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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history_of_the_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_of_the_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early history of the discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_of_the_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_and_focus_of_economic_history_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_and_focus_of_economic_history_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scope and focus of economic history today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_and_focus_of_economic_history_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of capitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals_and_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals_and_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic journals and societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals_and_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize-winning_economic_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Memorial_Prize-winning_economic_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize-winning_economic_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works_of_economic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_of_economic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable works of economic history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_works_of_economic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable works of economic history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_of_economic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundational_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundational_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Foundational works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundational_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_economies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_economies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ancient economies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_economies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_growth_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Economic growth and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>History of money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Business history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Financial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization_and_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization_and_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Globalization and inequality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization_and_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_economic_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_economic_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable economic historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_economic_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic history</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تاريخ اقتصادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اقتصادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qtisadi_tarix" title="İqtisadi tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqtisadi tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Икономическа история – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икономическа история" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_econ%C3%B2mica" title="Història econòmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història econòmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bjiny" title="Hospodářské dějiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hospodářské dějiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98konomisk_historie" title="Økonomisk historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økonomisk historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftsgeschichte" title="Wirtschaftsgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaftsgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οικονομική ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομική ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_econ%C3%B3mica" title="Historia económica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia económica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تاریخ اقتصادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ اقتصادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9conomique" title="Histoire économique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire économique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%82%AC" title="경제사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경제사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տնտեսության պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնտեսության պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomska_povijest" title="Ekonomska povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekonomska povijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi" title="Sejarah ekonomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagsaga" title="Hagsaga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hagsaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_economica" title="Storia economica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia economica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה כלכלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה כלכלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_oeconomica" title="Historia oeconomica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia oeconomica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Економска историја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Економска историја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi" title="Sejarah ekonomi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economische_geschiedenis" title="Economische geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Economische geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%8F%B2" title="経済史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="経済史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98konomisk_historie" title="Økonomisk historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økonomisk historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_economica" title="Istòria economica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria economica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_gospodarcza" title="Historia gospodarcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia gospodarcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_economia" title="História da economia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da economia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экономическая история – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономическая история" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_ecun%C3%B2mica" title="Storia ecunòmica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Storia ecunòmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloushistoria" title="Taloushistoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taloushistoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomisk_historia" title="Ekonomisk historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekonomisk historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayang_pang-ekonomiya" title="Kasaysayang pang-ekonomiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasaysayang pang-ekonomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பொருளாதார வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொருளாதார வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_tarihi" title="Ekonomi tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekonomi tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Економічна історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економічна історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Sử học kinh tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sử học kinh tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the academic field. For actual economic histories, see <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic history of the world</a>. For the history of intellectual development of economic theory, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_advertising" title="History of advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_retail" title="History of retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Economics events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_miracle" title="Economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">Shock</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prominent examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Economic history of the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Economy of the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history_sidebar" title="Template:Economic history sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Economic_history_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Economic history sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg/400px-Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg/600px-Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg/800px-Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>World GDP per capita, 1400–2003</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Economic history</b> is the study of history using methodological tools from <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical methods">statistical methods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">application of economic theory</a> to historical situations and <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived. </p><p>Using both <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative data">quantitative data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative data">qualitative sources</a>, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">schools of economic thought</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>. </p><p>Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_finance" title="Template:History of finance">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">business history</a>, which overlap with areas of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Historical_demography" title="Historical demography">demographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">labor history</a>. In the sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">cliometrics</a>, economists use <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Econometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric">econometric</a>) methods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">history of capitalism</a>, historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history_of_the_discipline">Early history of the discipline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history of the discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_History_Department,_1971_(3925741729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg/350px-Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg/525px-Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)" title="Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)">Arnold Toynbee</a> made the case for combining economics and history in his study of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, saying, "I believe economics today is much too dissociated from history. Smith and Malthus had historical minds. However, Ricardo – who set the pattern of modern textbooks – had a mind that was entirely unhistorical." There were several advantages in combining economics and history according to Toynbee. To begin with, it improved economic understanding. "We see abstract propositions in a new light when studying them in relation to historical facts. Propositions become more vivid and truthful." Meanwhile, studying history with economics makes history easier to understand. Economics teaches us to look out for the right facts in reading history and makes matters such as introducing enclosures, machinery, or new currencies more intelligible. Economics also teaches careful deductive reasoning. "The habits of mind it instils are even more valuable than the knowledge of principles it gives. Without these habits, the mass of their materials can overwhelm students of historical facts."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late-nineteenth-century Germany, scholars at a number of universities, led by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economic history</a>. It argued that there were no universal truths in history, emphasizing the importance of historical context without quantitative analysis. This historical approach dominated German and French scholarship for most of the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a> included other economists such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> who reasoned that careful analysis of human actions, cultural norms, historical context, and mathematical support was key to historical analysis. The approach was spread to Great Britain by <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">William Ashley</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>) and dominated <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">British economic history</a> for much of the 20th century. Britain's first professor in the subject was <a href="/wiki/George_Unwin" title="George Unwin">George Unwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MaxBODNB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaxBODNB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MBerg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBerg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in France, economic history was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a> from the early 20th century to the present. It exerts a worldwide influence through its journal <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Annales._Histoire,_Sciences_Sociales" title="Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales">Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> had numerous <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics#LSE_vs._Cambridge" title="London School of Economics">disputes</a> over the separation of economics and economic history in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar era">interwar era</a>. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Society" title="Economic History Society">Economic History Society</a> had its inauguration at <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a> in 1926 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> eventually established its own economic history programme. </p><p>In the United States, the field of economic history was largely subsumed into other fields of economics following the cliometric revolution of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To many it became seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">applied economics</a> rather than a stand-alone discipline. <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a>, also known as the New Economic History, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometric</a> techniques to the study of economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Reiter" title="Stanley Reiter">Stanley Reiter</a> and refers to <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muse</a> of history and heroic poetry in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. One of the most famous cliometric economic historians is <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a>, who argued that it is the task of economic history to elucidate the historical dimensions of economies through time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms. </p><p> Early cliometrics was a type of <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">counterfactual history</a>. However, counterfactualism was not its distinctive feature; it combined neoclassical economics with quantitative methods in order to explain human choices based on constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to North and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> in 1993, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> economist (and future Nobel winner) <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> argued:</p><blockquote><p>Economic history is not a handmaiden of economics but a distinct field of scholarship. Economic history was a scholarly discipline long before it became cliometrics. Its practitioners were economists and historians studying the histories of economies... The new economic history, or cliometrics, formalized economic history in a manner similar to the injection of mathematical models and statistics into the rest of economics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The relationship between economic history, economics and history has long been the subject of intense discussion, and the debates of recent years echo those of early contributors. There has long been a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> explained this position in his 1990 book <i>Historical Economics: Art or Science?</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>) argued that <a href="/wiki/Economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic theory">economic theory</a> often employs ahistorical models and methodologies that do not take into account historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> already wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his "<a href="/wiki/Debt_deflation" title="Debt deflation">Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions</a>": </p><blockquote> <p>The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_and_focus_of_economic_history_today">Scope and focus of economic history today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope and focus of economic history today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The past three decades have witnessed the widespread closure of separate economic history departments and programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the London School of Economics (<a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a>) retains a separate economic history department and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programme in economic history. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a> together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">higher education system</a> today, but do so as part of economics or history degrees. Meanwhile, there have never been specialist economic history graduate programs at universities anywhere in the US. However, economic history remains a special field component of leading economics PhD programs, including <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. </p><p>Despite the pessimistic view on the state of the discipline espoused by many of its practitioners, economic history remains an active field of social scientific inquiry. Indeed, it has seen something of a resurgence in interest since 2000, perhaps driven by research conducted at universities in continental Europe rather than the UK and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall number of economic historians in the world is estimated at 10,400, with Japan and China as well as the U.K and the U.S. ranking highest in numbers. Some less developed countries, however, are not sufficiently integrated in the world economic history community, among others, Senegal, Brazil and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the growth in economic history is driven by the continued interest in big policy-relevant questions on the history of economic growth and development. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Temin" title="Peter Temin">Peter Temin</a> noted that development economics is intricately connected with economic history, as it explores the growth of economies with different technologies, innovations, and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studying economic growth has been popular for years among economists and historians who have sought to understand why some economies have grown faster than others. Some of the early texts in the field include <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">Walt Whitman Rostow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth" title="Rostow's stages of growth">The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1971) which described how advanced economies grow after overcoming certain hurdles and advancing to the next stage in development. Another economic historian, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron" title="Alexander Gerschenkron">Alexander Gerschenkron</a>, complicated this theory with works on how economies develop in non-Western countries, as discussed in <i>Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays</i> (1962). A more recent work is <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Robinson (economist)">James A. Robinson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail:_The_Origins_of_Power,_Prosperity,_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty">Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty</a></i> (2012) which pioneered a new field of <a href="/wiki/Persistence_studies" title="Persistence studies">persistence studies</a>, emphasizing the path-dependent stages of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable books on the topic include <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Divergence">The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy</a></i> (2000) and <a href="/wiki/David_S._Landes" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Landes">David S. Landes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations" title="The Wealth and Poverty of Nations">The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor</a></i> (1998). </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, scholars have become more interested in a field which may be called <i>new</i> 'new economic history'. Scholars have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a> affecting the evolution of economies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of these studies is frequently on "persistence", as past events are linked to present outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calomiris" title="Charles Calomiris">Charles Calomiris</a> argued that this new field showed 'how historical (path-dependent) processes governed changes in institutions and markets.'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni" title="Francesco Boldizzoni">Francesco Boldizzoni</a>, as a form of economic imperialism "extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write a new kind of economic history which makes use of historical data to understand the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major development in this genre was the publication of Thomas Piketty's <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i> (2013). The book described the rise in <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">wealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> since the 18th century, arguing that large concentrations of wealth lead to social and economic instability. Piketty also advocated a system of global <a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">progressive wealth taxes</a> to correct rising inequality. The book was selected as a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> best seller</a> and received numerous awards. The book was well received by some of the world's major economists, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books in response to Piketty's book include <i>After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality</i>, by Heather Boushey, J. Bradford DeLong, and Marshall Steinbaum (eds.) (2017), <i>Pocket Piketty</i> by Jesper Roine (2017), and <i>Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century</i>, by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicolas Lecaussin, Emmanuel Martin (2017). One economist argued that Piketty's book was "Nobel-Prize worthy" and noted that it had changed the global discussion on how economic historians study inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also sparked new conversations in the disciplines of public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the mainstream in economic history, there is a parallel development in the field influenced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx used historical analysis to interpret the role of class and class as a central issue in history. He debated with the "classical" economists (a term he coined), including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>. In turn, Marx's legacy in economic history has been to critique the findings of neoclassical economists.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxist analysis also confronts <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a>, the theory that economic relationships are the foundation of political and societal institutions. Marx abstracted the idea of a "capitalist mode of production" as a way of identifying the transition from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has influenced some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Maurice Dobb</a>, to argue that feudalism declined because of peasants' struggles for freedom and the growing inefficiency of feudalism as a system of production.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, in what was later coined the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_debate" title="Brenner debate">Brenner debate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a>, a Marxian economist, challenged Dobb's definition of feudalism and its focus only on <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_(37517067951).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg/300px-Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg/450px-Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg/600px-Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Piketty, economist and author of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_capitalism">History of capitalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History of capitalism</a></div> <p>A new field, called "history of capitalism" by researchers engaged in it, has emerged in US history departments since about the year 2000. It includes many topics traditionally associated with the field of economic history, such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension of business, and the impact of capitalism on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field has particularly focused on the contribution of slavery to the rise of the US economy in the nineteenth century. The field utilizes the existing research of <a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">business history</a>, but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians of capitalism have countered these critiques, citing the issues with economic history. As <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> professor of history Jonathan Levy states, "modern economic history began with industrialization and urbanization, and, even then, environmental considerations were subsidiary, if not nonexistent."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have critiqued the history of capitalism because it does not focus on systems of production, circulation, and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have criticized its lack of social scientific methods and its ideological biases.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a new academic journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_A_Journal_of_History_and_Economics" title="Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics">Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics</a></i>, was founded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> under the direction of Marc Flandreau (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>), Julia Ott (<a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School, New York</a>) and Francesca Trivellato (<a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton</a>) to widen the scope of the field. The journal's goal is to bring together "historians and social scientists interested in the material and intellectual aspects of modern economic life."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_journals_and_societies">Academic journals and societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic journals and societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first journal specializing in the field of economic history was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a></i>, founded in 1927, as the main publication of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Society" title="Economic History Society">Economic History Society</a>. The first journal featured a publication by Professor Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">William Ashley</a>, the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world, who described the emerging field of economic history. The discipline existed alongside long-standing fields such as <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious history">religious history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a> as one that focused on humans' interactions with 'visible happenings'. He continued, '[economic history] primarily and unless expressly extended, the history of actual human practice with respect to the material basis of life. The visible happenings with regard-to use the old formula-to "the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth" form our wide enough field'.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a> established another academic journal, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>, in 1941 as a way of expanding the discipline in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first president of the Economic History Association, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Gay" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin F. Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a>, described the aim of economic history as to provide new perspectives in the economics and history disciplines: 'An adequate equipment with two skills, that of the historian and the economist, is not easily acquired, but experience shows that it is both necessary and possible'.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other related academic journals have broadened the lens with which economic history is studied. These interdisciplinary journals include the <i><a href="/wiki/Business_History_Review" title="Business History Review">Business History Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/European_Review_of_Economic_History" title="European Review of Economic History">European Review of Economic History</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise and Society">Enterprise and Society</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_History_Review" title="Financial History Review">Financial History Review</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>International Economic History Association</i>, an association of close to 50 member organizations, recognizes some of the major academic organizations dedicated to study of economic history: the <a href="/wiki/Business_History_Conference" title="Business History Conference">Business History Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Society" title="Economic History Society">Economic History Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eabh" title="Eabh">European Association of Business Historians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Social_History_Association" title="International Social History Association">International Social History Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Memorial_Prize-winning_economic_historians">Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come. </p><p>– <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-SamuelsonQ_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamuelsonQ-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div><p>Several economists have won Nobel prizes for contributions to economic history or contributions to economics that are commonly applied in economic history. </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> ("the Nobel Memorial Prize") in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a>, whose early writing was on the field of economic history, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1972 due to his contributions to <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare theory">welfare theory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Arthur Lewis</a> won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1979 for his contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> through historical context.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a> won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a>, who won the Nobel in 2023 for 'having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes', began her career researching the history of the US southern economy and was President of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_of_economic_history">Notable works of economic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable works of economic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/200px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/300px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/400px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital:_A_Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital: A Critique of Political Economy">Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1867)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundational_works">Foundational works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foundational works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States,_1867%E2%80%931960" class="mw-redirect" title="A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960">A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital:_A_Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital: A Critique of Political Economy">Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" title="On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inquiry_into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations">An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</a></i> (1776)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Robert C. Allen</a>, <i>Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction</i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Gregory Clark</a>, <i>A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Findlay" title="Ronald Findlay">Ronald Findlay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%E2%80%99Rourke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin O’Rourke">Kevin O’Rourke</a>, <i>Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Heilbroner" title="Robert Heilbroner">Robert Heilbroner</a>, <i>The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers</i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Roll">Eric Roll</a>, <i>A History of Economic Thought</i> (1923)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_economies">Ancient economies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient economies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_Economy" title="The Ancient Economy">The Ancient Economy</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Walter Scheidel</a>, <i>The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century</i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Temin" title="Peter Temin">Peter Temin</a>, <i>The Roman Market Economy</i> (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth_and_development">Economic growth and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic growth and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Robinson (economist)">James A. Robinson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail:_The_Origins_of_Power,_Prosperity,_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty">Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron" title="Alexander Gerschenkron">Alexander Gerschenkron</a>, <i>Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays</i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a>, <i>The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Landes" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Landes">David S. Landes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations" title="The Wealth and Poverty of Nations">The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey" title="Deirdre McCloskey">Deirdre McCloskey</a>, <i>Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Joel Mokyr</a>, <i>The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress</i> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Divergence">The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">Walt Whitman Rostow</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth" title="Rostow's stages of growth">The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty:_Economic_Possibilities_for_Our_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time">The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Development_as_Freedom" title="Development as Freedom">Development as Freedom</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a>, <i>The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good]</i> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_money">History of money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History of money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Desan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Desan">Christine Desan</a>, <i>Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Goetzmann" title="William N. Goetzmann">William N. Goetzmann</a>, <i>Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Debt:_The_First_5000_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt: The First 5000 Years">Debt: The First 5000 Years</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_history">Business history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mellon:_An_American_Life" title="Mellon: An American Life">Mellon: An American Life</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr." title="Alfred D. Chandler Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler Jr.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Visible_Hand:_The_Managerial_Revolution_in_American_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business">The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Morgan:_An_American_Banking_Dynasty_and_the_Rise_of_Modern_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance">The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a>, <i>Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.</i> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Cohan" title="William D. Cohan">William D. Cohan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Money_and_Power:_How_Goldman_Sachs_Came_to_Rule_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World">Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Lamoreaux" title="Naomi Lamoreaux">Naomi Lamoreaux</a>, <i>The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904</i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">David Nasaw</a>, <i>Andrew Carnegie</i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Strouse" title="Jean Strouse">Jean Strouse</a>, <i>Morgan: American Financier</i> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_history">Financial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Financial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_(front_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg/200px-Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg/300px-Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg/400px-Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed" title="Liaquat Ahamed">Liaquat Ahamed</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Finance:_The_Bankers_Who_Broke_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World">Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Blyth" title="Mark Blyth">Mark Blyth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Austerity:_The_History_of_a_Dangerous_Idea" title="Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea">Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Calomiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Calomiris">Charles W. Calomiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Haber" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen H. Haber">Stephen H. Haber</a>, <i>Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Barry Eichengreen</a>, <i>Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System</i> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Barry Eichengreen</a>, <i>Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System</i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money:_A_Financial_History_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World">The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)" title="Harold James (historian)">Harold James</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Cooperation_Since_Bretton_Woods" title="International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods">International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_M._Reinhart" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen M. Reinhart">Carmen M. Reinhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Rogoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth S. Rogoff">Kenneth S. Rogoff</a>, <i>This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly</i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benn_Steil" title="Benn Steil">Benn Steil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Bretton_Woods:_John_Maynard_Keynes,_Harry_Dexter_White,_and_the_Making_of_a_New_World_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order">The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction:_The_Making_and_Breaking_of_the_Nazi_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a></i> (2006)</li> <li>László Vértesy, <i>Financial Perspectives of Economic History</i> (2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/198128/">Volume I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/198164/">Volume II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization_and_inequality">Globalization and inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Globalization and inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Beckert" title="Sven Beckert">Sven Beckert</a>, <i>Empire of Cotton: A Global History</i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bernstein" title="William J. Bernstein">William J. Bernstein</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Splendid_Exchange" title="A Splendid Exchange">A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today</a></i> (2008).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <i>The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000</i> (2001).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_L._Engerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley L. Engerman">Stanley L. Engerman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_on_the_Cross:_The_Economics_of_American_Negro_Slavery" title="Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery">Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery</a></i> (1974).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a>, <i>Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women</i> (1990).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)" title="Harold James (historian)">Harold James</a>, <i>The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression</i> (2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_G._Williamson" title="Jeffrey G. Williamson">Jeffrey G. Williamson</a>, <i>Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-century Atlantic Economy</i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i> (2013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <i>The Economics of Inequality</i> (2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Ideology" title="Capital and Ideology">Capital and Ideology</a></i> (2020).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>, <i>The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay</i> (2019).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wealth_of_Nations:_The_Scourge_of_Tax_Havens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens">The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens</a></i> (2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_economic_historians">Notable economic historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable economic historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macro_history_economists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Macro_history_economists.jpg/250px-Macro_history_economists.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Macro_history_economists.jpg/375px-Macro_history_economists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Macro_history_economists.jpg/500px-Macro_history_economists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Notable economic historians: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Adelman" title="Jeremy Adelman">Jeremy Adelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Robert Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Ashton" title="T. S. Ashton">T. S. Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten" title="Jörg Baten">Jörg Baten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Berg" title="Maxine Berg">Maxine Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bergier" title="Jean-François Bergier">Jean-François Bergier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni" title="Francesco Boldizzoni">Francesco Boldizzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Boustan" title="Leah Boustan">Leah Boustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_Cameron" title="Rondo Cameron">Rondo Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Checkland" title="Sydney Checkland">Sydney Checkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla" title="Carlo M. Cipolla">Carlo M. Cipolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clapham_(economic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clapham (economic historian)">John Clapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Gregory Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Cochran_(historian)" title="Thomas C. Cochran (historian)">Thomas C. Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts" title="Nicholas Crafts">Nicholas Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cullen" title="Louis Cullen">Louis Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Davies_(economic_historian)" title="Peter Davies (economic historian)">Peter Davies (economic historian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad DeLong">Brad DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Barry Eichengreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Engerman" title="Stanley Engerman">Stanley Engerman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/academics/divisions/social-science/faculty/giovanni-federico.html">Giovanni Federico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Feinstein" title="Charles Feinstein">Charles Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Findlay" title="Ronald Findlay">Ronald Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Israel_Finley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Israel Finley">Moses Israel Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fitzpatrick_(Australian_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Fitzpatrick (Australian author)">Brian Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Floud" title="Roderick Floud">Roderick Floud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Furtado" title="Celso Furtado">Celso Furtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron" title="Alexander Gerschenkron">Alexander Gerschenkron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldstone" title="Jack Goldstone">Jack Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habakkuk" title="John Habakkuk">John Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_J._Hamilton" title="Earl J. Hamilton">Earl J. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Eli Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howson_(economist)" title="Susan Howson (economist)">Susan Howson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Huberman" title="Leo Huberman">Leo Huberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Humphries" title="Jane Humphries">Jane Humphries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)" title="Harold James (historian)">Harold James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Jones_(academic)" title="Geoffrey Jones (academic)">Geoffrey Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">John Komlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kondratiev" title="Nikolai Kondratiev">Nikolai Kondratiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwasi Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Lamoreaux" title="Naomi Lamoreaux">Naomi Lamoreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Landes" title="David Landes">David Landes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Leunig" title="Tim Leunig">Tim Leunig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Sabatino_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Sabatino Lopez">Robert Sabatino Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathias" title="Peter Mathias">Peter Mathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_McArthur" title="Ellen McArthur">Ellen McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey" title="Deirdre McCloskey">Deirdre McCloskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Metzer" title="Jacob Metzer">Jacob (Kobi) Metzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Joel Mokyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Nunn" title="Nathan Nunn">Nathan Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Offer" title="Avner Offer">Avner Offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da" title="Cormac Ó Gráda">Cormac Ó Gráda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_K._O%27Brien" title="Patrick K. O'Brien">Patrick K. O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_S._Reinert" title="Erik S. Reinert">Erik S. Reinert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">W. W. Rostow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankar_Roy" title="Tirthankar Roy">Tirthankar Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jacobson_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jacobson Schwartz">Anna Jacobson Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schweikart" title="Larry Schweikart">Larry Schweikart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">Ram Sharan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky,_Baron_Skidelsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Steckel" title="Richard H. Steckel">Richard H. Steckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Temin" title="Peter Temin">Peter Temin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Trivellato" title="Francesca Trivellato">Francesca Trivellato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_W%C3%A4chtler" title="Eberhard Wächtler">Eberhard Wächtler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williamson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Williamson">Jeffrey Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Wrigley" title="Tony Wrigley">Tony Wrigley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden" title="Jan Luiten van Zanden">Jan Luiten van Zanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Creighton" title="Donald Creighton">Donald Creighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McQuaig" title="Linda McQuaig">Linda McQuaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Luzzatto" title="Gino Luzzatto">Gino Luzzatto</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory" title="Critical juncture theory">Critical juncture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Society" title="Economic History Society">Economic History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_industrialisation" title="History of industrialisation">History of industrialisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example:<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Gregory Clark</a> (2006), <i>A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018192608/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html">contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230050400/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html">Archived</a> 2011-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ch. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230040353/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&pg=PT1">Google preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&oi=fnd&pg=PT1&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&ots=fF5GxnCIYm&sig=3ZpUcXAStipXCCAcIZvOwFh7aCM">Archived</a> 2023-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • E. Aerts and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" title="Herman Van der Wee">H. Van der Wee</a>, 2002. "Economic History", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a></i> pp. 4102–410. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028220210/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401">Archived</a> 2011-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <a href="/wiki/Carmen_M._Reinhart" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen M. Reinhart">Carmen M. Reinhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Rogoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth S. Rogoff">Kenneth S. Rogoff</a> (2009), <i>This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly</i>. Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates", pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf">3–20)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7GBS_ATB">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb">Archived</a> 2023-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, "Cliometrics" by Robert Whaples in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528220032/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7">Archived</a> 2012-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRockman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rockman, Seth (2014). "What Makes the History of Capitalism Newsworthy?". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 439–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0043">10.1353/jer.2014.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143866857">143866857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=What+Makes+the+History+of+Capitalism+Newsworthy%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-466&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143866857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rockman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Arnold Toynbee's The Industrial Revolution: A Translation into Modern English</i>, Kindle edition, 2020, pages1-2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906321744" title="Special:BookSources/9780906321744">9780906321744</a>. 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Also published as Nobel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html">Prize Lecture.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html">Archived</a> 2011-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankema2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frankema, Ewout (2021-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356">"Why Africa is not that poor"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Historical Economics</i>: 557–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6">10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746" title="Special:BookSources/9780128158746"><bdi>9780128158746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236697047">236697047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143033/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Academic Press. pp. 243–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746" title="Special:BookSources/9780128158746"><bdi>9780128158746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235911335">235911335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222175602/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691144009" title="Special:BookSources/9780691144009"><bdi>9780691144009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135735/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Now+That+Ben+Bernanke+Is+Blogging%2C+Here%27s+What+He+Should+Write+About&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fupshot%2Fnow-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtz2014" class="citation web cs1">Atz, Ulrich (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/">"Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open"</a>. <i>LSE Impact Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234422/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marxist+History+of+Capitalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek1956" class="citation book cs1">Meek, Ronald L. (1956). <i>Studies in the Labour Theory of Value</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Labour+Theory+of+Value&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, Anthony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf">"The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History of Political Economy</i>. <b>34</b>: 361–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-34-Suppl_1-361">10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88510540">88510540</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710214123/http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Marxist+Tradition+in+the+History+of+Economics&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=361-377&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-34-Suppl_1-361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88510540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.amherst.edu%2F~pmachala%2Fendnotelibs%2FEndnote%2520Bibliography%2FMarxSeminar%2FMarx%2520for%252007%2520students%2FMarxcourse-general-archive.Data%2FPDF%2FBrewer%2CThe%2520Marxist%2520Tradition%2520in%2520the%2520History%2520of%2520Economics-0597073408%2FBrewer%2CThe%2520Marxist%2520Tradition%2520in%2520the%2520History%2520of%2520Economics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Jon S. (1978). "The Achievements of Economic History: The Marxist School". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 29–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070008815X">10.1017/S002205070008815X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153934134">153934134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Achievements+of+Economic+History%3A+The+Marxist+School&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-57&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070008815X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153934134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobb1946" class="citation book cs1">Dobb, Maurice (1946). <i>Studies in the Development of Capitalism</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Development+of+Capitalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Dobb&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweezy1950" class="citation journal cs1">Sweezy, Paul (1950). "The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism". <i>Science & Society</i>. <b>14</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Transition+From+Feudalism+To+Capitalism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Sweezy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jennifer Schuessler "In History Departments, It's Up With Capitalism" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i> April 6, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130448/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0">Archived</a> August 3, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Galambos" title="Louis Galambos">Lou Galambos</a>, "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? <i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Economic_%26_Business_History" title="Essays in Economic & Business History">Essays in Economic & Business History</a></i> (2014) v. 32 pp. 1–18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426190340/http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253">Archived</a> 2018-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Jonathan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064">"Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism"</a>. <i>Business History Review</i>. <b>91</b> (3): 483–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064">10.1017/S0007680517001064</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Capital+as+Process+and+the+History+of+Capitalism&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-510&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007680517001064&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0007680517001064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelmanLevy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adelman, Jeremy; Levy, Jonathan (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247">"The Fall and Rise of Economic History"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210345/https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Economic+History&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Levy%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-FallRise-of-Economic%2F150247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hilt, Eric (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X">"Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the "New History of Capitalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>77</b> (2): 511–536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X">10.1017/S002205071700016X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41971400">41971400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Economic+History%2C+Historical+Analysis%2C+and+the+%22New+History+of+Capitalism%22&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=511-536&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205071700016X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41971400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hilt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002205071700016X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf">"Capitalism and History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Columbia University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722023627/https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University&rft.atitle=Capitalism+and+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.columbia.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F20%2F2018%2F01%2FCapitalism-and-History-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1927" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, William (1927). 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"The Early History of the Economic History Association". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Economic+History+Association&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Heaton&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay1941" class="citation journal cs1">Gay, Edwin F. (1941). "The Tasks of Economic History". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>1</b>: 9–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700052128">10.1017/S0022050700052128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250121256">250121256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Tasks+of+Economic+History&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700052128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250121256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html">"Members"</a>. <i>International Economic History Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231135928/http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Economic+History+Association&rft.atitle=Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieha-wehc.org%2Fmembers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SamuelsonQ-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SamuelsonQ_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Conor2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, Conor (June 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/">"An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603102345/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=An+Interview+With+Paul+Samuelson%2C+Part+Two&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2009%2F06%2Fan-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two%2F19627%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economic history">Economic history</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Economic_history_and_conditions" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Economic history and conditions">Economic history and conditions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1995" class="citation book cs1">Bairoch, Paul (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0"><i>Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226034631" title="Special:BookSources/0226034631"><bdi>0226034631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+World+History%3A+Myths+and+Paradoxes&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0226034631&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsworldhi00bair_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1977" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, T. C. (1977). "The Beginnings of the Economic History Society". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History Review">Economic History Review</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2595495">10.2307/2595495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595495">2595495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+the+Economic+History+Society&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2595495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2595495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatenMuschallik2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten" title="Jörg Baten">Baten, Jörg</a>; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "The Global Status of Economic History". <i>Economic History of Developing Regions</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 93–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390">10.1080/20780389.2012.682390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900">155697900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+of+Developing+Regions&rft.atitle=The+Global+Status+of+Economic+History&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-113&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155697900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Muschallik%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319965673">Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. <i>An Economist's Guide to Economic History</i>. Palgrave.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronNeal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rondo_Cameron" title="Rondo Cameron">Cameron, Rondo</a>; Neal, Larry (2003). <i>A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present</i> (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195127056" title="Special:BookSources/0195127056"><bdi>0195127056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Economic+History+of+the+World%3A+From+Paleolithic+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195127056&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Rondo&rft.au=Neal%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipolla1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla" title="Carlo M. Cipolla">Cipolla, C. M.</a> (1991). <i>Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631166815" title="Special:BookSources/0631166815"><bdi>0631166815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+History+and+Economics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Economic+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0631166815&rft.aulast=Cipolla&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaDemeulemeesterDiebolt2007" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). "What is 'Cliometrica'?". <i>Cliometrica</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-006-0001-1">10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217979">154217979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cliometrica&rft.atitle=What+is+%27Cliometrica%27%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11698-006-0001-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154217979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Dora&rft.au=Demeulemeester%2C+Jean-Luc&rft.au=Diebolt%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._37–42" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts" title="Nicholas Crafts">Crafts, N.F.R.</a> (1987). "Economic history". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-1">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5"><bdi>978-1-349-95121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Economic+history&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95121-5&rft.au=Crafts%2C+N.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kadish, Alon. <i>Historians, Economists, and Economic History</i> (2012) pp. 3–35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2014" class="citation journal cs1">Deng, Kent (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064">"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Surveys</i>. <b>28</b> (4). Cambridge: 600–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064">10.1111/joes.12064</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153614497">153614497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Surveys&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+recent+research+in+Chinese+economic+history&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=600-616&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoes.12064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153614497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjoes.12064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2008" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Alexander J. 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"The Rise and Development of Economic History". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_History_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History Review">Economic History Review</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 12–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590668">10.2307/2590668</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590668">2590668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Development+of+Economic+History&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-34&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2590668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2590668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gras&rft.aufirst=N.+S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokyr2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr, Joyr</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155234/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070">"Economic Encyclopaedia"</a>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History</i>. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070">the original</a> on 2011-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Economic+Encyclopaedia&rft.volume=5+vols&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mokyr&rft.aufirst=Joyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FEconomics%2FHistory%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195105070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Temin, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/14297.pdf">"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic History and Economic Development</i> (w20107). National Bureau of Economic Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+and+Economic+Development&rft.atitle=New+Economic+History+in+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.issue=w20107&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Temin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww10.iadb.org%2Fintal%2Fintalcdi%2FPE%2F2014%2F14297.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749">"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Economic Perspectives">The Journal of Economic Perspectives</a></i>. <b>16</b> (3). American Economic Association: 109–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749">10.1257/089533002760278749</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216953">3216953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Economic+History+and+Modern+India%3A+Redefining+the+Link&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109-30&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F089533002760278749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3216953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252F089533002760278749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">O'Rourke, K.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/economic-history-and-contemporary-challenges-to-globalization/616A2B63EDFDE212193C324157498179">Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization</a>. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 356–382.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow, Robert M</a>. "Economic History and Economics." The American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 328–31. www.jstor.org/stable/1805620.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_bubble" title="Stock market bubble">Stock market bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a> (1634–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble</a> (1684–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble</a> (1711–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal Bubble of 1769</a> (1757–1769)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Mania" title="Canal Mania">Canal Mania</a> (c. 1790–c. 1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_gold_rush" title="Carolina gold rush">Carolina gold rush</a> (1802–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1810s" title="Alabama real estate bubble of the 1810s">1810s Alabama real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia Gold Rush</a> (1828–c. 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s" title="Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s">1830s Chicago real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> (1830–1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> (c. 1840–c. 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> (1848–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes Gold Rush</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> (1851–c. 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales gold rush</a> (1851–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> (1851–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush" title="Pike's Peak gold rush">Pike's Peak gold rush</a> (1858–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek Gold Rush</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush" title="Pennsylvania oil rush">Pennsylvania oil rush</a> (1859–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen Gold Rush</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine Gold Rush</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Steamboats of the Colorado River">Colorado River mining boom</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">First Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1861–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast gold rush</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend Gold Rush</a> (c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Lake_gold_rush" title="Vermilion Lake gold rush">Vermilion Lake gold rush</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">1870s Lapland gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel Gold Rushes</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Country" title="Cassiar Country">Cassiar Gold Rush</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush</a> (1874–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a> (1879–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian gold rushes</a> (c. 1880–c. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Indiana gas boom</a> (c. 1880–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Ohio" title="Petroleum industry in Ohio">Ohio oil rush</a> (c. 1880–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego gold rush</a> (1883–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh Gold Rush</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Cripple Creek Gold Rush">Cripple Creek Gold Rush</a> (c. 1890–c. 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> (1896–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1896–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuk_River_Stampede" title="Kobuk River Stampede">Kobuk River Stampede</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker_gold_rush" title="Mount Baker gold rush">Mount Baker gold rush</a> (1897–c. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome Gold Rush</a> (1899–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (c. 1900–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1901–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1903–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1909–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">1920s Florida land boom</a> (c. 1920–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">1930s Kakamega gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1932–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1945–c. 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1945–c. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon_bubble" title="Poseidon bubble">Poseidon bubble</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">The Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom" title="1970s commodities boom">1970s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom" title="Mexican oil boom">Mexican oil boom</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Thursday" title="Silver Thursday">Silver Thursday</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (c. 1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (1982–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Spanish property bubble</a> (1985–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Baltic states housing bubble</a> (2000–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a> (c. 2000–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_property_bubble_of_2000s" title="Danish property bubble of 2000s">2000s Danish property bubble</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble" title="2000s United States housing bubble">United States housing bubble</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Romanian property bubble</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_property_bubble" title="Polish property bubble">Polish property bubble</a> (2002–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">Chinese property bubble</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2005–2008)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">Chinese stock bubble of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007" title="Uranium bubble of 2007">Uranium bubble of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_debt_bubble" title="Corporate debt bubble">Corporate debt bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Australian property bubble</a> (2010–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a> (2011–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bubble" title="Everything bubble">Everything bubble</a> (2020–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bubble" title="Green bubble">Green bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_stock_bubble" title="Social media stock bubble">Social media stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_bubble" title="Unicorn bubble">Unicorn bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">U.S. higher education bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_crises" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_crises" title="Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises" title="Template talk:Financial crises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_crises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">Bank run</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Commodity price shocks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">Credit crunch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">Financial contagion</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flash_crash" title="Flash crash">Flash crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">Liquidity crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">Accounting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">Capital</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Funding_liquidity" title="Funding liquidity">Funding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">Market</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minsky_moment" title="Minsky moment">Minsky moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">1000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_33" title="Financial crisis of 33">Financial crisis of 33 CE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–284 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> (c. 1400–c. 1500)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">The Great Debasement</a> (1544–1551)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic stock market crashes</a> (c. 1600–1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper" title="Kipper und Wipper">Kipper und Wipper</a></i> (1621–1623)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania crash</a> (1637)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763" title="Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763">Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal bubble crash</a> (1769–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic financial collapse</a> (c. 1780–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813" title="Danish state bankruptcy of 1813">Danish state bankruptcy of 1813</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks</a> (1815–1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_potato_failure" title="European potato failure">European potato failure</a> (1845–1856)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">Paris Bourse crash of 1882</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arendal_crash" title="Arendal crash">Arendal crash</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1890–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)" title="Black Monday (1894)">Black Monday</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis" title="Shanghai rubber stock market crisis">Shanghai rubber stock market crisis</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia" title="Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia">Early Soviet hyperinflation</a> (1917–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic hyperinflation</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1930" title="Panic of 1930">Panic of 1930</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wartime period</a><br />(1939–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Greek hyperinflation</a> (1941–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91#Hyperinflation" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő hyperinflation</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation (page does not exist)">1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> (1973–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash" title="1973–1974 stock market crash">1973–1974 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">Steel crisis</a> (1973–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1975–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 British currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1980–1982)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1982–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">Chilean crisis of 1982</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 Israel bank stock crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday (1983)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a> (1986–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">Cameroonian economic crisis</a> (1987–2000s)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">Black Monday (1987)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis" title="1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis">1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble crash</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis" title="Rhode Island banking crisis">Rhode Island banking crisis</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">1991 Indian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994">1990s Swedish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis" title="1990s Finnish banking crisis">1990s Finnish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">1990s Armenian energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuban Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav hyperinflation</a> (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis" title="1994 bond market crisis">1994 bond market crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> (1994–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash" title="October 27, 1997, mini-crash">October 1997 mini-crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samba_effect" title="Samba effect">Samba effect</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble crash</a> (2000–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">9/11 stock market crash</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 Turkish economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">Stock market downturn of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis" title="2003 Myanmar banking crisis">2003 Myanmar banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> (2003–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 Argentine energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 Chinese stock bubble crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean hyperinflation</a> (2007–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a><br />(2007–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">September 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008" title="Global financial crisis in October 2008">October 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008" title="Global financial crisis in November 2008">November 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008" title="Global financial crisis in December 2008">December 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s U.S. housing market correction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009" title="United States bear market of 2007–2009">U.S. bear market of 2007–2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">2008–2009 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">2008–2011 Irish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009" title="Blue Monday Crash 2009">Blue Monday Crash 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2009–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubai_World" title="Dubai World">2009 Dubai debt standstill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010">Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis in Venezuela</a> (2010–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syrian economic crisis</a> (2011–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall" title="August 2011 stock markets fall">August 2011 stock markets fall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 Bangladesh share market scam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013" title="Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013">2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">Venezuela economic crisis</a> (2013–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> (2014–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff" title="2015–2016 stock market selloff">2015–2016 stock market selloff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit stock market crash</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuelan hyperinflation</a> (2016–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis" title="2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis">2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis" title="Ghana banking crisis">Ghana banking crisis</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Turkish economic crisis</a> (2018–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)" title="Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)">Sri Lankan economic crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial market impact</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_2020s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2020s recession">Recession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis</a> (2020–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Pakistani economic crisis</a> (2022–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022–2024 German economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Egyptian_financial_crisis" title="2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis">2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">List of economic crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">List of sovereign debt crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets" title="List of stock market crashes and bear markets">List of stock market crashes and bear markets</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_histories_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history" title="Template:Economic history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history" title="Template talk:Economic history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_histories_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic histories by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economic history of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan" title="Economic history of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Panama" title="Economic history of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Arab world</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economic history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former industrialized<br />economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Economy of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Ashanti Empire"> Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">England in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Economy of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_feudal_Japan" title="Economics of feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Economy of the Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois" title="Economy of the Iroquois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Tamil Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li>Historical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historiography" title="Template:Historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography" title="Template talk:Historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">history</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history" title="Category:Theories of history">theories of history</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">Historical sources</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">Secondary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations,_publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations, publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers" title="List of heritage registers">Heritage registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_society" title="Historical society">Historical society</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_societies" title="List of historical societies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes" class="extiw" title="c:History institutes">History institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_journals" title="List of history journals">History journals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_journals" title="Template:History journals">template</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Commemorative plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical realism">Historical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system" title="Historical geographic information system">Historical geographic information system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography" title="Category:Historiography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Historiography">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Portal:Social Sciences">Wikiversity</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/901974/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7504419-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Economic history"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040817">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Histoire économique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961810v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Histoire économique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961810v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hospodářské dějiny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114703&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Historia económica"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527086">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2002030593">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531359205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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