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effect approach</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: random effect approach"> <meta name="keywords" content="random effect approach"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="random effect approach"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 28455</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: random effect approach</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28455</span> The Effect of Institutions on Economic Growth: An Analysis Based on Bayesian Panel Data Estimation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Anwar">Mohammad Anwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shah%20Waliullah"> Shah Waliullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated panel data regression models. This paper used Bayesian and classical methods to study the impact of institutions on economic growth from data (1990-2014), especially in developing countries. Under the classical and Bayesian methodology, the two-panel data models were estimated, which are common effects and fixed effects. For the Bayesian approach, the prior information is used in this paper, and normal gamma prior is used for the panel data models. The analysis was done through WinBUGS14 software. The estimated results of the study showed that panel data models are valid models in Bayesian methodology. In the Bayesian approach, the effects of all independent variables were positively and significantly affected by the dependent variables. Based on the standard errors of all models, we must say that the fixed effect model is the best model in the Bayesian estimation of panel data models. Also, it was proved that the fixed effect model has the lowest value of standard error, as compared to other models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20approach" title="Bayesian approach">Bayesian approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20effect" title=" common effect"> common effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effect" title=" fixed effect"> fixed effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effect" title=" random effect"> random effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dynamic%20Random%20Effect%20Model" title=" Dynamic Random Effect Model"> Dynamic Random Effect Model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161692/the-effect-of-institutions-on-economic-growth-an-analysis-based-on-bayesian-panel-data-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28454</span> Infrastructural Investment and Economic Growth in Indian States: A Panel Data Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonardan%20Koner">Jonardan Koner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basabi%20Bhattacharya"> Basabi Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avinash%20Purandare"> Avinash Purandare </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study is focused to find out the impact of infrastructural investment on economic development in Indian states. The study uses panel data analysis to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on Real Gross Domestic Product in Indian States. Panel data analysis incorporates Unit Root Test, Cointegration Teat, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect Approach, Random Effect Approach, Hausman Test. The study analyzes panel data (annual in frequency) ranging from 1991 to 2012 and concludes that infrastructural investment has a desirable impact on economic development in Indian. Finally, the study reveals that the infrastructural investment significantly explains the variation of economic indicator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment" title="infrastructural investment">infrastructural investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20GDP" title=" real GDP"> real GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unit%20root%20test" title=" unit root test"> unit root test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration%20teat" title=" cointegration teat"> cointegration teat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pooled%20ordinary%20least%20squares" title=" pooled ordinary least squares"> pooled ordinary least squares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effect%20approach" title=" fixed effect approach"> fixed effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effect%20approach" title=" random effect approach"> random effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hausman%20test" title=" Hausman test"> Hausman test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380/infrastructural-investment-and-economic-growth-in-indian-states-a-panel-data-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28453</span> A Sequential Approach for Random-Effects Meta-Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samson%20Henry%20Dogo">Samson Henry Dogo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allan%20Clark"> Allan Clark</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Kulinskaya"> Elena Kulinskaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective in meta-analysis is to combine results from several independent studies in order to create generalization and provide evidence based for decision making. But recent studies show that the magnitude of effect size estimates reported in many areas of research finding changed with year publication and this can impair the results and conclusions of meta-analysis. A number of sequential methods have been proposed for monitoring the effect size estimates in meta-analysis. However they are based on statistical theory applicable to fixed effect model (FEM). For random-effects model (REM), the analysis incorporates the heterogeneity variance, tau-squared and its estimation create complications. In this paper proposed the use of Gombay and Serbian (2005) truncated CUSUM-type test with asymptotically valid critical values for sequential monitoring of REM. Simulation results show that the test does not control the Type I error well, and is not recommended. Further work required to derive an appropriate test in this important area of application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta-analysis" title="meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random-effects%20model" title=" random-effects model"> random-effects model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequential%20test" title=" sequential test"> sequential test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20changes%20in%20effect%20sizes" title=" temporal changes in effect sizes"> temporal changes in effect sizes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20044/a-sequential-approach-for-random-effects-meta-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28452</span> Geo-Additive Modeling of Family Size in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwayemisi%20O.%20Alaba">Oluwayemisi O. Alaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20O.%20Olaomi"> John O. Olaomi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data was used to investigate the determinants of family size in Nigeria using the geo-additive model. The fixed effect of categorical covariates were modelled using the diffuse prior, P-spline with second-order random walk for the nonlinear effect of continuous variable, spatial effects followed Markov random field priors while the exchangeable normal priors were used for the random effects of the community and household. The Negative Binomial distribution was used to handle overdispersion of the dependent variable. Inference was fully Bayesian approach. Results showed a declining effect of secondary and higher education of mother, Yoruba tribe, Christianity, family planning, mother giving birth by caesarean section and having a partner who has secondary education on family size. Big family size is positively associated with age at first birth, number of daughters in a household, being gainfully employed, married and living with partner, community and household effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20analysis" title="Bayesian analysis">Bayesian analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20size" title=" family size"> family size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geo-additive%20model" title=" geo-additive model"> geo-additive model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20binomial" title=" negative binomial"> negative binomial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24439/geo-additive-modeling-of-family-size-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28451</span> Stochastic Simulation of Random Numbers Using Linear Congruential Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melvin%20Ballera">Melvin Ballera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aldrich%20Olivar"> Aldrich Olivar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Soriano"> Mary Soriano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Digital computers nowadays must be able to have a utility that is capable of generating random numbers. Usually, computer-generated random numbers are not random given predefined values such as starting point and end points, making the sequence almost predictable. There are many applications of random numbers such business simulation, manufacturing, services domain, entertainment sector and other equally areas making worthwhile to design a unique method and to allow unpredictable random numbers. Applying stochastic simulation using linear congruential algorithm, it shows that as it increases the numbers of the seed and range the number randomly produced or selected by the computer becomes unique. If this implemented in an environment where random numbers are very much needed, the reliability of the random number is guaranteed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20simulation" title="stochastic simulation">stochastic simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20numbers" title=" random numbers"> random numbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20congruential%20algorithm" title=" linear congruential algorithm"> linear congruential algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudorandomness" title=" pseudorandomness"> pseudorandomness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52819/stochastic-simulation-of-random-numbers-using-linear-congruential-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28450</span> Dynamic Variation in Nano-Scale CMOS SRAM Cells Due to LF/RTS Noise and Threshold Voltage </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fadlallah">M. Fadlallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Ghibaudo"> G. Ghibaudo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20G.%20Theodorou"> C. G. Theodorou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dynamic variation in memory devices such as the Static Random Access Memory can give errors in read or write operations. In this paper, the effect of low-frequency and random telegraph noise on the dynamic variation of one SRAM cell is detailed. The effect on circuit noise, speed, and length of time of processing is examined, using the Supply Read Retention Voltage and the Read Static Noise Margin. New test run methods are also developed. The obtained results simulation shows the importance of noise caused by dynamic variation, and the impact of Random Telegraph noise on SRAM variability is examined by evaluating the statistical distributions of Random Telegraph noise amplitude in the pull-up, pull-down. The threshold voltage mismatch between neighboring cell transistors due to intrinsic fluctuations typically contributes to larger reductions in static noise margin. Also the contribution of each of the SRAM transistor to total dynamic variation has been identified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-frequency%20noise" title="low-frequency noise">low-frequency noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20telegraph%20noise" title=" random telegraph noise"> random telegraph noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20variation" title=" dynamic variation"> dynamic variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRRV" title=" SRRV"> SRRV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95313/dynamic-variation-in-nano-scale-cmos-sram-cells-due-to-lfrts-noise-and-threshold-voltage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28449</span> Existence Result of Third Order Functional Random Integro-Differential Inclusion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20S.%20Palimkar">D. S. Palimkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The FRIGDI (functional random integrodifferential inclusion) seems to be new and includes several known random differential inclusions already studied in the literature as special cases have been discussed in the literature for various aspects of the solutions. In this paper, we prove the existence result for FIGDI under the non-convex case of multi-valued function involved in it.Using random fixed point theorem of B. C. Dhage and caratheodory condition. This result is new to the theory of differential inclusion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caratheodory%20condition" title="caratheodory condition">caratheodory condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20differential%20inclusion" title=" random differential inclusion"> random differential inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20solution" title=" random solution"> random solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integro-differential%20inclusion" title=" integro-differential inclusion"> integro-differential inclusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34570/existence-result-of-third-order-functional-random-integro-differential-inclusion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28448</span> Fast Bayesian Inference of Multivariate Block-Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Process (NNGP) Models for Large Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Gonzales">Carlos Gonzales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaida%20Quiroz"> Zaida Quiroz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcos%20Prates"> Marcos Prates</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several spatial variables collected at the same location that share a common spatial distribution can be modeled simultaneously through a multivariate geostatistical model that takes into account the correlation between these variables and the spatial autocorrelation. The main goal of this model is to perform spatial prediction of these variables in the region of study. Here we focus on a geostatistical multivariate formulation that relies on sharing common spatial random effect terms. In particular, the first response variable can be modeled by a mean that incorporates a shared random spatial effect, while the other response variables depend on this shared spatial term, in addition to specific random spatial effects. Each spatial random effect is defined through a Gaussian process with a valid covariance function, but in order to improve the computational efficiency when the data are large, each Gaussian process is approximated to a Gaussian random Markov field (GRMF), specifically to the block nearest neighbor Gaussian process (Block-NNGP). This approach involves dividing the spatial domain into several dependent blocks under certain constraints, where the cross blocks allow capturing the spatial dependence on a large scale, while each individual block captures the spatial dependence on a smaller scale. The multivariate geostatistical model belongs to the class of Latent Gaussian Models; thus, to achieve fast Bayesian inference, it is used the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The good performance of the proposed model is shown through simulations and applications for massive data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Block-NNGP" title="Block-NNGP">Block-NNGP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geostatistics" title=" geostatistics"> geostatistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaussian%20process" title=" gaussian process"> gaussian process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GRMF" title=" GRMF"> GRMF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=INLA" title=" INLA"> INLA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20models." title=" multivariate models."> multivariate models.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170871/fast-bayesian-inference-of-multivariate-block-nearest-neighbor-gaussian-process-nngp-models-for-large-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28447</span> Non-Universality in Barkhausen Noise Signatures of Thin Iron Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Roy">Arnab Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20S.%20Anil%20Kumar"> P. S. Anil Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We discuss angle dependent changes to the Barkhausen noise signatures of thin epitaxial Fe films upon altering the angle of the applied field. We observe a sub-critical to critical phase transition in the hysteresis loop of the sample upon increasing the out-of-plane component of the applied field. The observations are discussed in the light of simulations of a 2D Gaussian Random Field Ising Model with references to a reducible form of the Random Anisotropy Ising Model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barkhausen%20noise" title="Barkhausen noise">Barkhausen noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Planar%20Hall%20effect" title=" Planar Hall effect"> Planar Hall effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Random%20Field%20Ising%20Model" title=" Random Field Ising Model"> Random Field Ising Model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Random%20Anisotropy%20Ising%20Model" title=" Random Anisotropy Ising Model"> Random Anisotropy Ising Model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17529/non-universality-in-barkhausen-noise-signatures-of-thin-iron-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28446</span> Existence Theory for First Order Functional Random Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20N.%20Ingle">Rajkumar N. Ingle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the existence of a solution of nonlinear functional random differential equations of the first order is proved under caratheodory condition. The study of the functional random differential equation has got importance in the random analysis of the dynamical systems of universal phenomena. Objectives: Nonlinear functional random differential equation is useful to the scientists, engineers, and mathematicians, who are engaged in N.F.R.D.E. analyzing a universal random phenomenon, govern by nonlinear random initial value problems of D.E. Applications of this in the theory of diffusion or heat conduction. Methodology: Using the concepts of probability theory, functional analysis, generally the existence theorems for the nonlinear F.R.D.E. are prove by using some tools such as fixed point theorem. The significance of the study: Our contribution will be the generalization of some well-known results in the theory of Nonlinear F.R.D.E.s. Further, it seems that our study will be useful to scientist, engineers, economists and mathematicians in their endeavors to analyses the nonlinear random problems of the universe in a better way. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Random%20Fixed%20Point%20Theorem" title="Random Fixed Point Theorem">Random Fixed Point Theorem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20random%20differential%20equation" title=" functional random differential equation"> functional random differential equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.F.R.D.E." title=" N.F.R.D.E."> N.F.R.D.E.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20random%20phenomenon" title=" universal random phenomenon "> universal random phenomenon </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28934/existence-theory-for-first-order-functional-random-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28445</span> A Very Efficient Pseudo-Random Number Generator Based On Chaotic Maps and S-Box Tables</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hamdi">M. Hamdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rhouma"> R. Rhouma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Belghith"> S. Belghith </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generating random numbers are mainly used to create secret keys or random sequences. It can be carried out by various techniques. In this paper we present a very simple and efficient pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) based on chaotic maps and S-Box tables. This technique adopted two main operations one to generate chaotic values using two logistic maps and the second to transform them into binary words using random S-Box tables. The simulation analysis indicates that our PRNG possessing excellent statistical and cryptographic properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Random%20Numbers" title="Random Numbers">Random Numbers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaotic%20map" title=" Chaotic map"> Chaotic map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S-box" title=" S-box"> S-box</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20tests" title=" statistical tests"> statistical tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21757/a-very-efficient-pseudo-random-number-generator-based-on-chaotic-maps-and-s-box-tables" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28444</span> A New Concept for Deriving the Expected Value of Fuzzy Random Variables</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang-Hsuan%20Chen">Liang-Hsuan Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Jung%20Chang"> Chia-Jung Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuzzy random variables have been introduced as an imprecise concept of numeric values for characterizing the imprecise knowledge. The descriptive parameters can be used to describe the primary features of a set of fuzzy random observations. In fuzzy environments, the expected values are usually represented as fuzzy-valued, interval-valued or numeric-valued descriptive parameters using various metrics. Instead of the concept of area metric that is usually adopted in the relevant studies, the numeric expected value is proposed by the concept of distance metric in this study based on two characters (fuzziness and randomness) of FRVs. Comparing with the existing measures, although the results show that the proposed numeric expected value is same with those using the different metric, if only triangular membership functions are used. However, the proposed approach has the advantages of intuitiveness and computational efficiency, when the membership functions are not triangular types. An example with three datasets is provided for verifying the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20random%20variables" title="fuzzy random variables">fuzzy random variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance%20measure" title=" distance measure"> distance measure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expected%20value" title=" expected value"> expected value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=descriptive%20parameters" title=" descriptive parameters"> descriptive parameters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7545/a-new-concept-for-deriving-the-expected-value-of-fuzzy-random-variables" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28443</span> Heuristic to Generate Random X-Monotone Polygons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamaljit%20Pati">Kamaljit Pati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manas%20Kumar%20Mohanty"> Manas Kumar Mohanty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjib%20Sadhu"> Sanjib Sadhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A heuristic has been designed to generate a random simple monotone polygon from a given set of ‘n’ points lying on a 2-Dimensional plane. Our heuristic generates a random monotone polygon in O(n) time after O(nℓogn) preprocessing time which is improved over the previous work where a random monotone polygon is produced in the same O(n) time but the preprocessing time is O(k) for n < k < n2. However, our heuristic does not generate all possible random polygons with uniform probability. The space complexity of our proposed heuristic is O(n). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sorting" title="sorting">sorting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monotone%20polygon" title=" monotone polygon"> monotone polygon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visibility" title=" visibility"> visibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chain" title=" chain"> chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19252/heuristic-to-generate-random-x-monotone-polygons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28442</span> Comparative Analysis of Effecting Factors on Fertility by Birth Order: A Hierarchical Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Hesari">Ali Hesari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arezoo%20Esmaeeli"> Arezoo Esmaeeli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Regarding to dramatic changes of fertility and higher order births during recent decades in Iran, access to knowledge about affecting factors on different birth orders has crucial importance. In this study, According to hierarchical structure of many of social sciences data and the effect of variables of different levels of social phenomena that determine different birth orders in 365 days ending to 1390 census have been explored by multilevel approach. In this paper, 2% individual row data for 1390 census is analyzed by HLM software. Three different hierarchical linear regression models are estimated for data analysis of the first and second, third, fourth and more birth order. Research results displays different outcomes for three models. Individual level variables entered in equation are; region of residence (rural/urban), age, educational level and labor participation status and province level variable is GDP per capita. Results show that individual level variables have different effects in these three models and in second level we have different random and fixed effects in these models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertility" title="fertility">fertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=birth%20order" title=" birth order"> birth order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20approach" title=" hierarchical approach"> hierarchical approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixe%20effects" title=" fixe effects"> fixe effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effects" title=" random effects"> random effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22660/comparative-analysis-of-effecting-factors-on-fertility-by-birth-order-a-hierarchical-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28441</span> TRNG Based Key Generation for Certificateless Signcryption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.Balaji">S.Balaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.Sujatha"> R.Sujatha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ramakrishnan"> M. Ramakrishnan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Signcryption is a cryptographic primitive that fulfills both the functions of digital signature and public key encryption simultaneously in low cost when compared with the traditional signature-then-encryption approach. In this paper, we propose a novel mouse movement based key generation technique to generate secret keys which is secure against the outer and insider attacks. Tag Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) process is implemented using True Random Number Generator (TRNG) method. This TRNG based key is used for data encryption in the Data Encapsulation Mechanism (DEM). We compare the statistical reports of the proposed system with the previous methods which implements TKEM based on pseudo random number generator <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudo%20random%20umber%20generator" title="pseudo random umber generator">pseudo random umber generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signcryption" title=" signcryption"> signcryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=true%20random%20number%20generator" title=" true random number generator"> true random number generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node%20deployment" title=" node deployment"> node deployment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15844/trng-based-key-generation-for-certificateless-signcryption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28440</span> Effect of Correlation of Random Variables on Structural Reliability Index</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnieszka%20Dudzik">Agnieszka Dudzik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of correlation between random variables in the structural reliability analysis has been extensively discussed in literature on the subject. The cases taken under consideration were usually related to correlation between random variables from one side of ultimate limit state: correlation between particular loads applied on structure or correlation between resistance of particular members of a structure as a system. It has been proved that positive correlation between these random variables reduces the reliability of structure and increases the probability of failure. In the paper, the problem of correlation between random variables from both side of the limit state equation will be taken under consideration. The simplest case where these random variables are of the normal distributions will be concerned. The case when a degree of that correlation is described by the covariance or the coefficient of correlation will be used. Special attention will be paid on questions: how much that correlation changes the reliability level and can it be ignored. In reliability analysis will be used well-known methods for assessment of the failure probability: based on the Hasofer-Lind reliability index and Monte Carlo method adapted to the problem of correlation. The main purpose of this work will be a presentation how correlation of random variables influence on reliability index of steel bar structures. Structural design parameters will be defined as deterministic values and random variables. The latter will be correlated. The criterion of structural failure will be expressed by limit functions related to the ultimate and serviceability limit state. In the description of random variables will be used only for the normal distribution. Sensitivity of reliability index to the random variables will be defined. If the reliability index sensitivity due to the random variable X will be low when compared with other variables, it can be stated that the impact of this variable on failure probability is small. Therefore, in successive computations, it can be treated as a deterministic parameter. Sensitivity analysis leads to simplify the description of the mathematical model, determine the new limit functions and values of the Hasofer-Lind reliability index. In the examples, the NUMPRESS software will be used in the reliability analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation%20of%20random%20variables" title="correlation of random variables">correlation of random variables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20index" title=" reliability index"> reliability index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity%20of%20reliability%20index" title=" sensitivity of reliability index"> sensitivity of reliability index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20structure" title=" steel structure"> steel structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95343/effect-of-correlation-of-random-variables-on-structural-reliability-index" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95343.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28439</span> Numerical Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer Performance in an Inclined Cavity: Nanofluid and Random Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hicham%20Salhi">Hicham Salhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Si-Ameur"> Mohamed Si-Ameur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadjib%20Chafai"> Nadjib Chafai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural convection of a nanofluid consisting of water and nanoparticles (Ag or TiO2) in an inclined enclosure cavity, has been studied numerically, heated by a (random temperature, based on the random function). The governing equations are solved numerically using the finite-volume. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number. In addition, a parametric study is carried out to examine explicitly the volume fraction effects of nanoparticles (Ψ= 0.1, 0.2), the Rayleigh number (Ra=103, 104, 105, 106),the inclination angle of the cavity( égale à 0°, 30°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°), types of temperature (constant ,random), types of (NF) (Ag andTiO2). The results reveal that (NPs) addition remarkably enhances heat transfer in the cavity especially for (Ψ= 0.2). Besides, the effect of inclination angle and type of temperature is more pronounced at higher Rayleigh number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofluid" title="nanofluid">nanofluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20convection" title=" natural convection"> natural convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20cavity" title=" inclined cavity"> inclined cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20temperature" title=" random temperature"> random temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite-volume" title=" finite-volume"> finite-volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45433/numerical-study-of-natural-convection-heat-transfer-performance-in-an-inclined-cavity-nanofluid-and-random-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28438</span> Forecasting the Fluctuation of Currency Exchange Rate Using Random Forest</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lule%20Basha">Lule Basha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eralda%20Gjika"> Eralda Gjika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The exchange rate is one of the most important economic variables, especially for a small, open economy such as Albania. Its effect is noticeable in one country's competitiveness, trade and current account, inflation, wages, domestic economic activity, and bank stability. This study investigates the fluctuation of Albania’s exchange rates using monthly average foreign currency, Euro (Eur) to Albanian Lek (ALL) exchange rate with a time span from January 2008 to June 2021, and the macroeconomic factors that have a significant effect on the exchange rate. Initially, the Random Forest Regression algorithm is constructed to understand the impact of economic variables on the behavior of monthly average foreign currencies exchange rates. Then the forecast of macro-economic indicators for 12 months was performed using time series models. The predicted values received are placed in the random forest model in order to obtain the average monthly forecast of the Euro to Albanian Lek (ALL) exchange rate for the period July 2021 to June 2022. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title="exchange rate">exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series" title=" time series"> time series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145158/forecasting-the-fluctuation-of-currency-exchange-rate-using-random-forest" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28437</span> Test-Retest Agreement, Random Measurement Error and Practice Effect of the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs for Patients with Schizophrenia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuan-Wei%20Chen">Kuan-Wei Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Wei%20Chen"> Chien-Wei Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tai-Ling%20Chang"> Tai-Ling Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nan-Cheng%20Chen"> Nan-Cheng Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Lin%20Hsieh"> Ching-Lin Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gong-Hong%20Lin"> Gong-Hong Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Purposes: Deficits in sustained attention are common in patients with schizophrenia. Such impairment can limit patients to effectively execute daily activities and affect the efficacy of rehabilitation. The aims of this study were to examine the test-retest agreement, random measurement error, and practice effect of the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) (a commonly used sustained attention test) in patients with schizophrenia. The results can provide empirical evidence for clinicians and researchers to apply a sustained attention test with sound psychometric properties in schizophrenia patients. Methods: We recruited patients with chronic schizophrenia to be assessed twice with 1 week interval using CPT-IP. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine the test-retest agreement. The percentage of minimal detectable change (MDC%) was used to examine the random measurement error. Moreover, the standardized response mean (SRM) was used to examine the practice effect. Results: A total of 56 patients participated in this study. Our results showed that the ICC was 0.82, MDC% was 47.4%, and SRMs were 0.36 for the CPT-IP. Conclusion: Our results indicate that CPT-IP has acceptable test-retests agreement, substantial random measurement error, and small practice effect in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, to avoid overestimating patients’ changes in sustained attention, we suggest that clinicians interpret the change scores of CPT-IP conservatively in their routine repeated assessments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schizophrenia" title="schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustained%20attention" title=" sustained attention"> sustained attention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CPT-IP" title=" CPT-IP"> CPT-IP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75846/test-retest-agreement-random-measurement-error-and-practice-effect-of-the-continuous-performance-test-identical-pairs-for-patients-with-schizophrenia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28436</span> Empirical Study of Running Correlations in Exam Marks: Same Statistical Pattern as Chance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weisi%20Guo">Weisi Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well established that there may be running correlations in sequential exam marks due to students sitting in the order of course registration patterns. As such, a random and non-sequential sampling of exam marks is a standard recommended practice. Here, the paper examines a large number of exam data stretching several years across different modules to see the degree to which it is true. Using the real mark distribution as a generative process, it was found that random simulated data had no more sequential randomness than the real data. That is to say, the running correlations that one often observes are statistically identical to chance. Digging deeper, it was found that some high running correlations have students that indeed share a common course history and make similar mistakes. However, at the statistical scale of a module question, the combined effect is statistically similar to the random shuffling of papers. As such, there may not be the need to take random samples for marks, but it still remains good practice to mark papers in a random sequence to reduce the repetitive marking bias and errors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20analysis" title="data analysis">data analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20study" title=" empirical study"> empirical study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exams" title=" exams"> exams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marking" title=" marking"> marking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98644/empirical-study-of-running-correlations-in-exam-marks-same-statistical-pattern-as-chance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28435</span> Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Random Dither Quantization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto">Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, feedback control systems using random dither quantizers have been proposed for linear discrete-time systems. However, the constraints imposed on state and control variables have not yet been taken into account for the design of feedback control systems with random dither quantization. Model predictive control is a kind of optimal feedback control in which control performance over a finite future is optimized with a performance index that has a moving initial and terminal time. An important advantage of model predictive control is its ability to handle constraints imposed on state and control variables. Based on the model predictive control approach, the objective of this paper is to present a control method that satisfies probabilistic state constraints for linear discrete-time feedback control systems with random dither quantization. In other words, this paper provides a method for solving the optimal control problems subject to probabilistic state constraints for linear discrete-time feedback control systems with random dither quantization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title="optimal control">optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20systems" title=" stochastic systems"> stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20dither" title=" random dither"> random dither</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantization" title=" quantization"> quantization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63970/stochastic-model-predictive-control-for-linear-discrete-time-systems-with-random-dither-quantization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28434</span> Seismic Design Approach for Areas with Low Seismicity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mogens%20Saberi">Mogens Saberi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The following article focuses on a new seismic design approach for Denmark. Denmark is located in a low seismic zone and up till now a general and very simplified approach has been used to accommodate the effect of seismic loading. The current used method is presented and it is found that the approach is on the unsafe side for many building types in Denmark. The damages during time due to earth quake is presented and a seismic map for Denmark is developed and presented. Furthermore, a new design approach is suggested and compared to the existing one. The new approach is relatively simple but captures the effect of seismic loading more realistic than the existing one. The new approach is believed to the incorporated in the Danish Deign Code for building structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20seismicity" title="low seismicity">low seismicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20design%20approach" title=" new design approach"> new design approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquakes" title=" earthquakes"> earthquakes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denmark" title=" Denmark"> Denmark</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59411/seismic-design-approach-for-areas-with-low-seismicity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28433</span> Optimizing Skill Development in Golf Putting: An Investigation of Blocked, Random, and Increasing Practice Schedules</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20White">John White</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated the effects of practice schedules on learning and performance in golf putting, specifically focusing on the impact of increasing contextual interference (CI). University students (n=7) were randomly assigned to blocked, random, or increasing practice schedules. During acquisition, participants performed 135 putting trials using different weighted golf balls. The blocked group followed a specific sequence of ball weights, while the random group practiced with the balls in a random order. The increasing group started with a blocked schedule, transitioned to a serial schedule, and concluded with a random schedule. Retention and transfer tests were conducted 24 hours later. The results indicated that high levels of CI (random practice) were more beneficial for learning than low levels of CI (blocked practice). The increasing practice schedule, incorporating blocked, serial, and random practice, demonstrated advantages over traditional blocked and random schedules. Additionally, EEG was used to explore the neurophysiological effects of the increasing practice schedule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skill%20acquisition" title="skill acquisition">skill acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motor%20control" title=" motor control"> motor control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contextual%20interference" title=" contextual interference"> contextual interference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172538/optimizing-skill-development-in-golf-putting-an-investigation-of-blocked-random-and-increasing-practice-schedules" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28432</span> Determining Optimal Number of Trees in Random Forests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Songul%20Cinaroglu">Songul Cinaroglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Random Forest is an efficient, multi-class machine learning method using for classification, regression and other tasks. This method is operating by constructing each tree using different bootstrap sample of the data. Determining the number of trees in random forests is an open question in the literature for studies about improving classification performance of random forests. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze whether there is an optimal number of trees in Random Forests and how performance of Random Forests differ according to increase in number of trees using sample health data sets in R programme. Method: In this study we analyzed the performance of Random Forests as the number of trees grows and doubling the number of trees at every iteration using “random forest” package in R programme. For determining minimum and optimal number of trees we performed Mc Nemar test and Area Under ROC Curve respectively. Results: At the end of the analysis it was found that as the number of trees grows, it does not always means that the performance of the forest is better than forests which have fever trees. In other words larger number of trees only increases computational costs but not increases performance results. Conclusion: Despite general practice in using random forests is to generate large number of trees for having high performance results, this study shows that increasing number of trees doesn’t always improves performance. Future studies can compare different kinds of data sets and different performance measures to test whether Random Forest performance results change as number of trees increase or not. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20methods" title="classification methods">classification methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title=" decision trees"> decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20trees" title=" number of trees"> number of trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30675/determining-optimal-number-of-trees-in-random-forests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28431</span> [Keynote Talk]: Existence of Random Fixed Point Theorem for Contractive Mappings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20S.%20Palimkar">D. S. Palimkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Random fixed point theory has received much attention in recent years, and it is needed for the study of various classes of random equations. The study of random fixed point theorems was initiated by the Prague school of probabilistic in the 1950s. The existence and uniqueness of fixed points for the self-maps of a metric space by altering distances between the points with the use of a control function is an interesting aspect in the classical fixed point theory. In a new category of fixed point problems for a single self-map with the help of a control function that alters the distance between two points in a metric space which they called an altering distance function. In this paper, we prove the results of existence of random common fixed point and its uniqueness for a pair of random mappings under weakly contractive condition for generalizing alter distance function in polish spaces using Random Common Fixed Point Theorem for Generalized Weakly Contractions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polish%20space" title="Polish space">Polish space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20common%20fixed%20point%20theorem" title=" random common fixed point theorem"> random common fixed point theorem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weakly%20contractive%20mapping" title=" weakly contractive mapping"> weakly contractive mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=altering%20function" title=" altering function"> altering function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79650/keynote-talk-existence-of-random-fixed-point-theorem-for-contractive-mappings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28430</span> Facial Expression Recognition Using Sparse Gaussian Conditional Random Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadamin%20Abbasnejad">Mohammadamin Abbasnejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The analysis of expression and facial Action Units (AUs) detection are very important tasks in fields of computer vision and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) due to the wide range of applications in human life. Many works have been done during the past few years which has their own advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we present a new model based on Gaussian Conditional Random Field. We solve our objective problem using ADMM and we show how well the proposed model works. We train and test our work on two facial expression datasets, CK+, and RU-FACS. Experimental evaluation shows that our proposed approach outperform state of the art expression recognition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaussian%20Conditional%20Random%20Field" title="Gaussian Conditional Random Field">Gaussian Conditional Random Field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADMM" title=" ADMM"> ADMM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence" title=" convergence"> convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20descent" title=" gradient descent"> gradient descent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26245/facial-expression-recognition-using-sparse-gaussian-conditional-random-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26245.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28429</span> Credit Risk Prediction Based on Bayesian Estimation of Logistic Regression Model with Random Effects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sami%20Mestiri">Sami Mestiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdeljelil%20Farhat"> Abdeljelil Farhat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this current paper is to predict the credit risk of banks in Tunisia, over the period (2000-2005). For this purpose, two methods for the estimation of the logistic regression model with random effects: Penalized Quasi Likelihood (PQL) method and Gibbs Sampler algorithm are applied. By using the information on a sample of 528 Tunisian firms and 26 financial ratios, we show that Bayesian approach improves the quality of model predictions in terms of good classification as well as by the ROC curve result. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title="forecasting">forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=credit%20risk" title=" credit risk"> credit risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Penalized%20Quasi%20Likelihood" title=" Penalized Quasi Likelihood"> Penalized Quasi Likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gibbs%20Sampler" title=" Gibbs Sampler"> Gibbs Sampler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression%20with%20random%20effects" title=" logistic regression with random effects"> logistic regression with random effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curve%20ROC" title=" curve ROC"> curve ROC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28981/credit-risk-prediction-based-on-bayesian-estimation-of-logistic-regression-model-with-random-effects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">542</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28428</span> Effect of the Aluminium Concentration on the Laser Wavelength of Random Trimer Barrier AlxGa1-xAs Superlattices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Bentata">Samir Bentata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Bendahma"> Fatima Bendahma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We have numerically investigated the effect of Aluminium concentration on the the laser wavelength of random trimer barrier AlxGa1-xAs superlattices (RTBSL). Such systems consist of two different structures randomly distributed along the growth direction, with the additional constraint that the barriers of one kind appear in triply. An explicit formula is given for evaluating the transmission coefficient of superlattices (SL's) with intentional correlated disorder. The method is based on Airy function formalism and the transfer-matrix technique. We discuss the impact of the Aluminium concentration associate to the structure profile on the laser wavelengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superlattices" title="superlattices">superlattices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlated%20disorder" title=" correlated disorder"> correlated disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20coefficient" title=" transmission coefficient"> transmission coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20wavelength" title=" laser wavelength "> laser wavelength </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15343/effect-of-the-aluminium-concentration-on-the-laser-wavelength-of-random-trimer-barrier-alxga1-xas-superlattices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15343.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28427</span> Simulation of Glass Breakage Using Voronoi Random Field Tessellations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20A.%20Kraus">Michael A. Kraus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navid%20Pourmoghaddam"> Navid Pourmoghaddam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Botz"> Martin Botz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jens%20Schneider"> Jens Schneider</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geralt%20Siebert"> Geralt Siebert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fragmentation analysis of tempered glass gives insight into the quality of the tempering process and defines a certain degree of safety as well. Different standard such as the European EN 12150-1 or the American ASTM C 1048/CPSC 16 CFR 1201 define a minimum number of fragments required for soda-lime safety glass on the basis of fragmentation test results for classification. This work presents an approach for the glass breakage pattern prediction using a Voronoi Tesselation over Random Fields. The random Voronoi tessellation is trained with and validated against data from several breakage patterns. The fragments in observation areas of 50 mm x 50 mm were used for training and validation. All glass specimen used in this study were commercially available soda-lime glasses at three different thicknesses levels of 4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm. The results of this work form a Bayesian framework for the training and prediction of breakage patterns of tempered soda-lime glass using a Voronoi Random Field Tesselation. Uncertainties occurring in this process can be well quantified, and several statistical measures of the pattern can be preservation with this method. Within this work it was found, that different Random Fields as basis for the Voronoi Tesselation lead to differently well fitted statistical properties of the glass breakage patterns. As the methodology is derived and kept general, the framework could be also applied to other random tesselations and crack pattern modelling purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20breakage%20predicition" title="glass breakage predicition">glass breakage predicition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Voronoi%20Random%20Field%20Tessellation" title=" Voronoi Random Field Tessellation"> Voronoi Random Field Tessellation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fragmentation%20analysis" title=" fragmentation analysis"> fragmentation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20parameter%20identification" title=" Bayesian parameter identification"> Bayesian parameter identification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91308/simulation-of-glass-breakage-using-voronoi-random-field-tessellations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91308.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28426</span> Influence of Random Fibre Packing on the Compressive Strength of Fibre Reinforced Plastic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Wang">Y. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zhang"> S. Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X.%20Chen"> X. Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The longitudinal compressive strength of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) possess a large stochastic variability, which limits efficient application of composite structures. This study aims to address how the random fibre packing affects the uncertainty of FRP compressive strength. An novel approach is proposed to generate random fibre packing status by a combination of Latin hypercube sampling and random sequential expansion. 3D nonlinear finite element model is built which incorporates both the matrix plasticity and fibre geometrical instability. The matrix is modeled by isotropic ideal elasto-plastic solid elements, and the fibres are modeled by linear-elastic rebar elements. Composite with a series of different nominal fibre volume fractions are studied. Premature fibre waviness at different magnitude and direction is introduced in the finite element model. Compressive tests on uni-directional CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced plastic) are conducted following the ASTM D6641. By a comparison of 3D FE models and compressive tests, it is clearly shown that the stochastic variation of compressive strength is partly caused by the random fibre packing, and normal or lognormal distribution tends to be a good fit the probabilistic compressive strength. Furthermore, it is also observed that different random fibre packing could trigger two different fibre micro-buckling modes while subjected to longitudinal compression: out-of-plane buckling and twisted buckling. The out-of-plane buckling mode results much larger compressive strength, and this is the major reason why the random fibre packing results a large uncertainty in the FRP compressive strength. This study would contribute to new approaches to the quality control of FRP considering higher compressive strength or lower uncertainty. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP" title=" FRP"> FRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-buckling" title=" micro-buckling"> micro-buckling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20fibre%20packing" title=" random fibre packing"> random fibre packing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86173/influence-of-random-fibre-packing-on-the-compressive-strength-of-fibre-reinforced-plastic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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