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Paul+Geuthner&rft.date=1949%2F1956&rft.au=Ibn+Jobair&rft.au=Gaudefroy-Demombynes%2C+Maurice%2C+trans.+and+ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_JubayrWright1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Jubayr; <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">Wright, William, ed.</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rilatalktibibnju00ibnjuoft"><i>The Travels of Ibn Jubair</i></a> (in Arabic). Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Jubair&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Ibn+Jubayr&rft.au=Wright%2C+William%2C+ed.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frilatalktibibnju00ibnjuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Jubayr; Wright, William, ed.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje" title="Michael Jan de Goeje">de Goeje, M.J. (revised by)</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsibnjubay00goejgoog"><i>The Travels of Ibn Jubayr</i></a> (in Arabic). Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Jubayr&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Ibn+Jubayr&rft.au=Wright%2C+William%2C+ed.&rft.au=de+Goeje%2C+M.J.+%28revised+by%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsibnjubay00goejgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Revision of the 1852 edition of Wright. This is the Arabic text translated by Broadhurst.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Jubayr; Schiaparelli, Celestino, trans. and ed. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k370190p"><i>Viaggio in Ispagna, Sicilia, Siria e Palestina, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egitto, compiuto nel secolo XII</i></a> (in Italian). Rome: Casa Editrice Italiana. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12334477">12334477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viaggio+in+Ispagna%2C+Sicilia%2C+Siria+e+Palestina%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+Arabia%2C+Egitto%2C+compiuto+nel+secolo+XII&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Italiana&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12334477&rft.au=Ibn+Jubayr&rft.au=Schiaparelli%2C+Celestino%2C+trans.+and+ed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k370190p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPellat1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/03.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewMenPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v3.H-Iram.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1971.1986.#page/n786/mode/1up">"Ibn Djubayr"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume III</i> (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 755. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08118-6"><bdi>90-04-08118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Djubayr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam.+Volume+III&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=755&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-08118-6&rft.aulast=Pellat&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F03.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewMenPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v3.H-Iram.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1971.1986.%23page%2Fn786%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters1996" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F.E. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete"><i>The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069102619X" title="Special:BookSources/069102619X"><bdi>069102619X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hajj%3A+The+Muslim+Pilgrimage+to+Mecca+and+the+Holy+Places&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=069102619X&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhajjmuslimpilgri0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonebakker1972" class="citation journal cs1">Bonebakker, S.A. (1972). "Three manuscripts of Ibn Jubayr's <i>Riḥla</i>". <i>Rivista Degli Studi Orientali</i>. <b>47</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41879922">41879922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Degli+Studi+Orientali&rft.atitle=Three+manuscripts+of+Ibn+Jubayr%27s+Ri%E1%B8%A5la&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41879922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bonebakker&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGayangos1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pascual_de_Gayangos_y_Arce" title="Pascual de Gayangos y Arce">Gayangos, Pascual de</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthemoha032395mbp#page/n417/mode/1up"><i>History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, Volume 2</i></a>. London: Oriental Translation Fund. pp. <span class="nowrap">400–</span>401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Fund&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Gayangos&rft.aufirst=Pascual+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofthemoha032395mbp%23page%2Fn417%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> Biographical information on Ibn Jubayr given by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari</a> (c. 1578–1632) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a> (1313–1374).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPernoud1963" class="citation book cs1">Pernoud, Régine (translated by Enid Grant) (1963). <i>The Crusaders</i>. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusaders&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pernoud&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine+%28translated+by+Enid+Grant%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Jubayr" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published as <i>Les Croisés</i>, Hachette, 1959.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ibn_Jubair" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ibn Jubair">Author:Ibn Jubair</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?ArticleID=595&Oldpage=2&yearlist=1">Ibn Jubair: Capturing the Decline of Islamic Power</a>, muslimheritage.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_geography" title="Template talk:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world">Geographers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashkhash_Ibn_Saeed_Ibn_Aswad" title="Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad">Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramhormuzi" title="Al-Ramhormuzi">Al-Ramhormuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudama_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Qudama ibn Ja'far">Qudama ibn Ja'far</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī">Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiyat" title="Domiyat">Domiyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Zuhri" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri">al-Zuhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_al-Hijazi" title="Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi">Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Said al-Maghribi">Ibn Said al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir" title="Ibn al-Mujawir">Ibn al-Mujawir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Nu" title="Lin Nu">Lin Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiy%C4%81th_al-d%C4%ABn_Naqq%C4%81sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh">Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al_Mahri" title="Sulaiman Al Mahri">Sulaiman Al Mahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ahmed_Nasrallah_Thattvi" title="Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi">Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%ABn_R%C4%81z%C4%AB" title="Amīn Rāzī">Amīn Rāzī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(al-Bakr%C4%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)"><i>Book of Roads and Kingdoms</i> (al-Bakrī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(ibn_Khordadbeh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)"><i>Book of Roads and Kingdoms</i> (ibn Khordadbeh)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_Al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam Al-Buldan">Mu'jam Al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-Kharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-Kharaj (page does not exist)">Kitab al-Kharaj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i> (Ptolemy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_literature21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_literature" title="Template talk:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_literature21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">Namara inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions">Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Islamic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaqat" title="Mu'allaqat">Pre-Islamic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Layla_al-Muhalhel" title="Abu Layla al-Muhalhel">Abu Layla al-Muhalhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Zayd" title="Adi ibn Zayd">Adi ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afira_bint_%27Abbad" title="Afira bint 'Abbad">Afira bint 'Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-F%C4%81ri%CA%BFah_bint_Shadd%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād">Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hujayjah" title="Al-Hujayjah">Al-Hujayjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4urqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥurqah">Al-Ḥurqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khirniq_bint_Badr" title="Al-Khirniq bint Badr">Al-Khirniq bint Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shanfara" title="Al-Shanfara">Al-Shanfara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_ibn_Humaydah" title="Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah">Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Alqama_ibn_%27Abada" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alqama ibn 'Abada">'Alqama ibn 'Abada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Amir_ibn_al-Tufayl" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amir ibn al-Tufayl">'Amir ibn al-Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Kulthum" title="Amr ibn Kulthum">Amr ibn Kulthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarah_ibn_Shaddad" title="Antarah ibn Shaddad">Antarah ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27sha" title="Al-A'sha">Al-A'sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_ibn_Hilliza_Al-Yashkuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri">Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatim_al-Tai" title="Hatim al-Tai">Hatim al-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Labīd">Labīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_bint_Lukaiz" title="Laila bint Lukaiz">Laila bint Lukaiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahd_al-Aadiyya" title="Mahd al-Aadiyya">Mahd al-Aadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqir" title="Mu'aqqir">Mu'aqqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabigha" title="Al-Nabigha">Al-Nabigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais" title="Imru' al-Qais">Imru' al-Qais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaw%27al_ibn_%27Adiya" title="Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya">Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafa" title="Tarafa">Tarafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_al-Huwayrith" title="Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith">Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_bin_Abi_Sulma" title="Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma">Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_ibn_Janab" title="Zuhayr ibn Janab">Zuhayr ibn Janab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktham_ibn_Saifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktham ibn Saifi">Aktham ibn Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munakhal" title="Al-Munakhal">Al-Munakhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhtal_al-Taghlibi" title="Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi">Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">Al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hamid_al-Katib" title="Abd al-Hamid al-Katib">Abd al-Hamid al-Katib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadl_Ashsha%27ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadl Ashsha'ira">Fadl Ashsha'ira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Hassan ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Hasina" title="Ibn Abi Hasina">Ibn Abi Hasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysun_bint_Bahdal" title="Maysun bint Bahdal">Maysun bint Bahdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_ibn_Ma%27mar" title="Jamil ibn Ma'mar">Jamil ibn Ma'mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqa_bin_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suraqa bin Malik">Suraqa bin Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_ibn_Atiyah" title="Jarir ibn Atiyah">Jarir ibn Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27b_bin_Zuhayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'b bin Zuhayr">Ka'b bin Zuhayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khansa">Al-Khansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthayyir" title="Kuthayyir">Kuthayyir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_al-Akhyaliyya" title="Layla al-Akhyaliyya">Layla al-Akhyaliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqah_al-Bariqi" title="Suraqah al-Bariqi">Suraqah al-Bariqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutayla_ukht_al-Nadr" title="Qutayla ukht al-Nadr">Qutayla ukht al-Nadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddah_al-Yaman" title="Waddah al-Yaman">Waddah al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_al-Katib_al-Mughanni" title="Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni">Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_Jadan_al-Himyari" title="Dhu Jadan al-Himyari">Dhu Jadan al-Himyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayd_bin_Al_Soma" title="Dorayd bin Al Soma">Dorayd bin Al Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_ibn_al-Fuja%27a" title="Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a">Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_al-Dabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi">al-Mufaddal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ulayya_bint_al-Mahd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī">Bint al-Mahdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ibn_al-Ahnaf" title="Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf">Ibn al-Ahnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Firas al-Hamdani">Abu Firas al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Mudabbir">Al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Husayn_ibn_Ali_al-Maghribi" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi">Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Asma'i">Al-Asma'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tifashi" title="Ahmad al-Tifashi">Ahmad al-Tifashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Atahiya" title="Abu al-Atahiya">Abu al-Atahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_ibn_al-%27Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid">ibn al-'Amid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi%27_al-Zaman_al-Hamadani" title="Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani">Al-Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_Zuhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-din Zuhair">Baha' al-din Zuhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashshar_ibn_Burd" title="Bashshar ibn Burd">Bashshar ibn Burd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fath_ibn_Khaqan" title="Al-Fath ibn Khaqan">Al-Fath ibn Khaqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Al-Hariri of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rumi" title="Ibn al-Rumi">Ibn al-Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sari_al-Zajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Sari al-Zajjaj">al-Zajjaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Azhari" title="Abu Mansur al-Azhari">Abu Mansur al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">ibn al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mudabbir">ibn al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_Abi_Hafsa" title="Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa">Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya_Umm_Ali_bint_Ghaith_ibn_Ali_al-Armanazi" title="Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith ibn Ali al-Armanazi">Al-Armanazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_al-Lahiqi" title="Aban al-Lahiqi">Aban al-Lahiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabia of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ibn_Habib" title="Yunus ibn Habib">Yunus ibn Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_al-Jawhari" title="Abu Nasr al-Jawhari">Abu Nasr al-Jawhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">Al-Farahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarrad" title="Al-Mubarrad">Al-Mubarrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tahir_Tayfur" title="Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur">Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiyya_al-Baghdadiyya" title="Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya">Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Anbari" title="Abu Muhammad al-Anbari">Abu Muhammad al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Anbari" title="Ibn al-Anbari">Ibn al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasabani" title="Al-Qasabani">Al-Qasabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dik_al-Jinn" title="Dik al-Jinn">Dik al-Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98In%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Inān">‘Inān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_Monajjem" title="Abu Ahmad Monajjem">Abu Ahmad Monajjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar">Ibn Bakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sar%C4%AB_al-Raff%C4%81%E2%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sarī al-Raffā’">Al-Sarī al-Raffā’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">Al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niftawayh" title="Niftawayh">Niftawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">Al-Tughrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layl%C4%81_bint_%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylā bint Ṭarīf">Laylā bint Ṭarīf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">Al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" title="Abu'l-Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī">al-Tawhīdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Al-Sharif al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyus" title="Ibn Hayyus">Ibn Hayyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_al_Mugrab_Al_Uyuni" title="Ali bin al Mugrab Al Uyuni">Al Uyuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Al Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj"> Al-Hallaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qatta%27_al-Siqilli" title="Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli">Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shajari" title="Ibn al-Shajari">Ibn al-Shajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Adlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Adlan">Ibn 'Adlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Sa%27id" title="Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Sa'id">Abu Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaikiyya" title="Al-Rumaikiyya">Al-Rumaikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Alphaizuli" title="Maria Alphaizuli">Maria Alphaizuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ammar" title="Muhammad ibn Ammar">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthaina_bint_al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Buthaina </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_al-Hajj_al-Rukuniyya" title="Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya">Al-Rukuniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamda_bint_Ziyad_al-Muaddib" title="Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib">Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdis" title="Ibn Hamdis">Ibn Hamdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih" title="Ibn Abd Rabbih">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">Ibn al-Abbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zaqqaq" title="Ibn al-Zaqqaq">Ibn al-Zaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baqi" title="Ibn Baqi">Ibn Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafaja" title="Ibn Khafaja">Ibn Khafaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Quzman" title="Ibn Quzman">Ibn Quzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_of_Seville" title="Ibn Sahl of Seville">Ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zamrak" title="Ibn Zamrak">Ibn Zamrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zayd%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Zaydún">Ibn Zaydún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubna_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lubna of Córdoba">Lubna of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">ibn Hani al-Azdi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhya_bint_Al-Tayyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhya bint Al-Tayyani">Muhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazhun_al-Garnatiya_bint_al-Qulai%E2%80%99iya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazhun al-Garnatiya bint al-Qulai’iya">Nazhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasmuna" title="Qasmuna">Qasmuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tutili" title="Al-Tutili">Al-Tutili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Kiram" title="Umm Al-Kiram">Umm Al-Kiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallada_bint_al-Mustakfi" title="Wallada bint al-Mustakfi">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_III,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shushtari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari">al-Shushtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbad_al-Rundi" title="Ibn Abbad al-Rundi">al-Rundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Arif" title="Ibn al-Arif">Ibn al-Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jalil_ibn_Wahbun" title="Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun">Ibn Wahbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_ibn_Abdun" title="Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun">Ibn Abdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fazazi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fazazi">al-Fazazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Yayyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Yayyab">Ibn al-Yayyab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Khisal" title="Ibn Abi al-Khisal">Ibn Abi al-Khisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Arabshah">Ahmad ibn Arabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27A%27isha_al-Ba%27uniyya" title="'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya">'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nubata" title="Ibn Nubata">Ibn Nubata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_al-Nafzawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi">al-Nafzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">Al-Qalqashandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi">Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Diyab" title="Hanna Diyab">Hanna Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wannan" title="Ibn al-Wannan">Ibn al-Wannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Triki" title="Ahmed Ben Triki">Ahmed Ben Triki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Nahda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Samy_El_Baroudy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy">El Baroudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruf_al_Rusafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruf al Rusafi">Maruf al Rusafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasif_al-Yaziji" title="Nasif al-Yaziji">Nasif al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Yaziji" title="Ibrahim al-Yaziji">Ibrahim al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Sidqi_al-Zahawi" title="Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi">Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Faris_Shidyaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Faris Shidyaq">Ahmad Faris Shidyaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoum_Mokarzel" title="Naoum Mokarzel">Naoum Mokarzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Rida" title="Ahmad Rida">Ahmad Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleyman_al-Boustani" title="Suleyman al-Boustani">Suleyman al-Boustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_Pasha" title="Ahmad Zaki Pasha">Ahmad Zaki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Marrash" title="Abdallah Marrash">Abdallah Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marrash" title="Francis Marrash">Francis Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Ibrahim" title="Hafez Ibrahim">Hafez Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shawqi" title="Ahmed Shawqi">Ahmed Shawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Antun" title="Farah Antun">Farah Antun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Ziadeh" title="May Ziadeh">May Ziadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Nawal El Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abd_al-Ghafur_Attar" title="Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar">Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Kashgari" title="Abdur Rahman Kashgari">Abdur Rahman Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Maghut" title="Muhammad al-Maghut">Muhammad al-Maghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani" title="Nizar Qabbani">Nizar Qabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C4%81s_al-Aqq%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbās al-Aqqād">Abbās al-Aqqād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Wahbi_al-Tal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal">Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayeq_Abdul-Jaleel" title="Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel">Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Antoon" title="Sinan Antoon">Sinan Antoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Tuqan" title="Ibrahim Tuqan">Ibrahim Tuqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Habibi" title="Emile Habibi">Emile Habibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani" title="Ghassan Kanafani">Ghassan Kanafani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghada_al-Samman" title="Ghada al-Samman">Ghada al-Samman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif" title="Abdul Rahman Munif">Abdul Rahman Munif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Gosaibi" title="Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi">al-Gosaibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Echebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Khoury" title="Colette Khoury">Colette Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Wannous" title="Saadallah Wannous">Saadallah Wannous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Tamer" title="Zakaria Tamer">Zakaria Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_Salih" title="Tayeb Salih">Tayeb Salih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Aboulela" title="Leila Aboulela">Leila Aboulela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan_Abdel_Quddous" title="Ihsan Abdel Quddous">Ihsan Abdel Quddous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Al_Aswany" title="Alaa Al Aswany">al-Aswany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Abouzeid" title="Leila Abouzeid">Leila Abouzeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bennis" title="Mohammed Bennis">Mohammed Bennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Laabi" title="Abdellatif Laabi">Abdellatif Laabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Raihani" title="Mohamed Said Raihani">Mohamed Said Raihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waciny_Laredj" title="Waciny Laredj">Waciny Laredj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Douagi" title="Ali Douagi">Ali Douagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Rzouga" title="Youssef Rzouga">Youssef Rzouga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jahin" title="Salah Jahin">Salah Jahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Abul-Qassem_Donqol" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal Abul-Qassem Donqol">Amal Donqol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zaki_Abu_Shadi" title="Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi">Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tawfiq" title="Hasan Tawfiq">Hasan Tawfiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mazini" title="Ibrahim al-Mazini">al-Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri"> al-Jawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazik_Al-Malaika" title="Nazik Al-Malaika">Nazik Al-Malaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Matar" title="Ahmed Matar">Ahmed Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahhab_Al-Bayati" title="Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati">Al-Bayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shakir_al-Sayyab" title="Badr Shakir al-Sayyab">al-Sayyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Yousef" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi Yousef">Saadi Yousef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Nasrallah" title="Ibrahim Nasrallah">Ibrahim Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Abu_Madi" title="Elia Abu Madi">Elia Abu Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Risha" title="Omar Abu Risha">Omar Abu Risha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khal" title="Yusuf al-Khal">Yusuf al-Khal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourid_Barghouti" title="Mourid Barghouti">Mourid Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabra_Ibrahim_Jabra" title="Jabra Ibrahim Jabra">Jabra Ibrahim Jabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samih_al-Qasim" title="Samih al-Qasim">al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Tuqan" title="Fadwa Tuqan">Fadwa Tuqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_Nuri" title="Abd al-Malik Nuri">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27l-Nun_Ayyub" title="Dhu'l-Nun Ayyub">Ayyub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_literatures_of_Arab_states21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saudi_Arabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saudi Arabian (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367319#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3007" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367319#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3007" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367319#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081109569">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32031185">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/226436/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYqWm8RxCd8MjbQtfjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119473070">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88065600">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121335308">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121335308">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00468742">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ibn Ǧubayr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PALV026426">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49116890">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1017043">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/950056">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071747052">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98017742">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbd8vnj1sd3p09">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564749905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/45218">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277528105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614459306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06403644?l=en">CiNii</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14282512?l=en">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1489498">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119473070.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119473070">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030643317">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-cubeyr">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&oldid=1278909621">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&oldid=1278909621</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1145_births" title="Category:1145 births">1145 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1217_deaths" title="Category:1217 deaths">1217 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_Arab_people" title="Category:12th-century Arab people">12th-century Arab people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_Arab_people" title="Category:13th-century Arab people">13th-century Arab people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Valencia" title="Category:Writers from Valencia">Writers from Valencia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world">Geographers of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Travel_writers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world">Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poets_from_the_Almohad_Caliphate" title="Category:Poets from the Almohad Caliphate">Poets from the Almohad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hajj_accounts" title="Category:Hajj accounts">Hajj accounts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_geographers" title="Category:13th-century geographers">13th-century geographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_writers_from_al-Andalus" title="Category:12th-century writers from al-Andalus">12th-century writers from al-Andalus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_writers_from_al-Andalus" title="Category:13th-century writers from al-Andalus">13th-century writers from al-Andalus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:13th-century_travel_writers" title="Category:13th-century travel writers">13th-century travel writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_travel_writers" title="Category:12th-century travel writers">12th-century travel writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saladin" title="Category:Saladin">Saladin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_from_the_Almohad_Caliphate" title="Category:Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate">Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 March 2025, at 10:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jubayr&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Jubayr</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>29 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-zbqsm","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.590","walltime":"0.742","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4523,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":134947,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3391,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79080,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 604.300 1 -total"," 16.59% 100.235 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.57% 82.019 2 Template:Langx"," 13.56% 81.915 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 12.73% 76.945 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.61% 70.144 4 Template:Navbox"," 11.12% 67.220 1 Template:Islamic_geography"," 11.10% 67.104 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.73% 64.858 21 Template:Sfn"," 7.37% 44.533 10 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.366","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24607706,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBonebakker1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadhurst1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayangos1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrammaticoWerner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_JobairGaudefroy-Demombynes1949–1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_JubayrSchiaparelli1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_JubayrWright1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_JubayrWrightde_Goeje1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellat1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPernoud1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYann2017\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Arabic literature\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Jubayr\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic geography\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-d5jwc","timestamp":"20250331180833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ibn Jubayr","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibn_Jubayr","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q367319","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q367319","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-05T16:48:37Z","dateModified":"2025-03-05T10:27:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG","headline":"Arab traveller and geographer"}</script> </body> </html>