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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Immunoglobulin G</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%AC" title="غلوبيولين مناعي ج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوبيولين مناعي ج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulina_G" title="Immunoglobulina G – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Immunoglobulina G" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunoglobulin_G" title="Imunoglobulin G – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Immunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_G" title="Immunglobulin G – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immunglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%93" title="Ανοσοσφαιρίνη Γ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοσοσφαιρίνη Γ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmunoglobulina_G" title="Inmunoglobulina G – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmunoglobulina G" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_immunoglobulina" title="G immunoglobulina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="G immunoglobulina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ایمونوگلوبولین جی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایمونوگلوبولین جی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobuline_G" title="Immunoglobuline G – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immunoglobuline G" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmunoglobulina_G" title="Inmunoglobulina G – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inmunoglobulina G" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B6%88%EB%A6%B0_G" title="면역글로불린 G – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="면역글로불린 G" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodi_G" title="Antibodi G – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antibodi G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgG" title="IgG – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IgG" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulinum_G" title="Immunoglobulinum G – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Immunoglobulinum G" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇമ്യൂണോഗ്ലോബുലിൻ ജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇമ്യൂണോഗ്ലോബുലിൻ ജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobuline_G" title="Immunoglobuline G – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Immunoglobuline G" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3G" title="免疫グロブリンG – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="免疫グロブリンG" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Immunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Immunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobuliny_G" title="Immunoglobuliny G – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Immunoglobuliny G" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunoglobulina_G" title="Imunoglobulina G – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imunoglobulina G" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_G" title="Иммуноглобулины G – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иммуноглобулины G" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunoglobulin_G" title="Imunoglobulin G – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Imunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunoglobulin_G" title="Imunoglobulin G – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imunoglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobuliini_G" title="Immunoglobuliini G – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Immunoglobuliini G" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunglobulin_G" title="Immunglobulin G – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Immunglobulin G" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5" title="อิมมูโนโกลบูลินจี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิมมูโนโกลบูลินจี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83_G" title="Імуноглобуліни класу G – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імуноглобуліни класу G" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BDG" title="免疫球蛋白G – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="免疫球蛋白G" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antibody_IgG1_surface.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antibody_IgG1_surface.png/250px-Antibody_IgG1_surface.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antibody_IgG1_surface.png/330px-Antibody_IgG1_surface.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antibody_IgG1_surface.png/500px-Antibody_IgG1_surface.png 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>The water-accessible surface area of an IgG antibody</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Immunoglobulin G</b> (<b>IgG</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Antibody#Classes" title="Antibody">type</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a>. Representing approximately 75% of <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">blood circulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IgG molecules are created and released by <a href="/wiki/Plasma_B_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma B cell">plasma B cells</a>. Each IgG antibody has two <a href="/wiki/Paratope" title="Paratope">paratopes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antibodies are major components of <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">humoral immunity</a>. IgG is the main type of antibody found in <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a>, allowing it to control infection of body <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. By binding many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, IgG protects the body from infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It does this through several mechanisms:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>IgG-mediated binding of pathogens causes their immobilization and binding together via <a href="/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)" title="Agglutination (biology)">agglutination</a>; IgG coating of pathogen surfaces (known as <a href="/wiki/Opsonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsonization">opsonization</a>) allows their recognition and ingestion by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytic immune cells</a> leading to the elimination of the pathogen itself;</li> <li>IgG activates the <a href="/wiki/Classical_complement_pathway" title="Classical complement pathway">classical pathway</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a>, a cascade of immune <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> production that results in pathogen elimination;</li> <li>IgG also binds and <a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_(immunology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutralisation (immunology)">neutralizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>;</li> <li>IgG also plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity</a> (ADCC) and <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_antibody-mediated_proteolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis">intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis</a>, in which it binds to <a href="/wiki/TRIM21" title="TRIM21">TRIM21</a> (the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the <a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">proteasome</a> in the cytosol;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21045130_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21045130-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IgG is also associated with type II and type III <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> reactions.</li></ul> <p>IgG antibodies are generated following <a href="/wiki/Class_switching" class="mw-redirect" title="Class switching">class switching</a> and maturation of the antibody response, thus they participate predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Memory_B_cell" title="Memory B cell">secondary immune response</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IgG is secreted as a monomer that is small in size allowing it to easily <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuse</a> into tissues. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Antibody#Isotypes" title="Antibody">antibody isotype</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal Fc receptor">receptors</a> to facilitate passage through the human <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, thereby providing protection to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a></i>. Along with <a href="/wiki/IgA" class="mw-redirect" title="IgA">IgA</a> secreted in the <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>, residual IgG absorbed through the placenta provides the <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">neonate</a> with humoral immunity before its own <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> develops. <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a> contains a high percentage of IgG, especially bovine colostrum. In individuals with prior immunity to a pathogen, IgG appears about 24–48 hours after antigenic stimulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Therefore, in the first six months of life, the newborn has the same antibodies as the mother and the child can defend itself against all the pathogens that the mother encountered in her life (even if only through vaccination) until these antibodies are degraded. This repertoire of immunoglobulins is crucial for the newborns who are very sensitive to infections, especially within the respiratory and digestive systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IgG are also involved in the regulation of allergic reactions. According to Finkelman, there are two pathways of systemic <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-anaphylaxis_mouse_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anaphylaxis_mouse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antigens can cause systemic anaphylaxis in mice through classic pathway by cross-linking <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> bound to the <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cell</a> receptor FcεRI, stimulating the release of both <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platelet_activating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelet activating factor">platelet activating factor</a> (PAF). In the alternative pathway, antigens form complexes with IgG, which then cross-link <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophage</a> receptor FcγRIII and stimulates only PAF release.<sup id="cite_ref-anaphylaxis_mouse_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anaphylaxis_mouse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IgG antibodies can prevent IgE mediated anaphylaxis by intercepting a specific antigen before it binds to mast cell–associated IgE. Consequently, IgG antibodies block systemic anaphylaxis induced by small quantities of <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> but can mediate systemic anaphylaxis induced by larger quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-anaphylaxis_mouse_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anaphylaxis_mouse-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png/220px-Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png/330px-Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png/440px-Anatomy_of_an_IgG.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>The various regions and domains of a typical IgG</figcaption></figure> <p>IgG antibodies are large globular proteins made of four peptide chains;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two identical γ (gamma) heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa. The resulting tetrameric quaternary structure, therefore, has a total molecular weight of about 150 <a href="/wiki/KDa" class="mw-redirect" title="KDa">kDa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bonds">disulfide bonds</a>. The resulting tetramer has two identical halves, which together form a Y-like shape. Each end of the fork contains an identical <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> binding site. The various regions and domains of a typical IgG are depicted in the figure "Anatomy of an IgG". </p><p>The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved <a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-glycosylation</a> site at asparagine 297 in the constant region of the heavy chain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated biantennary structures of the complex type.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,6-linked sialic acid residues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N-glycan composition in IgG has been linked to several autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subclasses">Subclasses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subclasses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum (IgG1 being the most abundant).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>Crosses <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> easily</th> <th>Complement activator</th> <th>Binds to <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a> on phagocytic cells</th> <th>Half life<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IGHG1" title="IGHG1">IgG1</a></td> <td>66%</td> <td>yes (1.47)*</td> <td>second-highest</td> <td>high affinity</td> <td>21 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IGHG2" title="IGHG2">IgG2</a></td> <td>23%</td> <td>no (0.8)*</td> <td>third-highest</td> <td>extremely low affinity</td> <td>21 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IGHG3" title="IGHG3">IgG3</a></td> <td>7%</td> <td>yes (1.17)*</td> <td>highest</td> <td>high affinity</td> <td>7 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IGHG4" title="IGHG4">IgG4</a></td> <td>4%</td> <td>yes (1.15)*</td> <td>no</td> <td>intermediate affinity</td> <td>21 days </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i>* Quota cord/maternity concentrations blood. Based on data from a Japanese study on 228 mothers.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: IgG affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells is specific to individual species from which the antibody comes as well as the class. The structure of the hinge regions (region 6 in the diagram) contributes to the unique biological properties of each of the four IgG classes. Even though there is about 95% similarity between their Fc regions, the structure of the hinge regions is relatively different.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Given the opposing properties of the IgG subclasses (fixing and failing to fix complement; binding and failing to bind FcR), and the fact that the immune response to most antigens includes a mix of all four subclasses, it has been difficult to understand how IgG subclasses can work together to provide protective immunity. In 2013, the Temporal Model of human IgE and IgG function was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-10/16/2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10/16/2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model suggests that IgG3 (and IgE) appear early in a response. The IgG3, though of relatively low affinity, allows IgG-mediated defences to join IgM-mediated defences in clearing foreign antigens. Subsequently, higher affinity IgG1 and IgG2 are produced. The relative balance of these subclasses, in any immune complexes that form, helps determine the strength of the inflammatory processes that follow. Finally, if antigen persists, high affinity IgG4 is produced, which dampens down inflammation by helping to curtail FcR-mediated processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The relative ability of different IgG subclasses to fix complement may explain why some anti-donor antibody responses do harm a graft after organ transplantation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a mouse model of autoantibody mediated anemia using IgG isotype switch variants of an anti erythrocytes autoantibody, it was found that mouse IgG2a was superior to IgG1 in activating complement. Moreover, it was found that the IgG2a isotype was able to interact very efficiently with FcgammaR. As a result, 20 times higher doses of IgG1, in relationship to IgG2a autoantibodies, were required to induce autoantibody mediated pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mouse IgG1 and human IgG1 are not entirely similar in function, and the inference of human antibody function from mouse studies must be done with great care. However, both human and mouse antibodies have different abilities to fix complement and to bind to <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptors</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_diagnosis">Role in diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_(Adalimumab)-6390.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg/250px-Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg/330px-Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg/500px-Autoinjector_with_Amgevita_by_Amgen_%28Adalimumab%29-6390.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">Adalimumab</a> is an IgG antibody.</figcaption></figure> <p>The measurement of immunoglobulin G can be a diagnostic tool for certain conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">autoimmune hepatitis</a>, if indicated by certain symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-abstracts_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abstracts-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinically, measured IgG antibody levels are generally considered to be indicative of an individual's immune status to particular pathogens. A common example of this practice are titers drawn to demonstrate serologic immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">hepatitis B virus</a>, and varicella (chickenpox), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Shors2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shors2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testing of IgG is not indicated for diagnosis of allergy, and there is no evidence that it has any relationship to food intolerances.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAAIfive_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAAIfive-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19119701_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19119701-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">Epitope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgG4-related_disease" title="IgG4-related disease">IgG4-related disease</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=IgG&rid=imm.section.323#325">Janeway Immunobiology – The structure of a typical antibody (IgG)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/IgGsubclasses/subkl.htm">A booklet with everything you wanted to know about IgG subclasses</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lymphocytic_immune_system" title="Template:Lymphocytic immune system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lymphocytic_immune_system" title="Template talk:Lymphocytic immune system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphocytic_immune_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lymphocytic immune system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lymphocytic_adaptive_immune_system_and_complement123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphocytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lymphoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">Antigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">Allergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">Antigenic variation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapten" title="Hapten">Hapten</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">Epitope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_epitope" title="Linear epitope">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformational_epitope" title="Conformational epitope">Conformational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimotope" title="Mimotope">Mimotope</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigen_presentation" title="Antigen presentation">Antigen presentation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">professional APCs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogen" title="Immunogen">Immunogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antibodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibody</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">Polyclonal antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoantibody" title="Autoantibody">Autoantibody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microantibody" title="Microantibody">Microantibody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_B_cell_response" title="Polyclonal B cell response">Polyclonal B cell response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotype_(immunology)" title="Allotype (immunology)">Allotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(immunology)" title="Isotype (immunology)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiotype" title="Idiotype">Idiotype</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratope" title="Paratope">Paratope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immunity vs.<br /> tolerance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action: <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">Immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloimmunity" title="Alloimmunity">Alloimmunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-reactivity" title="Cross-reactivity">Cross-reactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-stimulation" title="Co-stimulation">Co-stimulation</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Inaction: <a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance" title="Immune tolerance">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_tolerance" title="Central tolerance">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_tolerance" title="Peripheral tolerance">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_anergy" title="Clonal anergy">Clonal anergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_deletion" title="Clonal deletion">Clonal deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance_in_pregnancy" title="Immune tolerance in pregnancy">Tolerance in pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_privilege" title="Immune privilege">Immune privilege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunogenetics" title="Immunogenetics">Immunogenetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_maturation" title="Affinity maturation">Affinity maturation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation" title="Somatic hypermutation">Somatic hypermutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_selection" title="Clonal selection">Clonal selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V(D)J_recombination" title="V(D)J recombination">V(D)J recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_diversity" title="Junctional diversity">Junctional diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_class_switching" title="Immunoglobulin class switching">Immunoglobulin class switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">MHC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">HLA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">Cellular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">Humoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">NK cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">Opsonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytolysin" title="Cytolysin">Cytolysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antibodies39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antibodies" title="Template:Antibodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antibodies" title="Template talk:Antibodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antibodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antibodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antibodies39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">IgA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D" title="Immunoglobulin D">IgD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_Y" title="Immunoglobulin Y">IgY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain" title="Immunoglobulin light chain">Light chain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGK@" title="IGK@">IGK@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGL@" title="IGL@">IGL@</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>surrogate</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGLL1" title="IGLL1">IGLL1</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain" title="Immunoglobulin heavy chain">Heavy chain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGH@" title="IGH@">IGH@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGHM" title="IGHM">IGHM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-chain_antibody" title="Heavy-chain antibody">Heavy-chain antibody</a>/IgNAR</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&oldid=1267820547">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immunoglobulin_G&oldid=1267820547</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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