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aria-controls="toc-Air_interfaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Air interfaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Air_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-W-CDMA_(UTRA-FDD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W-CDMA_(UTRA-FDD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W-CDMA_(UTRA-FDD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationale_for_W-CDMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale_for_W-CDMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Rationale for W-CDMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale_for_W-CDMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UTRA-TDD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UTRA-TDD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>UTRA-TDD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UTRA-TDD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TD-CDMA_(UTRA-TDD_3.84_Mcps_High_Chip_Rate_(HCR))" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD-CDMA_(UTRA-TDD_3.84_Mcps_High_Chip_Rate_(HCR))"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate (HCR))</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD-CDMA_(UTRA-TDD_3.84_Mcps_High_Chip_Rate_(HCR))-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TD-SCDMA_(UTRA-TDD_1.28_Mcps_Low_Chip_Rate_(LCR))" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TD-SCDMA_(UTRA-TDD_1.28_Mcps_Low_Chip_Rate_(LCR))"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR))</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TD-SCDMA_(UTRA-TDD_1.28_Mcps_Low_Chip_Rate_(LCR))-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_highlights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Technical highlights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_bands_&_Deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_bands_&_Deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.4</span> <span>Frequency bands & Deployments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_bands_&_Deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unlicensed_UMTS-TDD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unlicensed_UMTS-TDD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Unlicensed UMTS-TDD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unlicensed_UMTS-TDD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_UMTS-FDD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_UMTS-FDD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Comparison with UMTS-FDD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_UMTS-FDD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competing_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competing_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Competing standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competing_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_access_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_access_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Radio access network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_access_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Core network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_bands_and_channel_bandwidths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_bands_and_channel_bandwidths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Frequency bands and channel bandwidths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frequency_bands_and_channel_bandwidths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frequency bands and channel bandwidths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frequency_bands_and_channel_bandwidths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UARFCN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UARFCN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>UARFCN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UARFCN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectrum_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectrum_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Spectrum allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectrum_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability_and_global_roaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability_and_global_roaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interoperability and global roaming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interoperability_and_global_roaming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability and global roaming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability_and_global_roaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handsets_and_modems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handsets_and_modems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Handsets and modems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handsets_and_modems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_competing_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_competing_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other competing standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_competing_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrating_from_GSM/GPRS_to_UMTS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrating_from_GSM/GPRS_to_UMTS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrating_from_GSM/GPRS_to_UMTS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_and_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_and_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Problems and issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Problems_and_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Problems and issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Problems_and_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Security issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Releases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Releases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Releases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_'99" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_'99"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Release '99</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_'99-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Release 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Release 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Release 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Release 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Release 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Release 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other,_non-UMTS,_3G_and_4G_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other,_non-UMTS,_3G_and_4G_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other,_non-UMTS,_3G_and_4G_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">UMTS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="النظام العام لاتصالات الأجهزة المحمولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظام العام لاتصالات الأجهزة المحمولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউএমটিএস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউএমটিএস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universaalne_mobiilsides%C3%BCsteem" title="Universaalne mobiilsidesüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Universaalne mobiilsidesüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Universal_de_Telecomunicaciones_M%C3%B3viles" title="Sistema Universal de Telecomunicaciones Móviles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema Universal de Telecomunicaciones Móviles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikazio_Mugikorren_Sistema_Unibertsala" title="Telekomunikazio Mugikorren Sistema Unibertsala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telekomunikazio Mugikorren Sistema Unibertsala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سامانه جهانی مخابرات سیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه جهانی مخابرات سیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="यूनिवर्सल मोबाइल दूरसंचार प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनिवर्सल मोबाइल दूरसंचार प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מערכת טלפוניה ניידת עולמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת טלפוניה ניידת עולמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_mobile_telecommunications_system" title="Universal mobile telecommunications system – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universal mobile telecommunications system" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTMS" title="UTMS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="UTMS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உலகளாவிய மொபைல் தொலைத்தொடர்பு அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகளாவிய மொபைல் தொலைத்தொடர்பு அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ยูเอ็มทีเอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูเอ็มทีเอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="UMTS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="یو ایم ٹی ایس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یو ایم ٹی ایس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_vi%E1%BB%85n_th%C3%B4ng_di_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Hệ thống viễn thông di động toàn cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống viễn thông di động toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="通用移动通讯系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通用移动通讯系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="通用移动通讯系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通用移动通讯系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UMTS%22">"UMTS"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UMTS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UMTS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UMTS%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UMTS%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UMTS%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:UMTS" title="Talk:UMTS">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Universal Mobile Telecommunications System</b> (<b>UMTS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> mobile cellular system for networks based on the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-UIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> <a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> standard set and compares with the <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> standard set for networks based on the competing <a href="/wiki/IS-95" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-95">cdmaOne</a> technology. UMTS uses wideband <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (<a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators. </p><p>UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">radio access network</a> (<a href="/wiki/UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Access_Network" title="UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network">UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network</a>, or UTRAN), the <a href="/wiki/Core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Core network">core network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">Mobile Application Part</a>, or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM (<a href="/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber identity module">subscriber identity module</a>) cards. </p><p>The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access</a> (FOMA)<sup id="cite_ref-othernames_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-othernames-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 3GSM. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/EDGE" class="mw-redirect" title="EDGE">EDGE</a> (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UMTS supports theoretical maximum data <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">transfer rates</a> of 42 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> when <a href="/wiki/Evolved_HSPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved HSPA">Evolved HSPA</a> (HSPA+) is implemented in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for Release '99 (R99) handsets (the original UMTS release), and 7.2 Mbit/s for <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Downlink Packet Access">High-Speed Downlink Packet Access</a> (HSDPA) handsets in the downlink connection. These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data">High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data</a> (HSCSD) and 14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne channels. </p><p>Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/3.5G" class="mw-redirect" title="3.5G">3.5G</a>. Currently, HSDPA enables <a href="/wiki/Downlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlink">downlink</a> transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Uplink Packet Access">High-Speed Uplink Packet Access</a> (HSUPA). The 3GPP <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> standard succeeds UMTS and initially provided 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, with scalability up to 3 Gbps, using a next generation air interface technology based upon <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a>. </p><p>The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and <a href="/wiki/Video_teleconference" class="mw-redirect" title="Video teleconference">video calling</a>. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web –  either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_interfaces">Air interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Air interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMTS_structures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UMTS_structures.svg/400px-UMTS_structures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UMTS_structures.svg/600px-UMTS_structures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UMTS_structures.svg/800px-UMTS_structures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>UMTS network architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UMTS.jpg/300px-UMTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UMTS.jpg/450px-UMTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UMTS.jpg/600px-UMTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5215" data-file-height="4041" /></a><figcaption>UMTS network architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>UMTS combines three different terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Air_interface" title="Air interface">air interfaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">Mobile Application Part</a> (MAP) core, and the GSM family of <a href="/wiki/Speech_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech codec">speech codecs</a>. </p><p>The air interfaces are called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).<sup id="cite_ref-glossary01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All air interface options are part of <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a>. In the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used. It is also called "Uu interface", as it links User Equipment to the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network. </p><p>Please note that the terms <a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a> are misleading. While they suggest covering just a <a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">channel access method</a> (namely a variant of <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>), they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ituover_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W-CDMA_(UTRA-FDD)"><span id="W-CDMA_.28UTRA-FDD.29"></span>W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3G_symbol_Android.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/3G_symbol_Android.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="47" /></a><figcaption>3G sign shown in notification bar on an Android powered smartphone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMTS-fridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/UMTS-fridge.jpg/220px-UMTS-fridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/UMTS-fridge.jpg/330px-UMTS-fridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/UMTS-fridge.jpg/440px-UMTS-fridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>UMTS base station on the roof of a building</figcaption></figure> <p>W-CDMA (WCDMA; Wideband <a href="/wiki/Code-Division_Multiple_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-Division Multiple Access">Code-Division Multiple Access</a>), along with UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telecommunications">mobile telecommunications</a> networks. It supports conventional cellular voice, text and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a> services, but can also carry data at high speeds, allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth applications including streaming and broadband Internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>W-CDMA uses the <a href="/wiki/DS-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="DS-CDMA">DS-CDMA</a> channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz wide channels. In contrast, the competing <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a> system uses one or more available 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States). </p><p>The specific <a href="/wiki/Band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (radio)">frequency bands</a> originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110–2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz are used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While UMTS2100 is the most widely deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz (900 MHz in Europe) and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a>, New Zealand by <a href="/wiki/Telecom_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> on the <a href="/wiki/XT_Mobile_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="XT Mobile Network">XT Mobile Network</a> and in Australia by <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Next_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Next G">Next G</a> network. Some carriers such as <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> use band numbers to identify the UMTS frequencies. For example, Band I (2100 MHz), Band IV (1700/2100 MHz), and Band V (850 MHz). </p><p>UMTS-FDD is an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) –  <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency-division duplex">frequency-division duplexing</a> (FDD) and a <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> version of UMTS networks that makes use of frequency-division duplexing for <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplexing</a> over an UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (<a href="/wiki/UTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="UTRA">UTRA</a>) air interface.<sup id="cite_ref-ts25.201_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts25.201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>W-CDMA is the basis of Japan's <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a> service and the most-commonly used member of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most previously used <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA) and <a href="/wiki/Time-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-division duplex">time-division duplex</a> (TDD) schemes. </p><p>While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same <a href="/wiki/Core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Core network">core network</a> as the <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing <a href="/wiki/Dual-mode_mobile" title="Dual-mode mobile">dual-mode mobile</a> operation along with GSM/<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a>; a feature it shares with other members of the UMTS family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network <a href="/wiki/FOMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FOMA">FOMA</a>. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range <a href="/wiki/DECT" title="DECT">DECT</a> system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for <a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a>. </p><p>As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the finalisation of the 3G Release 99 specification, their network was initially incompatible with UMTS.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network. </p><p>Code-Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementation for consumer cell phones and its early <a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">IS-95</a> air interface standard has evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3x which unified the W-CDMA (<a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project">3GPP</a>) and CDMA2000 (<a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a>) network technologies into a single design for a worldwide standard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58 countries as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed globally. W-CDMA has then become the dominant technology with 457 commercial networks in 178 countries as of April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several CDMA2000 operators have even converted their networks to W-CDMA for international roaming compatibility and smooth upgrade path to <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a>. </p><p>Despite incompatibility with existing air-interface standards, late introduction and the high upgrade cost of deploying an all-new transmitter technology, W-CDMA has become the dominant standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationale_for_W-CDMA">Rationale for W-CDMA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rationale for W-CDMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a <a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">direct-sequence</a> CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000 and differs in many aspects from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view, W-CDMA provides a different balance of trade-offs between cost, capacity, performance, and density<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; it also promises to achieve a benefit of reduced cost for video phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-licensing" title="Cross-licensing">cross-licensing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deployment">Deployment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's first commercial W-CDMA service, FOMA, was launched by NTT DoCoMo in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 2001. </p><p>Elsewhere, W-CDMA deployments are usually marketed under the UMTS brand. </p><p>W-CDMA has also been adapted for use in satellite communications on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System" title="Mobile User Objective System">Mobile User Objective System</a> using geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J-Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Phone">J-Phone</a> Japan (once <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> and now <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank Mobile">SoftBank Mobile</a>) soon followed by launching their own W-CDMA based service, originally branded "Vodafone Global Standard" and claiming UMTS compatibility. The name of the service was changed to "Vodafone 3G" (now "SoftBank 3G") in December 2004. </p><p>Beginning in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoa" title="Hutchison Whampoa">Hutchison Whampoa</a> gradually launched their upstart UMTS networks. </p><p>Most countries have, since the ITU approved of the 3G mobile service, either "auctioned" the radio frequencies to the company willing to pay the most, or conducted a "beauty contest" –  asking the various companies to present what they intend to commit to if awarded the licences. This strategy has been criticised for aiming to drain the cash of operators to the brink of bankruptcy in order to honour their bids or proposals. Most of them have a time constraint for the rollout of the service –  where a certain "coverage" must be achieved within a given date or the licence will be revoked. </p><p>Vodafone launched several UMTS networks in Europe in February 2004. <a href="/wiki/MobileOne" class="mw-redirect" title="MobileOne">MobileOne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> commercially launched its 3G (W-CDMA) services in February 2005. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in August 2005 and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in October 2005. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a> utilized a UMTS network, with HSPA+, from 2005 until its shutdown in February 2022. </p><p>Rogers in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> March 2007 has launched HSDPA in the Toronto Golden Horseshoe district on W-CDMA at 850/1900 MHz and plan the launch the service commercial in the top 25 cities October, 2007. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> opened W-CDMA service in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> October 13, 2004, with speeds up to 384 kbit/s. Availability only in main cities. Pricing is approx. €2/MB.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> and <a href="/wiki/KTF" title="KTF">KTF</a>, two largest mobile phone service providers in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, have each started offering W-CDMA service in December 2003. Due to poor coverage and lack of choice in handhelds, the W-CDMA service has barely made a dent in the Korean market which was dominated by CDMA2000. By October 2006 both companies are covering more than 90 cities while <a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> has announced that it will provide nationwide coverage for its WCDMA network in order for it to offer SBSM (Single Band Single Mode) handsets by the first half of 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=KT_Freecel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KT Freecel (page does not exist)">KT Freecel</a> will thus cut funding to its CDMA2000 network development to the minimum. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a> introduced W-CDMA in major cities by the end of 2004, while their competitor, <a href="/wiki/NetCom_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="NetCom (Norway)">NetCom</a>, followed suit a few months later. Both operators have 98% national coverage on EDGE, but Telenor has parallel WLAN roaming networks on GSM, where the UMTS service is competing with this. For this reason Telenor is dropping support of their WLAN service in Austria (2006). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maxis_Communications" title="Maxis Communications">Maxis Communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celcom" title="Celcom">Celcom</a>, two mobile phone service providers in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, started offering W-CDMA services in 2005. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia</a> introduced W-CDMA in March 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UTRA-TDD">UTRA-TDD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: UTRA-TDD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UMTS-TDD, an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) –  time-division duplexing (TDD), is a 3GPP standardized version of UMTS networks that use UTRA-TDD.<sup id="cite_ref-ts25.201_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts25.201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UTRA-TDD is a UTRA that uses <a href="/wiki/Time-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-division duplex">time-division duplexing</a> for duplexing.<sup id="cite_ref-ts25.201_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts25.201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide Internet access in circumstances similar to those where <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> might be used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> UMTS-TDD is not directly compatible with UMTS-FDD: a device designed to use one standard cannot, unless specifically designed to, work on the other, because of the difference in air interface technologies and frequencies used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is more formally as IMT-2000 CDMA-TDD or IMT 2000 Time-Division (IMT-TD).<sup id="cite_ref-Forkel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forkel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs) for UMTS-TDD are TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. Both air interfaces use a combination of two channel access methods, <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">code-division multiple access</a> (CDMA) and time-division multiple access (TDMA): the frequency band is divided into time slots (TDMA), which are further divided into channels using CDMA spreading codes. These air interfaces are classified as TDD, because time slots can be allocated to either uplink or downlink traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD-CDMA_(UTRA-TDD_3.84_Mcps_High_Chip_Rate_(HCR))"><span id="TD-CDMA_.28UTRA-TDD_3.84_Mcps_High_Chip_Rate_.28HCR.29.29"></span>TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate (HCR))</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate (HCR))"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a>, an acronym for Time-Division-<a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-Division Multiple Access</a>, is a channel-access method based on using <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread-spectrum</a> multiple-access (CDMA) across multiple time slots (<a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDMA</a>). TD-CDMA is the channel access method for UTRA-TDD HCR, which is an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-Time Division Duplex High Chip Rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Forkel_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forkel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> of spectrum, each slice divided into 10 ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second).<sup id="cite_ref-Forkel_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forkel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight <a href="/wiki/Frequency_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency band">frequency bands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000, defined as IMT-TD Time-Division (IMT CDMA TDD), and is one of the three UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs), as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRA-TDD HCR. UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the technology has been used for public safety and government use in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and a few other areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, IPMobile planned to provide TD-CDMA service in year 2006, but it was delayed, changed to TD-SCDMA, and bankrupt before the service officially started. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TD-SCDMA_(UTRA-TDD_1.28_Mcps_Low_Chip_Rate_(LCR))"><span id="TD-SCDMA_.28UTRA-TDD_1.28_Mcps_Low_Chip_Rate_.28LCR.29.29"></span>TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR))</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR))"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access</a> (TD-SCDMA) or UTRA TDD 1.28 <a href="/wiki/Cycle_per_second" title="Cycle per second">Mcps</a> low chip rate (UTRA-TDD LCR)<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ituover_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an air interface<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in UMTS mobile telecommunications networks in China as an alternative to W-CDMA. </p><p>TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous CDMA">synchronous CDMA</a> component<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. It is standardized by the 3GPP and also referred to as "UTRA-TDD LCR". However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification. </p><p>Like TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000. </p><p>The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While it suggests covering only a channel access method, it is actually the common name for the whole air interface specification.<sup id="cite_ref-ituover_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) networks are incompatible with W-CDMA / UMTS-FDD and TD-CDMA / UMTS-TDD (HCR) networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Objectives">Objectives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TD-SCDMA was developed in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), <a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Datang Telecom">Datang Telecom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a> in an attempt to avoid dependence on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons, since other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of Western patent holders. </p><p>TD-SCDMA proponents also claim it is better suited for densely populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, it is supposed to cover all usage scenarios, whereas W-CDMA is optimised for symmetric traffic and macro cells, while TD-CDMA is best used in low mobility scenarios within micro or pico cells.<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TD-SCDMA is based on spread-spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able to completely escape the payment of license fees to western patent holders. The launch of a national TD-SCDMA network was initially projected by 2005<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only reached large scale commercial trials with 60,000 users across eight cities in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 7, 2009, China granted a TD-SCDMA 3G licence to <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 21, 2009, China Mobile officially announced that it had 1,327,000 TD-SCDMA subscribers as of the end of August, 2009. </p><p>TD-SCDMA is not commonly used outside of China.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Technical_highlights">Technical highlights</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technical highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TD-SCDMA uses TDD, in contrast to the FDD scheme used by <a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>. By dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplink</a>, the system can more easily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink than FDD schemes. Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum allocation flexibility is also increased. Using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink also means that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> can deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the application of <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a> techniques. </p><p>TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA. This reduces the number of users in each timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_detection" title="Multiuser detection">multiuser detection</a> and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces <a href="/wiki/Coverage_(telecommunication)" title="Coverage (telecommunication)">coverage</a> (because of the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower <a href="/wiki/Power_control" title="Power control">power control</a> frequency) and complicates <a href="/wiki/Radio_resource_management" title="Radio resource management">radio resource management</a> algorithms. </p><p>The "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronous", which means that uplink signals are synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments. This reduces the <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a> between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving the <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality#Telecommunications" title="Orthogonality">orthogonality</a> between the codes, therefore increasing system capacity, at the cost of some hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History">History</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 20, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information Industry">Ministry of Information Industry</a> of the People's Republic of China formally announced that TD-SCDMA is the country's standard of 3G mobile telecommunication. On February 15, 2006, a timeline for deployment of the network in China was announced, stating pre-commercial trials would take place starting after completion of a number of test networks in select cities. These trials ran from March to October, 2006, but the results were apparently unsatisfactory. In early 2007, the Chinese government instructed the dominant cellular carrier, China Mobile, to build commercial trial networks in eight cities, and the two fixed-line carriers, <a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Netcom" title="China Netcom">China Netcom</a>, to build one each in two other cities. Construction of these trial networks was scheduled to finish during the fourth quarter of 2007, but delays meant that construction was not complete until early 2008. </p><p>The standard has been adopted by 3GPP since Rel-4, known as "UTRA TDD 1.28 Mcps Option".<sup id="cite_ref-whatistdscdma_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatistdscdma-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 28, 2008, China Mobile Group announced TD-SCDMA "commercial trials" for 60,000 test users in eight cities from April 1, 2008. Networks using other 3G standards (WCDMA and CDMA2000 EV/DO) had still not been launched in China, as these were delayed until TD-SCDMA was ready for commercial launch. </p><p>In January 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a> (MIIT) in China took the unusual step of assigning licences for 3 different third-generation mobile phone standards to three carriers in a long-awaited step that is expected to prompt $41 billion in spending on new equipment. The Chinese-developed standard, TD-SCDMA, was assigned to China Mobile, the world's biggest phone carrier by subscribers. That appeared to be an effort to make sure the new system has the financial and technical backing to succeed. Licences for two existing 3G standards, W-CDMA and <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO</a>, were assigned to <a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a> and China Telecom, respectively. Third-generation, or 3G, technology supports Web surfing, wireless video and other services and the start of service is expected to spur new revenue growth. </p><p>The technical split by MIIT has hampered the performance of China Mobile in the 3G market, with users and China Mobile engineers alike pointing to the lack of suitable handsets to use on the network.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deployment of base stations has also been slow, resulting in lack of improvement of service for users.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network connection itself has consistently been slower than that from the other two carriers, leading to a sharp decline in market share. By 2011 China Mobile has already moved its focus onto TD-LTE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradual closures of TD-SCDMA stations started in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Frequency_bands_&_Deployments"><span id="Frequency_bands_.26_Deployments"></span>Frequency bands & Deployments</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Frequency bands & Deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a></div> <p>The following is a list of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telecommunications</a> networks using third-generation TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) technology. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Operator </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Frequency<br />(MHz) </th> <th>Band </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th class="sortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>China Mobile </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2100 </td> <td>A+<br /><small>(Band 34)</small> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002009-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 2009</span> </td> <td>(↓↑) 2010–2025 MHz<br /><span style="color:red;">Network is being phased out and is to be shutdown by 2025.</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:grey;">China Mobile</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">1900</span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">A−<br /><small>(Band 33)</small></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;"><span data-sort-value="000000002009-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 2009</span> - <span data-sort-value="000000002013-12-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Dec 2013</span></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">(↓↑) 1900–1920 MHz (Subset of Band 39)<br />Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B39) via RRU Software Update.<br /><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:grey;"><i>none</i></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">1900</span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">F<br /><small>(Band 39)</small></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;"><i>N/A</i></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">(↓↑) 1880–1920 MHz<br />No deployments, later used for TD-LTE instead.<br />Upper half previously used by <a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Xiaolingtong (PHS)</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:grey;">China Mobile</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">2300</span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">E<br /><small>(Band 40)</small></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;"><span data-sort-value="000000002009-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 2009</span> - <span data-sort-value="000000002013-12-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Dec 2013</span></span> </td> <td><span style="color:grey;">(↓↑) 2300–2400 MHz<br />Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B40) via RRU Software Update.<br /><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_Launch_CN-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM_TD-SCDMA_CN_3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unlicensed_UMTS-TDD">Unlicensed UMTS-TDD</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unlicensed UMTS-TDD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, <a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> allocated the 2010–2020 MHz range for a variant of UMTS-TDD designed for unlicensed, self-provided use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some telecom groups and jurisdictions have proposed withdrawing this service in favour of licensed UMTS-TDD,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to lack of demand, and lack of development of a UMTS TDD air interface technology suitable for deployment in this band. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_with_UMTS-FDD">Comparison with UMTS-FDD</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison with UMTS-FDD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordinary UMTS uses UTRA-FDD as an air interface and is known as <a href="/wiki/UMTS-FDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-FDD">UMTS-FDD</a>. UMTS-FDD uses W-CDMA for multiple access and <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency-division duplex">frequency-division duplex</a> for duplexing, meaning that the up-link and down-link transmit on different frequencies. UMTS is usually transmitted on frequencies assigned for <a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a>, <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>, or 3G mobile telephone service in the countries of operation. </p><p>UMTS-TDD uses time-division duplexing, allowing the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum. This allows the operator to more flexibly divide the usage of available spectrum according to traffic patterns. For ordinary phone service, you would expect the up-link and down-link to carry approximately equal amounts of data (because every phone call needs a voice transmission in either direction), but Internet-oriented traffic is more frequently one-way. For example, when browsing a website, the user will send commands, which are short, to the server, but the server will send whole files, that are generally larger than those commands, in response. </p><p>UMTS-TDD tends to be allocated frequency intended for mobile/wireless Internet services rather than used on existing cellular frequencies. This is, in part, because TDD duplexing is not normally allowed on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">PCS</a>/PCN, and 3G frequencies. TDD technologies open up the usage of left-over unpaired spectrum. </p><p>Europe-wide, several bands are provided either specifically for UMTS-TDD or for similar technologies. These are 1900 MHz and 1920 MHz and between 2010 MHz and 2025 MHz. In several countries the 2500–2690 MHz band (also known as MMDS in the USA) have been used for UMTS-TDD deployments. Additionally, spectrum around the 3.5 GHz range has been allocated in some countries, notably Britain, in a technology-neutral environment. In the Czech Republic UTMS-TDD is also used in a frequency range around 872 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deployment_2">Deployment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UMTS-TDD has been deployed for public and/or private networks in at least nineteen countries around the world, with live systems in, amongst other countries, Australia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Botswana, South Africa, the UK, and the USA. </p><p>Deployments in the US thus far have been limited. It has been selected for a public safety support network used by emergency responders in New York,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but outside of some experimental systems, notably one from <a href="/wiki/Nextel" title="Nextel">Nextel</a>, thus far the WiMAX standard appears to have gained greater traction as a general mobile Internet access system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Competing_standards">Competing standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Competing standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of Internet-access systems exist which provide broadband speed access to the net. These include WiMAX and <a href="/wiki/HIPERMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPERMAN">HIPERMAN</a>. UMTS-TDD has the advantages of being able to use an operator's existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure, should it have one, and that it includes UMTS modes optimized for circuit switching should, for example, the operator want to offer telephone service. UMTS-TDD's performance is also more consistent. However, UMTS-TDD deployers often have regulatory problems with taking advantage of some of the services UMTS compatibility provides. For example, the UMTS-TDD spectrum in the UK cannot be used to provide telephone service, though the regulator <a href="/wiki/OFCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFCOM">OFCOM</a> is discussing the possibility of allowing it at some point in the future. Few operators considering UMTS-TDD have existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure. </p><p>Additionally, the WiMAX and HIPERMAN systems provide significantly larger bandwidths when the mobile station is near the tower. </p><p>Like most mobile Internet access systems, many users who might otherwise choose UMTS-TDD will find their needs covered by the ad hoc collection of unconnected Wi-Fi access points at many restaurants and transportation hubs, and/or by Internet access already provided by their mobile phone operator. By comparison, UMTS-TDD (and systems like WiMAX) offers mobile, and more consistent, access than the former, and generally faster access than the latter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_access_network">Radio access network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radio access network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UTRAN">UTRAN</a></div> <p>UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands. </p><p>UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network to <a href="/wiki/GERAN" title="GERAN">GERAN</a> (GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS's and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN. </p><p>UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the latter of which is also a part of IMT-2000. </p><p>The UE (<a href="/wiki/User_equipment" title="User equipment">User Equipment</a>) interface of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">RAN</a> (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Resource_Control" title="Radio Resource Control">RRC</a> (Radio Resource Control), <a href="/wiki/PDCP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDCP">PDCP</a> (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), <a href="/wiki/Radio_Link_Control" title="Radio Link Control">RLC</a> (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes – Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to <a href="/wiki/Service_data_unit" title="Service data unit">SDU</a> of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters. </p><p>The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties decides the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical channel<->transport channel. Signaling messages are sent on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) are sent on data RBs. RRC and <a href="/wiki/Non_Access_Stratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Non Access Stratum">NAS</a> messages go on SRBs. </p><p>Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of messages and also makes sure that no one (third/unknown party) on the radio interface has modified the messages. Ciphering ensures that no one listens to your data on the air interface. Both integrity and ciphering are applied for SRBs whereas only ciphering is applied for data RBs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_network">Core network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Core network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">Mobile Application Part</a></div> <p>With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high. </p><p>The CN can be connected to various <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone networks</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">Integrated Services Digital Network</a> (ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Resource_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Resource Management">Radio Resource Management</a> protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_bands_and_channel_bandwidths">Frequency bands and channel bandwidths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Frequency bands and channel bandwidths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UARFCN">UARFCN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UARFCN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A UARFCN (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> for UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number, where UTRA stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is used to identify a frequency in the <a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a>. </p><p>Typically channel number is derived from the frequency in MHz through the formula Channel Number = Frequency * 5. However, this is only able to represent channels that are centered on a multiple of 200 kHz, which do not align with licensing in North America. 3GPP added several special values for the common North American channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrum_allocation">Spectrum allocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spectrum allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a></div> <p>Over 130 licenses had been awarded to operators worldwide, as of December 2004, specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, bidders paid a total €50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the <a href="/wiki/Sonera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonera">Sonera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably <a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a>). Over the last few years some operators have written off some or all of the license costs. Between 2007 and 2009, all three Finnish carriers began to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1–3 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (June 2012)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2100 MHz band (downlink around 2100 MHz and uplink around 1900 MHz) allocated for UMTS in Europe and most of Asia is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (<a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">PCS</a>) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with a different range around 1700 MHz for the uplink. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (June 2012)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T Mobility and rolled out<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of dual-band UMTS 850/1900 phones. </p><p>T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US was originally focused on the 1700 MHz band. However, T-Mobile has been moving users from 1700 MHz to 1900 MHz (PCS) in order to reallocate the spectrum to 4G <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands on the Rogers and Bell-Telus networks. Bell and Telus share the network. Recently, new providers <a href="/wiki/Wind_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind Mobile">Wind Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobilicity" title="Mobilicity">Mobilicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotron">Videotron</a> have begun operations in the 1700 MHz band. </p><p>In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national UMTS-based 3G network, branded as <a href="/wiki/NextG" class="mw-redirect" title="NextG">NextG</a>, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of the owning and administrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by <a href="/wiki/Hutchison_3G" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchison 3G">Hutchison 3G Australia</a>, and this is the primary network used by their customers. <a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a> is currently rolling out a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz band in regional areas. <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Australia" title="Vodafone Australia">Vodafone</a> is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band. </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" title="BSNL">BSNL</a> has started its 3G services since October 2009, beginning with the larger cities and then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional areas where greater distances separate base station and subscriber. </p><p>Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability_and_global_roaming">Interoperability and global roaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interoperability and global roaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable –  they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges. </p><p>Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global <a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">roaming</a> an important issue. To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the USA use 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. T-Mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands also have been adopted elsewhere in the US and in Canada and Latin America. A UMTS phone and network must support a common frequency to work together. Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the world –  including frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services. </p><p>UMTS phones can use a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Subscriber_Identity_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Subscriber Identity Module">Universal Subscriber Identity Module</a>, USIM (based on GSM's <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user. In addition to user subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book contact. Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the (U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and the billing for calls made from the phone. </p><p>Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS network – using a pre-release specification,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards, meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in December 2002) now use standard UMTS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handsets_and_modems">Handsets and modems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Handsets and modems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg/220px-Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg/330px-Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg/440px-Nokia6650_unlocked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nokia_6650" title="Nokia 6650">Nokia 6650</a>, an early (2003) UMTS handset</figcaption></figure> <p>All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though they can fall back to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world. </p><p>Using a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular router">cellular router</a>, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PC</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a>). Some software <a href="/wiki/Self_installing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self installing">installs itself</a> from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> in moments. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a mobile <a href="/wiki/WLAN_access_point" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN access point">WLAN access point</a>. </p><p>There are very few 3G phones or modems available supporting all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). In 2010, Nokia released a range of phones with <a href="/wiki/Multi-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-band">Pentaband</a> 3G coverage, including the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N8" title="Nokia N8">N8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nokia_E7-00" title="Nokia E7-00">E7</a>. Many other phones are offering more than one band which still enables extensive roaming. For example, Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a> contains a quadband chipset operating on 850/900/1900/2100 MHz, allowing usage in the majority of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_competing_standards">Other competing standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other competing standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP2" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP2">3GPP2</a>. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum. </p><p>Another competitor to UMTS is <a href="/wiki/EDGE" class="mw-redirect" title="EDGE">EDGE</a> (IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE rather than having to install almost all brand-new equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS specifications are jointly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode operation including <a href="/wiki/Vertical_handover" title="Vertical handover">vertical handovers</a>. </p><p>China's <a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a> standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike <a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a> (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macrocells. However, the lack of vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor. </p><p>While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and private in-house networks. </p><p>All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD. </p><p>On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and <a href="/wiki/Flash-OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash-OFDM">Flash-OFDM</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migrating_from_GSM/GPRS_to_UMTS"><span id="Migrating_from_GSM.2FGPRS_to_UMTS"></span>Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a GSM/GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Location_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Location Register">Home Location Register</a> (HLR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor_Location_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitor Location Register">Visitor Location Register</a> (VLR)</li> <li>Equipment Identity Register (EIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Switching Center">Mobile Switching Center</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_Mobile_Switching_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gateway Mobile Switching Center (page does not exist)">Gateway Mobile Switching Center</a> (GMSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentication Center">Authentication Center</a> (AUC)</li> <li>Serving GPRS Support Node (<a href="/wiki/SGSN" class="mw-redirect" title="SGSN">SGSN</a>)</li> <li>Gateway GPRS Support Node (<a href="/wiki/GGSN" class="mw-redirect" title="GGSN">GGSN</a>)</li></ul> <p>From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused: </p> <ul><li>Base transceiver station (BTS)</li> <li>Base station controller (BSC)</li> <li>Packet Control Unit (PCU)</li></ul> <p>They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network. </p><p>The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node_B" title="Node B">Node B</a> (base transceiver station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Network_Controller" title="Radio Network Controller">Radio Network Controller</a> (RNC)</li> <li>Media Gateway (MGW)</li></ul> <p>The functionality of MSC changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) takes care of data transfer in circuit switched networks. MSC controls MGW operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_and_issues">Problems and issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Problems and issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries, including the United States, have allocated spectrum differently from the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a> recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of different equipment for the use in these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Penta-band (850, 900, 1700, 2100, and 1900 MHz bands), quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early days<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, UMTS had problems in many countries: Overweight handsets with poor battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even featured a detachable camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM), with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the world this is no longer an issue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> density. For fully-fledged UMTS incorporating <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> features, one base station needed to be set up every 1–1.5 km (0.62–0.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of the lower-band networks by operators since 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS requires more power than on comparable GSM networks. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> cited<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> only supported EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery lifetime for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improve, this issue is diminishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_issues">Security issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Security issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 2008, it was known that carrier networks can be used to surreptitiously gather user location information.<sup id="cite_ref-wp814_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp814-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reported on widespread marketing of surveillance systems using <a href="/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7" title="Signalling System No. 7">Signalling System No. 7</a> (SS7) protocols to locate callers anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-wp814_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp814-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, news broke that SS7's very own functions can be repurposed for surveillance, because of its relaxed security, in order to listen to calls in real time or to record encrypted calls and texts for later decryption, or to defraud users and cellular carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-wp1214_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp1214-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> and Vodafone declared the same day that they had fixed gaps in their networks, but that the problem is global and can only be fixed with a telecommunication system-wide solution.<sup id="cite_ref-ard_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ard-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to introduce new features and improve upon existing ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_'99"><span id="Release_.2799"></span>Release '99</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Release '99"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bearer_in_UMTS" title="Radio Bearer in UMTS">Bearer services</a></li> <li>64 kbit/s circuit switch</li> <li>384 kbit/s packet switched</li> <li>Location services</li> <li>Call service: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)</li> <li>Voice quality features – <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Free_Operation" title="Tandem Free Operation">Tandem Free Operation</a></li> <li>Frequency 2.1 GHz</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_4">Release 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Release 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edge radio</li> <li>Multimedia messaging</li> <li>MExE (Mobile Execution Environment)</li> <li>Improved location services</li> <li>IP Multimedia Services (IMS)</li> <li>TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_5">Release 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Release 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IP Multimedia Subsystem</a> (IMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, IP transport in <a href="/wiki/UTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UTRAN">UTRAN</a></li> <li>Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc.</li> <li>HSDPA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_6">Release 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Release 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">WLAN</a> integration</li> <li>Multimedia broadcast and multicast</li> <li>Improvements in IMS</li> <li>HSUPA</li> <li>Fractional DPCH</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_7">Release 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Release 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Enhanced L2</li> <li>64 QAM, MIMO</li> <li>Voice over <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li>CPC – continuous packet connectivity</li> <li>FRLC – Flexible RLC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_8">Release 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Release 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access#Dual-Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Downlink Packet Access">Dual-Cell HSDPA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_9">Release 9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Release 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSUPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSUPA">Dual-Cell HSUPA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UMTS_networks" title="List of UMTS networks">List of UMTS networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">Long Term Evolution</a>, the 3GPP <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> successor for UMTS and <a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">GAN</a>/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity-Driven_Multiple_Access" title="Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access">Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access</a> (ODMA): a UMTS <a href="/wiki/Time-division_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-division duplex">TDD</a> mode communications <a href="/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network" title="Wireless ad hoc network">relaying</a> protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSDPA">HSDPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSUPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HSUPA">HSUPA</a>: updates to the W-CDMA air interface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDCP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDCP">PDCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber Identity Module">Subscriber Identity Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS-TDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a>: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_channels" title="UMTS channels">UMTS channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a>: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other,_non-UMTS,_3G_and_4G_standards"><span id="Other.2C_non-UMTS.2C_3G_and_4G_standards"></span>Other, non-UMTS, 3G and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a>: evolved from <a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne</a> (also known as IS-95 or "CDMA"), managed by the <a href="/wiki/3GPP2" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP2">3GPP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FOMA">FOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_information">Other information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Cellular frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-Division_Multiple_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-Division Multiple Access">CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of wireless data standards">Comparison of wireless data standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECT" title="DECT">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_TDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic TDMA">Dynamic TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1xEV-DO" class="mw-redirect" title="1xEV-DO">Evolution-Data Optimized</a>/<a href="/wiki/CDMA2000" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PN_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="PN sequences">PN sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS frequency bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications industry in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in China">Communications in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardization in China">Standardization in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile modem">Mobile modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-Division_Multiple_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code-Division Multiple Access">Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pilot_channel" title="Common pilot channel">Common pilot channel</a> or CPICH, a simple synchronisation channel in WCDMA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-input multiple-output communications">Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)</a> is the major issue of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_antenna_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple antenna research">multiple antenna research</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of device bandwidths">List of device bandwidths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Maintenance_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Operations and Maintenance Centre">Operations and Maintenance Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Network_Controller" title="Radio Network Controller">Radio Network Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_security" title="UMTS security">UMTS security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_SingleRAN" title="Huawei SingleRAN">Huawei SingleRAN</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">RAN</a> technology allowing migration from GSM to UMTS or simultaneous use of both</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2024" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100015701">"Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Forum (UMTS Forum)"</a>. UIA Global Civil Society Database. <i>uia.org</i>. Brussels, Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Associations" title="Union of International Associations">Union of International Associations</a>. Yearbook of International Organizations Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Us&rft.atitle=What+is+3G%2FWCDMA%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsma.com%2Faboutus%2Fgsm-technology%2F3gwcdma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705121710/http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/aws/data/awsbandplan.pdf">"Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Band Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></i>. 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title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-Hwa_Chen2007" class="citation cs2">Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), <i>The Next Generation CDMA Technologies</i>, John Wiley and Sons, pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02294-8"><bdi>978-0-470-02294-8</bdi></a></cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=From+AT%26T+To+Cingular+And+Back+Again&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft.aulast=Vries&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffrom-att-to-cingular-and-back-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/06/24/t-mobile-shifting-1700mhz-hspa-users-to-1900mhz-band/">"T-Mobile shifting 1700 MHz HSPA+ users to 1900 MHz band"</a>. TeleGeography. 2015-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T-Mobile+shifting+1700+MHz+HSPA%2B+users+to+1900+MHz+band&rft.pub=TeleGeography&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegeography.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommsupdate%2Farticles%2F2015%2F06%2F24%2Ft-mobile-shifting-1700mhz-hspa-users-to-1900mhz-band%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-Hwa_Chen2007" class="citation cs2">Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), <i>The Next Generation CDMA Technologies</i>, John Wiley and Sons, pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02294-8"><bdi>978-0-470-02294-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Generation+CDMA+Technologies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02294-8&rft.au=Hsiao-Hwa+Chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html">"GSM World Coverage Map - GSM Country List by frequency bands"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GSM+World+Coverage+Map+-+GSM+Country+List+by+frequency+bands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimezone.com%2Fgsm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingfieldSharma2007" class="citation news cs1">Wingfield, Nick; Sharma, Amol (30 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118306134626851922">"iPhone 'Surfing' On AT&T Network Isn't Fast, Jobs Concedes"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i> – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=iPhone+%27Surfing%27+On+AT%26T+Network+Isn%27t+Fast%2C+Jobs+Concedes&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.aulast=Wingfield&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Amol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB118306134626851922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp814-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp814_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp814_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Timberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Craig Timberg (24 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/for-sale-systems-that-can-secretly-track-where-cellphone-users-go-around-the-globe/2014/08/24/f0700e8a-f003-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html">"For sale: Systems that can secretly track where cellphone users go around the globe"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=For+sale%3A+Systems+that+can+secretly+track+where+cellphone+users+go+around+the+globe&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft.au=Craig+Timberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Ffor-sale-systems-that-can-secretly-track-where-cellphone-users-go-around-the-globe%2F2014%2F08%2F24%2Ff0700e8a-f003-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp1214-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp1214_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Timberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Craig Timberg (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/18/german-researchers-discover-a-flaw-that-could-let-anyone-listen-to-your-cell-calls-and-read-your-texts/">"German researchers discover a flaw that could let anyone listen to your cell calls"</a>. <i>The Switch- Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Switch-+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=German+researchers+discover+a+flaw+that+could+let+anyone+listen+to+your+cell+calls.&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.au=Craig+Timberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2014%2F12%2F18%2Fgerman-researchers-discover-a-flaw-that-could-let-anyone-listen-to-your-cell-calls-and-read-your-texts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ard-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ard_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Onneken2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peter Onneken (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/umts-sicherheitsluecken-101.html">"Sicherheitslücken im UMTS-Netz"</a>. <i>Tagesschau</i> (in German). ARD-aktuell / tagesschau.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tagesschau&rft.atitle=Sicherheitsl%C3%BCcken+im+UMTS-Netz&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.au=Peter+Onneken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fumts-sicherheitsluecken-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUMTS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martin Sauter: <i>Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society</i>, John Wiley, September 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-02676-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-02676-6">0-470-02676-6</a>.</li> <li>Ahonen and Barrett (editors), <i>Services for UMTS</i> (Wiley, 2002) first book on the services for 3G, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48550-6">978-0-471-48550-6</a>.</li> <li>Holma and Toskala (editors), <i>WCDMA for UMTS</i>, (Wiley, 2000) first book dedicated to 3G technology, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72051-5">978-0-471-72051-5</a>.</li> <li>Kreher and Ruedebusch, <i>UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained</i> (Wiley 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06533-4">978-0-470-06533-4</a>.</li> <li>Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, <i>Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS</i> (Wiley, 2002) first book on radio network planning for 3G, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01575-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01575-9">978-0-470-01575-9</a>.</li> <li>Muratore, Flavio. UMTS: mobile communications for the future. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49829-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49829-2">978-0-471-49829-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25-series.htm">3GPP specification series 25</a> –  Radio aspects of 3G, including UMTS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/25_series/25.201/">TS 25.201 Physical Layer –  General Description</a> –  Describes basic differences between FDD and TDD.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.211/">TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.221/">TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.212/">TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.222/">TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.213/">TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.223/">TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.214/">TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.224/">TS 25.224 Physical layer procedures (TDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.215/">TS 25.215 Physical layer –  Measurements (FDD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.225/">TS 25.225 Physical layer –  Measurements (TDD)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UMTS&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">Universal Mobile Telecommunications System</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25104.htm">3gpp.org</a> –  3rd Generation Partnership Project Standard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3gpp.org/specifications/specification-numbering">3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/21905.htm">Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-link-budgeting-and-rf-planning/lte-link-budget-comparison">UMTS LTE Link Budget Comparison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/faq.htm">UMTS FAQ</a> on UMTS World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/frequencies.htm">Worldwide W-CDMA frequency allocations</a> on UMTS World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umtstdd.org">UMTS TDD Alliance</a> The Global UMTS TDD Alliance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3gsmworldcongress.com/">3GSM World Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922193110/http://www.spectran.com/Frequenzplan-UMTS_en.shtml">UMTS Provider Chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/">LTE Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127122842/https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/">Archived</a> 2016-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/EN/index.asp">TD-SCDMA Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006123942/http://www.tdscdma-alliance.org/english/">TD-SCDMA Industry Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.examtray.com/telecom/3g-umts-wcdma-network-architecture-and-interfaces-mcq-questions-and-answers">UMTS FAQ</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a> standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">List of mobile phone generations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radio telephones</a> (1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Mobile Telephone Service">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service" title="Improved Mobile Telephone Service">IMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLT_(mobile_network)" title="OLT (mobile network)">OLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Telephone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Telephone System">AMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotel" title="Autotel">Autotel (PALM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-Netz" title="B-Netz">B-Netz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_radiotelephone_network_(Czechoslovakia)" title="AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia)">AMR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a> (1979)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS - N-AMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System" title="Total Access Communication System">TACS - ETACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Netz" title="C-Netz">C-450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicap" title="Hicap">Hicap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobitex" title="Mobitex">Mobitex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataTAC" title="DataTAC">DataTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT1" title="CT1">CT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTMI" title="RTMI">RTMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> (1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/<a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Switched_Data" title="Circuit Switched Data">CSD - HSCSD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project_2" title="3rd Generation Partnership Project 2">3GPP2</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CdmaOne" title="CdmaOne">cdmaOne (IS-95)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data" title="Cellular digital packet data">CDPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEN" title="IDEN">iDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular" title="Personal Digital Cellular">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">PHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT2" title="CT2">CT2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2G#Evolution" title="2G">2G transitional<br />(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>/3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution" title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA2000#1X_Advanced" title="CDMA2000">CDMA2000 1X Advanced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="WiDEN">WiDEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2000" title="IMT-2000">IMT-2000</a> (2001)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UMTS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">FOMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0</a> (TIA/IS-856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3G#Evolution" title="3G">3G transitional<br />(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Uplink Packet Access">HSUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="Evolved High Speed Packet Access">HSPA+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-HSDPA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-HSDPA">DC-HSDPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP2 family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CDMA2000 <a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">1xEV-DO Revision A</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision B</a> (TIA/EIA/IS-856-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EV-DO Revision C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing#FLASH-OFDM" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Flash-OFDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">iBurst (IEEE 802.20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiperMAN" title="HiperMAN">HiperMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> (2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT_Advanced" title="IMT Advanced">IMT Advanced</a> (2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced" title="LTE Advanced">LTE Advanced</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-UTRA" title="E-UTRA">E-UTRA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">LTE Advanced Pro</a> (4.5G/4.9G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">IEEE family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16m</a>) <ul><li>WiMax 2.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> (2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/IMT-2020" title="IMT-2020">IMT-2020</a> (2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">3GPP family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="5G-Advanced">5G-Advanced</a> (5.5G)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NR-IIoT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NR-IIoT (page does not exist)">NR-IIoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE-M" title="LTE-M">LTE-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">NB-IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DECT-5G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECT-5G (page does not exist)">DECT-5G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">SSMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency#Comparison_table" title="Spectral efficiency">Spectral efficiency comparison table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequency bands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" title="GSM frequency bands">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS_frequency_bands" title="UMTS frequency bands">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands" title="LTE frequency bands">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR_frequency_bands" title="5G NR frequency bands">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDMA_frequency_bands" title="CDMA frequency bands">CDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Mobile_Networks" title="Next Generation Mobile Networks">NGMN Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">Push-to-talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_LTE" title="Voice over LTE">VoLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_over_LTE" title="Video over LTE">ViLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_NR" title="Voice over NR">VoNR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_over_NR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video over NR (page does not exist)">ViNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Access_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic Access Network">Wi-Fi Calling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmocom" title="Osmocom">Osmocom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a>   <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Channel_access_methods_and_media_access_control194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_access_methods" title="Template:Channel access methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Channel_access_methods" title="Template talk:Channel access methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Channel_access_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Channel access methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Channel_access_methods_and_media_access_control194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Channel access methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">media access control</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Channel-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">FDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">FDM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access">OFDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMA" title="Single-carrier FDMA">SC-FDMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">WDM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelength-division multiple access">WDMA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-frequency_time-division_multiple_access" title="Multi-frequency time-division multiple access">MF-TDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_time-division_multiple_access" title="Self-organized time-division multiple access">STDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="W-CDMA">W-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-CDMA">TD-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-SCDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="TD-SCDMA">TD-SCDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DS-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum" title="Frequency-hopping spread spectrum">FH-CDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-carrier_code-division_multiple_access" title="Multi-carrier code-division multiple access">MC-CDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">SDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">HC-SDMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiple_access" title="Polarization-division multiple access">PDMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulse-address_multiple_access" title="Pulse-address multiple access">PAMA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contention_(telecommunications)" title="Contention (telecommunications)">Collision recovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet#The_ALOHA_protocol" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">Slotted ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_ALOHA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservation ALOHA">R-ALOHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_detection" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection">CSMA/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contention_(telecommunications)" title="Contention (telecommunications)">Collision avoidance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance">MACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance_for_Wireless" title="Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless">MACAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access" title="Carrier-sense multiple access">CSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance">CSMA/CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_coordination_function" title="Distributed coordination function">DCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_coordination_function" title="Point coordination function">PCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005#802.11e_MAC_protocol_operation" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">HCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSMA/CARP" class="mw-redirect" title="CSMA/CARP">CSMA/CARP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">Collision-free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">Token bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Slotted_Aloha" title="Mobile Slotted Aloha">MS-ALOHA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delay and disruption tolerant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ad_hoc_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile ad hoc network">MANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_ad-hoc_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicular ad-hoc network">VANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking" title="Delay-tolerant networking">DTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Source_Routing" title="Dynamic Source Routing">Dynamic Source Routing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">Duplexing methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Time-division_duplexing" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Frequency-division_duplexing" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">FDD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_access97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_access" title="Template:Internet access"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_access" title="Template talk:Internet access"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_access" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet access"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_access97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">FTTx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessum" title="Nessum">Nessum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">MoCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines" title="Broadband over power lines">Broadband</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Wireless PAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long range wireless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_enhanced_cordless_telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EVDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">iBurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Muni Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS-TDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template 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system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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