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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Other interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominion_of_Canada:_1867-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion_of_Canada:_1867-1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dominion of Canada: 1867-1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominion_of_Canada:_1867-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914-1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914-1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1914-1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914-1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1945 to 1957</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957_to_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957_to_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1957 to 2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957_to_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Peacekeeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_US_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_US_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Relations with US and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_US_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2006 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stephen_Harper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Harper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Stephen Harper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Harper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justin_Trudeau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justin_Trudeau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Justin Trudeau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justin_Trudeau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Specialized studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relations with United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The foreign policies of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and its predecessor colonies were under British control until the 20th century. This included wars with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1775-1783 and 1812–1815. Economic ties with the U.S. were always close. Political tensions arose in the 19th century from anti-British sentiment in the U.S. in the 1860s. Boundary issues caused diplomatic disputes resolved in the 1840s over the Maine boundary and in the early 20th century over the Alaska boundary. There is ongoing discussion regarding the Arctic. Canada-US relations have been friendly in the 20th and 21st centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._84_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._84-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada participated in Britain's wars, especially the Boer war, World War I and World War II. However, there was a bitter dispute between Francophone and Anglophone Canada during the First World War. Canada had its own seat in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> but played a small role in world affairs until the 1940s. Since then it has been active in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and in promoting its middle-power status into an active role in world affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian foreign relations">History of Canadian foreign relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_to_1867">Colonial era to 1867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial era to 1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> colonies which today constitute modern Canada had no control over their foreign affairs until the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in the late 1840s. Up to that time, negotiations were carried out by the governors appointed by the British government to encourage <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration</a>, settle local disputes and to promote trade.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disputes_with_the_United_States">Disputes with the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputes with the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783 formally ended the war.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain made several concessions to the United States at the expense of the North American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">borders between Canada and the United States</a> were officially demarcated;<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all land south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, which was formerly a part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763-1791)">Province of Quebec</a> and included modern-day <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, was ceded to the Americans as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. Fishing rights were also granted to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> and on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain ignored part of the treaty and maintained their military outposts in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes areas</a> it had ceded to the U.S., and they continued to supply their <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> allies with munitions. The British evacuated the outposts with the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> of 1795, but the continued supply of munitions irritated the Americans in the run-up to the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Willig2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willig2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_interactions">Other interactions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="Special:EditPage/History of Canadian foreign policy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notable interactions from the colonial period include the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rush%E2%80%93Bagot_Treaty" title="Rush–Bagot Treaty">Rush–Bagot Treaty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a>. Before the granting of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, British diplomats handled foreign affairs and had the goal of achieving British goals, especially peace with the United States; domestic Canadian interests were secondary. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a> of 1854 signalled an important change in relations between Britain and its North American colonies. In this treaty, the Canadas were allowed to impose tariff duties more favourable to a foreign country (the U.S.) than to Britain, a precedent that was extended by new tariffs in 1859, 1879 and 1887, despite angry demands on the part of British industrialists that these tariffs be disallowed by London.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a much smaller scale, Irish activists called Fenians based in the United States <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">launched several tiny raids into Canada, in 1866-1871</a>. All were quickly repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One factor leading to confederation was the greatly exaggerated fear in Canada that the U.S. might seize Canada after winning the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominion_of_Canada:_1867-1914">Dominion of Canada: 1867-1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dominion of Canada: 1867-1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, the first prime minister Sir <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet">Sir John Rose</a> as his lobbyist in London. When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> became prime minister, he sent <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a> to represent Canada in Washington during British-American trade talks. After the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party</a> came back to power in 1878, the government sent <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Galt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Galt">Alexander Galt</a> to London, as well as to France and Spain. Although the British government was concerned about this nascent Canadian diplomacy, it finally consented to giving Galt the formal title of <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> in 1880. A trade commissioner was appointed to Australia in 1894. As High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a> helped negotiate an agreement with France in 1893 but it was countersigned by the British ambassador as the Queen's official representative to France. Meanwhile, in 1882 the province of Quebec made its first of many forays into the international community by sending a representative, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Fabre" title="Hector Fabre">Hector Fabre</a> to Paris in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's responses to international events elsewhere were limited at this time. During 1878 tensions between Britain and Russia, for example, Canada constructed a few limited defences but did little else. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">British campaign in Sudan of 1884–85</a>, however, Canada was expected to contribute troops. Since Ottawa was reluctant to become involved, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> privately raised 386 <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> at Britain's expense to help British forces on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river. By 1885, many Canadians offered to volunteer as part of a potential Canadian force, however the government declined to act. This stood in sharp contrast to Australia (<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a>), which raised and paid for its own troops.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Carman_Miller" title="Carman Miller">Carman Miller</a>, Canada took a strong interest in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer war, 1899–1902</a>, when the British with great difficulty suppressed the Boer movement in South Africa. Support for the war was strong in the <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">Anglophone community</a>, as thousands of ambitious young men volunteered and fought. However, there was resistance in rural Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor movement</a>, non-Anglican clergyman, and the large <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Catholic community</a>, as well as the smaller <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German communities</a>. Supporters saw an opportunity to assert that Canadian national identity was compatible with ties with the mother country. That alliance, they felt, would help protect them from American threats. Other supporters identified strongly with the pan-Britannic theme, cheering for "Queen and country!" The <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadian community</a> realized how different it was from Britannia, and began launching separatist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Canadian commercial representative abroad was <a href="/wiki/John_Short_Larke" title="John Short Larke">John Short Larke</a>. Larke became Canada's first trade commissioner following a successful trade delegation to Australia led by Canada's first Minister of Trade and Commerce, <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a>, simmering since the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska purchase">US purchased Alaska from Russia</a> of 1867, became critical when gold was discovered in the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> during the late 1890s. Alaska controlled all the possible ports of entry. Canada argued its boundary included the port of <a href="/wiki/Skagway" class="mw-redirect" title="Skagway">Skagway</a>, held by the U.S.. The dispute went to arbitration in 1903, but the British delegate sided with the Americans, angering Canadians who felt the British had betrayed Canadian interests to curry favour with the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-D.M.L.FARR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D.M.L.FARR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> reluctantly established a <a href="/wiki/Department_of_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of External Affairs (Canada)">Department of External Affairs</a> and the positions of Secretary and Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, largely at the urging of the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a>, the British ambassador in Washington, who estimated that three-quarters of his embassy's time was devoted to Canadian-American matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Laurier signed a reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower tariffs in both directions. Conservatives under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> denounced it, saying it would integrate <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada's economy</a> into <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">that of the U.S</a>. and loosen ties with Britain. The Conservative party won the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 Canadian federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914-1929">1914-1929</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1914-1929"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_World_War">First World War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years#World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years § World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg/220px-Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg/330px-Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg/440px-Crowds_as_soldiers_leave_Union_Station_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Civilians hail a trainload of soldiers departing from Toronto shortly after war began in August 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> and civilian participation in the First World War helped to foster a sense of <a href="/wiki/Canada_%E2%80%93_United_Kingdom_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada – United Kingdom relations">British-Canadian nationhood</a>. The British-oriented population was empowered, and everyone else was marginalized, especially the French, Irish Catholic, and East European elements. The <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during the First World War">famous military achievements</a> came during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Second Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a> battles and what later became known as "<a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Hundred_Days" title="Canada's Hundred Days">Canada's Hundred Days</a>". The costs were high: 67,000 killed and 173,000.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_Office_1922_237_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_Office_1922_237-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> British Canadians were annoyed in 1914-16 when Washington insisted on neutrality and seemed to profit heavily while Canada was sacrificing its wealth and its youth. However, when the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">US finally declared war on Germany in April 1917</a>, there was swift cooperation and friendly coordination, as one historian report:</p><blockquote><p> Official co-operation between Canada and the United States—the pooling of grain, fuel, power, and transportation resources, the underwriting of a Canadian loan by bankers of New York—produced a good effect on the public mind. Canadian recruiting detachments were welcomed in the United States, while a reciprocal agreement was ratified to facilitate the return of draft-evaders. A Canadian War Mission was established at Washington, and many other ways the activities of the two countries were coordinated for efficiency. Immigration regulations were relaxed and thousands of American farmhands crossed the border to assist in harvesting the Canadian crops. Officially and publicly, at least, the two nations were on better terms than ever before in their history, and on the American side this attitude extended through almost all classes of society.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Support for Britain caused a major <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">political crisis over conscription</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Francophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophones">Francophones</a>, especially in Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Service Act (Canada)">rejected national policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> was an enemy in the war. Large numbers of its emigrants had settled in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Prairie Provinces</a>. Some 8,000 were classified as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">and were interred in camps.</a> Another 80,000 had to report regularly to the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">local police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal party</a> was deeply split, with most of its <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">Anglophone</a> leaders joining the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">unionist government</a> headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bothwell1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bothwell1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals regained their influence after the war under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, who served as prime minister with three separate terms between 1921 and 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As its reward for significant contributions to the victory, Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> won London's approval that Canada be treated as a separate signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920s">1920s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Canada shared in victory in the First World War, there were two alternative strategies for Canada's foreign policy, according to <a href="/wiki/C.P._Stacey" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Stacey">C.P. Stacey</a>. The Conservative Party, under prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, called for close cooperation with London as part of the British Empire. This carried on the wartime coalition built on pro-British elements. However the Liberal Party, under its new leader Mackenzie King, sought a nationalistic and isolationist approach of the sort that appealed to the French Canadian element, as well as other non-British ethnic groups. King, acting as his own Foreign Minister, achieved his goal by close cooperation with his Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_D._Skelton" title="Oscar D. Skelton">Oscar D. Skelton</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Clifford Sifton</a>, the influential newspaperman from <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1920 Canada was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and was granted full membership. It acted independently of London. It was elected to the League Council (governing board) in 1927. It did not play a leading role, and generally opposed sanctions or military action by the League. The League was virtually defunct by 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Borden and King governments made it clear that "Canada lived 'in a fireproof house far from flammable materials' and felt no automatic obligation to the principle of collective security".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very much like the United States, Canada turned away from international politics. Instead, King focused his attention on good relations with the United States and on greater independence from Great Britain, moving into a position of near isolation. Thus, in 1922 King refused to support the British to enforce a peace settlement during the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>, when the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> attacked and drove out the Greeks in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government operated a Canadian War Mission in Washington, 1918 to 1921, but it was not until King became Prime Minister in 1921 that Canada seriously pursued an independent foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a> in 1923 it was agreed that no resolution was binding unless approved by each dominion parliament. Canada then for the first time signed a treaty (the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Halibut_Treaty" title="Halibut Treaty">Halibut Treaty</a> with the US) without British participation, and it proceeded to establish its own embassy in Washington. Further steps to external sovereignty were the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931. In 1923, Canada independently signed the <a href="/wiki/Halibut_Treaty" title="Halibut Treaty">Halibut Treaty</a> with the United States at Mackenzie King's insistence – the first time Canada signed a treaty without the British also signing it. In 1925, the government appointed a permanent diplomat to Geneva to deal with the League of Nations and <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, King appointed <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> as the first Canadian <a href="/wiki/Minister_plenipotentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister plenipotentiary">minister plenipotentiary</a> in Washington (1926), raised the office in Paris to legation status under <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Roy" title="Philippe Roy">Philippe Roy</a> (1928), and opened a legation in Tokyo with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marler" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Marler">Herbert Marler</a> as envoy (1929). Canada finally achieved legislative independence with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931, although British diplomatic missions continued to represent Canada in most countries throughout the 1930s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada was pulled into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a> in 1929 by the economic recession in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a tariff war with Washington and foreign trade dried up<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while unemployment soared.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy shrank by 40% in terms of gross domestic product. Canadians were all the more preoccupied with domestic economic problems. With little dissent Canada chose to remain neutral throughout the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan's invasion of Manchuria</a> raised little concern in Canada, nor did <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a> in 1933 or <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italy's invasion of Ethiopia</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government declared its neutrality on the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in 1936 where <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> lead a military uprising, supported with military hardware and tens of thousands of troops by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. The insurgents won the civil war in 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> encouraged young men to volunteer to fight for the Spanish Republic in the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="International Brigade">International Brigades</a>. They were not deterred by the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937, outlawing participation by Canadians in foreign wars. Eventually, 1,546 Canadians participated, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a> (also called "Mac-Paps") of whom 721 were killed. Except for France, no other country gave as great a proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its expressed neutrality, in 1936, Canada began a modest program of rearmament and in 1937, King let Britain know that Canada would support it in case of a war in Europe. He visited Germany in June 1937 and met with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Like many other political leaders of the time, King was seduced by Hitler's charm and rehearsed simplicity. He supported the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>" of Germany. King and other leaders remained quiet when <a href="/wiki/Hitler_annexed_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler annexed Austria">Hitler annexed Austria</a> in 1938 and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> in Germany and the growing trickle of refugees arriving in the country, Canada began to actively restrict Jewish immigration by 1938. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Charles Blair">Frederick Charles Blair</a>, the country's top immigration official, raised the amount of money immigrants had to possess to come to Canada from $5,000 to $15,000. King himself shared the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">anti-Semitism of many Canadians</a>; in his diary he wrote: "We must seek to keep this part of the continent free from unrest and from too great an intermixture of foreign strains of blood."<sup id="cite_ref-history.cbc.ca_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.cbc.ca-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Through government inaction and Blair's bureaucratic <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">anti-Semitism</a>, Canada emerged from the war with one of the worst records of <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Jewish refugee</a> resettlement in the world. Between 1933 and 1939, Canada accepted only 4,000 of the 800,000 Jews who had escaped from <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-controlled Europe</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-history.cbc.ca_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.cbc.ca-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, the King government began to abandon its support of appeasement and publicly warned that it would support Britain in the event of a war.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in September 1939, Canada rapidly expanded its diplomatic missions abroad. While Canada hosted two major Allied conferences in Quebec in 1943 and 1944, neither Prime Minister Mackenzie King nor senior generals and admirals were invited to take part in any of the discussions. Indeed, Roosevelt and Churchill did not allow Canada a seat in any conference or major war planning committee.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>False rumours of systematic Japanese spies and saboteurs, combined with long-standing hostility toward <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese Canadians</a>, led to the <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">internment in inland camps of 21,000 Japanese</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_1957">1945 to 1957</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1945 to 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Council" title="Canadian International Council">Canadian Institute of International Affairs</a> (CIIA) has long been the intellectual centre of foreign policy thinking. Its current name is the "Canadian International Council". Under businessman Edgar Tarr, 1931 to 1950, the CIIA went beyond the original neutral and apolitical research role. Instead it championed Canadian national autonomy and sought to enlarge the nation's international role, while challenging <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British imperialism</a>. Numerous diplomats attended its conferences and supported its new mission. Canada's foreign policy moved away from <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">classical imperialism</a> and toward the modern approach by the United States. CIIA leaders and Canadian officials worked to encouraged nationalist forces in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> that sought to reject colonial rule and Western dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hector Mackenzie, the myth of a glorious postwar era in Canada's international relations is common in memoirs and biographies of Canadian diplomats, journalism and popular commentary. It sometimes appears in scholarly studies. This story is used as evidence of Canada's exceptionalism, its special world mission and its supposed deeply felt <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>. It is easy to take this myth as a standard against which recent history is judged. Mackenzie argues the myth is deeply mistaken especially regarding Canadian motives and achievements in world affairs during 1939 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenDecade_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenDecade-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomats reminiscing about the postwar era stress the outsized role of <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>; they fondly call the 1940s and 1950s a "golden era" of Canadian foreign policy. It is matched against the isolationism of the 1930s, which James Eayrs called a low, dishonest decade."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Golden Era tag has been challenged as a romantic exaggeration. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, working closely with his Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, handled foreign relations 1945–48 in cautious fashion. Canada lent and donated over $2 billion to Britain to help it rebuild (by purchasing Canadian exports). It was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. It helped design NATO. However, Mackenzie King rejected free trade with the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decided not to play a role in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin airlift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldenDecade_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldenDecade-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada had been actively involved in the League of Nations, primarily because it could act separately from Britain. It played a <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">modest role in the postwar formation of the United Nations</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. It played a somewhat larger role in 1947 in designing the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ties with Great Britain gradually weakened, especially in 1956 when Canada refused to support the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(1956)" title="Operation Musketeer (1956)">British and French invasion of Egypt</a> in order to seize the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. Liberal <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> as External Affairs Minister (foreign minister) won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for organizing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">United Nations Emergency Force</a> in 1956 to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Canal Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1939 to 1968, foreign policy was based on close relationships with the United States, especially in trade and defence policy, with Canada an active member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> as well as a bilateral partner with the United States in forming a northern defence against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a>. In 1950–53, Canada sent troops to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a> in defence of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Lester Pearson, cultural differences, Francophone versus Anglophone, could perhaps be narrowed by involvement in world affairs. Canadians could gain a broader, more cosmopolitan, more liberal outlook. A sense of national identity, built on the middle size nation thesis, was possible. Perhaps international commitment would produce a sense of purpose and thereby unite Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were voices on both left and right that warned against being too close to the United States. Few Canadians listened before 1957. Instead, there was wide consensus on Canadian foreign and defence policies 1948 to 1957. Bothwell, Drummond and English state: </p> <dl><dd>That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">CCF</a> on the left to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a> on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Commonwealth of Nations? (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> embodied a glorious past.<sup id="cite_ref-Bothwell131_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bothwell131-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>However the consensus did not last. By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">American television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy big came unstuck. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one."<sup id="cite_ref-Bothwell131_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bothwell131-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957_to_2006">1957 to 2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1957 to 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general pattern in the 20th century, was for the Liberal party, especially when it controlled the government under Laurier (1896–1911) and Mackenzie King (1921–1930, 1935–1948), to favour closer ties with the United States, often at the expense of Great Britain and the British Commonwealth. The Conservative party, on the other hand, with its voting base in the British element, took the opposite position. Thus the Conservatives defeated the 1911 reciprocity treaty with the United States, and took the lead in supporting Britain in the First World War, wild working feverishly to suppress anti-British sentiment in Québec and the Prairie provinces. However <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, the conservative Prime Minister 1957–1963, was shocked to discover that the British were serious about entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">Common Market</a>. The Conservatives saw this as a betrayal of the Commonwealth ideal, and let the opposition to London's plans. French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> vetoed London's application, but it <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">finally joined in 1975</a>, with the result of weakening ties to Canada and the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <p>The success of the Suez peacekeeping mission led Canadians to embrace peacekeeping as a suitable role for a middle-sized country, looking for a role, and having high regards for the United Nations. Canada's role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> during the late 20th century led to the reputation as a prominent player in world affairs. Canada's commitment to multilateralism has been closely related to <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping efforts</a>. Canadian <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> was the father of modern <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Peacekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Canada's role in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Crisis">Suez Canal Crisis</a>, Canada was viewed by many as insignificant in issues of the world's traditional powers. Canada's successful role in the conflict gave Canada credibility and established it as a nation fighting for the common good of all the world's nations and not just their allies.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada sent a peacekeeping force to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 1964, when two NATO members, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, were at swords' point over <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">ethnic violence</a> between <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">historic British colony</a>. The Canadians left in 1993 after 28 were killed and many wounded in the operation. Peacekeeping help was needed in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> in 1960–64, after Belgium pulled out. There were numerous other small interventions. Canada took a central role in the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> (ICC), which tried to broker peace in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 violent misbehavior by Canadian peacekeeping <a href="/wiki/Somalia_affair" title="Somalia affair">forces in Somalia shocked the nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1995, Canadian direct participation in United Nations peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonJoshee2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonJoshee2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That number decreased largely because Canada began to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, rather than through the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-McQuaig2010bt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2006, for instance, Canada ranked 51st on the list of UN peacekeepers, contributing 130 peacekeepers out of a total UN deployment of over 70,000;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in November 1990 Canada had 1,002 troops out of a total UN deployment of 10,304.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_US_and_others">Relations with US and others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with US and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> took pains to foster good relations with Progressive Conservative <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> (1957–1963) . That led to approval of plans to join together in <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a>, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Relations with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> were much less cordial. Diefenbaker opposed <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> and helped force it out of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Bomarc_Missile_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomarc Missile Crisis">indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles</a> from the United States led to his government's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1964–1975) was very unpopular in Canada, which provided only minimal diplomatic support and no military participation. Liberal <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> as Prime Minister (1963–1968) avoided any involvement in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign affairs was not high on his agenda, as he concentrated on complex internal political problems.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> (1968–1979 and 1980–1984) foreign policy was much less important than internal unity. There were multiple new approaches, some of which involved standing apart from the United States. Trudeau recognized the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> shortly before the United States did,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> improved relationships with the Soviet Union, and cut back on contributions to NATO. While not cutting back on trade with the United States, he did emphasize improved trade with Europe and Asia. By his third year in office, however, Trudeau launched a new initiative, emphasizing Canada's role as a middle power with the ability to engage in active peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign aid was expanded, especially to the non-white Commonwealth. Canada joined most of NATO in imposing sanctions on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 1979–80.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> took office in Washington in 1981, and relationships cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq invaded Kuwait</a> in 1990, Canada joined most of NATO and sending troops to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Canada remained part of NATO, a strong military presence was considered unnecessary by 1964, and funding was diverted into peacekeeping missions. Only 20,000 soldiers were left. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Richter" title="Andrew Richter">Andrew Richter</a> called this, "Forty years of neglect, indifference, and apathy."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Québec started operating its own foreign policy in the 1960s, so that in key countries Canada had two separate missions with diverging priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_to_present">2006 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2006 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stephen_Harper">Stephen Harper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stephen Harper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Stephen_Harper_government" title="Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government">Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> has been characterized as a great break from the previous 70 years of post-war Canadian diplomacy. Indeed, Harper moved away from the multilateral and internationalist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a>, and reduced Canada's emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>, conflict resolution, and <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>. Harper's foreign policy has been described as "ideological", incoherent" and "diaspora-driven".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harper sought to strengthen cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, particularly in their <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>. As part of this policy, his government continued and expanded Canada's participation in the US-led <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper also led Canada in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan civil war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, Harper showed relentless support for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> throughout his whole premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justin_Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Justin Trudeau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Justin_Trudeau" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau">List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-G7Biarritz_(48632299348).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/-G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg/220px--G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/-G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg/330px--G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/-G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg/440px--G7Biarritz_%2848632299348%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Trudeau with <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and other leaders at the <a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">45th G7 summit</a> in Biarritz, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada's current <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> is <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a>, who took office in October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the like-minded <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, despite Trudeau's support for the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a> which was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> President.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's first foreign policy challenges included respecting his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to welcome 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Refugees">Syrian war refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revisedgoal_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisedgoal-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_(48603638387).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg/275px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg/413px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg/550px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Trudeau_%2848603638387%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7305" data-file-height="4870" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and US Ambassador to Canada <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Craft" title="Kelly Craft">Kelly Craft</a>, 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trudeau had a much frostier relationship with Obama's successor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/USMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="USMCA">CUSMA</a> (known as USMCA in the US), in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American milk, weakening Canada's dairy <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canada_ratification_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_ratification-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump also implemented <a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">tariffs</a> on Canadian steel and aluminum, to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing tariffs on American steel, aluminum and a variety of other American products.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe229_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe229-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/44th_G7_summit" title="44th G7 summit">2018 G7 summit</a>, Trump called Trudeau "very dishonest and weak" in response to comments that Trudeau had made in a press conference, regarding Trump's tariffs. Trudeau again drew Trump's ire at the <a href="/wiki/2019_London_summit" title="2019 London summit">2019 NATO summit</a> when he was seen on video gossiping with his British and Dutch counterparts, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>, as well as French president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, about a press conference that Trump had held earlier that day. Trump responded by calling Trudeau "two-faced" when asked by a reporter about the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> was elected to succeed Trump in 2020, Trudeau was the first foreign leader to speak with Biden directly as <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">president-elect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau was also the first leader to speak with Biden once he assumed office, and Biden's first formal bilateral meeting was with Trudeau, though it was held virtually due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's relationship with China has deteriorated under Trudeau's leadership, chiefly as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> affair. Since <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of Meng Wanzhou">Wanzhou's arrest</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver airport">Vancouver airport</a> in December 2018, two Canadians (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Spavor" title="Michael Spavor">Michael Spavor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovrig">Michael Kovrig</a>) have been held in custody in China. Both countries have requested the release of their nationals, which they see as <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">political prisoners</a>. Trudeau claims he does not have the authority to free Wanzhou, as his policy is to respect Canada's <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> treaty with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a similar fashion, <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia</a> has deteriorated during Trudeau's premiership, as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by his predecessor. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country after Canada had called on the Saudis to release opposition blogger <a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Raif Badawi</a>. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Jamal Khashoggi">killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi</a> and mounting civilian deaths from the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India's intelligence agencies, <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> (RAW) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Intelligence_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Intelligence Bureau">Indian Intelligence Bureau</a>, have been accused of trying to "covertly influence" Canadian politicians into supporting the Indian interests.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Paterson_School_of_International_Affairs" title="Norman Paterson School of International Affairs">Norman Paterson School of International Affairs</a> expert, "To my mind, this is one of the first public examples of evidence of clandestine foreign influence targeted at Canadian politicians."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Canada lost its <a href="/wiki/2020_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2020 United Nations Security Council election">bid to join the United Nations Security Council</a>. This was the second time Canada failed in an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2009 United Nations Security Council election">2009</a> under Trudeau's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a>, current name for the department handling foreign affairs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada–China relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">Canada–France relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Canada–Germany relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">Military history of Canada during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">List of Canadian peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li>Notable Canadian diplomats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Llewellyn_Keenleyside" title="Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside">Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_D._Skelton" title="Oscar D. Skelton">Oscar D. Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hume Wrong">Hume Wrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._84-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._84_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesMichaudO'Reilly2006" class="citation book cs1">James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-5580-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+N.&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTk2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuneauMomani2022" class="citation book cs1">Juneau, T.; Momani, B. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izRjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131"><i>Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2847-8"><bdi>978-1-4875-2847-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Power+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Canada%27s+Foreign+and+Defence+Policies+in+a+Changing+Region&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-2847-8&rft.aulast=Juneau&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Momani%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizRjEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For recent general histories see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black, Conrad</a> (2014). <i>Rise to Greatness: The history of Canada from the Vikings to the present</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77101-354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77101-354-6"><bdi>978-0-77101-354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+to+Greatness%3A+The+history+of+Canada+from+the+Vikings+to+the+present&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-77101-354-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffer, Peter Charles (2007). <i>The Brave New World: A History of Early America</i> (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80188-483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80188-483-2"><bdi>978-0-80188-483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brave+New+World%3A+A+History+of+Early+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-80188-483-2&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (August 1983). "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge". <i><a href="/wiki/The_International_History_Review" title="The International History Review">The International History Review</a></i>. <b>5</b> (3): 431–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1983.9640322">10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Paris%2C+1783%3A+A+Historiographical+Challenge&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-442&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1983.9640322&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA23"><i>Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2916-2"><bdi>978-0-8420-2916-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Power%3A+A+History+of+American+Foreign+Relations+to+1913&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2916-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFyLOUrdGFwC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willig2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willig2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillig2008" class="citation book cs1">Willig, Timothy D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtzyNOrEjY8C&pg=PP1YEAR"><i>Restoring the chain of friendship: British policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815</i></a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 243–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4817-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4817-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-4817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+chain+of+friendship%3A+British+policy+and+the+Indians+of+the+Great+Lakes%2C+1783%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4817-5&rft.aulast=Willig&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtzyNOrEjY8C%26pg%3DPP1YEAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_v2NCJ2T3oC&pg=PA90"><i>Sir Andrew Macphail: The Life and Legacy of a Canadian Man of Letters</i></a>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77357-495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77357-495-3"><bdi>978-0-77357-495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Andrew+Macphail%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+a+Canadian+Man+of+Letters&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-77357-495-3&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_v2NCJ2T3oC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathaoir2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cathaoir, Brendan Ó. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628121541/https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/pdf/10.3828/studia.41.109">"The Fenian raids on Canada: A postscript to Irish involvement in the American Civil War"</a>. <i>Studia Hibernica</i> (41): 109–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fstudia.41.109">10.3828/studia.41.109</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/pdf/10.3828/studia.41.109">the original</a> on 2020-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tri-City+News&rft.atitle=Year+in+review%3A+Could+Meng+Wanzhou+arrest+cause+permanent+Canada-China+rift%3F&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tricitynews.com%2Fyear-in-review-could-meng-wanzhou-arrest-cause-permanent-canada-china-rift-1.24040947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606120814/https://www.vancourier.com/five-things-to-know-about-the-meng-wanzhou-extradition-case-1.24142203">"Five things to know about the Meng Wanzhou extradition case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Courier" title="Vancouver Courier">Vancouver Courier</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. 27 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vancourier.com/five-things-to-know-about-the-meng-wanzhou-extradition-case-1.24142203">the original</a> on 2020-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Courier&rft.atitle=Five+things+to+know+about+the+Meng+Wanzhou+extradition+case&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vancourier.com%2Ffive-things-to-know-about-the-meng-wanzhou-extradition-case-1.24142203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2020" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (2020-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/canada-doubles-weapons-sales-to-saudi-arabia-despite-moratorium">"Canada doubles weapons sales to Saudi Arabia despite moratorium"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Canada+doubles+weapons+sales+to+Saudi+Arabia+despite+moratorium&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F09%2Fcanada-doubles-weapons-sales-to-saudi-arabia-despite-moratorium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1550221">"Indian intelligence tried to influence Canada's politicians with money, disinformation: report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Indian+intelligence+tried+to+influence+Canada%27s+politicians+with+money%2C+disinformation%3A+report&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1550221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2020" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Murtaza Ali (18 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/646146-raw-targeted-canadian-politicians-in-secret-operation-for-influence">"RAW targeted Canadian politicians in secret operation for influence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=RAW+targeted+Canadian+politicians+in+secret+operation+for+influence&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Murtaza+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F646146-raw-targeted-canadian-politicians-in-secret-operation-for-influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2020" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Stewart (17 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6823170/canadian-politicians-targeted-indian-intelligence/">"Canadian politicians were targets of Indian intelligence covert influence operation: document"</a>. <i>Global News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+politicians+were+targets+of+Indian+intelligence+covert+influence+operation%3A+document&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F6823170%2Fcanadian-politicians-targeted-indian-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2020" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/canada-loses-bid-un-security-council-seat-justin-trudeau">"Canada's failed UN security council bid exposes Trudeau's 'dilettante' foreign policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+failed+UN+security+council+bid+exposes+Trudeau%27s+%27dilettante%27+foreign+policy&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F18%2Fcanada-loses-bid-un-security-council-seat-justin-trudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada#Further_reading" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada § Further reading</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bothwell, Robert. <i>Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945-1984</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allianceillusion0000both">online</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-IX-20.pdf">online reviews</a></li> <li>Bothwell, Robert and Jean Daudelin eds. <i>Canada Among Nations: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy</i> (2009).</li> <li>Cavell, Janice, and Ryan M. Touhey, eds. <i>Reassessing the Rogue Tory: Canadian Foreign Relations in the Diefenbaker Era</i> (UBC Press, 2018).</li> <li>Dewitt, David B. <i>Canada as a principal power: a study in foreign policy and international relations</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaasprincipa0000dewi">online</a></li> <li>Eayrs, James. <i>In Defence of Canada</i>. (5 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1964–1983) the standard history <ul><li><i>In Defence of Canada Volume I: From the Great War to the Great Depression</i> (1964).</li> <li><i>In Defence of Canada Volume II: Appeasement and Rearmament</i>. (1965).</li> <li><i>In Defence of Canada Volume III: Peacemaking and Deterrence</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indefenceofcanad0000eayr_k7t4">online</a></li> <li><i>In Defence of Canada: Volume IV: Growing Up Allied</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>In Defence of Canada: Volume V: Indochina: Roots of Complicity</i> (1983)</li></ul></li> <li>Fox, Annette Baker. <i>Canada in World Affairs</i> (Michigan State UP, 1996)</li> <li>Glazebrook, G. P. de T. <i>A history of Canadian external relations</i> (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcanadia0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. <i>Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II</i> (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts</li> <li>MacKay, R. A. and E.B. Rogers. <i>Canada Looks Abroad</i> (1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadalooksabroa00mack/page/192/mode/2up">online</a> good survey of issues and institutions dealing with foreign policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2143581">online review</a></li> <li>Murray, Robert W. and Paul Gecelovsky, eds. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-67770-1">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Stacey, C. P. <i> Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 1: 1867–1921</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1979), a standard scholarly history <ul><li>Stacey, C. P. <i>Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 2: 1921–1948, The Mackenzie King Years</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1981), a standard scholarly history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaageofconfl00cpst">online</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Specialized studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Black, J. L. <i>Canada in the Soviet mirror: ideology and perception in Soviet foreign affairs, 1917-1991</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadainsovietmi0000blac">online</a></li> <li>Bothwell, Robert. <i>The big chill: Canada and the Cold War</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigchillcanadaan00both">online</a></li> <li>Bugailiskis, Alex, and Andrés Rozental, eds. <i>Canada Among Nations, 2011-2012: Canada and Mexico's Unfinished Agenda</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=2843">further details</a></li> <li>Carnaghan, Matthew, Allison Goody, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905043227/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_12/iss_2/CAJ_Vol12.2_08_e.pdf">Canadian Arctic Sovereignty</a>" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006)</li> <li>Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. <i>The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture</i> (UBC Press, 2016).</li> <li>Cook, Tim. <i>Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King, and Canada's world wars</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warlordsbordenma0000cook">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroese2010" class="citation book cs1">Froese, Marc D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWZuCl2zhLoC&q=Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Canada at the WTO: Trade Litigation and the Future of Public Policy</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0138-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-0138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+at+the+WTO%3A+Trade+Litigation+and+the+Future+of+Public+Policy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0138-3&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWZuCl2zhLoC%26q%3DCanada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Glazov, Jamie. <i>Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union</i> (2003).</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L. <i>Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaswarpoliti0000gran">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatsteinBothwell,_Robert1990" class="citation book cs1">Granatstein, J. L.; Bothwell, Robert (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g1j4"><i>Pirouette : Pierre Trudeau and Canadian foreign policy</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80205-780-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80205-780-8"><bdi>978-0-80205-780-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirouette+%3A+Pierre+Trudeau+and+Canadian+foreign+policy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-80205-780-8&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Bothwell%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_g1j4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Granatstein, J. L. <i>A man of influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian statecraft, 1929-68</i> (1981) <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robertson" title="Norman Robertson">Norman Robertson</a> was a leading diplomat; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofinfluenceno0000gran">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2006" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&q=Canadian%20foreign%20policy%3A%20defining%20the%20national%20interest.&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest</i></a>. Toronto: U of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-816-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-816-5"><bdi>1-55111-816-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+foreign+policy%3A+defining+the+national+interest&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55111-816-5&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Steven+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSHy65g7M7wC%26q%3DCanadian%2520foreign%2520policy%253A%2520defining%2520the%2520national%2520interest.%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hampson, Fen Osler, and James A. Baker. <i>Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy</i> (2018)</li> <li>Hawes, Michael K., and Christopher John Kirkey, eds. <i>Canadian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World</i> (Oxford UP, 2017).</li> <li>Hillmer, Norman and Philippe Lagassé. <i>Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 2017</i> (2018)</li> <li>Holmes John W. <i>The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order</i>. (2 vols. U of Toronto Press, 1979, 1982)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin,_Rosalind2001" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Rosalind (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiWR5BFV2GMC&pg=PP1"><i>Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0863-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-0863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+security+in+Canadian+foreign+policy&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0863-7&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAiWR5BFV2GMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. <i>Handbook of Canadian foreign policy</i> (Lexington Books, 2006), essays by experts; 610pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Canadian-Foreign-Policy-Patrick-ebook/dp/B00E9Z13J4/">excerpt</a></li> <li>James, Patrick. <i>Canada and Conflict</i> (Oxford UP, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h-diplo.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XV-37.pdf">H-DIPLO online reviews June 2014</a></li> <li>Keating, Thomas F. <i>Canada and world order: the multilateralist tradition in Canadian foreign policy</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaworldorder0000keat_k3c4">online</a></li> <li>Kirk, John M. and Peter McKenna; <i>Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy</i> UP of Florida (1997).</li> <li>Kukucha, Christopher J. "Neither adapting nor innovating: the limited transformation of Canadian foreign trade policy since 1984." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> (2018): 1–15.</li> <li>Lim, Preston. "Sino-Canadian relations in the age of Justin Trudeau." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> 26.1 (2020): 25-40.</li> <li>McCullough, Colin, and Robert Teigrob, eds. <i>Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects</i> (2017).</li> <li>Mackenzie, David. <i>Canada and the First World War</i> (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Canada-First-World-War-Second-dp-1487523211/dp/1487523211/">excerpts</a></li> <li>Miller, Carman. "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902." <i>South African Historical Journal</i> 41.1 (1999): 312–323.</li> <li>Paris, Roland. "Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era." <i>International Journal</i> 69.3 (2014): 274–307. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~rparis/libint2014.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Prang, Margaret. <i>N.W. Rowell: Ontario Nationalist</i> (1975) Liberal activist in 1820s and 1930s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nwrowellontarion0000pran">online</a></li> <li>Reid, Escott. <i>Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1947–1949</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeoffearhopema0000reid">online</a></li> <li>Rempel, Roy. <i>Counterweights: The Failure of Canada's German and European Policy, 1955-1995</i> (1996)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/counterweightsfa0000remp">online</a></li> <li>Rochlin, James. <i>Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America</i> (U of British Columbia Press, 1994)</li> <li>Sarty, Keigh. “The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy.” <i>International Journal</i> 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020968941">https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020968941</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/AR1051">online review</a></li> <li>Stacey, C. P. <i>Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945</i> (1970), the standard history of WWII policies; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1970-policies-ww2-en.pdf">online free</a></li> <li>Stevenson, Brian J. R. <i>Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadalatinameri0000stev">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeigrob2019" class="citation book cs1">Teigrob, Robert (2019). <i>Four Days in Hitler's Germany Mackenzie King's Mission to Avert a Second World War</i>. Toronto: U of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Days+in+Hitler%27s+Germany+Mackenzie+King%27s+Mission+to+Avert+a+Second+World+War&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Teigrob&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_United_States">Relations with United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relations with United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada-United States relations">Canada-United States relations</a></div> <ul><li>Allen, H. C. <i>Great Britain and the United States: a history of Anglo-American relations (1783-1952)</i> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatbritainunit00alle">online</a></li> <li>Azzi, Stephen. <i>Reconcilable Differences: A History of Canada-US Relations</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Behiels, Michael D. and Reginald C. Stuart, eds. <i>Transnationalism: Canada-United States History into the Twenty-First Century</i> (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010) 312 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35132">online 2012 review</a></li> <li>Bothwell, Robert. <i>Canada and the United States</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00both">online</a></li> <li>Bratt, Duane. "Stuck in the Middle with You: Canada–China Relations in the Era of US–China Clashes." in <i>Political Turmoil in a Tumultuous World: Canada Among Nations 2020</i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021) pp. 273-294.</li></ul> <ul><li>Brebner, J.B. <i>North Atlantic Triangle: The Interplay of Canada, the United States, and Great Britain</i> (1945)</li> <li>Brown, Robert Craig. <i>Canada's national policy, 1883-1900 : a study in Canadian-American relations</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadasnationalp0000unse_i9o4">online</a></li> <li>Callahan, James Morton. <i>American Foreign Policy in Canadian Relations</i> (1937) detailed factual summary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanforeignp0000call_w7r9">online</a></li> <li>Clarkson, Stephen. <i>Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism and the Canadian State</i> (University of Toronto Press, 2002)</li> <li>Congressional Research Service. <i>Canada-U.S. Relations</i> (Congressional Research Service, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/96-397.pdf">2021 Report</a>, by an agency of the U.S. government; not copyright; Updated February 10, 2021.</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L. and Norman Hillmer, <i>For Better or for Worse: Canada and the United States to the 1990s</i> (1991).</li> <li>Hale, Geoffrey. <i>So Near Yet So Far: The Public and Hidden Worlds of Canada-US Relations</i> (University of British Columbia Press, 2012); 352 pages focus on 2001–2011</li> <li>Kohn, Edward P. <i>This Kindred People: Canadian-American Relations and the Anglo-Saxon Idea, 1895–1903</i> (2005)</li> <li>Lennox, Patrick. <i>At Home and Abroad: The Canada-U.S. Relationship and Canada's Place in the World</i> (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 192 pages; the post–World War II period.</li> <li>McCormick, James M. "Pivoting toward Asia: Comparing the Canadian and American Policy Shifts." <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i> 46.4 (2016): 474–495.</li> <li>McInnis, Edgard W. <i>The Unguarded Frontier: A History of American-Canadian Relations</i> (1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225182">online</a>; well-regarded older study</li> <li>McKercher, Asa. <i>Camelot and Canada: Canadian-American Relations in the Kennedy Era</i> (Oxford UP, 2016). xii, 298 pp. 1960–1963.</li> <li>McKercher, B. J. C., and Lawrence Aronsen. <i>North Atlantic Triangle in a Changing World : Anglo-American-Canadian Relations, 1902-1956</i> (1995)</li> <li>Mahant, Edelgard E. and Graeme S. Mount.<i>An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations</i> (2nd ed 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoca0000maha_d3r8_2ed">online</a></li> <li>Melnyk, George. <i>Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War</i> (U of Calgary Press, 2004), highly critical of USA.</li> <li>Miller, Ronnie. <i>Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order</i> (Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1994)</li> <li>Mount, Graeme S. and Edelgard Mahant, <i>Invisible and Inaudible in Washington: American Policies toward Canada during the Cold War</i> (1999)</li> <li>Muirhead, Bruce. "From Special Relationship to Third Option: Canada, the U.S., and the Nixon Shock," <i>American Review of Canadian Studies,</i> Vol. 34, 2004</li> <li>Myers, Phillip E. <i>Dissolving Tensions: Rapprochement and Resolution in British-American-Canadian Relations in the Treaty of Washington Era, 1865–1914</i> (Kent State UP, 2015). x, 326 pp.</li> <li>Perras, Galen Roger. <i>Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933–1945: Necessary, but Not Necessary Enough</i> (Praeger Publishers, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg2012" class="citation book cs1">Stagg, J.C.A. (2012). <i>The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent</i>. Cambridge Essential Histories. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72686-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72686-3"><bdi>978-0-521-72686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%3A+Conflict+for+a+Continent&rft.series=Cambridge+Essential+Histories&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72686-3&rft.aulast=Stagg&rft.aufirst=J.C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stairs Denis, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_R._Winham" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert R. Winham">Gilbert R. Winham</a>, eds. <i>The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States</i> (U of Toronto Press, 1985)</li> <li>Tansill, C. C. <i>Canadian-American Relations, 1875–1911</i> (1943)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonRandall2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVGHdmbzUTwC&q=Canada%20and%20the%20United%20States%3A%20Ambivalent%20Allies&pg=PA19"><i>Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2403-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-2403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+Ambivalent+Allies&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2403-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+Herd&rft.au=Randall%2C+Stephen+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVGHdmbzUTwC%26q%3DCanada%2520and%2520the%2520United%2520States%253A%2520Ambivalent%2520Allies%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; <i>Canada-United States Treaty Relations</i> (Duke UP, 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boucher, Jean-Christophe. "Yearning for a progressive research program in Canadian foreign policy." <i>International Journal</i> 69.2 (2014): 213–228. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/articlereviews/102-Canada">online commentary H-DIPLO</a></li> <li>Bow, Brian, and Andrea Lane, eds. <i>Canadian Foreign Policy: Reflections on a Field in Transition</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Canadian-Foreign-Policy-Reflections-Transition/dp/0774863471/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bratt, Duane and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. <i>Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy: Classic Debates and New Ideas</i> (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2015); 28 scholarly essays on recent episodes</li> <li>Gatenby, Greg. <i>The very richness of that past: Canada through the eyes of foreign writers</i> (2 vol 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/veryrichnessofth0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Glazebrook, G. P. de T. "Canadian Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century," <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 21#1 (1949), pp. 44–55 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871086">online</a>; guide to primary sources and bibliographies as of 1949.</li> <li>Kirton, John J., and Don Munton. <i>Canadian foreign policy: Selected cases</i> (Prentice-Hall Canada, 1992) 24 episodes 1945 to 1991. <ul><li>includes: Kirton, John. "The 10 most important books on Canadian foreign policy." <i>International Journal</i> 64.2 (2009): 553-564.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>McKercher, Asa, and Philip Van Huizen, eds. <i>Undiplomatic History: The New Study of Canada and the World</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Undiplomatic-History-Study-Canada-Rethinking/dp/077355694X/">excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Madokoro, Laura, Francine McKenzie, and David Meren, eds. <i>Dominion of race: Rethinking Canada’s international history</i> (UBC Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXAlDwAAQBAJ&dq=historiography++canada&pg=PP1">online</a></li> <li>Molot, Maureen Appel. "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", <i>International Journal of Canadian Studies</i> (Spring-Fall 1990) 1#2 pp 77–96.</li> <li>Nossal, Kim Richard. "Right and wrong in foreign policy 40 years on: Realism and idealism in Canadian foreign policy." <i>International Journal</i> 62.2 (2007): 263–277.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Sources">Primary Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchette,_Arthur_E.1994" class="citation book cs1">Blanchette, Arthur E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QxSwZiivWYC&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian foreign policy, 1977-1992: selected speeches and documents</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-243-0"><bdi>978-0-88629-243-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+foreign+policy%2C+1977-1992%3A+selected+speeches+and+documents&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-243-0&rft.au=Blanchette%2C+Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QxSwZiivWYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchette,_Arthur_E.2000" class="citation book cs1">Blanchette, Arthur E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMw7By8tE2MC&pg=PR1"><i>Canadian foreign policy, 1945-2000: major documents and speeches</i></a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-89-5"><bdi>978-0-919614-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+foreign+policy%2C+1945-2000%3A+major+documents+and+speeches&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-919614-89-5&rft.au=Blanchette%2C+Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMw7By8tE2MC%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canadian+foreign+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dawson, Robert MacGregor, ed. <i>The development of dominion status, 1900-1936</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofdom0000daws_v0o2">online</a>, strong on foreign policy</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L., ed. <i>Canadian foreign policy: historical readings</i> (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/canadianforeignp00gran#page/n5/mode/2up">online free</a></li> <li>Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. <i>Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II</i> (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts</li> <li>Riddell, Walter A. ed. <i>Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939</i> Oxford University Press, 1962 806 pages of documents</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_relations_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Algeria–Canada relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Canada relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Canada–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Canada–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Canada–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Canada–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="Canada–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Canada–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Canada–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Canada–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Canada–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Canada–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Canada–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Canada–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Argentina–Canada relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Barbados–Canada relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brazil–Canada relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Canada–Chile relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="Canada–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Canada–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="Canada–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="Canada–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Canada–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Canada–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Canada–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Canada–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Canada–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Canada–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Afghanistan–Canada relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Armenia–Canada relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Canada relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bangladesh–Canada relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan-Canada_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan-Canada relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brunei–Canada relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Cambodia–Canada relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Canada–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Canada–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Canada–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iraq,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of Iraq, Ottawa">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Canada–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Canada–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Canada–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Canada–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Canada–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Canada–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Canada–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Canada–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Canada–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Canada–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Canada–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Canada–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Canada–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Canada–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Canada–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Canada–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Canada–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Albania–Canada relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Austria–Canada relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Belgium–Canada relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Canada relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bulgaria–Canada relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="Canada–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Canada–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="Canada–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Canada–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Canada–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Canada–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Canada–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Canada–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Canada–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="Canada–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Canada–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Canada–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Canada–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Canada–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Canada–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Canada–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Canada–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Canada–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Canada–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Canada–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Canada–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Canada–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Canada–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Canada–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Canada–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Africa–Canada relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Asia–Canada relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Caribbean_relations" title="Canada–Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Europe_relations" title="Canada–Europe relations">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="International organization membership of Canada">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy_and_other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian foreign relations">History of Canadian foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_role_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's role in the War in Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_mining_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean">Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_diplomats" title="Category:Canadian diplomats">Canadian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Canada" title="Category:Treaties of Canada">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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id="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Links_related_to_Foreign_relations_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align: 1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/18px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/27px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/36px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span> <span style="color:#00006e;">Links related to Foreign relations of Canada</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><small>1. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G7_(Group_of_Seven)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_of_7" title="Template:Group of 7"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Group_of_7" title="Template talk:Group of 7"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Group_of_7" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Group of 7"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G7_(Group_of_Seven)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> (Group of Seven)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G14_(nations)" title="G14 (nations)">G14</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Suspended</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G8</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G14_(nations)" title="G14 (nations)">G14</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>G8+5</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_G7_leaders" title="List of G7 leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Kishida</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">Foreign ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Colonna" title="Catherine Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Tajani</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hayashi" title="Yoshimasa Hayashi">Hayashi</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Borrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">Finance ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(France)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_finance_ministers" title="List of German finance ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Economy_and_Finance" title="Italian Minister of Economy and Finance"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giorgetti" title="Giancarlo Giorgetti">Giorgetti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Minister of Finance (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shun%27ichi_Suzuki_(politician)" title="Shun'ichi Suzuki (politician)">Suzuki</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economy" title="European Commissioner for Economy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gentiloni" title="Paolo Gentiloni">Gentiloni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">Defence ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Minister of the Armed Forces (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lecornu" title="Sébastien Lecornu">Lecornu</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_defence_ministers" title="List of German defence ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lambrecht" title="Christine Lambrecht">Lambrecht</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Defence" title="Italian Minister of Defence"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Crosetto" title="Guido Crosetto">Crosetto</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Minister of Defense (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasukazu_Hamada" title="Yasukazu Hamada">Hamada</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Healey_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Healey (politician)">Healey</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Justice_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice minister">Justice ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" title="Minister of Justice (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Dupond-Moretti" title="Éric Dupond-Moretti">Dupond-Moretti</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Buschmann" title="Marco Buschmann">Buschmann</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Justice" title="Italian Minister of Justice"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Nordio" title="Carlo Nordio">Nordio</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Minister of Justice (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Furukawa" title="Yoshihisa Furukawa">Furukawa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Mahmood" title="Shabana Mahmood">Mahmood</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_for_Justice_and_Equality" title="List of European Commissioners for Justice and Equality"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Didier_Reynders" title="Didier Reynders">Reynders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety_and_Emergency_Preparedness" title="Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Mendicino" title="Marco Mendicino">Mendicino</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Darmanin</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Faeser" title="Nancy Faeser">Faeser</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_the_Interior" title="Italian Minister of the Interior"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Piantedosi" title="Matteo Piantedosi">Piantedosi</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasushi_Kaneko" title="Yasushi Kaneko">Kaneko</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Mayorkas</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commission_portfolios#Home_Affairs" title="List of European Commission portfolios"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ylva_Johansson" title="Ylva Johansson">Johansson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a> governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Canada" title="Governor of the Bank of Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tiff_Macklem" title="Tiff Macklem">Macklem</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">Villeroy de Galhau</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Nagel" title="Joachim Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Governor of the Bank of Italy"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Visco" title="Ignazio Visco">Visco</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_Kuroda" title="Haruhiko Kuroda">Kuroda</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Bailey</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_G6_summit" title="1st G6 summit">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_G7_summit" title="2nd G7 summit">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_G7_summit" title="3rd G7 summit">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_G7_summit" title="4th G7 summit">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_G7_summit" title="5th G7 summit">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_G7_summit" title="6th G7 summit">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_G7_summit" title="7th G7 summit">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_G7_summit" title="8th G7 summit">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G7_summit" title="9th G7 summit">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_G7_summit" title="10th G7 summit">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_G7_summit" title="11th G7 summit">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G7_summit" title="12th G7 summit">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G7_summit" title="13th G7 summit">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G7_summit" title="14th G7 summit">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G7_summit" title="15th G7 summit">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_G7_summit" title="16th G7 summit">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_G7_summit" title="17th G7 summit">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_G7_summit" title="18th G7 summit">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_G7_summit" title="19th G7 summit">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_G7_summit" title="20th G7 summit">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_G7_summit" title="21st G7 summit">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_G7_summit" title="22nd G7 summit">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_G8_summit" title="23rd G8 summit">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_G8_summit" title="24th G8 summit">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_G8_summit" title="25th G8 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_G8_summit" title="26th G8 summit">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_G8_summit" title="28th G8 summit">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_G8_summit" title="29th G8 summit">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_G8_summit" title="30th G8 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_G8_summit" title="31st G8 summit">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_G8_summit" title="32nd G8 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_G8_summit" title="33rd G8 summit">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_G8_summit" title="34th G8 summit">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_G8_summit" title="35th G8 summit">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_G8_summit" title="36th G8 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_G8_summit" title="37th G8 summit">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_G8_summit" title="38th G8 summit">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_G7_summit" title="41st G7 summit">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_G7_summit" title="42nd G7 summit">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_G7_summit" title="43rd G7 summit">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_G7_summit" title="44th G7 summit">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_G7_summit" title="46th G7 summit">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_G7_summit" title="48th G7 summit">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_G7_summit" title="49th G7 summit">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Accord" title="Louvre Accord">Louvre Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiligendamm_Process" title="Heiligendamm Process">Heiligendamm Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskoka_Initiative" title="Muskoka Initiative">Muskoka Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Dialogue" title="Gleneagles Dialogue">Gleneagles Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8_Climate_Change_Roundtable" title="G8 Climate Change Roundtable">Climate Change Roundtable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_G7_leaders" title="List of G7 leaders">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_G8_summit_resorts" title="List of G8 summit resorts">Summit resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior 8">Junior 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:G7_summits" title="Category:G7 summits">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G8" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:G8">Multimedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G8_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Template talk:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animus_in_consulendo_liber" title="Animus in consulendo liber">Animus in consulendo liber</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_NATO" title="Flag of NATO">Flag of NATO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_NATO_Hymn" title="The NATO Hymn">The NATO Hymn</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Day" title="NATO Day">NATO Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Star" title="NATO Star">NATO Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_NATO" title="History of NATO">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">Summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations" title="List of NATO operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises" title="List of NATO exercises">List of exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_NATO" title="Withdrawal from NATO">potential withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to NATO">Opposition to NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.nato" title=".nato">.nato Internet domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_NATO" title="Structure of NATO">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="International Staff">International Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Staff" title="International Military Staff">International Military Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Land_Command" title="Allied Land Command">Land Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command" title="Allied Maritime Command">Maritime Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Brunssum" title="Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum">JFC Brunssum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples" title="Allied Joint Force Command Naples">JFC Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Command_Norfolk" title="Joint Force Command Norfolk">JFC Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_and_Enabling_Command" title="Joint Support and Enabling Command">Joint Support and Enabling Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Striking_and_Support_Forces_NATO" title="Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO">STRIKFORNATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHAPE_International_Band" title="SHAPE International Band">SHAPE International Band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization_agreement" title="Standardization agreement">Standardization agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chair of the NATO Military Committee">Chair of the Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation#Organization" title="Allied Command Transformation">Supreme Allied Commander Transformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence" title="Danish Defence">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Armed_Forces" title="Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Iceland" title="Defence of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Armed_Forces" title="Luxembourg Armed Forces">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Armed_Forces" title="Slovak Armed Forces">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO" title="Foreign relations of NATO">Multilateral relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association" title="Atlantic Treaty Association">Atlantic Treaty Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue" title="Mediterranean Dialogue">Mediterranean Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Cooperation_Initiative" title="Istanbul Cooperation Initiative">Istanbul Cooperation Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_global_partners" title="NATO global partners">NATO global partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_open_door_policy" title="NATO open door policy">Open door policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">Relationship with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Relationship with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_in_Russia_regarding_the_legitimacy_of_eastward_NATO_expansion" title="Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion">eastward NATO expansion issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Science_for_Peace_and_Security" title="NATO Science for Peace and Security">Science for Peace and Security</a> (SPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> (METO/CENTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Gap" title="Suwałki Gap">Suwałki Gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_(OECD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Template:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Template talk:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 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href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_Multinational_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises">Multinational Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_the_Testing_of_Chemicals" title="OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals">Testing of Chemicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Alliance" title="Template:Pacific Alliance"><abbr title="View this 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <p><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_relations_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_relations_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Foreign relations in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Argentina" title="Foreign relations of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Bahamas" title="Foreign relations of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Barbados" title="Foreign relations of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belize" title="Foreign relations of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bolivia" title="Foreign relations of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chile" title="Foreign relations of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Costa_Rica" title="Foreign relations of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Dominica" title="Foreign relations of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ecuador" title="Foreign relations of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_El_Salvador" title="Foreign relations of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Grenada" title="Foreign relations of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guatemala" title="Foreign relations of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guyana" title="Foreign relations of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Honduras" title="Foreign relations of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jamaica" title="Foreign relations of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Paraguay" title="Foreign relations of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Foreign relations of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Foreign relations of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Foreign relations of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Suriname" title="Foreign relations of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uruguay" title="Foreign relations of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Foreign relations of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greenland" title="Foreign relations of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&oldid=1250973560">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy&oldid=1250973560</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_foreign_policy" title="Category:Canadian 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