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infrastructural investment</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: infrastructural investment"> <meta name="keywords" content="infrastructural investment"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="infrastructural investment"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1467</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: infrastructural investment</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1467</span> Impact of Infrastructural Development on Socio-Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonardan%20Koner">Jonardan Koner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study attempts to find out the impact of infrastructural investment on state economic growth in India. It further tries to determine the magnitude of the impact of infrastructural investment on economic indicator, i.e., per-capita income (PCI) in Indian States. The study uses panel regression technique to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on per-capita income (PCI) in Indian States. Panel regression technique helps incorporate both the cross-section and time-series aspects of the dataset. In order to analyze the difference in impact of the explanatory variables on the explained variables across states, the study uses Fixed Effect Panel Regression Model. The conclusions of the study are that infrastructural investment has a desirable impact on economic development and that the impact is different for different states in India. We analyze time series data (annual frequency) ranging from 1991 to 2010. The study reveals that the infrastructural investment significantly explains the variation of economic indicators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment" title="infrastructural investment">infrastructural investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20regression" title=" multiple regression"> multiple regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20regression%20techniques" title=" panel regression techniques"> panel regression techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title=" economic development"> economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effect%20dummy%20variable%20model" title=" fixed effect dummy variable model "> fixed effect dummy variable model </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5680/impact-of-infrastructural-development-on-socio-economic-growth-an-empirical-investigation-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5680.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1466</span> Infrastructural Investment and Economic Growth in Indian States: A Panel Data Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonardan%20Koner">Jonardan Koner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basabi%20Bhattacharya"> Basabi Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avinash%20Purandare"> Avinash Purandare </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study is focused to find out the impact of infrastructural investment on economic development in Indian states. The study uses panel data analysis to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on Real Gross Domestic Product in Indian States. Panel data analysis incorporates Unit Root Test, Cointegration Teat, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect Approach, Random Effect Approach, Hausman Test. The study analyzes panel data (annual in frequency) ranging from 1991 to 2012 and concludes that infrastructural investment has a desirable impact on economic development in Indian. Finally, the study reveals that the infrastructural investment significantly explains the variation of economic indicator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment" title="infrastructural investment">infrastructural investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20GDP" title=" real GDP"> real GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unit%20root%20test" title=" unit root test"> unit root test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration%20teat" title=" cointegration teat"> cointegration teat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pooled%20ordinary%20least%20squares" title=" pooled ordinary least squares"> pooled ordinary least squares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effect%20approach" title=" fixed effect approach"> fixed effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effect%20approach" title=" random effect approach"> random effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hausman%20test" title=" Hausman test"> Hausman test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380/infrastructural-investment-and-economic-growth-in-indian-states-a-panel-data-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1465</span> A Theory of Vertical Partnerships Model as Responsive Failure in Alternative Arrangement for Infrastructural Development in the Third World Countries: A Comparative Public Administration Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cyril%20Ekuaze">Cyril Ekuaze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper was instigated by a set of assumption drawn at the introduction to a research work on alternative institutional arrangements for sustaining rural infrastructure in developing countries. Of one of such assumption is the one held that, a problem facing developing countries is the sustaining of infrastructural investment long enough to allow the facility to at least repay the cost of the development as been due to insufficient maintenance. On the contrary, this work argues that, most international partnerships relation with developing nations in developing infrastructures is “vertical modeling” with the hierarchical authority and command flow from top to bottom. The work argued that where international donor partners/agencies set out infrastructural development agenda in the developing nations without cognizance of design suitability and capacity for maintenance by the recipient nations; and where public administrative capacity building in the field of science, technology and engineering requisite for design, development and sustenance of infrastructure in the recipient countries are negated, prospective output becomes problematic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20partnerships" title="vertical partnerships">vertical partnerships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsive%20failure" title=" responsive failure"> responsive failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20development" title=" infrastructural development"> infrastructural development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title=" developing countries"> developing countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11149/a-theory-of-vertical-partnerships-model-as-responsive-failure-in-alternative-arrangement-for-infrastructural-development-in-the-third-world-countries-a-comparative-public-administration-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1464</span> An Empirical Investigation of Uncertainty and the Lumpy Investment Channel of Monetary Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Fang">Min Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiaxi%20Yang"> Jiaxi Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Monetary policy could be less effective at stimulating investment during periods of elevated volatility than during normal times. In this paper, we argue that elevated volatility leads to a decrease in extensive margin investment incentive so that nominal stimulus generates less aggregate investment. To do this, we first empirically document that high volatility weakens firms’ investment responses to monetary stimulus. Such effects depend on the lumpiness nature of the firm-level investment. The findings are that the channel exists for all of the physical investment, innovation investment, and organization investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title="investment">investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irreversibility" title=" irreversibility"> irreversibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatility" title=" volatility"> volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firm%20heterogeneity" title=" firm heterogeneity"> firm heterogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monetary%20policy" title=" monetary policy"> monetary policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162944/an-empirical-investigation-of-uncertainty-and-the-lumpy-investment-channel-of-monetary-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1463</span> Optimising GIS in Cushioning the Environmental Impact of Infrastructural Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akerele%20Akintunde%20Hareef">Akerele Akintunde Hareef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> GIS is an integrating tool for storing, retrieving, manipulating, and analyzing spatial data. It is a tool which defines an area with respect to features and other relevant thematic delineations. On the other hand, Environmental Impact Assessment in short is both positive and negative impact of an infrastructure on an environment. Impact of infrastructural projects on the environment is an aspect of development that barely get extensive portion of pre-project execution phase and when they do, the effects are most times not implemented to cushion the impact they have on human and the environment. In this research, infrastructural projects like road constructions, water reticulation projects, building constructions, bridge etc. have immense impact on the environment and the people that reside in location of construction. Hence, the need for this research tends to portray the relevance of Environmental Impact assessment in calculating the vulnerability of human and the environment to imbalance necessitated by this infrastructural development and how the use of GIS application can be optimally applied to annul or minimize the effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact%20assessment%20%28EIA%29" title="environmental impact assessment (EIA)">environmental impact assessment (EIA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20system%20%28GIS%29" title=" geographic information system (GIS)"> geographic information system (GIS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20projects" title=" infrastructural projects"> infrastructural projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment "> environment </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22890/optimising-gis-in-cushioning-the-environmental-impact-of-infrastructural-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1462</span> Residents' Satisfaction with Infrastructural Facilities in the Peri-Urban Area of Ibadan, Southwest of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20Ayorinde%20Okanlawon">Simon Ayorinde Okanlawon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines residents’ assessment of with infrastructural facilities in the urban fringe of Ibadan, Nigeria. Random sampling technique was used in selecting four Local Government Areas out of the six suburban LGAs of the city. Google earth and ground trotting were used in capturing and selecting seven hundred and forty-two new houses. The questionnaires administered on house owners were harvested on the spot. The information collected includes socio-economic and demographic characteristics of residents as well as characteristics of infrastructural facilities. The study utilised both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses; Facility Availability Index (FAI) Facility Functionality Index (FFI) and Residents’ Satisfactions Index (RSI) were used to compare respectively residents’ perceived levels of availability of, the functionality of, and satisfaction with facilities across Local Government Areas. The study shows that levels of both availability of, and satisfaction with infrastructural facilities are low with respective overall FAI (0.8) and RSI (0.05), while the functionality of the facilities is generally very poor IFFI = - 0.58). Strategies were proposed to enhance the good, livable, and healthy environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20facilities" title="infrastructural facilities">infrastructural facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20perception%20index" title=" infrastructural perception index"> infrastructural perception index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residents%E2%80%99%20satisfaction" title=" residents’ satisfaction"> residents’ satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20fringe%20of%20Ibadan" title=" urban fringe of Ibadan"> urban fringe of Ibadan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73730/residents-satisfaction-with-infrastructural-facilities-in-the-peri-urban-area-of-ibadan-southwest-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1461</span> Examination of the Influence of the Near-Surface Geology on the Initial Infrastructural Development Using High-Resolution Seismic Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Collins%20Chiemeke">Collins Chiemeke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Ibe"> Stephen Ibe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godwin%20Onyedim"> Godwin Onyedim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research work on high-resolution seismic tomography method was carried out with the aim of investigating how near-surface geology influences the initial distribution of infrastructural development in an area like Otuoke and its environs. To achieve this objective, seismic tomography method was employed. The result revealed that the overburden (highly-weathered layer) thickness ranges from 27 m to 50 m within the survey area, with an average value of 37 m. The 3D surface analysis for the overburden thickness distribution within the survey area showed that the thickness of the overburden is more in regions with less infrastructural development, and least in built-up areas. The range of velocity distribution from the surface to within a depth of 5 m is about 660 m/s to 1160 m/s, with an average value of 946 m/s. The 3D surface analysis of the velocity distribution also revealed that the areas with large infrastructural development are characterized with large velocity values compared with the undeveloped regions that has average low-velocity values. Hence, one can conclusively say that the initial settlement of Otuoke and its environs and the subsequent infrastructural development was influenced by the underlying near surface geology (rigid earth), among other factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geology" title="geology">geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic" title=" seismic"> seismic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural" title=" infrastructural"> infrastructural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=near-surface" title=" near-surface"> near-surface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51401/examination-of-the-influence-of-the-near-surface-geology-on-the-initial-infrastructural-development-using-high-resolution-seismic-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1460</span> Does Inflation Affect Private Investment in Nigeria?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amassoma%20Ditimi">Amassoma Ditimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nwosa%20Philip%20Ifeakachukwu"> Nwosa Philip Ifeakachukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the impact of inflation on private investment in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2012. Private investment was measured by foreign direct investment and private domestic investment. The study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The empirical regression estimate showed that inflation had a positive but insignificant effect on private investment in Nigeria; implying that although an increase in inflation rate leads to a corresponding increase in private investment but however the effect was found to be insignificant. Thus, the study recommended that government should prevent high inflation rate that can negatively affect private investment in Nigeria and government should also put in place appropriate facilities that are investment enhancing in order to increase the level of both domestic and foreign private investment in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation%20rate" title="inflation rate">inflation rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20investment" title=" private investment"> private investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OLS" title=" OLS"> OLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33214/does-inflation-affect-private-investment-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1459</span> Relationship between Financial Reporting Transparency and Investment Efficiency: Evidence from Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bita%20Mashayekhi">Bita Mashayekhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Kalhornia"> Hamid Kalhornia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important roles of financial reporting is improving the firms’ investment decisions; however, there is not much supporting evidence for this claim in emerging markets like Iran. In this study, the effect of financial reporting transparency in investment efficiency of Iranian firms has been investigated. In order to do this, 336 listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) has been selected for time period 2012 to 2015 as research sample. For testing our main hypothesis, we classified sample firms into two groups based on their deviation from expected investment: under-investment and over-investment cases. The results indicate that there is positive significant relationship between financial transparency and investment efficiency. In the other words, transparency can mitigate both underinvestment and overinvestment situations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title="corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disclosure" title=" disclosure"> disclosure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20decisions" title=" investment decisions"> investment decisions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20efficiency" title=" investment efficiency"> investment efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47721/relationship-between-financial-reporting-transparency-and-investment-efficiency-evidence-from-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1458</span> COVID-19: A Thread to the Security System of Foreign Investment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Ghaemi">Mehdi Ghaemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In principle, foreign investment security is enshrined in International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in the form of protection standards such as the Full Protection and Security Standard (FPS). Accordingly, the host countries undertake to provide the necessary security for the economic activities of foreign investment. With the outbreak of coronavirus, the international community called COVID-19 a threat to international peace security, as well as to the public interest and national security of nations; and to deal with, they proposed several solutions, generally including quarantine, creating social distances, and restricting businesses. This article first studies the security of foreign investment in international investment law. In the following, it analyzes the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for foreign investment security so that if there is a threat to that security, solutions could be offered to reduce it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20investment" title="foreign investment">foreign investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FPS%20standard" title=" FPS standard"> FPS standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host%20country" title=" host country"> host country</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health" title=" public health"> public health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163637/covid-19-a-thread-to-the-security-system-of-foreign-investment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1457</span> Risk Identification of Investment Feasibility in Indonesia’s Toll Road Infrastructure Investment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christo%20Februanto%20Putra">Christo Februanto Putra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents risk identification that affects investment feasibility on toll road infrastructure in Indonesia using qualitative methods survey based on the expert practitioner in investor, contractor, and state officials. The problems on infrastructure investment in Indonesia, especially on KPBU model contract, is many risk factors in the investment plan is not calculated in detail thoroughly. Risk factor is a value used to provide an overview of the risk level assessment of an event which is a function of the probability of the occurrence and the consequences of the risks that arise. As results of the survey which is to show which risk factors impacts directly to the investment feasibility and rank them by their impacts on the investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20identification" title="risk identification">risk identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indonesia%20toll%20road" title=" indonesia toll road"> indonesia toll road</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20feasibility" title=" investment feasibility"> investment feasibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142379/risk-identification-of-investment-feasibility-in-indonesias-toll-road-infrastructure-investment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142379.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1456</span> Pros and Cons of Agriculture Investment in Gambella Region, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azeb%20Degife">Azeb Degife</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the past few years, the volume of international investment in agricultural land has increased globally. In recent times, Ethiopian government uses agricultural investment as one of the most important and effective strategies for economic growth, food security and poverty reduction in rural areas. Since the mid-2000s, government has awarded millions of hectares of most fertile land to rich countries and some of the world's most wealthy people to export various kinds of crop, often in long-term leases and at bargain prices. This study focuses on the pros and cons of large-scale agriculture investment Gambella region, Ethiopia. The main results were generated both from primary and secondary data sources. Primary data are obtained through interview, direct observation and a focus group discussion (FGDs). The secondary data are obtained from published documents, reports from governmental and non-governmental institutions. The findings of the study demonstrated that agriculture investment has advantages on the socio-economic and disadvantages on socio-environmental aspects. The main benefits agriculture investments in the region are infrastructural development and generation employment for the local people. Further, the Ethiopian government also generates foreign currency from the agriculture investment opportunities. On the other hand, Gambella people are strongly tied to the land and the rivers that run through in the region. However, now large-scale agricultural investment by foreign and local investors on an industrial scale results deprives people livelihoods and natural resources of the region. Generally, the negative effects of agriculture investment include increasing food insecurity, and displacement of smallholder farmers and pastoralists. Moreover, agriculture investment has strong adverse environmental impacts on natural resources such as land, water, forests and biodiversity. Therefore, an Ethiopian government strategy needs to focus on integration approach and sustainable agricultural growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture%20investment" title="agriculture investment">agriculture investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cons" title=" cons"> cons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacement" title=" displacement"> displacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gambella" title=" Gambella"> Gambella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration%20approach" title=" integration approach"> integration approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pros" title=" pros"> pros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic" title=" socio-economic"> socio-economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-environmental" title=" socio-environmental"> socio-environmental</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69670/pros-and-cons-of-agriculture-investment-in-gambella-region-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1455</span> Dynamics of Investor's Behaviour: An Analytical Survey Study in Indian Securities Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saurabh%20Agarwal">Saurabh Agarwal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to formalise the effect of demographic variables like marital status, gender, occupation and age on the source of investment advice which, in turn, affect the herd behaviour of investors and probability of investment in near future. Further, postulations have been made for most preferred investment option and purpose of saving and source of investment. Impact of theoretical analysis on choice among investment alternatives has also been investigated. The analysis contributes to understanding the different investment choices made by households in India. The insights offered in the paper indirectly contribute in uncovering the various unexplained asset pricing puzzles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portfolio%20choice" title="portfolio choice">portfolio choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20decisions" title=" investment decisions"> investment decisions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investor%E2%80%99s%20behaviour" title=" investor’s behaviour"> investor’s behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20securities%20market" title=" Indian securities market"> Indian securities market</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13305/dynamics-of-investors-behaviour-an-analytical-survey-study-in-indian-securities-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1454</span> An Analysis of Public Environmental Investment on the Sustainable Development in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Y.%20Chen">K. Y. Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20N.%20Jia"> Y. N. Jia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Chua"> H. Chua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20W.%20Kan"> C. W. Kan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the largest developing country in the world, China is now facing the problem arising from the environment. Thus, China government increases the environmental investment yearly. In this study, we will analyse the effect of the public environmental investment on the sustainable development in China. Firstly, we will review the current situation of China's environmental issue. Secondly, we will collect the yearly environmental data as well as the information of public environmental investment. Finally, we will use the collected data to analyse and project the SWOT of public environmental investment in China. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide the relationship between public environmental investment and sustainable development in China. Based on the data collected, it was revealed that the public environmental investment had a positive impact on the sustainable development in China as well as the GDP growth. Acknowledgment: Authors would like to thank the financial support from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for this work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20environmental%20investment" title=" public environmental investment"> public environmental investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60215/an-analysis-of-public-environmental-investment-on-the-sustainable-development-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1453</span> Economic Stability and Legitimate Expectations in Foreign Investment Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Ghaemi">Mehdi Ghaemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the current paper, there is an attempt to examine the legal system that overrules economic stability and legitimate expectations of foreign investment rights. Studies show that Meeting the legitimate expectations of foreign investment is one of the rights and privileges which obviously are to be benefited from by all types of foreign investments. The legitimate expectations of foreign investors are protected and structured strongly with the help of international investment laws. The body of international investment laws is faced with multiple challenges with respect to the legitimate expectations of foreign investments, including the Economic stability and the public interest of the host country, the attitude of the host country towards the legitimate rights and privileges of the foreign investment, the ways to meet and to control those expectations, and also the assessment of the regulations of the host country which would affect the investing bodies within different circumstances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20investment" title="foreign investment">foreign investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legitimate%20expectations" title=" legitimate expectations"> legitimate expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulating%20investments" title=" regulating investments"> regulating investments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20investment" title=" international investment"> international investment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163638/economic-stability-and-legitimate-expectations-in-foreign-investment-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1452</span> A Critical Analysis of Environmental Investment in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Y.%20Chen">K. Y. Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Chua"> H. Chua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20W.%20Kan"> C. W. Kan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental investment is an important issue in many countries. In this study, we will first review the environmental issues related to India and their effect on the economical development. Secondly, economic data would be collected from government yearly statistics. The statistics would also include the environmental investment information of India. Finally, we would co-relate the data in order to find out the relationship between environmental investment and sustainable development in India. Therefore, in the paper, we aim to analyse the effect of an environmental investment on the sustainable development in India. Based on the economic data collected, India is in development status with fast population and GDP growth speed. India is facing the environment problems due to its high-speed development. However, the environment investment could give a positive impact on the sustainable development in India. The environmental investment is keeping in the same growth rate with GDP. Acknowledgment: Authors would like to thank the financial support from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for this work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20investment" title=" environmental investment"> environmental investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60210/a-critical-analysis-of-environmental-investment-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1451</span> Market Access for Foreign Investment in Host States: Municipal Law and International Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiang%20Ren">Qiang Ren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A growing number of states are improving domestic law to better protect and promote foreign investment by changing/upgrading the existing law. However, inconsistency occurs because the new law is different from the ‘old’ law. For example, China has issued an unprecedented Foreign Investment Law and several regulations allowing comprehensive market access for foreign investment in most energy sectors since 2020. However, some laws, rules, regulations, etc. enacted previously remain valid, and the provisions regulating foreign investment do not grant full market access to foreign investment as such. The inconsistency above makes it necessary to investigatehow the international investment treaty law and dispute settlement practice respond to the ‘inconsistency and conflict’ in municipal law andwhat remedy foreign investors can seek under international law if the investment is denied due to inconsistency. Ultimately, it aims to examine how international tribunals should balance the gradually developing legal system of host states and the protection of foreign investors and investments if the host states cannot provide consistency during such a transition period of law development. The research seeks to answer these questions by making a comparative analysis of domestic law on market access to foreign investment, international investment treaties, and dispute arbitral practice. The objective is to examine how international investment treaty law and international investment dispute settlement practice evaluate the conflicts in the municipal law of host states in the admission of foreign investment. It also explores the possibility of harmonisation among them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20law" title="municipal law">municipal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protect%20and%20promote%20foreign%20investment" title=" protect and promote foreign investment"> protect and promote foreign investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host%20states" title=" host states"> host states</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156148/market-access-for-foreign-investment-in-host-states-municipal-law-and-international-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1450</span> Testing the Moderating Effect of Sub Ethnic on Household Investment Behaviour</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Widayat%20Widayat">Widayat Widayat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowday, in the modern investment era, household behavior on investment is a topic that is quite warm. The development of the modern investment, indicated by the emergence of a variety of investment instruments, such as stocks, bonds and various forms of derivatives, affected on the complexity of choosing an investment, especially for traditional societies. Various studies show that there is more than one factor acting as a behavioral antesenden decide to choose an investment instrument. One of the factors, which contribute in determining the investment option is ethnic. Society with a particular sub-culture tend to prefer investing their particular instrument. This is because they have the values, norms and different social environmental. This article is designed to test the impact of sub-cultures between Osing-Java as moderator, in investing. The study was conducted in Banyuwangi, East Java Province of Indonesia. Data were collected using questionnaires, which is given to the head of the household respondents were selected as samples. Sample of households selected by multistage sampling method. The data have been collected processed using SmartPLS software and testing moderating effects using grouped sample test. The result showed that sub-ethnic and has a significant role in determining the investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20behaviour" title="investment behaviour">investment behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household" title=" household"> household</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moderating" title=" moderating"> moderating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub%20ethnic" title=" sub ethnic"> sub ethnic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15943/testing-the-moderating-effect-of-sub-ethnic-on-household-investment-behaviour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15943.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1449</span> Impacts of Exchange Rate and Inflation Rate on Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Bin%20Nasir">Saad Bin Nasir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study identifies the impact of inflation and foreign exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. Inflation and exchange rates are used as independent variables and foreign direct investment is taken as dependent variable. Discreet time series data has been used from the period of 1999 to 2009. The results of regression analysis reveal that high inflation has negative impact on foreign direct investment and higher exchange rates has positive impact on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. The inflation and foreign exchange rates both are insignificant in the analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation%20rate" title="inflation rate">inflation rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20exchange%20rate" title=" foreign exchange rate"> foreign exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20direct%20investment" title=" foreign direct investment"> foreign direct investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20assets" title=" foreign assets "> foreign assets </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41247/impacts-of-exchange-rate-and-inflation-rate-on-foreign-direct-investment-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1448</span> Assessing Smallholder Rice and Vegetable Farmers’ Constraints and Needs to Adopt Small-Scale Irrigation in South Tongu District, Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamekloe%20Michael%20Kossivi">Tamekloe Michael Kossivi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenichi%20Matsui"> Kenichi Matsui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Irrigation access is one of the essential rural development investment options that can significantly improve smallholder farmers’ agriculture productivity. Investment in irrigation infrastructural development to supply adequate water could improve food security, growth in income for farmers, poverty alleviation, and improve business and livelihood. This paper assesses smallholder farmers’ constraints and the needs to adopt small-scale irrigation for crops production in the South Tongu District of Ghana. The data collection involved database search, questionnaire survey, interview, and field work. The structured questionnaire survey was administered from September to November 2020 among 120 respondents in six purposively sampled irrigation communities in the District. The questions focused on small-scale irrigation development constraints and needs. As a result, we found that the respondents relied mainly on rainfall for agriculture production. They did not have adequate irrigation access. Even though the District is blessed with open arable lands and rich water sources for rice and vegetable production on a massive scale, water sources like the Lower Volta River, Tordzi River, and Avu Lagoon were not close enough to the respondents. The respondents faced inadequate credit support (100%), unreliable rainfall (76%), insufficient water supply (54%), and unreliable water delivery challenges on their farms (53%). Physical constraints for the respondents to adopt irrigation included flood (77%), drought (93%), inadequate irrigation technology (59%), and insufficient technical know-how (65%). Farmers were interested in investing in irrigation infrastructural development to enhance productivity on their farms only if they own the farmlands. External support from donors on irrigation systems did not allow smallholder farmers to control irrigation facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constraints" title="constraints">constraints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title=" food security"> food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=needs" title=" needs"> needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smallholder%20farmers" title=" smallholder farmers"> smallholder farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small-scale%20irrigation" title=" small-scale irrigation"> small-scale irrigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153935/assessing-smallholder-rice-and-vegetable-farmers-constraints-and-needs-to-adopt-small-scale-irrigation-in-south-tongu-district-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1447</span> Investing in Shares of Innovative Companies: The Risk and the Return, Evidence from Polish Capital Market </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20L.%20Nawrocki">Tomasz L. Nawrocki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the growing global interest of investment society in innovative enterprises, as the objective of this research was adopted to examine the investment efficiency in shares of companies with innovative characteristics in the risk-return layout. The research was carried out for companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange taking into various consideration time ranges of investment. Obtained results show that in shorter periods of time, investors buy expectations connected with innovative companies and therefore the efficiency of investment in their shares is relatively high, but in the longer term expectations are revised by companies financial results, which in turn negatively affects the efficiency of investment in their shares. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capital%20market" title="capital market">capital market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative%20company" title=" innovative company"> innovative company</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20strategies" title=" investment strategies"> investment strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20and%20return%20analysis" title=" risk and return analysis"> risk and return analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51751/investing-in-shares-of-innovative-companies-the-risk-and-the-return-evidence-from-polish-capital-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51751.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1446</span> Business and Psychological Principles Integrated into Automated Capital Investment Systems through Mathematical Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian%20Pauna">Cristian Pauna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With few steps away from the 2020, investments in financial markets is a common activity nowadays. In the electronic trading environment, the automated investment software has become a major part in the business intelligence system of any modern financial company. The investment decisions are assisted and/or made automatically by computers using mathematical algorithms today. The complexity of these algorithms requires computer assistance in the investment process. This paper will present several investment strategies that can be automated with algorithmic trading for Deutscher Aktienindex DAX30. It was found that, based on several price action mathematical models used for high-frequency trading some investment strategies can be optimized and improved for automated investments with good results. This paper will present the way to automate these investment decisions. Automated signals will be built using all of these strategies. Three major types of investment strategies were found in this study. The types are separated by the target length and by the exit strategy used. The exit decisions will be also automated and the paper will present the specificity for each investment type. A comparative study will be also included in this paper in order to reveal the differences between strategies. Based on these results, the profit and the capital exposure will be compared and analyzed in order to qualify the investment methodologies presented and to compare them with any other investment system. As conclusion, some major investment strategies will be revealed and compared in order to be considered for inclusion in any automated investment system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algorithmic%20trading" title="Algorithmic trading">Algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20investment%20systems" title=" automated investment systems"> automated investment systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20conditions" title=" limit conditions"> limit conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20principles" title=" trading principles"> trading principles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20strategies" title=" trading strategies"> trading strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97254/business-and-psychological-principles-integrated-into-automated-capital-investment-systems-through-mathematical-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1445</span> Assessment of Investment Programs in Agriculture in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Chavleishvili">M. Chavleishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the analysis of the current situation of agricultural development in Georgia. The investment environment that supports development of the agricultural sector is evaluated and the key priorities are identified. The analysis of the projects already implemented with state and EU support, as well as those that are being currently implemented is presented. The policy and the programs supporting development of agricultural sector are analyzed. Based on an analysis of the evaluations of experts and the primary accounting documents, the outcomes of investment programs, their advantages and disadvantages, are studied. Through identifying investment programs in the agricultural sector of Georgia, corresponding conclusions are made, based on which some recommendations are developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investments" title=" investments"> investments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20programs" title=" investment programs"> investment programs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=projects" title=" projects"> projects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35029/assessment-of-investment-programs-in-agriculture-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35029.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1444</span> Decoupling PM₂.₅ Emissions and Economic Growth in China over 1998-2016: A Regional Investment Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xi%20Zhang">Xi Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Geng"> Yong Geng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is crucial to decouple economic growth from environmental pollution in China. This study aims to evaluate the decoupling degree between PM₂.₅ emissions and economic growth in China from a regional investment perspective. Using the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period of 1998-2016, this study combines decomposition analysis with decoupling analysis to identify the roles of conventional factors and three novel investment factors in the mitigation and decoupling of PM₂.₅ emissions in China and its four sub-regions. The results show that China’s PM₂.₅ emissions were weakly decoupled to economic growth during the period of 1998-2016, as well as in China’s four sub-regions. At the national level, investment scale played the dominant role while investment structure had a marginal effect. In contrast, emission intensity was the largest driver in promoting the decoupling effect, followed by investment efficiency and energy intensity. The investment scale effect in the western region far exceeded those in other three sub-regions. At the provincial level, the investment structure of Inner Mongolia and investment scales of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia had the greatest impacts on PM₂.₅ emission growth. Finally, several policy recommendations are raised for China to mitigate its PM₂.₅ emissions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decoupling" title="decoupling">decoupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title=" investment"> investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM%E2%82%82.%E2%82%85%20emissions" title=" PM₂.₅ emissions"> PM₂.₅ emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115762/decoupling-pm25-emissions-and-economic-growth-in-china-over-1998-2016-a-regional-investment-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115762.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1443</span> Protection of Chinese Enterprises’ Overseas Investments Under Bilateral Investment Treaties Under the Belt and Road Initiative</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Sun">Bo Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20Zhong"> Ni Zhong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bilateral investment treaties have played a role in the construction of the Belt and Road, providing institutional protection for Chinese companies' overseas investments. However, such treaties between China and countries along the Belt and Road were signed in the 1980s and 1990s, and their provisions are outdated and insufficiently detailed to provide adequate legal protection for Chinese investors when they initiate investment arbitration against host countries. By studying cases involving China in international investment arbitration, this paper suggests that China should pay attention to further clarifying the identity of "investors", the scope of disputes that can be submitted to arbitration, and the concept of "indirect expropriation" when updating bilateral investment treaties in the future, in order to reduce the risk of losing cases for Chinese investors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=belt%20and%20road" title="belt and road">belt and road</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral%20investment%20agreement" title=" bilateral investment agreement"> bilateral investment agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20arbitration" title=" investment arbitration"> investment arbitration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20expropriation" title=" indirect expropriation"> indirect expropriation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152037/protection-of-chinese-enterprises-overseas-investments-under-bilateral-investment-treaties-under-the-belt-and-road-initiative" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1442</span> Industrial Investment and Contract Models in Subway Projects: Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Habib%20A.%20Rahmati">Seyed Habib A. Rahmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parsa%20Fallah%20Sheikhlari"> Parsa Fallah Sheikhlari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Musakhani"> Morteza Musakhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper studies the structure of financial investment and efficiency on the subway would be created between Hashtgerd and Qazvin in Iran. Regarding ascending rate of transportation between Tehran and Qazvin which directly air pollution, it clearly implies to public transportation requirement between these two cities near Tehran. The railway transportation like subway can help each country to terminate traffic jam which has some advantages such as speed, security, non-pollution, low cost of public transport, etc. This type of transportation needs national infrastructures which require enormous investment. It couldn’t implement without leading and managing funds and investments properly. In order to response 'needs', clear norms or normative targets have to be agreed and obviously it is important to distinguish costs from investment requirements critically. Implementation phase affects investment requirements and financing needs. So recognizing barrier related to investment and the quality of investment (what technologies and services are invested in) is as important as the amounts of investment. Different investment methods have mentioned as follows loan, leasing, equity participation, Line of financing, finance, usance, bay back. Alternatives survey before initiation and analyzing of risk management is one of the most important parts in this project. Observation of similar project cities each country has the own specification to choose investment method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subway%20project" title="subway project">subway project</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20investment" title=" project investment"> project investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20contract" title=" project contract"> project contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20management" title=" project management "> project management </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35553/industrial-investment-and-contract-models-in-subway-projects-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1441</span> Board Gender Diversity and Firm Sustainable Investment: An Empirical Evidence </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Atif">Muhammad Atif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Samsul%20Alam"> M. Samsul Alam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of board room gender diversity on firm sustainable investment. We test the extent to which sustainable investment is affected by the presence of female directors on U.S. corporate boards. Using data of S&P 1500 indexed firms collected from Bloomberg covering the period 2004-2016, we estimate the baseline model to investigate the effects of board room gender diversity on firm sustainable investment. We find a positive relationship between board gender diversity and sustainable investment. We also find that boards with two or more women have a pronounced impact on sustainable investment, consistent with the critical mass theory. Female independent directors have a stronger impact on sustainable investment than female executive directors. Our findings are robust to different identification and estimation techniques. The study offers another perspective of the ongoing debate in the social responsibility literature about the accountability relationships between business and society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20investment" title="sustainable investment">sustainable investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20diversity" title=" gender diversity"> gender diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20proctection" title=" environmental proctection"> environmental proctection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20responsibility" title=" social responsibility"> social responsibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117360/board-gender-diversity-and-firm-sustainable-investment-an-empirical-evidence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1440</span> Nexus among Foreign Private Investment, CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Sustainable Economic Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysha%20Zamir">Aysha Zamir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines to what extent foreign private investment (FPI) affects the clean industrial environment and sustainable economic growth through developed countries investment in China. Moreover, this study investiage an association among FPI, CO2 emission, energy consumption, and sustainable economic growth. This study uses random effects and generalized least squares (GLS) and panel VAR estimators for data analysis. The results indicate that the Chinese economy has a vastly positive influenced regarding the location and choice of emerging and developed countries’ investment in the domestic market. Furthermore, emerging and developed economies investment increases the contribution among domestic firms, environment sustainability toward the national economy. The further results show that foreign private investment and gross domestic investment have a positive impact on sustainable economic growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clean%20industrial%20environment" title="clean industrial environment">clean industrial environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20consumption" title=" energy consumption"> energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emmission" title=" CO2 emmission"> CO2 emmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20private%20investment" title=" foreign private investment"> foreign private investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developed%20and%20emerging%20economies" title=" developed and emerging economies"> developed and emerging economies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147849/nexus-among-foreign-private-investment-co2-emissions-energy-consumption-and-sustainable-economic-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1439</span> The Role of Foreign Investment in Fostering Economic Growth in Post War Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadija%20Amin">Khadija Amin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The significant contribution of foreign investment in promoting economic recovery, especially in countries recovering from conflict, is generally recognized. This study examines the influence of foreign investment on the economic development of countries that have had long-lasting internal conflicts. The study examines the complex correlation between foreign investment and economic progress using the production function framework based on endogenous growth theory. In addition to foreign investment, the research considers a range of factors that affect economic growth, such as trade dynamics, the spread of information, attempts to promote peace, changes in the labor market, and the accumulation of domestic capital. The study challenges common beliefs by revealing a statistically negligible negative association between GDP growth and foreign investment (FI) inflows in post-war economies. The existing literature highlights the positive impact of trade and foreign investment on economic growth. However, this study emphasizes that these impacts are complex and depend on various contextual factors such as trade policies, infrastructure development, domestic investment levels, human capital development, and macroeconomic stability. The results emphasize the crucial significance of foreign investment in stimulating development while also drawing attention to the intricacies of precisely assessing its economic consequences. Measuring the economic impact of foreign investment is a difficult task that requires detailed analysis considering many contextual elements and changing socioeconomic conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20grouths" title="economic grouths">economic grouths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20investment" title=" foreign investment"> foreign investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20policies" title=" trade policies"> trade policies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20investment" title=" domestic investment"> domestic investment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186136/the-role-of-foreign-investment-in-fostering-economic-growth-in-post-war-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">38</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1438</span> Capital Mobility in Savings and Investment across China and the ASEAN-5: Evidence from Recursive Cointegration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Lee%20Shu-Jung">Chang Lee Shu-Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mei-Se%20Chien"> Mei-Se Chien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Chiang%20Lee"> Chien-Chiang Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui-Ting%20Hu"> Hui-Ting Hu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper applies recursive cointegration analysis to examine the dynamic changes in Feldstein-Horioka saving-investment (S-I) coefficients across China and the ASEAN-5 countries over time. To the extent that the S-I coefficients measure international capital mobility, the main empirical results are as follows. The recursive trace statistics show that the investment- savings nexus varies in these six countries. There is no cointegration between investment and savings in three countries (China, Malaysia, and Singapore), which means that the mobility of the capital markets in the three is high and that domestic investment in them will be financed by the global pool of capital. As to the other three countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines), there is cointegration between investment and savings for part of the sample period in the three, including before 2002 for Thailand, before 2001 for Indonesia, and before 2002 for Philippines. This shows these three countries achieved highly mobile and open capital markets later. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title="investment">investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=savings" title=" savings"> savings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recursive%20cointegration%20test" title=" recursive cointegration test"> recursive cointegration test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEAN" title=" ASEAN"> ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China "> China </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7538/capital-mobility-in-savings-and-investment-across-china-and-the-asean-5-evidence-from-recursive-cointegration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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