1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine

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class="chm-exhibit-content pure-u-1-1"> <div class="chm-exhibit-container pure-g clearfix"> <h1 class="chm-exhibit-content-header">1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip</h1> <h2 class="chm-exhibit-content-subheader">Silicon-gate process technology and design advances squeeze computer central processing units (CPU) onto single chips.</h2> <div class="chm-image-gallery left pure-u-1-2 pull-left clearfix"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-main-image"> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-info"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-image-caption"> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-image-credits"> </div> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumbs"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb" rel="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-1.jpg" data-caption="Four Phase Systems, Inc. AL-1 8-bit computer processor slice. Design commenced October 1968. Final working devices March 1969" data-credits="Courtesy of: Lee Boysel"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb-container thumb"> <img src="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-1.jpg?w=100" alt="Four Phase Systems, Inc. AL-1 8-bit computer processor slice. Design commenced October 1968. Final working devices March 1969"> </div> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb" rel="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-2.jpg" data-caption="Gold interconnects highlight the Intel 4004 MPU layout complexity" data-credits="Courtesy of: Intel Corporation"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb-container thumb"> <img src="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-2.jpg?w=100" alt="Gold interconnects highlight the Intel 4004 MPU layout complexity"> </div> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb" rel="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-3.jpg" data-caption="The Intel 4004 development team meet again in May 2007. T. Hoff, H. Feeney, S. Mazor, M. Shima, F. Faggin" data-credits="Courtesy of: David Laws"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb-container thumb"> <img src="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-3.jpg?w=100" alt="The Intel 4004 development team meet again in May 2007. T. Hoff, H. Feeney, S. Mazor, M. Shima, F. Faggin"> </div> </div> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb" rel="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-4.jpg" data-caption="Internal view of the MCS-4 chip set including the 4004 MPU in the Busicom Calculator Engineering Prototype" data-credits="CHM collection: Gift of Federico Faggin"> <div class="chm-image-gallery-thumb-container thumb"> <img src="//images.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/1971-2-4.jpg?w=100" alt="Internal view of the MCS-4 chip set including the 4004 MPU in the Busicom Calculator Engineering Prototype"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>By the late-1960s, designers were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips. Building on 8-bit arithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild, in 1969 Lee Boysel created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1 an 8-bit CPU slice that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970 Steve Geller and Ray Holt of Garrett AiResearch designed the MP944 chip set to implement the F-14A Central Air Data Computer on six metal-gate chips fabricated by AMI.</p> <p>Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor conceived Intel's first integrated CPU, the 4004 4-bit device, as a member of the MCS-4 Micro Computer Chip Set. In 1971, Federico Faggin, assisted by Masatoshi Shima, applied his experience in silicon-gate MOS technology <a href="/siliconengine/silicon-gate-technology-developed-for-ics/" title="1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs">(1968 Milestone)</a> to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4004 into a low-cost 16-pin package. Faggin also supervised Hal Feeney's design of the 8-bit 8008 device announced in 1972. Designed for CTC (later Datapoint), prototypes of the 8008 function were also built by Texas Instruments as the TMX1795 but never offered commercially. Popularly known as a microprocessor or MPU (from micro-processor unit), these MPUs required additional supporting and peripheral functions to build a complete system. Single-chip solutions offering limited functionality for a specific application are called microcontrollers. <a href="/siliconengine/general-purpose-microcontroller-family-is-announced/">(1974 Milestone)</a></p> <p>Second generation 8-bit designs from Intel (8080) and from a team led by Tom Bennett at Motorola (6800) in 1974 established widespread acceptance of the MPU concept. A low-cost variant on the 6800 architecture by MOS Technology (6502) enabled personal computers and games from Apple, Atari, Commodore and others. By the mid-1970s many vendors offered enhanced 8-bit architectures, with Zilog's Z80 being the most enduring. Beginning in the mid-1970s, 16-bit MPUs emerged from General Instrument (CP1600), National (PACE), TI (TMS9900), and Zilog (Z8000). Boosted by the PC boom of the 1980s, Intel's 8086/8088 (IBM PC) and Motorola's 68000 (Macintosh) devices enjoyed the widest market success.</p> <div class="chm-site-milestones clearfix"> <a class="button-large pure-button pull-left chm-mb-24" href="/siliconengine/reusable-programmable-rom-introduces-iterative-design-flexibility/" alt="Go to Reusable Programmable ROM Introduces Iterative Design Flexibility"> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-left"></i> Previous Milestone </a> <a class="button-large pure-button pull-right chm-mb-24" href="/siliconengine/general-purpose-microcontroller-family-is-announced/" alt="Go to General-Purpose Microcontroller Family is Announced"> Next Milestone <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="chm-exhibit-container cont_docs pure-g clearfix"> <h2 class="chm-exhibit-related-material-section-header">Contemporary Documents</h2> <ul> <li>Sack, E. A., Lyman R. C. and Chang, G. Y. "Evolution of the Concept of a Computer on a Slice," <em>Proceedings of the IEEE</em>, vol. 52, no. 12, (December 1964) pp. 1713-20.</li> <li>Boysel, Lee. "Adder on a Chip: LSI Helps Reduce Cost of Small Machine." <em>Electronics</em> (March 18, 1968) pp. 119-123.</li> <li>Boysel Lee L. & Murphy, Joseph P. "Four-Phase LSI Logic Offers New Approach to Computer Designers," <em>Computer Design</em> (April 1970) pp. 141-146.</li> <li>Holt, Ray M. "Architecture of a Microprocessor" Accepted for publication in <em>Computer Design</em> (1971 withdrawn for security reasons, released 1998).</li> <li>Faggin, F. and Hoff, M.E. "Standard parts and custom design merge in four-chip processor kit," <em>Electronics</em> (April 24, 1972) pp. 112-116.</li> <li>Faggin, F., Shima, M., Hoff, M.E., Feeny, H., Mazor S. "The MCS4 - An LSI micro-computer system," <em>IEEE 1972 Region Six Conference</em>, <em>IEEE Press</em> (1972) pp. 8-11.</li> <li>Hoff, Jr., M. E., Mazor, Stanley, Faggin, Federico. "Memory System for a Multi-Chip Digital Computer" <em>U. S. Patent 3,821,715</em> (Filed January 22, 1973. Issued June 28, 1974).</li> </ul> </div> <div class="chm-exhibit-container more_info pure-g clearfix"> <h2 class="chm-exhibit-related-material-section-header">More Information</h2> <ul> <li> <p>Altman, Laurence "Single Chip Microprocessors open up a New World of Applications," <em>Electronics</em> (April 18, 1974) pp. 81-87</p> </li> <li>Noyce, R., and Hoff, M. "A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel," <em>IEEE Micro</em>, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1981) pp. 8-21.</li> <li>Augarten, Stan. "The First Microprocessor - 4004," <em>State Of The Art: A Photographic History of the Integrated Circuit</em>. (New Haven & New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1983) pp.30, also see pp. 34, 36, 40, 44, 46, and 48.</li> <li>Malone, Michael S. <em>The Microprocessor: A Biography</em>. (New York: Springer-Verlag TELOS, 1995) pp.10-15.</li> <li>Faggin, F.; Hoff, M.E., Jr.; Mazor, S.; Shima, M. "The history of the 4004," <em>IEEE Micro</em> Vol. 16, Issue 6 (December 1996) pp: 10-20.</li> <li>Aspray, William. "The Intel 4004 Microprocessor: What Constituted Invention?" <em>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</em>, Vol. 19, No. 3 (July-September 1997) pp. 4-15.</li> <li>Betker, Michael R., Fernando, John S., Whalen, Shaun P. "The History of the Microprocessor," <em>Bell Labs Technical Journal</em> (Autumn 1997) pp. 29-59.</li> <li>Seitz, Frederick, and Einsprunch. Norman G. <em>Electronic Genie: The Tangled History of Silicon</em>. (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998) p. 229.</li> <li>Mazor, Stanley. "Intel 8080 CPU Chip Development," <em>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</em>, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr-June, 2007) pp. 70-73.</li> <li>Mazor, Stanley. "Intel's 8086" <em>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</em>, Vol. 32, No. 1 (January 2010) pp. 75-79.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="chm-exhibit-container oral_histories pure-g clearfix"> <h2 class="chm-exhibit-related-material-section-header">Oral History transcripts at the Computer History Museum</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658025">Faggin, Federico (Fairchild, Intel, Zilog), an oral history (2004-09-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658338">Feeney, Hal (Intel), an oral history (2004-06-23)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658299">House, Dave (Honeywell, Intel), an oral history (2004-04-20)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658337">Poor, Vic (CTC, Datapoint), an oral history (2004-12-08)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658341">AMD 2900 Microprocessor oral history panel - Downing, Ghest, Holbrook, McConnell, Mick, Simonsen, Springer (2009-02-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102657974">Intel 4004 Microprocessor, interview with Ted Hoff & Stan Mazor (2006-09-20)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658187">Intel 4004 Microprocessor oral history panel - Faggin, Feeny, Hoff, Masatoshi, Mazor (2007-04-25)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102657982">Intel 8008 Microprocessor oral history panel - Faggin, Feeny, Gelbach, Hoff, Mazor, Smith (2006-09-21)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658123">Intel 8080 Microprocessor oral history panel - Bisset, Faggin, Feeny, Gelbach, Hoff, Mazor, Shima (2007-04-26)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102701962">Intel 386 Microprocessor Sole Source Decision oral history panel - Carsten, Dunlap, House, Jenkins (2008-08-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102702019">Intel 386 Microprocessor Development Team oral history panel - Crawford, Hill, Jarrett, Leukhardt, Prak, Slager (2008-12-02)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102702022">Intel 386 Microprocessor Marketing Oral History Panel- Alexy, Krelle, Leglise, Leukhardt, Rey (2008-12-02)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102702020">Motorola 6800 Microprocessor oral history panel - Bennett, Ekiss, Lattin, LaVell (2008-03-28)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658164">Motorola 68000 Microprocessor oral history panel - Browne, Goldman, Gunter, Shahan, Walker (2007-07-23)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658246">National 32000 Microprocessor oral history panel - Alpert, Bal, Freund, Sanquini, Yaron (2008-02-26)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658073">Zilog Z80 Microprocessor oral history panel - Faggin, Shima, Ungermann (2007-04-27)</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/accession/102658075">Zilog Z8000 Microprocessor oral history panel - Faggin, Peuto, Shima, Ungermann (2007-0-27)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="chm-exhibit-container oral_histories pure-g clearfix"> <h2 class="chm-exhibit-related-material-section-header">Oral Histories</h2> <ul> <li>Boone, Gary. An Interview Conducted by David Morton, Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, June 22, 1996, Interview #273 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. </li> <li>Faggin, Federico. Electrical Engineer, an oral history conducted in 2004 by John Vardalas, IEEE History Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. </li> <li>Faggin, Federico (Fairchild and Intel) The Silicon Genesis Interviews (3.3.1995). Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California. </li> <li>Hoff, Marcian (Ted) (Intel) The Silicon Genesis Interviews (3.3.1995). Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California. </li> <li>Mazor, Stan (Intel) The Silicon Genesis Interviews (6.9.2000). Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California. </li> <li>Shima, Masatoshi. Electrical Engineer, an oral history conducted in 1994 by William Aspray, IEEE History Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</li> </ul> <p>Rev: 5.30.20</p> </div> </article> </main>  <div id="chm-exhibit-footer" class=""> © <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); </script> Computer History Museum </div>  </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-VAvG3sHdS5LqTT+5A/aeq/bZGa/Uj04xKxY8KM/w9EE=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/scrollup/2.4.0/jquery.scrollUp.min.js" integrity="sha256-GofkkIGbvlC9F/L17k767FsAZxCJKh0OhvrtUo+c2hc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/siliconengine/_assets/js/chm.slider.menu.v2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/siliconengine/_assets/js/exhibit.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/siliconengine/_assets/js/chm-image-gallery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/siliconengine/_assets/js/siliconengine.js"></script>  <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__top"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-content-5"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Hours and Direction</h2> <div class="textwidget"> <p><a href="/make-plan/">Hours & Direction</a></p> <p>1401 N Shoreline Blvd</p> <p>Mountain View, CA 94034</p> <p>+1 650-810-1010</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="/contact-us/">More Contact Info</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-4"> <div class="menu_one"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/press-releases/">Press</a> </li> <li> <a href="/careers/">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/venue/">Venue</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu_two"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/events/">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/stories/">Stories</a> </li> <li> <a href="/join/">Donate</a> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-3"> <a class="logo" href="/"><img src="/_wrapper/exhibit/img/chm-logo-short.svg" alt=""></a> <div class="footer-term-conditions desktop"> <ul class="menu"> <li class=""> <a href="/terms/">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li>  <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">© <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); </script> Computer History Museum</a> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/_wrapper/exhibit/js/source.dev.js"></script>   </body> </html>

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1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum