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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><title>The Soviet Union's Self-Burying Moon Base That Never Was</title><meta name="title" content="The Soviet Union's Self-Burying Moon Base That Never Was"/><meta name="description" content="The earliest plans for the Soviet outpost on the Moon sported a soil-drilling habitat and rocket-fuel-burning internal combustion engine."/><meta name="keywords" content="Science"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/favicon.ee0d102.ico" rel="icon"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Popular Mechanics"/><meta name="fb:app_id" content="218456798186610" property="fb:app_id"/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/popularmechanics" property="article:publisher"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@PopMech"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="98saqo61zkfl_yfZaXKLgLkazlZwpUcMCkqCFEO-O18"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Forgotten Soviet Moon Base, Revealed"/><meta property="og:description" content="The earliest plans for the Soviet outpost on the Moon sported a soil-drilling habitat and rocket-fuel-burning internal combustion engine."/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{"socialHeadline":"The Forgotten Soviet Moon Base, Revealed"}"/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/_assets/design-tokens/popularmechanics/static/images/apple-touch-icon.5d5fa0d.png"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Popular Mechanics - Space" href="/rss/space.xml"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Popular Mechanics" href="/rss/all.xml"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/768x384/landscape-1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=1200:*"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta name="thumbnail" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/480x480/square-1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.full" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/768x384/landscape-1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/480x480/square-1455212634-lim.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/768x384/landscape-1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=640:*"/><meta content="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/" property="og:url"/><meta name="auto-publish" content="evergreen"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="article:opinion" property="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta content="Moon and Mars" property="article:section"/><meta content="2016-02-11T17:50:00Z" property="article:modified_time"/><meta content="2016-02-11T17:50:00Z" property="article:published_time"/><meta name="sailthru.excerpt" content=" A quarter-century after the Soviet space program dropped its thick veil of secrecy, many fascinating details about the enormous scope of the USSR's space ambitions are still trickling in. The latest treasure trove of information quietly made public reveals what might have been the earliest Soviet proposal to permanently colonize"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="space,Space,moon-mars,Moon and Mars,russia-space,The Secret Russian Space Program,Popular Mechanics-US"/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2016-02-11 17:50:00"/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="The Forgotten Soviet Moon Base, Revealed"/><meta name="sailthru.contenttype" content="standard-article"/><meta id="m1" name="m1" itemprop="cssSelector " content=".content-hed"/><meta id="m2" name="m2" itemprop="cssSelector" content=".content-dek p"/><link href="/" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SpeakableSpecification" itemref="m1 m2"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, 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The latest treasure trove of information quietly made public reveals what might have been the earliest Soviet proposal to permanently colonize the moon.\nConceived in 1967 at the height of the Moon Race with the United States, the bold plan was developed inside the same think tank that had launched Sputnik and put the first man into space. Not surprisingly, they dreamed up an innovative and ambitious plan to put people on the lunar surface to stay.\n\nThe Soviet engineers hoped to start building their lunar outpost with the delivery of the multipurpose Lunar Engineering Machine, LIM. The three-ton rover would be used for soil-moving operations and scouting, cargo hauling, and it would also double as a crane and a mobile drilling rig. A telescope-like crane and a drill would be attached to the sides of the cockpit. The rover would be also equipped with external lighting, TV cameras, and windows.\nTo propel the exotic vehicle, the Soviets developed a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, but with a twist. Unlike traditional motors, it would burn self-igniting rocket propellant, mixing liquid fuel with oxidizer. Vacuum valves would be used to vent combustion products out of the engine's hermetically sealed housing. One engine would be enough to propel the vehicle, but when LIM was faced with difficult terrain, it could activate both motors and turn on all-wheel drive. Wheels of the machine were designed to be flexible to do away with a complicated suspension system. \n\nThe boxy rover would also feature two self-propelled platforms with their own propellant tanks and pairs of wheels linked by a transmission system, which would allow each platform to bank and tilt independently. The front platform would sport robotic arms and a plow, while the rear platform would carry a pressurized cabin for a single driver wearing no spacesuit. Under emergency conditions, a second person could squeeze into the back, though If necessary the rover could operate unmanned under remote control from the lunar base or even from the Earth.\nSelf-Burying Habitat\nThe rover needed all this moon-moving equipment because it would play a crucial role in making the moon base livable: Specifically, getting the pre-fabricated habitation modules of the base below the lunar surface to provide reliable radiation shielding so that its inhabitants could survive.\nAccording to one scenario Russian engineers imagined, a pair of rovers was to be delivered to the Moon along with a 10-meter habitat. Subdivided into two floors, the habitation module could house from three to six people. Initial provisions and supplies carried onboard the spacecraft would sustain a crew of three for at least three months.\nRelying on the data from the American Surveyor-3 probe, which landed on the Moon on April 20, 1967, Soviet engineers banked on the fact that the lunar soil would likely have a consistency of soft sand and would not require grinding before its application as a radiation shield. As a result, their plan suggested that one rover would bulldoze the soil toward the base and another would use a specially built sand-thrower to cover the habitat. A deployable net cage around the module would be used to keep the soil shield in place.\nFor any areas with harder surface, the Russians had the idea to use a cutting tool attached to the rover to carve 255 square blocks out of soil, which would then be used to build a protective wall around the future settlement. The hole in the ground formed in the process of making the blocks would be used as the bed of the radiation shelter.\n\nBut the most exotic plan they proposed envisioned a self-propelled, self-burying habitation module. The six-meter long, 3.6-meter-wide cylinder would be fully equipped for up to six cosmonauts to work inside it. After arrival to the Moon, the module would be unloaded from its landing platform along with a self-propelled four-wheel trailer. Once in horizontal position, the entire contraption would then embark on a journey across the lunar surface with a speed of up to six kilometers per hour, in search of a site with soil soft enough for \"self-burial.\"\nAt the right location, the trailer would activate an electrically driven revolving mechanism, which would begin rotating the cylindrical module around its main horizontal axis. Blades arranged in a spiral on the module's exterior begin cutting into the soil and throw it out. Sliding down along the guide rails of the trailer, the giant cylinder would slowly sink into the newly forming trench. Upon reaching the right depth, mission control would need to ensure that the module stopped spinning with its ceiling facing up. Once that is done, a telescopic airlock would extend from the module to provide an access for the crew from the lunar surface. Designers estimated that it would take the module around 4.3 hours to completely bury itself in sandy soil.\n\nSoviet engineers went into trouble to detail the entire process of unloading the module from the landing platform, building the shelter and developing crucial components of the LIM rover, such as its exotic engine and its transmission system. All for naught, though, as the USSR eventually put small rovers on the lunar surface, but never cosmonauts.\n\nAlthough the ambitious Soviet plans for a lunar base had never materialized, the latest revelations provide a rare glimpse at the plans that Russian engineers had up their sleeves had their efforts to build a Moon rocket succeed in the 1960s. It also provides plenty of inspiration for the future.\n\nAnatoly Zak is the publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future 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90rem){.css-7qggl4{margin-left:0rem;}}.css-7qggl4:hover{background-color:#525252;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background:inherit;}.css-7qggl4:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-7qggl4:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}.css-7qggl4 img{width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem;}.css-7qggl4 svg{width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem;fill:#000000;}.css-7qggl4 svg:hover{fill:#1c6a65;}.css-19zs5ek{line-height:1;margin-right:auto;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;margin-bottom:0.125rem;}@media(max-width: 30rem){.css-19zs5ek{width:5.5em;height:1.2rem;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-19zs5ek{width:5rem;}}@media(min-width: 30rem) and (max-width: 64rem){.css-19zs5ek{width:7.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-19zs5ek{width:7.5rem;height:1.75rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-19zs5ek{margin-right:0.3125rem;}}.css-1597st4{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%;border-top:thin solid #F5F5F5;border-bottom:thin solid #F5F5F5;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1597st4{border-top:0;border-bottom:0;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1597st4{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}.css-1597st4::-webkit-scrollbar{height:0rem;}.css-1cr3k5e{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;margin:0rem;padding-left:1.125rem;-webkit-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-moz-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-ms-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);transform:translateX(undefinedpx);}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:2.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:3.125rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:0rem;}}.css-1eo7dsn{white-space:nowrap;padding:0 1.875rem 0 1.25rem;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-1eo7dsn{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:2rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1eo7dsn{font-size:1rem;line-height:2rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1eo7dsn{padding:0 1.25rem 0 1.25rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:2rem;}}.css-18dmdzi{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-18dmdzi{color:inherit;}}.css-18dmdzi:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-phb1gc{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-phb1gc{color:inherit;}}.css-phb1gc:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-38u6cm{padding:0.8125rem 1.25rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:1.875rem;margin:0 0 0 auto;padding-left:1.05rem;padding-right:1.05rem;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;background-color:#1c6a65;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;border-radius:0;color:#ffffff;width:auto;border:thin solid transparent;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.03rem;}@media(max-width: 30rem){.css-38u6cm{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-38u6cm{padding:0.7rem;}}@media(min-width: 30rem) and (max-width: 64rem){.css-38u6cm{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-38u6cm{padding:0.7rem 1rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-38u6cm{padding:0.8125rem 1.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-38u6cm{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;}}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-38u6cm{-webkit-transition:box-shadow 0.2s linear,background 0.2s linear;transition:box-shadow 0.2s 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90rem){.css-1ba3ot6{padding-right:0;}}.css-w8pyk9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.3125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-w8pyk9{margin-left:0.9375rem;}}.css-yykj2s{white-space:nowrap;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-ufbu47{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:1.25rem;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:0.9375rem;width:1.25rem;border:0;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-ufbu47{margin-right:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 90rem){.css-ufbu47{margin-right:2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-ufbu47{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0rem;}}.css-ufbu47:hover{background:none;border:0;}.css-ufbu47:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted 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64rem){.css-1x3bv1n{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;}}.css-1x3bv1n:hover{background-color:#000000;cursor:pointer;color:#ffffff;border:0 solid transparent;}.css-1x3bv1n:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1x3bv1n{margin-right:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 90rem){.css-1x3bv1n{margin-right:2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1x3bv1n{margin-left:0.625rem;margin-right:0rem;}}.css-1x3bv1n:hover{background:none;border:0;}.css-1x3bv1n:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted #000000;outline-offset:0.5rem;z-index:1;}.css-mez99v{cursor:pointer;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;height:1rem;margin-left:0.625rem;width:1rem;}.css-mez99v:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted #000000;outline-offset:0.5rem;}.css-rqsmv7{-webkit-animation:animation-fhr88u 0.1s linear;animation:animation-fhr88u 0.1s 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73.75rem){.css-24rk8n{margin:0.26rem;}}.css-r0aqyf{background:none;border:0;height:2.5rem;width:100%;padding-left:0.625rem;padding-right:0.625rem;outline:0;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.3;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-roboto,FreightSansW01-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-upcase-roboto,FreightSansW01-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-r0aqyf::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#262626;}.css-r0aqyf::-moz-placeholder{color:#262626;}.css-r0aqyf:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#262626;}.css-r0aqyf::placeholder{color:#262626;}.css-r0aqyf::-webkit-search-cancel-button{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;display:none;}.css-r0aqyf::-webkit-search-clear-button{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;display:none;}.css-z6vn14{position:fixed;background-color:rgba(0, 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print{.css-1cjybzt{display:none!important;}}.css-b0nc2u{width:100%;max-width:100vw;display:grid;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;position:relative;z-index:auto;}@media print{.css-b0nc2u{max-width:100%;}}.css-1lr08az{grid-column:1/-1;text-align:center;}.css-ig50jk{padding:0 0.938rem;text-align:left;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0 1rem;padding:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0 auto;max-width:40.25rem;padding:0 1rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0rem;max-width:calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem);padding:0 1rem;margin-left:calc((100vw - calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem) - 1rem - 20.625rem) / 2);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0 auto;max-width:40.25rem;padding:0 1rem;margin-left:calc((100vw - calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem) - 1rem - 20.625rem) / 2);}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0 auto;max-width:calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem);padding:0 1rem;margin-left:calc((100vw - calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem) - 1rem - 20.625rem) / 2);}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:0 auto;max-width:calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem);padding:0 1rem;margin-left:calc((100vw - calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem) - 1rem - 20.625rem) / 2);}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-ig50jk{margin:auto;max-width:calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem);padding:0 1rem;margin-left:calc((100vw - calc(20.625rem * 2 - 1rem)) / 2);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-ig50jk{text-align:start;}}.css-10xp01o{list-style:none;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;padding:1.25rem 1.25rem 0 1.6875rem;color:#525252;font-size:0.70028rem;line-height:1.3;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-roboto,FreightSansW01-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-10xp01o{padding-left:0;}}@media(min-width: 30rem){.css-10xp01o{padding-left:0;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-10xp01o{padding:1.25rem 0 0 0;padding-left:0;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-10xp01o{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-10xp01o{padding:1.25rem 0 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strong{font-family:inherit;}.css-v09poa{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.625rem;margin-bottom:0.625rem;font-family:FreightSansW01,FreightSansW01-weightbold-roboto,FreightSansW01-weightbold-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;outline:none;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-v09poa{font-size:1.9375rem;line-height:1;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-v09poa{font-size:1.9375rem;line-height:1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-v09poa{font-size:2.1875rem;line-height:1.1;}}.css-v09poa em,.css-v09poa i{font-style:italic;font-family:inherit;}.css-v09poa b,.css-v09poa strong{font-family:inherit;font-weight:bold;}.css-l2gq68{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;--data-embed-display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-l2gq68{clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%;}}@media(min-width: 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data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Soviet Union's Secret Moon Base That Never Was" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">The Soviet Union's Secret Moon Base That Never Was</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1uosn6 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>The Soviet Union's Secret Moon Base That Never Was<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-92j3iw e1f1sunr6"><p>The earliest plans for the Soviet outpost on the Moon sported a soil-drilling habitat and rocket-fuel-burning internal combustion engine.</p></div><div class="css-17gykqp e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-wv4d7 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1hpra6i e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Anatoly Zak" alt href="/author/7726/anatoly-zak/" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-1b6aj23 e1c1bym14">Anatoly Zak</a></span><time class="css-3y33je e1f1sunr4">Published: Feb 11, 2016 12:50 PM EST</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17mvcka e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"><button data-theme-key="button-primary" data-vars-ga-name="recipe-save-button" data-vars-ga-recipe-button-state="recipe_save" class="contentSaveButton css-tghghn e12nq69g1"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/saved.ad81f1a.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="24" width="24" alt="bookmarks" class="css-1exgad7 eah8dyz2"/>Save Article</button></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-hide="true" class="css-k008qs et2g3wt0"><div class="standard-container content-container article-container css-1q1kaac et2g3wt3"><div class="content-lead css-1f8o566 et2g3wt5"></div><div data-journey-body="standard-article" class="article-body-content article-body standard-body-content css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-7" data-node-id="0" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Russia LIM" title="Russia LIM" fetchpriority="high" width="800" height="600" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212634-lim.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Anatoly Zak</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="2" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">A quarter-century after the Soviet space program dropped its thick veil of secrecy, many fascinating details about the enormous scope of the USSR's space ambitions are still trickling in. The latest treasure trove of information quietly made public reveals what might have been the earliest Soviet proposal to permanently colonize the moon.</p> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="4" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Conceived in 1967 at the height of the Moon Race with the United States, the bold plan was developed inside the same think tank that had launched <a href="http://russianspaceweb.com/sputnik.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://russianspaceweb.com/sputnik.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Sputnik" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Sputnik</a> and put the <a href="http://russianspaceweb.com/vostok1.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://russianspaceweb.com/vostok1.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="first man into space" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">first man into space</a>. Not surprisingly, they dreamed up an innovative and ambitious plan to put people on the lunar surface to stay.</p> <section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-8" data-node-id="6" class="embed"><aside class="css-1fm2v8u e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-19w51ep e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Story</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-xbo8g8 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/military/weapons/a18187/here-is-the-soviet-unions-secret-space-cannon/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Meet the Soviet Union鈥檚 Top-Secret Space Cannon" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a18187/here-is-the-soviet-unions-secret-space-cannon/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/soviet-space-cannon-1666125064.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=300:*" alt="russian almaz space station, soviet flag, tupolev tu 22 blinder supersonic bomber" title="Soviet union secret space cannon" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Meet the Soviet Union鈥檚 Top-Secret Space Cannon</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="8" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The Soviet engineers hoped to start building their lunar outpost with the delivery of the multipurpose Lunar Engineering Machine, LIM. The three-ton rover would be used for soil-moving operations and scouting, cargo hauling, and it would also double as a crane and a mobile drilling rig. A telescope-like crane and a drill would be attached to the sides of the cockpit. The rover would be also equipped with external lighting, TV cameras, and windows.</p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="9" class="embed"></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="11" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">To propel the exotic vehicle, the Soviets developed a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, but with a twist. Unlike traditional motors, it would burn self-igniting rocket propellant, mixing liquid fuel with oxidizer. Vacuum valves would be used to vent combustion products out of the engine's hermetically sealed housing. One engine would be enough to propel the vehicle, but when LIM was faced with difficult terrain, it could activate both motors and turn on all-wheel drive. Wheels of the machine were designed to be flexible to do away with a complicated suspension system. </p> <section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="13" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Rover side view" title="Rover side view" loading="lazy" width="800" height="489" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212750-rover-side-orto.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212750-rover-side-orto.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212750-rover-side-orto.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212750-rover-side-orto.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212750-rover-side-orto.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-qwlzud e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-3v2r6c e1geg53v2">Anatoly Zak</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">Rover side view</div></div></div></div></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="15" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The boxy rover would also feature two self-propelled platforms with their own propellant tanks and pairs of wheels linked by a transmission system, which would allow each platform to bank and tilt independently. The front platform would sport robotic arms and a plow, while the rear platform would carry a pressurized cabin for a single driver wearing no spacesuit. Under emergency conditions, a second person could squeeze into the back, though If necessary the rover could operate unmanned under remote control from the lunar base or even from the Earth.</p> <h2 data-node-id="17" class="article-sub-title css-v09poa emevuu60">Self-Burying Habitat</h2> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="19" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The rover needed all this moon-moving equipment because it would play a crucial role in making the moon base livable: Specifically, getting the pre-fabricated habitation modules of the base below the lunar surface to provide reliable radiation shielding so that its inhabitants could survive.</p> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">According to one scenario Russian engineers imagined, a pair of rovers was to be delivered to the Moon along with a 10-meter habitat. Subdivided into two floors, the habitation module could house from three to six people. Initial provisions and supplies carried onboard the spacecraft would sustain a crew of three for at least three months.</p> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="23" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Relying on the data from the American Surveyor-3 probe, which landed on the Moon on April 20, 1967, Soviet engineers banked on the fact that the lunar soil would likely have a consistency of soft sand and would not require grinding before its application as a radiation shield. As a result, their plan suggested that one rover would bulldoze the soil toward the base and another would use a specially built sand-thrower to cover the habitat. A deployable net cage around the module would be used to keep the soil shield in place.</p> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="25" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">For any areas with harder surface, the Russians had the idea to use a cutting tool attached to the rover to carve 255 square blocks out of soil, which would then be used to build a protective wall around the future settlement. The hole in the ground formed in the process of making the blocks would be used as the bed of the radiation shelter.</p> <section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-11" data-node-id="27" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Line, Parallel, Illustration, Drawing, Line art, Artwork, Diagram, Sketch, " title="Line, Parallel, Illustration, Drawing, Line art, Artwork, Diagram, Sketch, " loading="lazy" width="800" height="423" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212683-burial-operations.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212683-burial-operations.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212683-burial-operations.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212683-burial-operations.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212683-burial-operations.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"></div></div></div></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="29" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">But the most exotic plan they proposed envisioned a self-propelled, self-burying habitation module. The six-meter long, 3.6-meter-wide cylinder would be fully equipped for up to six cosmonauts to work inside it. After arrival to the Moon, the module would be unloaded from its landing platform along with a self-propelled four-wheel trailer. Once in horizontal position, the entire contraption would then embark on a journey across the lunar surface with a speed of up to six kilometers per hour, in search of a site with soil soft enough for "self-burial."</p> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="31" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">At the right location, the trailer would activate an electrically driven revolving mechanism, which would begin rotating the cylindrical module around its main horizontal axis. Blades arranged in a spiral on the module's exterior begin cutting into the soil and throw it out. Sliding down along the guide rails of the trailer, the giant cylinder would slowly sink into the newly forming trench. Upon reaching the right depth, mission control would need to ensure that the module stopped spinning with its ceiling facing up. Once that is done, a telescopic airlock would extend from the module to provide an access for the crew from the lunar surface. Designers estimated that it would take the module around 4.3 hours to completely bury itself in sandy soil.</p> <section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-12" data-node-id="33" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-left size-medium embed css-l2gq68 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><img alt="Self-burying trailer" title="Self-burying trailer" loading="lazy" width="800" height="492" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212711-self-burial-trailer.jpg?resize=320:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212711-self-burial-trailer.jpg?resize=480:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212711-self-burial-trailer.jpg?resize=640:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212711-self-burial-trailer.jpg?resize=640:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19405/ussr-1960s-lunar-base/&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/06/1455212711-self-burial-trailer.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div><div class="css-78jldq e1fodxfw2"><div data-element="caption" class="css-ad4qa6 e1fodxfw1">Self-burying trailer</div></div></div></div></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="35" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Soviet engineers went into trouble to detail the entire process of unloading the module from the landing platform, building the shelter and developing crucial components of the LIM rover, such as its exotic engine and its transmission system. All for naught, though, as the USSR eventually put small rovers on the lunar surface, but never cosmonauts.</p> <section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-13" data-node-id="37" class="embed"><aside class="css-1fm2v8u e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-19w51ep e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Related Story</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-xbo8g8 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-2t9pp3 e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/space/moon-mars/a19269/revealed-russias-manned-lunar-lander/" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Revealed: Russia's Crewed Lunar Lander" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19269/revealed-russias-manned-lunar-lander/" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/pop.h-cdn.co/assets/16/05/1024x512/landscape-1454504082-lunar-lander.jpg?resize=300:*" alt="Product, Line, Machine, Parallel, Gas, Engineering, Plastic, Steel, Kitchen appliance accessory, Science, " title="Product, Line, Machine, Parallel, Gas, Engineering, Plastic, Steel, Kitchen appliance accessory, Science, " width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Revealed: Russia's Crewed Lunar Lander</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="39" class="p1 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Although the ambitious Soviet plans for a lunar base had never materialized, the latest revelations provide a rare glimpse at the plans that Russian engineers had up their sleeves had their efforts to build a Moon rocket succeed in the 1960s. It also provides plenty of <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/news/a19269/revealed-russias-manned-lunar-lander/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/news/a19269/revealed-russias-manned-lunar-lander/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="inspiration" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">inspiration</a> for the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a18849/russia-plan-cosmonauts-moon/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a18849/russia-plan-cosmonauts-moon/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="future" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">future</a>.</p> <hr data-node-id="41" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="43" class="p2 css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em data-redactor-tag="em" data-verified="redactor">Anatoly Zak is the publisher of <a href="http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://www.RussianSpaceWeb.com" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="RussianSpaceWeb.com" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">RussianSpaceWeb.com</a> and the author of <a href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/book_future.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/book_future.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future Explored" class="body-link css-1kk1geb emevuu60">Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future Explored</a>.</em></p> <div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/dc7fbbcb-8d66-410e-838c-24920a9e5ca9_1509754896.jpg?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Anatoly Zak" title="Headshot of Anatoly Zak" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/7726/anatoly-zak/" class="e1c1bym13 css-siwijo e1c1bym14"><span>Anatoly Zak</span></a></span></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-1blykqe ev8dhu54">Anatoly Zak is a publisher of RussianSpaceWeb.com and the author of "Russia in Space: the Past Explained, the Future Explored."</div></div></div></div><div data-ad-exclude="true" id="journey-inline" class="css-ciejky e1ye6jr30"></div></div></div></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-15"><div data-embed="watch-next" class="css-es6uyf e1a8voem5"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-14vh9p e1a8voem4"><div class="css-1sowyjy e1a8voem3"><h6 class="css-57mhak e1a8voem2"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-0 e1a8voem1">Watch 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The three-ton rover would be used for soil-moving operations and scouting, cargo hauling, and it would also double as a crane and a mobile drilling rig. A telescope-like crane and a drill would be attached to the sides of the cockpit. The rover would be also equipped with external lighting, TV cameras, and windows.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"class":"p1","data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[],"name":"watch-next","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":"\n","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"To propel the exotic vehicle, the Soviets developed a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, but with a twist. Unlike traditional motors, it would burn self-igniting rocket propellant, mixing liquid fuel with oxidizer. Vacuum valves would be used to vent combustion products out of the engine's hermetically sealed housing. 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