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id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eton_and_Oxford:_1977–1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eton_and_Oxford:_1977–1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eton_and_Oxford:_1977–1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Times_and_The_Daily_Telegraph:_1987–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Times_and_The_Daily_Telegraph:_1987–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The Times and The Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Times_and_The_Daily_Telegraph:_1987–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_columnist:_1994–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_columnist:_1994–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Political columnist: 1994–1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_columnist:_1994–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Spectator_and_MP_for_Henley:_1999–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Spectator_and_MP_for_Henley:_1999–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Spectator and MP for Henley: 1999–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Spectator_and_MP_for_Henley:_1999–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Becoming_an_MP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_an_MP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Becoming an MP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_an_MP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_London_(2008–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_London_(2008–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mayor of London (2008–2016) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mayor_of_London_(2008–2016)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mayor of London (2008–2016) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_London_(2008–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayoral_election:_2007–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayoral_election:_2007–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mayoral election: 2007–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayoral_election:_2007–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term:_2008–2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_2008–2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First term: 2008–2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_2008–2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_police,_finance,_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_police,_finance,_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Relations with the police, finance, and the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_police,_finance,_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Re-election campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term:_2012–2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term:_2012–2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Second term: 2012–2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term:_2012–2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Return to Parliament </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Parliament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Parliament subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brexit_campaign:_2015–2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brexit_campaign:_2015–2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Brexit campaign: 2015–2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brexit_campaign:_2015–2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_2016–2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary:_2016–2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary:_2016–2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches:_2018–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_backbenches:_2018–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches:_2018–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 2019 Conservative Party leadership election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiership_(2019–2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiership_(2019–2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Premiership (2019–2022) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premiership_(2019–2022)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Premiership (2019–2022) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Premiership_(2019–2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(July–December_2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(July–December_2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 First term (July–December 2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(July–December_2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brexit_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brexit_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Brexit policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brexit_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 First Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_working_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_working_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Loss of working majority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_working_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 2019 general election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(December_2019_–_September_2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(December_2019_–_September_2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Second term (December 2019 – September 2022) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(December_2019_–_September_2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Second Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Legislative agenda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owen_Paterson_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owen_Paterson_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Owen Paterson controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owen_Paterson_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partygate_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partygate_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Partygate scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partygate_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starmer_slur_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starmer_slur_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 Starmer slur controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starmer_slur_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote_of_confidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote_of_confidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 Vote of confidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote_of_confidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2022_by-elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2022_by-elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 June 2022 by-elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2022_by-elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pincher_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pincher_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.11 Pincher scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pincher_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_resignations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_resignations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.12 Mass resignations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_resignations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Announcement_of_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement_of_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.13 Announcement of resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Environmental policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_and_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Hong Kong and China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_and_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK–EU_trade_negotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK–EU_trade_negotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 UK–EU trade negotiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK–EU_trade_negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Russia and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-premiership_(2022–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-premiership_(2022–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-premiership (2022–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-premiership_(2022–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions_and_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions_and_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political positions and ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions_and_ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions and ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions_and_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Immigration and the European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionism_and_devolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionism_and_devolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Unionism and devolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionism_and_devolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Family and ancestors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boris Johnson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" > 125 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ቦሪስ ጆንሶን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦሪስ ጆንሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_I%C5%8Dhannesson" title="Boris Iōhannesson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Boris Iōhannesson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوريس جونسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوريس جونسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Conson" title="Boris Conson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boris Conson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوریس جانسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوریس جانسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="বরিস জনসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বরিস জনসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Борыс Джонсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Борыс Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Борыс Джонсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Борыс Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Борис Джонсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Борис Джонсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B5_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوريص دجونصون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوريص دجونصون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Μπόρις Τζόνσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπόρις Τζόνσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوریس جانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوریس جانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="보리스 존슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보리스 존슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բորիս Ջոնսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորիս Ջոնսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस जॉनसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोरिस जॉनसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בוריס ג'ונסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוריס ג'ונסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბორის ჯონსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბორის ჯონსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Джонсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Борис Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA_%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ບໍຣິສ ຈອນສັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບໍຣິສ ຈອນສັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boriss_D%C5%BEonsons" title="Boriss Džonsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boriss Džonsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस जोनसन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बोरिस जोनसन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Џонсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Борис Џонсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ബോറിസ് ജോൺസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോറിസ് ജോൺസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस जॉन्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोरिस जॉन्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوريس جونسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوريس جونسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Жонсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Борис Жонсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဘောရစ် ဂျွန်ဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘောရစ် ဂျွန်ဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस जोनसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोरिस जोनसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ボリス・ジョンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリス・ジョンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੋਰਿਸ ਜਾਨਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਰਿਸ ਜਾਨਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوریس جانسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوریس جانسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="បូរីស ចនសុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បូរីស ចនសុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Джонсон, Борис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джонсон, Борис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බොරිස් ජොන්සන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොරිස් ජොන්සන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="بۆریس جۆنسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆریس جۆنسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Џонсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Борис Џонсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போரிஸ் ஜான்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போரிஸ் ஜான்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Conson" title="Boris Conson – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Boris Conson" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోరిస్ జాన్సన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోరిస్ జాన్సన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="บอริส จอห์นสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอริส จอห์นสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Ҷонсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Борис Ҷонсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борис Джонсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Борис Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بورس جانسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بورس جانسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A" title="鲍里斯·约翰逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲍里斯·约翰逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="באריס זשאנסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באריס זשאנסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%81%9C" title="約翰遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Boris Johnson" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borisos_D%C5%BEonsons" title="Borisos Džonsons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Borisos Džonsons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BoJo" and "Bo Jo" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bojo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bojo (disambiguation)">Bojo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Boris Johnson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects">Hon FRIBA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait of Boris Johnson as prime minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1578" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2019</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 July 2019 – 6 September 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 23 July 2019 – 5 September 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Theresa May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Liz Truss</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 July 2016 – 9 July 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Theresa May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 May 2008 – 9 May 2016</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_London" title="Deputy Mayor of London">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="Richard Barnes (British politician)">Richard Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Borwick" title="Victoria Borwick">Victoria Borwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Evans_(London_politician)" title="Roger Evans (London politician)">Roger Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 May 2015 – 12 June 2023</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Randall,_Baron_Randall_of_Uxbridge" title="John Randall, Baron Randall of Uxbridge">John Randall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tuckwell" title="Steve Tuckwell">Steve Tuckwell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 June 2001 – 4 June 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Howell_(politician)" title="John Howell (politician)">John Howell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a> portfolios</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>2004</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for the Arts">Arts</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">2005–2007</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for Higher Education">Higher Education</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson</div> (1964-06-19) 19 June 1964 (age 60) New York City, US </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>United Kingdom</li> <li>United States (until 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Mostyn-Owen" title="Allegra Mostyn-Owen">Allegra Mostyn-Owen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(1987⁠–⁠1993)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1993; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2020)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>2021)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Wahl" title="Charlotte Johnson Wahl">Charlotte Fawcett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Family_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Category:Family of Boris Johnson">Johnson family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Brightwell_Manor" title="Brightwell Manor">Brightwell Manor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>author</li><li>journalist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boris Johnson's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg/128px-Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg/192px-Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg/256px-Boris_Johnson%27s_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg" title="File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Brexit Address to the Nation.ogg">Boris Johnson's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="205" data-mwtitle="Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson's_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Johnson's address to the nation on <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">its departure from the European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_Brexit_Address_to_the_Nation.ogg" title="File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Brexit Address to the Nation.ogg">Recorded 31 January 2020</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: darkgrey"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#0087DC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="2085" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#0087DC;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Political positions of Boris Johnson">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Electoral history of Boris Johnson">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Public image of Boris Johnson">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Henley</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Electoral history</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> {{{2}}}</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">2008 mayoral election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_London_mayoral_election" title="2012 London mayoral election">2012 mayoral election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit" title="Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit">causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019 leadership election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election">polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2021 United Kingdom local elections">2021 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2022 United Kingdom local elections">2022 local elections</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Mayor of London</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Mayoralty of Boris Johnson">Mayoralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">2008 mayoral election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport" title="Thames Estuary Airport">London Britannia Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Cycles" title="Santander Cycles">Santander Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Bridge" title="Garden Bridge">Garden Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016 explored candidacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Foreign Secretary</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_as_Foreign_Secretary" title="Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary">Tenure as Foreign Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Yemen intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe" title="Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe">Zaghari-Ratcliffe case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">2018 Salisbury attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Premiership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Boris_Johnson" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris Johnson">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Union" title="Minister for the Union">Minister for the Union</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First ministry and term</div> (July – December 2019) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">First ministry (minority)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">Suspension of rebel MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">2019 prorogation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">Supreme Court case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">Brexit deal renegotiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">revised deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Brexit_Done" title="Get Brexit Done">Get Brexit Done</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second ministry and term</div> (December 2019 – September 2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Second ministry (majority)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departures_from_the_second_Johnson_ministry" title="List of departures from the second Johnson ministry">departures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">2020 reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2021 British cabinet reshuffle">2021 reshuffle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">EU Withdrawal Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">EU trade negotiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">cooperation agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">vaccinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contract controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">Dominic Cummings scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pitting" title="Operation Pitting">Evacuations from Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelling-up_policy_of_the_British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling-up policy of the British government">Levelling up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy" title="Downing Street refurbishment controversy">Refurb controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Paterson scandal">Owen Paterson scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda asylum plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">Murder of David Amess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Levy" title="Health and Social Care Levy">Proposed NI increase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Ukraine_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="British support for Ukraine in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">British support for Ukraine in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost of living crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Conservative_Party_leadership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson">Conservative Party confidence vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher_scandal" title="Chris Pincher scandal">Chris Pincher scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">Government crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="July 2022 British cabinet reshuffle">July 2022 reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Johnson_ministry" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Johnson ministry">House of Commons confidence vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours_(Boris_Johnson)" title="2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (Boris Johnson)">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-premiership</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">2022 explored candidacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons_Privileges_Committee_investigation_into_Boris_Johnson" title="Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson">Privileges Committee investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_by-election" title="2023 Uxbridge and South Ruislip by-election">2023 Uxbridge and South Ruislip by-election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Bibliography</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen" title="Friends, Voters, Countrymen">Friends, Voters, Countrymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Virgins" title="Seventy-Two Virgins">Seventy-Two Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Churchill_Factor" title="The Churchill Factor">The Churchill Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(book)" title="Unleashed (book)">Unleashed</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/50px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/75px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Johnson_sidebar" title="Template:Boris Johnson sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Johnson_sidebar" title="Template talk:Boris Johnson sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Johnson_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Johnson sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> from 2019 to 2022. He was previously <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> from 2016 to 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> from 2008 to 2016. He was <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a> from 2001 to 2008 and for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip" class="mw-redirect" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a> from 2015 to 2023. In his youth Johnson attended <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, and he was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Oxford_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Oxford Union">president of the Oxford Union</a> in 1986. In 1989 he began writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, and from 1999 to 2005 he was the editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Michael_Howard" title="Shadow Cabinet of Michael Howard">Shadow Cabinet of Michael Howard</a> in 2001 before being dismissed over a claim that he had lied about an extramarital affair. After Howard resigned Johnson became a member of <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Cameron" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron">Shadow Cabinet</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">elected mayor of London in 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Resignation from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom">resigned from the House of Commons</a> to focus his attention on the mayoralty. He was <a href="/wiki/2012_London_mayoral_election" title="2012 London mayoral election">re-elected mayor in 2012</a>, but did not run for re-election <a href="/wiki/2016_London_mayoral_election" title="2016 London mayoral election">in 2016</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a> he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. Johnson was a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Brexit campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_EU_membership_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 EU membership referendum">2016 EU membership referendum</a>. After the referendum Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> appointed him foreign secretary. He resigned from the position in 2018 in protest at both the <a href="/wiki/Chequers_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers Agreement">Chequers Agreement</a> and May's approach to Brexit. Johnson succeeded May as prime minister. He <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">re-opened Brexit negotiations</a> with the EU and in early September <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">he prorogued Parliament</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> later ruled the prorogation to have been unlawful. After agreeing to a revised <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> but <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">failing to win parliamentary support</a>, Johnson called <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">a snap general election</a> to be held in December 2019, in which he won a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_premiership" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson's premiership">Johnson's premiership</a>, the government <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">responded to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> by introducing various <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Act_2020" title="Coronavirus Act 2020">emergency powers</a> to mitigate its impact and approved <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">a nationwide vaccination programme</a>. He also <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> by imposing <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions on Russia</a> and authorising <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">foreign aid and weapons shipments</a> to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a> scandal it was found that numerous parties had been held at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> during <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">national COVID-19 lockdowns</a>, and COVID-19 social distancing laws were breached by 83 individuals, including Johnson, who in April 2022 was issued with a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_penalty_notice" title="Fixed penalty notice">fixed penalty notice</a>. The publishing of the <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray report">Sue Gray report</a> in May 2022 and a widespread sense of dissatisfaction led in June 2022 to a <a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Conservative_Party_leadership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson">vote of confidence in his leadership</a> amongst Conservative MPs, which he won. In July 2022, revelations over <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher_scandal" title="Chris Pincher scandal">his appointment of Chris Pincher</a> as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chief Whip">deputy chief whip</a> of the party while knowing of allegations of sexual misconduct against him led to a <a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">mass resignation of members of his government</a> and to Johnson announcing his resignation as prime minister. He was succeeded as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a>, his foreign secretary. He remained in the House of Commons as a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbencher</a> until June 2023, when he received the draft of the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Privileges_Committee_investigation_into_Boris_Johnson" title="Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson">Commons Privileges Committee investigation into his conduct</a> that unanimously found that he had lied to the Commons on numerous occasions. Johnson resigned his position as MP the same day. <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Public image of Boris Johnson">Johnson is a controversial figure</a> in British politics. His supporters have praised him for being humorous, witty and entertaining, with an appeal reaching beyond traditional Conservative Party voters, viewing him as an electoral asset to the party. Conversely, his critics have accused him of lying, <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigotry</a>. During his premiership his supporters praised him for "<a href="/wiki/Get_Brexit_Done" title="Get Brexit Done">getting Brexit done</a>", overseeing the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme, which was amongst the fastest in the world, and being one of the first world leaders to offer <a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">humanitarian support to Ukraine</a> following the Russian invasion of the country. His tenure also encompassed several controversies and scandals, and is viewed as the most scandalous premiership of modern times by historians and biographers alike. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York City,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201110Gimson20121-4">[3]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a>, then studying economics at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201111Gimson20122-5">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Wahl" title="Charlotte Johnson Wahl">Charlotte Fawcett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-6">[5]</a> an artist, whose father <a href="/wiki/James_Fawcett_(barrister)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Fawcett (barrister)">Sir James Fawcett</a>, was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">European Commission of Human Rights</a> from 1972 to 1981.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Johnson is one of only two British prime ministers to have been an <a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">American citizen</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary citizenship of the United States</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Johnson's parents returned to the UK in September 1964 so Charlotte could study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201112–13Gimson201211-10">[9]</a> She lived with her son in <a href="/wiki/Summertown,_Oxford" title="Summertown, Oxford">Summertown, Oxford</a>, and in September 1965 she gave birth to a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Johnson" title="Rachel Johnson">Rachel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113-11">[10]</a> In July 1965, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Crouch_End" title="Crouch End">Crouch End</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">north London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201114-12">[11]</a> and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, DC, where Stanley worked with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201116Gimson201214-13">[12]</a> Stanley then took a job with a policy panel on <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a>, and moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a>, in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201116-14">[13]</a> A third child, Leo, was born in September 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201115Gimson201214-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg/220px-Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg/330px-Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg/440px-Ashdown_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1691918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ashdown_House,_East_Sussex" title="Ashdown House, East Sussex">Ashdown House</a> preparatory school, East Sussex, attended by Johnson from 1975 to 1977</figcaption></figure> The family returned to the UK in 1969, and lived at West Nethercote Farm, Somerset, Stanley's family home in <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201117Gimson201217,_20–22-16">[15]</a> His father was regularly absent, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Au_pair" title="Au pair">au pairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201118Gimson201225-17">[16]</a> As a child, Johnson was quiet, studious,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201114-12">[11]</a> and deaf, resulting in several operations to insert <a href="/wiki/Tympanostomy_tube" title="Tympanostomy tube">grommets</a> into his ears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113Gimson201211-18">[17]</a> He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in intellectual activities from a young age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201126Gimson201218-19">[18]</a> Johnson's earliest recorded ambition was to be "world king".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201128Gimson201217–18-20">[19]</a> Having no other friends, the siblings became very close.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201128–29-21">[20]</a> In late 1969, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale" title="Maida Vale">Maida Vale</a> in west London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201129-22">[21]</a> In 1970 Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle in <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Hill" title="Primrose Hill">Primrose Hill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201130-23">[22]</a> where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201130Gimson201226-24">[23]</a> A fourth child, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Joseph</a>, was born in late 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201131-25">[24]</a> After Stanley secured employment at the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in April 1973, he moved his family to <a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a>, Brussels, where Johnson attended the <a href="/wiki/European_School,_Brussels_I" title="European School, Brussels I">European School, Brussels I</a> and learnt to speak French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201131–32Gimson201226-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Charlotte had a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> and was hospitalised with depression, after which Johnson and his siblings were sent back to the UK in 1975 to attend <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_House,_East_Sussex" title="Ashdown House, East Sussex">Ashdown House</a>, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201133–35Gimson201227–29-28">[27]</a> There, he developed interests in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201142Gimson201230–31-29">[28]</a> In December 1978 his parents' relationship broke down; they divorced in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201136,_42-30">[29]</a> and Charlotte moved to <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a>, London, where her children joined her for much of their time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844–45Purnell201138–39Gimson201235-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eton_and_Oxford:_1977–1987">Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horribly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swotty#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:swotty">swotty</a>. My idea of a really good time was to travel across London on the tube to visit the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Boris Johnson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201149-32">[31]</a></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg/220px-Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg/330px-Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg/440px-Oxford_-_Balliol_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1329613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Johnson studied Classics at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>.</figcaption></figure> Johnson gained a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Scholar" title="King's Scholar">King's Scholarship</a> to study at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, a boarding school near <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201142-33">[32]</a> Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201145-34">[33]</a> he began going by his middle name Boris,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and developed "the eccentric English persona" for which he became famous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201147–48-36">[35]</a> He denounced Catholicism and joined the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201148-37">[36]</a> School reports complained about his idleness, complacency, and lateness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201150–51Gimson201241–44-38">[37]</a> but he was popular at Eton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201147–48-36">[35]</a> Johnson's friends were largely from the wealthy upper classes; his best friends were <a href="/wiki/Darius_Guppy" title="Darius Guppy">Darius Guppy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_9th_Earl_Spencer" title="Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer">Charles Spencer</a>. Both would go on to accompany him at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and remained his friends into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201153-39">[38]</a> Johnson excelled in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>, winning prizes in both,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201149–50-40">[39]</a> and became secretary of the school <a href="/wiki/Debating_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating society">debating society</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201155-41">[40]</a> and editor of the school newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201149,_53-42">[41]</a> In late 1981 he became a member of <a href="/wiki/Eton_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Eton Society">Pop</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201154–55Gimson201251–52-43">[42]</a> a small, self-selecting elite group of school prefects. After leaving Eton, Johnson went on a <a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">gap year</a> to Australia, where he taught English and Latin at <a href="/wiki/Timbertop" title="Timbertop">Timbertop</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Outward_Bound" title="Outward Bound">Outward Bound</a>-inspired campus of <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Grammar">Geelong Grammar</a>, an independent boarding school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201158–59-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Johnson won a scholarship to read <a href="/wiki/Literae_humaniores" title="Literae humaniores">Literae humaniores</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, a four-year course in Classics, ancient languages, literature, history, and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201157Gimson201283-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matriculating" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriculating">Matriculating</a> in late 1983,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson201256-48">[47]</a> he was one of a generation of Oxford undergraduates who dominated British politics and media in the early 21st century, including Cameron, <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Boles" title="Nick Boles">Nick Boles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201162-49">[48]</a> While at Oxford, Johnson joined the college's <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team as a <a href="/wiki/Tighthead_prop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighthead prop">tighthead prop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> To his later regret, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Bullingdon_Club" title="Bullingdon Club">Bullingdon Club</a>, an exclusive drinking society notorious for vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201163–65Gimson201263–66-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Many years later, <a href="/wiki/1987_Bullingdon_Club_photograph" title="1987 Bullingdon Club photograph">a group photograph</a> including himself and Cameron in Bullingdon Club formal dress led to much negative press coverage. While at Oxford, he began a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Mostyn-Owen" title="Allegra Mostyn-Owen">Allegra Mostyn-Owen</a>, cover girl for <a href="/wiki/Tatler" title="Tatler">Tatler</a> magazine and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Christie's Education">Christie's Education</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/William_Mostyn-Owen" title="William Mostyn-Owen">William Mostyn-Owen</a>. They became engaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201172,_74–78Gimson201276–83-54">[53]</a> Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201170Gimson201260-55">[54]</a> Alongside Guppy, he edited the university's satirical magazine Tributary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201168Gimson201274-56">[55]</a> In 1984, Johnson was elected secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201170–71-57">[56]</a> and campaigned unsuccessfully for the position of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Oxford_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Oxford Union">Union President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201171–73-58">[57]</a> In 1986, Johnson ran successfully for President,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201180–81-59">[58]</a> but his term was not distinguished or memorable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201184-60">[59]</a> and questions were raised regarding his competence and seriousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201187-61">[60]</a> At graduation, Johnson was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Upper_second-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper second-class honours">upper second-class</a> degree,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201189–90Gimson201284-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> and was deeply unhappy he did not receive a first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201192-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Times_and_The_Daily_Telegraph:_1987–1994">The Times and The Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994</h3></div> In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201192–94Gimson201285–86-65">[64]</a> They settled in <a href="/wiki/West_Kensington" title="West Kensington">West Kensington</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201194-66">[65]</a> In late 1987, through family connections, he began work as a graduate trainee at <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201195–99Gimson201288–90-67">[66]</a> Scandal erupted when Johnson wrote an article for the newspaper on the archaeological discovery of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>'s palace, having invented a quote which he falsely attributed to the historian <a href="/wiki/Colin_Lucas" title="Colin Lucas">Colin Lucas</a>, his godfather. After the paper's editor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(journalist)" title="Charles Wilson (journalist)">Charles Wilson</a>, learnt of the matter, he dismissed Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011100–102Gimson201290–96-68">[67]</a> Johnson secured employment on the lead-writing desk of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, having met its editor, <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a>, while at university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011102–103Gimson201297-69">[68]</a> His articles appealed to the newspaper's Conservative-voting "<a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a>" readership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011108-70">[69]</a> and he was known for his distinctive literary style, replete with old-fashioned phrasing and for regularly referring to the readership as "my friends".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011106–107-71">[70]</a> In early 1989, Johnson was appointed to the newspaper's Brussels bureau to report on the European Commission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011109-72">[71]</a> remaining in the post until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-73">[72]</a> A strong critic of the integrationist Commission president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a>, he established himself as one of the city's few <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a> journalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011115–116-74">[73]</a> He wrote articles about <a href="/wiki/Euromyths" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromyths">euromyths</a>: that Brussels had recruited sniffer dogs to ensure that all manure smelt the same,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBower202168,_627-75">[74]</a> they were about to dictate the acceptable curve of British bananas,<a href="#cite_note-77">[b]</a> limit the power of their vacuum cleaners<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[c]</a> and order women to return their old sex toys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBower202168,_627-75">[74]</a> He wrote that euro notes made people impotent and that a plan to blow up the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a> was in place because asbestos cladding made the building too dangerous to inhabit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBower202168,_627-75">[74]</a> Many of his fellow journalists were critical of his articles, saying they often contained lies designed to discredit the commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011121,_126Gimson201298–99,_100–101-82">[79]</a> The Europhile Conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> later said that Johnson was "one of the greatest exponents of fake journalism".<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-73">[72]</a> Johnson opposed banning handguns after the <a href="/wiki/Dunblane_school_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunblane school massacre">Dunblane school massacre</a>, writing in his column "Nanny is confiscating their toys. It is like one of those vast <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization#India" title="Compulsory sterilization">Indian programmes of compulsory vasectomy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> According to one of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Purnell" title="Sonia Purnell">Sonia Purnell</a>, – who was Johnson's Brussels deputy<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-73">[72]</a> – he helped make Euroscepticism "an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right", whereas it had been associated previously with the Left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011115-84">[81]</a> Johnson's articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party's Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011124-85">[82]</a> His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the eurosceptic <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP) in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011115-84">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a>, then proprietor of The Daily Telegraph, said Johnson "was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country's relations with Europe".<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> In February 1990 Johnson's wife Allegra broke up with him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011129–130,_134Gimson2012107–111,_113–114-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian200218-88">[85]</a> He began a relationship with childhood friend <a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a>, who had moved to Brussels in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011130–133Gimson2012111–114-89">[86]</a> They were married in May 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011134Gimson2012114–115-90">[87]</a> Soon after, Marina gave birth to a daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011135Gimson2012115-91">[88]</a> Johnson and his new wife settled in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, north London,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011142-92">[89]</a> an area known for its association with the left-liberal <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. Under the influence of this milieu and of his wife, Johnson moved in a more liberal direction on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> and race relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011144,_148-93">[90]</a> While in Islington, the couple had three more children, all given the surname Johnson-Wheeler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011143Gimson2012125-94">[91]</a> They were sent to the local Canonbury Primary School and then to private secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011146–147-95">[92]</a> Devoting much time to his children, Johnson wrote a book of verse, The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale, which was published to largely poor reviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011153-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_columnist:_1994–1999">Political columnist: 1994–1999</h3></div> Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson's request to become a <a href="/wiki/War_reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="War reporter">war reporter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011139–140-97">[94]</a> instead promoting him to assistant editor and chief political columnist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011161Gimson2012124-98">[95]</a> Johnson's column received praise for being ideologically eclectic and distinctively written, and earned him Commentator of the Year Award at the <a href="/wiki/What_the_Papers_Say" title="What the Papers Say">What the Papers Say</a> awards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011168Gimson2012125-99">[96]</a> Some critics condemned his writing style as bigotry; in columns he used the words "<a href="/wiki/Piccaninnies" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccaninnies">piccaninnies</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Watermelon_smiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermelon smiles">watermelon smiles</a>" when referring to Africans, championed European colonialism in Uganda<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011169-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> and referred to gay men as "tank-topped bumboys".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011171-103">[100]</a> In 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to run as a Conservative in the <a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994 European Parliament elections</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell" title="Andrew Mitchell">Andrew Mitchell</a> convinced Major not to veto Johnson's candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011162–165-104">[101]</a> He turned his attention to obtaining a seat in the House of Commons instead. After being rejected as Conservative candidate for <a href="/wiki/Holborn_and_St._Pancras" class="mw-redirect" title="Holborn and St. Pancras">Holborn and St. Pancras</a>, he was selected the Conservative candidate for <a href="/wiki/Clwyd_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Clwyd South (UK Parliament constituency)">Clwyd South</a> in north Wales, then a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a>. Spending six weeks campaigning, he attained 9,091 votes (23 per cent) in the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a>, losing to Labour candidate <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Jones" title="Martyn Jones">Martyn Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200846Purnell2011185–186Gimson2012125-105">[102]</a> Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friend <a href="/wiki/Darius_Guppy" title="Darius Guppy">Darius Guppy</a> was made public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011173–176Gimson2012117–123-106">[103]</a> In it, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated by <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a> journalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier's private address, seeking to have the latter beaten. Johnson agreed, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011173–176Gimson2012117–123-106">[103]</a> When the phone conversation was published, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy's request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011173–176Gimson2012117–123-106">[103]</a> Johnson was given a regular column in <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, sister publication to The Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011168-107">[104]</a> In 1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the American men's monthly magazine <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011171Gimson2012177–178-108">[105]</a> The large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars frustrated staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011171-103">[100]</a> At The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, he was consistently late delivering copy, forcing staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work, he would shout at them with expletives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011179–181Gimson2012177-109">[106]</a> Johnson's April 1998 appearance on the BBC's satirical current affairs show <a href="/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You" title="Have I Got News for You">Have I Got News for You</a> brought him national fame.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Entertainment_Performance" title="British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance">BAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011176–178Gimson2012127–129-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street, and was invited to appear on other shows, such as <a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson_(TV_series)" title="Parkinson (TV series)">Parkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_with_Frost" title="Breakfast with Frost">Breakfast with Frost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_programme)" title="Question Time (TV programme)">Question Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011178Gimson2012130-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Spectator_and_MP_for_Henley:_1999–2008">The Spectator and MP for Henley: 1999–2008</h3></div> In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship of The Spectator on the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011188Gimson2012131-114">[111]</a> While retaining The Spectator's traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011198–199-115">[112]</a> Under Johnson's editorship, the magazine's circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it became profitable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011191-116">[113]</a> His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under him The Spectator avoided serious issues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011204-117">[114]</a> while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011192,_194-118">[115]</a> He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011204-117">[114]</a> His father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheeler_(journalist)" title="Charles Wheeler (journalist)">Charles Wheeler</a> and others strongly criticised him for allowing Spectator columnist <a href="/wiki/Taki_Theodoracopulos" title="Taki Theodoracopulos">Taki Theodoracopulos</a> to publish racist and antisemitic language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011193-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote in The Times in 2019 that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch at the Spectator in 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A spokesman denied the allegation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In 2004, Johnson published an editorial in The Spectator after the murder of <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bigley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Bigley">Ken Bigley</a> suggesting that Liverpudlians were wallowing in their victim status and "hooked on grief" over the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a>, which Johnson partly blamed on "drunken fans".<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> In an appendix added to a later edition of his 2005 book <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_MAMA" title="Tell MAMA">Tell MAMA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Council_of_Britain" title="Muslim Council of Britain">Muslim Council of Britain</a> criticised Johnson for arguing <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has caused the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> to be "literally centuries behind" the West.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Becoming_an_MP">Becoming an MP</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The selection of Boris Johnson ... confirms the Tory Party's increasing weakness for celebrity personalities over the dreary exigencies of politics. Johnson, for all his gifts, is unlikely to grace any future Tory cabinet. Indeed, he is not known for his excessive interest in serious policy matters, and it is hard to see him grubbing away at administrative detail as an obscure, hardworking junior minister for social security. To maintain his funny man reputation he will no doubt find himself refining his <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Wooster" title="Bertie Wooster">Bertie Wooster</a> interpretation to the point where the impersonation becomes the man. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">–Max Hastings, London Evening Standard, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011219-126">[123]</a></cite></div> </div> Following <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a>'s retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a>, a Conservative safe seat in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011209–210Gimson2012141-127">[124]</a> The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson's candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming while others disliked his flippant attitude and perceived lack of knowledge of the local area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011211–212-128">[125]</a> Assisted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011220–221-129">[126]</a> Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outside <a href="/wiki/Thame" title="Thame">Thame</a> in his new constituency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011240-130">[127]</a> He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Standard" title="Henley Standard">Henley Standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011238-131">[128]</a> His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Berkshire_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust">Townlands Hospital</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Air_Ambulance" title="Thames Valley Air Ambulance">air ambulance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011239-132">[129]</a> In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to a <a href="/wiki/Standing_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing committee">standing committee</a> assessing the <a href="/wiki/Proceeds_of_Crime_Act_2002" title="Proceeds of Crime Act 2002">Proceeds of Crime Bill</a>, but missed many of its meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011225-133">[130]</a> Despite his credentials as a public speaker, his speeches in the House of Commons were widely deemed lacklustre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011232–233-134">[131]</a> He attended around half of Commons votes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011230-135">[132]</a> usually supporting the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011231-136">[133]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Free_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Free votes">free votes</a>, he demonstrated a more socially liberal attitude, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act 2004</a> and the repeal of <a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conservative_Revolts-138">[135]</a> In 2001 Johnson had spoken out against plans to repeal Section 28, saying it was "Labour's appalling agenda, encouraging the teaching of homosexuality in schools".<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> After initially stating he would not, he <a href="/wiki/British_Parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq">supported</a> the government's plans to join the United States in the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011240-130">[127]</a> and in April 2003 visited occupied Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011149-141">[138]</a> In August 2004, he backed unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_motion_to_impeach_Tony_Blair" title="Parliamentary motion to impeach Tony Blair">impeachment procedures</a> against Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> for "<a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanours" class="mw-redirect" title="High crimes and misdemeanours">high crimes and misdemeanours</a>" regarding the war,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and in December 2006 described the invasion as "a colossal mistake and misadventure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012265-143">[140]</a> Although labelling Johnson "ineffably duplicitous" for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him because he "helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011189,_190-144">[141]</a> Johnson remained editor of The Spectator, while also writing columns for The Daily Telegraph and GQ, and making television appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011226-145">[142]</a> His 2001 book, <a href="/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen:_Jottings_on_the_Stump" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump">Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump</a>, recounted that year's election campaign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011230Gimson2012145–146-146">[143]</a> while 2003's Lend Me Your Ears collected previously published columns and articles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012176–177-147">[144]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> published his first novel: <a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Virgins:_A_Comedy_of_Errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errors">Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errors</a> revolved around the life of a Conservative MP and contained autobiographical elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011249–251Gimson2012189–192-148">[145]</a> Responding to criticism that he was juggling too many jobs, he cited <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> as exemplars who combined political and literary careers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011227Gimson2012143-149">[146]</a> To manage stress, he took up jogging and cycling,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011228-150">[147]</a> and became so well known for the latter that Gimson suggested he was "perhaps the most famous cyclist in Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012182-151">[148]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>'s resignation as Conservative leader, the party elected <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011223–224Gimson2012150-152">[149]</a> Johnson had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, and The Spectator became critical of his party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011234Gimson2012150-153">[150]</a> Duncan Smith was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a> in November 2003; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200846–47Purnell2011242–243Gimson2012178-154">[151]</a> In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson as shadow arts minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011243Gimson2012179-155">[152]</a> In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> for publishing a Spectator article – anonymously written by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Simon Heffer</a> – which said the crowds at the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> had contributed to the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847Purnell2011251–252Gimson2012193–207-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> In November 2004, the tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair with Spectator columnist <a href="/wiki/Petronella_Wyatt" title="Petronella Wyatt">Petronella Wyatt</a>, resulting in two abortions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847Purnell2011257–263Gimson2012162–173,_209–218-158">[155]</a> Johnson denied the allegations but they were subsequently proven to be true, and Howard dismissed him as vice-chairman and shadow arts minister when he refused to resign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847Purnell2011265–267Gimson2012222–223-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_term">Second term</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg/220px-University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg/330px-University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg/440px-University_Park_MMB_21_Portland_Building_-_Boris_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>As shadow minister for higher education, Johnson visited various universities (as here at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> in 2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG/220px-Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG/330px-Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG/440px-Boris_Johnson_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Johnson in 2007</figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a>, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011277Gimson2012232-162">[159]</a> Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backed <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011283–284Gimson2012235–236-163">[160]</a> After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847Purnell2011289Gimson2012243-164">[161]</a> Interested in streamlining university funding,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011302-165">[162]</a> Johnson supported Labour's <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">proposed top-up fees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011291-166">[163]</a> He campaigned in 2006 to become the <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Rector of the University of Edinburgh">Rector of the University of Edinburgh</a>, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011291–292Gimson2012248-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-HES24Feb06-168">[165]</a> In April 2006, the <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a> alleged that Johnson was having an affair with journalist Anna Fazackerley; the pair did not comment, and shortly afterwards Johnson began employing Fazackerley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011296–300Gimson2012255–257-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2008-170">[167]</a> In September 2006, Papua New Guinea's <a href="/wiki/High_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission">High Commission</a> protested after he compared the Conservatives' frequently changing leadership to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism in the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012266-171">[168]</a> In 2005, The Spectator's new chief executive, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Neil" title="Andrew Neil">Andrew Neil</a>, dismissed Johnson as editor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011289–290Gimson2012244–245-172">[169]</a> To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated with The Daily Telegraph to raise his salary from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging £5,000 per column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011294–295-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> He presented a <a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">popular history</a> television show, <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a>, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011292–293Gimson2012250–253-175">[172]</a> A sequel, After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011294-176">[173]</a> In 2007 he earned £540,000, making him the third-highest-earning MP that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011295-177">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayor_of_London_(2008–2016)">Mayor of London (2008–2016)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Mayoralty of Boris Johnson">Mayoralty of Boris Johnson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayoral_election:_2007–2008">Mayoral election: 2007–2008</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">2008 London mayoral election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2007_London_Conservative_Party_mayoral_selection" title="2007 London Conservative Party mayoral selection">2007 London Conservative Party mayoral selection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_-holding_a_red_model_bus_-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1689" /></a><figcaption>Johnson pledged to replace the city's <a href="/wiki/Articulated_buses_in_London" title="Articulated buses in London">articulated buses</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a> buses if elected mayor</figcaption></figure> In September, Johnson was selected as the Conservative candidate for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> after a public London-wide <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200853Gimson2012279-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Johnson's campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing the <a href="/wiki/Articulated_buses_in_London" title="Articulated buses in London">articulated buses</a> with an updated version of the <a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011327-180">[177]</a> Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">outer London</a>, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour of <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">inner London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011327Gimson2012285-181">[178]</a> His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011326–327-182">[179]</a> with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: "I'm voting for Boris because he is a laugh."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011327-180">[177]</a> The campaign of Labour incumbent <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> portrayed Johnson as an out-of-touch <a href="/wiki/Toff" title="Toff">toff</a> and bigot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosken2008426–427EdwardsIsaby200867–69,_133Purnell201190,_315-183">[180]</a> In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson was victorious with 53% to Livingstone's 47%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby2008200–201Purnell2011348-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcmayorwin-185">[182]</a> Johnson subsequently announced his intention to stand down as MP for Henley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011351-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_2008–2012">First term: 2008–2012</h3></div> After Johnson became mayor, those in City Hall deemed too closely allied to Livingstone's administration had their employment terminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011366-188">[185]</a> Johnson appointed <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parker_(businessman)" title="Tim Parker (businessman)">Tim Parker</a> as his deputy mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall, Johnson dismissed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011368–271-189">[186]</a> Many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson's administration, fearing it would be damaging for the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011368-190">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_on_the_podium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Johnson gave a victory speech in <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Southwark">City Hall</a> after being elected as the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> </figcaption></figure> During the campaign, Johnson had confided to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Paddick" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Paddick">Brian Paddick</a> he was unsure how he would maintain his lifestyle on the mayoral salary of £140,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011360-191">[188]</a> He agreed to continue his Daily Telegraph column, thus earning a further £250,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011361-192">[189]</a> His team believed this would cause controversy and made him promise to donate 20% of his Daily Telegraph salary to a charitable cause. Johnson resented this, and ultimately did not pay the full 20%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011362-193">[190]</a> Controversy erupted when on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HARDtalk" title="HARDtalk">HARDtalk</a> he referred to the £250,000 salary as "chicken feed"; this was at the time approximately 10 times the average yearly wage for a British worker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011363-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_-opening_bell_at_NASDAQ-14Sept2009-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Johnson at the opening of NASDAQ in 2009</figcaption></figure> During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed without obtaining <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a>; after neighbours complained, he dismantled it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011396–397Gimson2012308-197">[194]</a> The press also accused him of having an affair with Helen Macintyre and of fathering her child, allegations that he did not deny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011407–410Gimson2012330–331-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian2-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph210513-201">[198]</a> Johnson was accused of warning <a href="/wiki/Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Damian Green</a> that police were planning to arrest him; Johnson denied the claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011380–385Gimson2012305–308-202">[199]</a> He was accused of <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011407-203">[200]</a> in particular for appointing <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Wadley" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica Wadley">Veronica Wadley</a> as the chair of London's <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts Council">Arts Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011401–402-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_parliamentary_expenses_scandal" title="United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal">parliamentary expenses scandal</a>, he was accused of excessive expenses claims for taxis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011392–395-207">[204]</a> Johnson remained a popular figure in London with a strong celebrity status in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011446-208">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policies">Policies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg/220px-LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg/330px-LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg/440px-LTZ1851-21-20240402-184553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4926" data-file-height="3284" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a> bus introduced by Johnson's administration</figcaption></figure> Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system of the previous administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011373-209">[206]</a> However, he did reverse several other measures implemented by Livingstone: ending the city's oil deal with Venezuela, abolishing <a href="/wiki/The_Londoner" title="The Londoner">The Londoner</a> newsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections of <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">black cabs</a>, which was reinstated three years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby2008211Purnell2011373-210">[207]</a> Abolishing the western wing of the <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">congestion charging</a> zone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011443-211">[208]</a> he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge for <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel-drive vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011391-212">[209]</a> He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>, which revealed the city breached legal limits on <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-tele-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Johnson retained Livingstone projects such as <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympic Games">2012 Olympic Games</a>, but was accused of trying to take credit for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011390-215">[212]</a> He introduced a public bicycle scheme that had been mooted by Livingstone's administration; colloquially known as "<a href="/wiki/Boris_Bikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Bikes">Boris Bikes</a>", the part privately financed system was a significant financial loss but proved popular.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011414–416Gimson2012307-217">[214]</a> Despite Johnson's support of cycling, and his much-publicised identity as a cyclist, some cycling groups argued he had failed to make the city's roads safer for cyclists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011442–443-218">[215]</a> As per his election pledge, he commissioned the development of the <a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a> buses for central London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011417Gimson2012307-219">[216]</a> He also ordered the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Air_Line_(cable_car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Air Line (cable car)">cable car system</a> that crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsula" title="Greenwich Peninsula">Greenwich Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Docks" title="Royal Docks">Royal Docks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011417–418-220">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BorisBikes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BorisBikes.jpg/220px-BorisBikes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BorisBikes.jpg/330px-BorisBikes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BorisBikes.jpg/440px-BorisBikes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Johnson implemented Livingstone's idea of a public bicycle system; the result was dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Santander_Cycles" title="Santander Cycles">"Boris Bike"</a>.</figcaption></figure> Johnson's first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011265Gimson2012288-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-lgovpr20080507-222">[219]</a> He announced plans to extend pay-as-you-go <a href="/wiki/Oyster_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster cards">Oyster cards</a> to national rail services in London.<a href="#cite_note-es_oystersie-223">[220]</a> A pledge in Johnson's manifesto was to retain Tube ticket offices, in opposition to Livingstone's proposal to close up to 40.<a href="#cite_note-2008_transport_manifesto-224">[221]</a> On 2 July 2008, the Mayor's office announced the closure plan was to be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-es_kenplan-225">[222]</a> On 21 November 2013, <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a> announced that all London Underground ticket offices would close by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_borisplan-226">[223]</a> In financing these projects, Johnson's administration borrowed £100 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011437-227">[224]</a> while public transport fares were increased by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011416-228">[225]</a> During his first term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Living_wage_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Living wage in the United Kingdom">London Living Wage</a> and endorsing an amnesty for illegal migrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011388-229">[226]</a> He tried placating critics who had deemed him a bigot by appearing at <a href="/wiki/Pride_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride London">London's gay pride parade</a> and praising ethnic minority newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011374–375-230">[227]</a> Johnson broke from the traditional protocol of those in public office not publicly commenting on other nations' elections by endorsing <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_police,_finance,_and_the_media">Relations with the police, finance, and the media</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_London_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/220px-2011_London_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/330px-2011_London_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/440px-2011_London_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Johnson's response to the 2011 London riots was criticised</figcaption></figure> Johnson appointed himself chair of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority" title="Metropolitan Police Authority">Metropolitan Police Authority</a> (MPA), and in October 2008 successfully pushed for the resignation of Metropolitan Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Ian_Blair" title="Ian Blair">Ian Blair</a>, after Blair was criticised for allegedly handing contracts to friends and for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jean_Charles_de_Menezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Jean Charles de Menezes">death of Jean Charles de Menezes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011377–278Gimson2012304-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> This earned Johnson respect among Conservatives, who interpreted it as his first act of strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011379-236">[233]</a> Johnson resigned as chairman of the MPA in January 2010,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011388-229">[226]</a> but throughout his mayoralty was highly supportive of the Metropolitan Police, particularly during the controversy surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson" title="Death of Ian Tomlinson">death of Ian Tomlinson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011387–388-237">[234]</a> Overall crime in London fell during his administration, but his claim that serious youth crime had decreased proved to be false, and he acknowledged the error.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011436-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> He was criticised for his response to the <a href="/wiki/2011_London_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 London riots">2011 London riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011429–432Gimson2012333–335-240">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BorisOC2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/220px-BorisOC2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/330px-BorisOC2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BorisOC2010.jpg/440px-BorisOC2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Johnson lights the flame at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/London_Youth_Games" title="London Youth Games">London Youth Games</a> opening ceremony</figcaption></figure> Johnson championed London's financial sector and denounced what he saw as "banker bashing" following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011400Gimson2012324-241">[238]</a> condemning the <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupy_London" title="Occupy London">Occupy London</a> movement that appeared in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011439–440-242">[239]</a> He collected donations from the city's wealthy for a charitable enterprise, the Mayor's Fund, which he had established to aid disadvantaged youths. It initially announced the fund would raise £100 million, but by 2010 it had only earnt £1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011414-243">[240]</a> He also maintained extensive personal contacts throughout the British media,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011389-244">[241]</a> which resulted in widespread favourable press coverage of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011389-244">[241]</a> In turn he remained largely supportive of his friends in the media, including <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal" title="News International phone hacking scandal">News International phone hacking scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011424–425-245">[242]</a> The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at the <a href="/wiki/London_Development_Agency" title="London Development Agency">London Development Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lgovpr20080508-246">[243]</a> Johnson's announcement was criticised by Labour for the perceived politicisation of this nominally independent panel.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> The head of the panel, <a href="/wiki/Patience_Wheatcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Patience Wheatcroft">Patience Wheatcroft</a>, was married to a Conservative councillor<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> and three of the four remaining panel members also had close links to the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-election_campaign">Re-election campaign</h4></div> Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012338-251">[248]</a> Before the election, Johnson published Johnson's Life of London, a work of popular history that historian <a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">A. N. Wilson</a> characterised as a "coded plea" for votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011447–448-252">[249]</a> Polls suggested that while Livingstone's approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson on crime and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011440-253">[250]</a> Johnson's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>, for which Livingstone called Johnson a "bare-faced liar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrines20133-254">[251]</a> Political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone's campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London's future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrines20132-255">[252]</a> Johnson was <a href="/wiki/2012_London_mayoral_election" title="2012 London mayoral election">re-elected</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC5May12-256">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term:_2012–2016">Second term: 2012–2016</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Boris_2012.jpg/220px-Boris_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Boris_2012.jpg/330px-Boris_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Boris_2012.jpg/440px-Boris_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Johnson at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> After a successful bid under Livingstone in 2005, London hosted the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, with Johnson as board co-chair.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> He improved transportation around London by making more tickets available and adding buses around the capital when thousands of spectators were temporary visitors.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.<a href="#cite_note-tele-213">[210]</a> In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, including the extension of operating hours. All staffed ticket offices were replaced with automated ticketing systems.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_tube_ticket-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-es_shakeup-261">[258]</a> Johnson was close friends with American entrepreneur<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> and model <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Arcuri" title="Jennifer Arcuri">Jennifer Arcuri</a>, with <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> describing him as a regular visitor to her flat,<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> and implying they were in a sexual relationship.<a href="#cite_note-sky-264">[261]</a> Arcuri and her company, Innotech, were awarded substantial government grants, and Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> The Sunday Times said in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> The Greater London Authority referred the matter to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Office_for_Police_Conduct" title="Independent Office for Police Conduct">Independent Office for Police Conduct</a> (IOPC) "so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office", for the Mayor is also London's <a href="/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner" title="Police and crime commissioner">police and crime commissioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC had decided to publish its report after the general election on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> The IOPC eventually issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions, that Johnson should have declared an interest, and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly's code of conduct.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s false comments that there were <a href="/wiki/No-go_area#United_Kingdom" title="No-go area">no-go zones in London</a> inaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was "betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him frankly unfit to hold the office of President of the United States",<a href="#cite_note-Waugh-270">[267]</a> becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office, but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> In 2016, he said he was "genuinely worried that [Trump] could become president", telling ITV's <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradby" title="Tom Bradby">Tom Bradby</a> that being mistaken for Trump in New York was "one of the worst moments" of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph160321-272">[269]</a> Johnson did not run for a third mayoral and stepped down on 5 May 2016 following <a href="/wiki/2016_London_mayoral_election" title="2016 London mayoral election">the election</a>. A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll commissioned at the end of Johnson's term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a "good job" while 29% believed he did a "bad job".<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Parliament">Return to Parliament</h2></div> Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while mayor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011446-208">[205]</a> After much media speculation, in August 2014 he sought selection as the Conservative candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip" class="mw-redirect" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>, Johnson was elected. There was speculation that he had returned to Parliament because he wanted to replace Cameron as Conservative leader and prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brexit_campaign:_2015–2016">Brexit campaign: 2015–2016</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></div> In February 2016, Johnson endorsed <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> in the "Out" campaign for the <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Union_membership_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 European Union membership referendum">2016 European Union membership referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Following this announcement, which was interpreted by financial markets as making Brexit more probable, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> slumped by nearly 2% against the US dollar, reaching its lowest level since March 2009.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> In April 2016, in response to a comment by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> that Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson wrote an "ancestral dislike" of Britain owing to his "part-Kenyan" background may have shaped Obama's views.<a href="#cite_note-controversial-280">[277]</a> Several politicians condemned his comments as racist and unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-ObamaSmear-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToIApril16-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obama-283">[280]</a> Conversely, former Conservative Party leader <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP) leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> defended them.<a href="#cite_note-ObamaSmear-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Johnson supported Vote Leave's statement that the government was committed to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_accession_to_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish accession to the EU">Turkish accession to the EU</a>. Vote Leave was accused of implying that 80 million Turks would come to the UK if it stayed in the EU. When interviewed in January 2019, he said he had not mentioned Turkey during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> On 22 June 2016, Johnson declared 23 June could be "Britain's independence day" in a televised debate.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> Following the victory of the "Leave" campaign, Cameron resigned. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> Johnson announced he would not stand in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Shortly before this, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson "cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead".<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> The Daily Telegraph called Gove's comments "the most spectacular political assassination in a generation".<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> Johnson endorsed <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a>'s candidature, but she dropped out, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Secretary:_2016–2018">Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_as_Foreign_Secretary" title="Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary">Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_johnson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Boris_johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Johnson as Foreign Secretary</figcaption></figure> May appointed Johnson <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">foreign secretary</a> in July 2016.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergFSec-295">[292]</a> Analysts saw the appointment as a tactic to weaken Johnson politically: the new positions of "<a href="/wiki/Brexit_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit secretary">Brexit secretary</a>" and <a href="/wiki/International_trade_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="International trade secretary">international trade secretary</a> left the foreign secretary as a figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergFSec-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-GoodForMay-296">[293]</a> Johnson's appointment ensured he would often be out of the country and unable to mobilise backbenchers against her, while forcing him to take responsibility for problems caused by withdrawing from the EU.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-298">[295]</a> Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson's appointment because of his controversial statements about other countries.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FSecReactions-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianReactions-301">[298]</a> His tenure attracted criticism from diplomats and foreign policy experts.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian3-303">[300]</a> A number of diplomats, FCO staff and foreign ministers who worked with Johnson compared his leadership unfavourably to previous foreign secretaries for his perceived lack of conviction or substantive positions on foreign policy issues.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian3-303">[300]</a> A senior official in Obama's government suggested Johnson's appointment would push the US further towards <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a> at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> with the UK.<a href="#cite_note-ITV20160714-304">[301]</a> On one occasion Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> walked out of a meeting with Johnson after a meeting did not "get beyond the pleasantries".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-302">[299]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_(37425398262).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg/220px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg/330px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg/440px-President_Donald_J._Trump_and_the_British_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs_Boris_Johnson_%2837425398262%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with US president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2017 <a href="/wiki/UNGA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGA">UNGA</a></figcaption></figure> Johnson's visit to Turkey in September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had won <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a>'s offensive poetry competition about the President of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, four months earlier.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> When questioned by a journalist whether he would apologise for the poem, Johnson dismissed the matter as "trivia".<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Johnson pledged to help <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey join the EU</a> and expressed support for Erdogan's government.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> Johnson described the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a> as a "cult" and supported <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%93present_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–present purges in Turkey">Turkey's post-coup purges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> Johnson supported the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen</a> and refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> In September 2016, human rights groups accused him of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> Given the UK-Saudi alliance, in December 2016, he attracted attention for commenting the Saudis were akin to the Iranians in "puppeteering and playing <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">proxy wars</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> In November 2017, Johnson told the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Foreign Affairs Select Committee">Foreign Affairs Select Committee</a> that <a href="/wiki/Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe" title="Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe">Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe</a> – a British-Iranian citizen imprisoned in Iran after being arrested for training citizen journalists and bloggers in a <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World Service Trust">BBC World Service Trust</a> project – had been "simply teaching people journalism". Facing criticism, Johnson stated he had been misquoted and that nothing he said had justified Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> In May 2018, Johnson backed<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Iran nuclear deal framework</a>, despite Donald Trump's withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands_after_Irma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Johnson visiting the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a></figcaption></figure> In April 2017, Johnson said that <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Gibraltar's sovereignty</a> was "not going to change" after Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Johnson promised while in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> that Brexit would leave the Irish border "absolutely unchanged".<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> Johnson visited <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortola" title="Tortola">Tortola</a> in September 2017 to confirm the UK's commitment to helping restore <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British territories</a> devastated by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines from <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a> while visiting a <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> temple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was "not appropriate".<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> could become an economic success like <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>: "all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away".<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> Initially favouring a less hostile approach to Russia,<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Johnson soon backed a more aggressive policy.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Following the March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, an act which the UK government blamed on Russia,<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> Johnson compared <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s hosting of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">World Cup in Russia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Games in Berlin">Olympic Games in Berlin</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> Russia's Foreign Ministry denounced Johnson's "unacceptable and unworthy" parallel towards Russia, a "nation that <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">lost millions of lives</a> in fighting Nazism".<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> Johnson described the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as "divisive" and a "threat" that left Europe dependent on a "malign Russia" for its <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">energy supplies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> Johnson condemned the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya Muslims">Rohingya Muslims</a> in Myanmar,<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> comparing the situation with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">displacement of Palestinians</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Johnson supported the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish invasion of northern Syria</a> aimed at ousting the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">Syrian Kurds</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> He accused the <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> of focusing disproportionately on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> and Israel's <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg/220px-Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg/330px-Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg/440px-Javad_Zarif_meeting_with_UK_foreign_minister_Boris_Johnson_in_Tehran_2017-12-09_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Johnson meeting with Iranian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> in Tehran in December 2017</figcaption></figure> In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS).<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-beebsplit-342">[339]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> In June, he was reported as having said "fuck business" when asked about corporate concerns regarding a 'hard' Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_(27295267767).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_with_Gordon_Brown_in_London_-_2018_%2827295267767%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with former UK prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> in May 2018</figcaption></figure> Secret recordings obtained by <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a> in June 2018 revealed Johnson's dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Theresa May's negotiating style, accusing her of being too collaborative with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. Comparing May's approach to that of the US president Donald Trump – who at the time was engaged in a combative trade war with the EU because it raised tariffs on metal – Johnson said: "Imagine Trump doing Brexit. He'd go in bloody hard ... There'd be all sorts of breakdowns, all sorts of chaos. Everyone would think he'd gone mad. But actually you might get somewhere." He accused individuals of scaremongering over a Brexit "meltdown", saying "No panic. <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono_publico" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro bono publico">Pro bono publico</a>, no bloody panic. It's going to be all right in the end."<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> In April 2018, Johnson travelled to Italy to attend a party at the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Terranova" title="Palazzo Terranova">Palazzo Terranova</a>, owned by the former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebedev" title="Alexander Lebedev">Alexander Lebedev</a> and hosted by his son <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lebedev" title="Evgeny Lebedev">Evgeny</a>. He travelled without security protection or other officials,<a href="#cite_note-Culbertson_2022_a393-350">[347]</a> and did not document the trip, which led to accusations of Johnson having misled parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Maidment_2022_r017-351">[348]</a> In June 2023, it was revealed that Lord Simon McDonald, the most senior civil servant of his department, was not aware of the trip. Johnson stated that "no government business was discussed" at the event as far as he was aware.<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent_2022_e651-352">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_2023_b191-353">[350]</a> Lebedev's villa was monitored by the Italian secret service at the time, who, according to a <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> documentary, suspected it to be used for espionage activities.<a href="#cite_note-Crerar_2023_n661-354">[351]</a> Johnson granted a peerage to <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lebedev" title="Evgeny Lebedev">Evgeny</a> in 2020, against the advice of the <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, and met with criticism over potential security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2022_b237-355">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2022_t584-356">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reporters_2022_o388-357">[354]</a> In July 2018, three days after the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">cabinet</a> had its meeting to agree on a <a href="/wiki/The_future_relationship_between_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union">Brexit strategy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> Johnson, along with Brexit secretary <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> resigned his post.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_backbenches:_2018–2019">Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019</h3></div> Johnson returned to the role of a <a href="/wiki/Backbench_MP" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbench MP">backbench MP</a>. In July, he delivered a resignation speech, stating "it is not too late to save Brexit".<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> In January 2019, Johnson came under criticism for remarks he had made during the 2016 Leave campaign regarding the prospect of Turkish accession to the European Union; he denied making such remarks.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> In March 2019, he was criticized for saying that expenditure on investigating historic allegations of child abuse was money "spaffed up the wall".<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalism">Journalism</h4></div> In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write articles for the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">Telegraph Media Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov-365">[362]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Business_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Business Appointments">Advisory Committee on Business Appointments</a> (ACOBA) reported that this was a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Code" title="Ministerial Code">Ministerial Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov-365">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Johnson was ordered to apologise for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_Standards" title="Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards">Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards</a> found the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> In September 2018, Johnson wrote: "We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a>." Senior Tories heavily criticised him, with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Duncan" title="Alan Duncan">Alan Duncan</a> of the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked "the political end of Boris Johnson".<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> In April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a> ruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article in The Daily Telegraph, "The British people won't be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for", authored by Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-2019-01-370">[367]</a> that a no-deal <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> was "by some margin preferred by the British public" was false, and "represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)" of its guidelines, and required that a correction be published.<a href="#cite_note-IPSO-2019-04-371">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election">2019 Conservative Party leadership election</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019 Conservative Party leadership election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_Boris_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Back_Boris_logo.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="81" /></a><figcaption>The logo used by Johnson's leadership campaign in 2019</figcaption></figure> On 12 June 2019, Johnson launched his campaign for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative Party leadership election</a>, saying, "we must leave the EU on 31 October."<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> On the campaign trail, Johnson warned of "catastrophic consequences for voter trust in politics" if the government pushed the EU for further delays. He advocated removing the <a href="/wiki/Backstop_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Backstop agreement">backstop</a> from any Brexit deal. On 25 and 26 August, he announced plans to retain £7 or £9 billion of the £39 billion divorce payment the UK is due to transfer to the EU upon withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Johnson initially pledged to cut income tax for earners of more than £50,000 but backed away from this plan in June 2019 after coming under criticism in a televised <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> debate.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt's 46,656 (34%).<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premiership_(2019–2022)">Premiership (2019–2022)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Premiership of Boris Johnson</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:708px;max-width:708px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Johnson in front of his lectern at 10 Downing Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg/400px-Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg/600px-Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg/800px-Boris_Johnson%27s_first_speech_as_Prime_Minister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Johnson giving his first speech as prime minister on 24 July 2019</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Johnson outside 10 Downing Street, standing at a wooden lectern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png/300px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png/450px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png/600px-Prime_Minister_Boris_Johnson%27s_statement_in_Downing_Street_7_July_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="5280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Johnson announcing his resignation as prime minister on 6 July 2022</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(July–December_2019)">First term (July–December 2019)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson:_First_Speech_as_Prime_Minister" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Boris Johnson: First Speech as Prime Minister">Boris Johnson: First Speech as Prime Minister</a></div></div></div> </div> On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>'s resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the first prime minister to be born outside <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">British territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> Johnson appointed <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a> as his senior advisor.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brexit_policy">Brexit policy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg/220px-Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg/330px-Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg/440px-Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3111" /></a><figcaption>Johnson discussing Brexit with French president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/220px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/330px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/440px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Johnson signing the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement</figcaption></figure> In his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson:_First_Speech_as_Prime_Minister" class="extiw" title="s:Boris Johnson: First Speech as Prime Minister">first speech as PM</a>, Johnson said that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union on 31 October 2019 with or <a href="/wiki/No_deal_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="No deal Brexit">without a deal</a>, and promised to remove the <a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a> from the withdrawal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> Johnson declared his intention to <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">re-open negotiations</a>, but talks did not immediately resume as the EU refused to accept Johnson's condition that the backstop be removed.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> On 28 August 2019, UK and EU negotiators agreed to resume regular meetings.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen to <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogue Parliament</a> from 10 September, reducing the time in which Parliament could block a no-deal Brexit and causing a <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">political controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> The Queen at <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> approved prorogation later the same day, and it began on 10 September, scheduled to last until 14 October.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> Some suggested<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> that this prorogation amounted to a <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>, and on 31 August 2019, protests occurred throughout the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> By 2 September 2019, three separate court cases challenging Johnson's action were in progress or scheduled to take place,<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> and on 11 September, three Scottish judges ruled the prorogation of the UK Parliament to be unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> On 12 September, Johnson denied lying to the Queen over suspension of the Parliament, while a Belfast Court rejected claims that his Brexit plans would have a negative impact on Northern Ireland's peace policy.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> On 24 September, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Johnson's advice to prorogue Parliament was unlawful, and therefore the prorogation was rendered null.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> When Parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act">Fixed-term Parliaments Act</a> after opposition and rebel Conservative MPs successfully voted against the government to take control of the order of business to prevent a no-deal exit.<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> Despite government opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Benn_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Benn Act">Benn Act</a>, a bill to block a no-deal exit, passed the Commons on 4 September 2019, causing Johnson to propose a general election on 15 October.<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> His motion was unsuccessful as it failed to command the support of two-thirds of the House.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a> the UK and EU agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">revised deal</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol" title="Brexit and the Irish border">replaced the backstop</a> with a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-398">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Cabinet">First Cabinet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">First Johnson ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg/220px-Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg/330px-Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg/440px-Johnson%27s_1st_cabinet_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Johnson holding his first cabinet meeting at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, 25 July 2019</figcaption></figure> Johnson <a href="/wiki/2019_British_cabinet_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British cabinet formation">appointed</a> his <a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">Cabinet</a> on 24 July 2019,<a href="#cite_note-BBC25-399">[396]</a> dismissing 11 senior ministers and accepting the resignation of six others.<a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> The mass dismissal was the most extensive postwar Cabinet reorganisation without a change in the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a> Among other appointments, Johnson made <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary of State</a> and foreign secretary and appointed <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_working_majority">Loss of working majority</h4></div> On 3 September 2019, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lee_(politician)" title="Phillip Lee (politician)">Phillip Lee</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossed_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed the floor">crossed the floor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> following a disagreement with Johnson's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> policy. This left the government without a <a href="/wiki/Working_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Working majority">working majority</a> in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> Later that day, <a href="/wiki/September_2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">21 Conservative MPs</a> had the party <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whip</a> withdrawn for defying party orders and supporting an opposition motion.<a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a> (The whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers on 29 October.<a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a>) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png/220px-Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png/330px-Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png/440px-Boris_Johnson_after_2019_General_election.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Johnson giving a speech in December 2019 after the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></figcaption></figure> On 5 September 2019, Johnson's brother <a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a> resigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest".<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-407">[404]</a> Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a> resigned as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Secretary of State for Work and Pensions</a> and from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip as an "assault on decency and democracy".<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_general_election">2019 general election</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a></div> In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats.<a href="#cite_note-409">[406]</a> A key slogan used in the Conservative campaign was "<a href="/wiki/Get_Brexit_Done" title="Get Brexit Done">Get Brexit Done</a>".<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_(December_2019_–_September_2022)">Second term (December 2019 – September 2022)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Cabinet">Second Cabinet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Second Johnson ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">2020 British cabinet reshuffle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2021_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2021 British cabinet reshuffle">2021 British cabinet reshuffle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg/220px-Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg/330px-Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg/440px-Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Johnson appointed <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> (right) as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">February 2020 cabinet reshuffle</a></figcaption></figure> Johnson <a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">reshuffled his cabinet</a> in February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> Five Cabinet ministers were sacked, including the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland secretary">Northern Ireland secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Smith_(politician)" title="Julian Smith (politician)">Julian Smith</a>, a decision that was criticised by several politicians and commentators following his success in restoring the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> devolved government.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-412">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a> resigned from the Cabinet and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>; Javid later returned to Johnson's Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Secretary of State for Health and Social Care</a> in June 2021 following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JavResign-413">[410]</a> Johnson reshuffled his cabinet again in September 2021. Changes included the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Education Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a> who had received significant criticism for his handling of disruption to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> was moved from foreign secretary to <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">deputy prime minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">justice secretary</a>. Raab was replaced as foreign secretary by <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_giving_a_COVID-19_press_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Johnson delivering a press conference on <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, 31 July 2020</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> emerged as a serious crisis within the first few months of Johnson's second term.<a href="#cite_note-416">[413]</a> Johnson's non-attendance of five <a href="/wiki/COBR" class="mw-redirect" title="COBR">COBR</a> briefings during the early months and the failure of the UK government to prepare for and control the outbreak has been criticised.<a href="#cite_note-417">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[416]</a> The UK was among the last major[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] European states to close schools, ban public events and order a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw-20200401-420">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-imperial-20200330-421">[418]</a> This response is thought by some scientists to have contributed to the UK's high death toll from COVID-19, which as of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Johnson&action=edit">[update]</a> was among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_2-422">[419]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Reuters reported that scientists were critical of Johnson both for acting too slowly to stop the spread of COVID-19 and for mishandling the government's response;<a href="#cite_note-reuters-423">[420]</a> Politico quoted <a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer for England">Chief Medical Officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a> as saying that an earlier initial lockdown would have significantly lowered the death toll.<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a> published several editorials critical of the policies adopted during the country's public health response.<a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> Johnson's public communication over the virus and the UK's test and trace system were also criticised.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-423">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> On 3 March 2020 Johnson claimed to have shaken hands with COVID-19 patients in hospital on the same day that <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">SAGE</a> had advised the government to warn the public not to shake hands and minimise physical contact,<a href="#cite_note-429">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a> though it was unclear whether the hospital he visited actually contained any coronavirus patients.<a href="#cite_note-NORTH-431">[428]</a> He continued to shake hands publicly in the following days.<a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> On 23 March, a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 lockdown</a> was imposed throughout the UK, except for a few limited purposes, backed up by <a href="/wiki/The_Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(England)_Regulations_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020">new legal powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_returns_to_work_after_Coronavirus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="3790" /></a><figcaption>Johnson giving a speech in April 2020 after recovering from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></figcaption></figure> On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoronaBJ-434">[431]</a> On 5 April, he was admitted to a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a> The next day, he was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit.<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-IT_Reactions_Guardian-437">[434]</a> Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a> and left hospital three days later to recuperate at <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[436]</a> After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on 26 April.<a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> Johnson later said that he had been given <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">emergency oxygen</a> while in intensive care, and that doctors had made preparations in case he died.<a href="#cite_note-441">[438]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">scandal</a> in May 2020 involved Johnson's chief political advisor <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a>, who made a trip with his family to <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> during the March 2020 lockdown while experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.<a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[441]</a> Johnson's defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.<a href="#cite_note-445">[442]</a> This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as 'the Cummings effect' in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public's compliance with pandemic restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-446">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[444]</a> The Johnson ministry was <a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">accused of cronyism in their assignment of contracts</a> related to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies became less transparent as a result of emergency measures bypassing the usual competitive tendering process.<a href="#cite_note-PogCal-448">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardChums-449">[446]</a> In October 2020 Johnson conceded that the UK's <a href="/wiki/NHS_Test_and_Trace" title="NHS Test and Trace">test and trace</a> system and its specially developed <a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">contact tracing app</a>, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused "frustrations".<a href="#cite_note-reuters-423">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[448]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_hosts_virtual_G7_meeting_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Johnson hosts virtual G7 meeting in February 2021</figcaption></figure> Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-452">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[450]</a> In April 2021 Johnson denied allegations he had said he would rather "<a href="/wiki/Let_the_bodies_pile_high_in_their_thousands" class="mw-redirect" title="Let the bodies pile high in their thousands">let the bodies pile high in their thousands</a>" on 30 October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-454">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[453]</a> The government enacted a second national lockdown on 31 October.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian4-457">[454]</a> Throughout December 2020 COVID-19 cases across the UK rose significantly, straining emergency services and hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-458">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[456]</a> In response, the government enacted further restrictions to large parts of southern and eastern England and on 21 December shortened a planned household mixing period over Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-cnn2-460">[457]</a> Britain began <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">its COVID-19 vaccination programme</a> in December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-461">[458]</a> Half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-462">[459]</a> A third lockdown for the whole of England was introduced on 6 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-463">[460]</a> Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.<a href="#cite_note-464">[461]</a> Johnson said he was "deeply sorry" and "take[s] full responsibility" as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January.<a href="#cite_note-465">[462]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_greets_Joe_Biden_before_the_G7_Cornwall_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with US president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">G7 summit</a> in Cornwall, 10 June 2021</figcaption></figure> In July 2021 Johnson announced that most generalised public health restrictions in England would be lifted and replaced by recommendations. This took place despite an increase in cases driven by the <a href="/wiki/Delta_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta variant">Delta variant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[464]</a> In September 2021 Johnson was pictured in a cabinet meeting, with "at least 30 people crammed shoulder-to-shoulder", without anyone wearing masks and with all windows apparently closed, contradicting government advice.<a href="#cite_note-468">[465]</a> Johnson was also photographed without a face mask during a visit to a hospital in November.<a href="#cite_note-469">[466]</a> In December 2021 more stringent "Plan B" restrictions for England were put forward, a partial renewal of previous measures due to the increased incidence of the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant</a>. These proposals included face coverings to be required in more public settings, guidance to <a href="/wiki/Work_from_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Work from home">work from home</a> wherever possible, and requirements of <a href="/wiki/COVID_passports_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID passports in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 passports</a> to enter certain venues.<a href="#cite_note-470">[467]</a> The government experienced the largest rebellion of Conservative MPs during Johnson's premiership, in opposition to these measures.<a href="#cite_note-471">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Modern immigration to the United Kingdom</a></div> In 2019, Johnson promised to reduce net migration to the United Kingdom (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) below 250,000 per year by the next election.<a href="#cite_note-473">[470]</a> In 2021 net migration to the UK was 488,000,<a href="#cite_note-474">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-25-05-2023-475">[472]</a> up from 184,000 in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-476">[473]</a> Most of the migrants came from non-EU countries. As a result of Brexit, more EU nationals left the UK than arrived.<a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-25-05-2023-475">[472]</a> In 2021, Johnson's government launched a <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)#Expanded_access_to_UK_residence" title="British National (Overseas)">scheme for Hongkongers</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a>, with more than 200,000 Hong Kong residents immigrating to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-477">[474]</a> Long-term net migration to the UK reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-478">[475]</a> with immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000.<a href="#cite_note-479">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_agenda">Legislative agenda</h4></div> At the <a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament on 11 May 2021</a>, a range of proposed laws were announced, including the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill</a>, which would restore the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> to dissolve Parliament; a <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_(Freedom_of_Speech)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill">Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">deplatforming</a> at universities;<a href="#cite_note-Metro_11-05-2021-480">[477]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Online_Safety_Act_2023" title="Online Safety Act 2023">Online Safety Bill</a> that would impose a statutory <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> on online companies and empower <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> to block particular websites;<a href="#cite_note-481">[478]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(Sentience)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill">Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill</a> that would legally recognise animal sentience. Further laws would introduce <a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws" title="Voter identification laws">mandatory voter identification</a> at general elections, reform the national immigration system, and implement a <a href="/wiki/Levelling_up_policy_of_the_Boris_Johnson_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling up policy of the Boris Johnson government">levelling up policy</a> to reduce imbalances between areas.<a href="#cite_note-Metro_11-05-2021-480">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy">2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2021_Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy">2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy</a></div> In April 2021 Cummings alleged that Johnson had arranged for donors to "secretly pay" for renovations on the private residence at 11 Downing Street.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-482">[479]</a> On 27 April Johnson asked the Cabinet Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Case" title="Simon Case">Simon Case</a>, to hold a review about the refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-483">[480]</a> On 28 April, the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> announced it had opened a formal investigation.<a href="#cite_note-484">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[482]</a> On the same day Johnson said that he had not broken any laws over the refurbishment and had met the requirements he was obliged to meet.<a href="#cite_note-486">[483]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a>, the leader of the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, asked: "Who initially paid for the redecoration of his Downing Street flat?"; Johnson responded: "I paid for Downing Street's refurbishment personally."<a href="#cite_note-487">[484]</a> On 28 May <a href="/wiki/Lord_Geidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Geidt">Lord Geidt</a> published a report on the allegations which concluded that Johnson did not breach the Ministerial Code and that no conflict, or reasonably perceived conflict, of interest arose. However, Lord Geidt expressed that it was "unwise" for Johnson to have proceeded without "more rigorous regard for how this would be funded".<a href="#cite_note-488">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[486]</a> The Electoral Commission reported on 9 December that it found that the Conservative Party had failed to follow the law in not accurately reporting donations to the party from Lord Brownlow and imposed a £17,800 fine on the party.<a href="#cite_note-490">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1a-491">[488]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a> said the commission's report outlined how, in March, all the money paid by Brownlow and his company had been reimbursed, as had the payments made by the Conservative Party and Cabinet Office.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-491">[488]</a> Downing Street had said at the time that the full cost of the works had been met personally by the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-491">[488]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Owen_Paterson_controversy">Owen Paterson controversy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson#Lobbying_and_breach_of_Commons_advocacy_rules" title="Owen Paterson">Owen Paterson § Lobbying and breach of Commons advocacy rules</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_parliamentary_second_jobs_controversy" title="United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy">United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy</a></div> In November 2021 Johnson backed a motion to block the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson" title="Owen Paterson">Owen Paterson</a>, a Conservative MP found to have abused his position by the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_Standards" title="Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards">independent standards commissioner</a> after undertaking paid lobbying.<a href="#cite_note-492">[489]</a> The motion called for the creation of a new Conservative-majority committee to examine reforms of the standards investigation process.<a href="#cite_note-493">[490]</a> Many Conservative MPs refused to support the motion, and 13 defied a <a href="/wiki/Three-line_whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-line whip">three-line whip</a> to vote against it.<a href="#cite_note-494">[491]</a> Following the announcement by opposition parties that they would boycott the new committee, and faced with a backlash in the media and from MPs of all parties, the government announced that a new vote would take place on whether Paterson should be suspended.<a href="#cite_note-495">[492]</a> Paterson announced his resignation as an MP the same day.<a href="#cite_note-496">[493]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2021_North_Shropshire_by-election" title="2021 North Shropshire by-election">by-election</a> in Paterson's former constituency of <a href="/wiki/North_Shropshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency)">North Shropshire</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgan_(politician)" title="Helen Morgan (politician)">Helen Morgan</a>, overturn a Conservative majority of nearly 23,000,<a href="#cite_note-497">[494]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_by-election_records#Largest_swings" title="United Kingdom by-election records">seventh largest swing in United Kingdom by-election history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-498">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partygate_scandal">Partygate scandal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg/220px-Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg/330px-Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg/440px-Christmas_2019_Downing_Street_Decoration_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Downing Street, where some of the gatherings took place<a href="#cite_note-bbc12/4/2022-499">[496]</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2021 reports emerged that <a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">social gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff</a> in Downing Street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID-19 regulations. Johnson denied these allegations.<a href="#cite_note-500">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[498]</a> Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a "fictional party", at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-502">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[500]</a> On 10 January 2022, <a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a> reported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretary <a href="/wiki/Martin_Reynolds_(civil_servant)" title="Martin Reynolds (civil servant)">Martin Reynolds</a> to staff inviting them to "socially distanced drinks" in the garden of No. 10.<a href="#cite_note-BYOB-504">[501]</a> At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.<a href="#cite_note-sky12/1/2022-505">[502]</a> Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson's insistence in December 2021 that there were "no parties".<a href="#cite_note-506">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-BYOB-504">[501]</a> On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for "attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown",<a href="#cite_note-507">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[505]</a> stating he believed it was "a work event".<a href="#cite_note-509">[506]</a> He said that MPs should await the outcome of the independent inquiry, led by senior civil servant <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray_(civil_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray (civil servant)">Sue Gray</a>, which he said "will report as soon as possible".<a href="#cite_note-CTQ-510">[507]</a> There were calls across the House for Johnson to resign.<a href="#cite_note-CTQ-510">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc12/1/2022-511">[508]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg/220px-Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg/330px-Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg/440px-Sue_Gray_report_Fig_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>An image of Johnson at a social gathering, from <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray%27s_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray's report">Sue Gray's report</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">partygate</a> scandal.</figcaption></figure> On 19 January, <a href="/wiki/Bury_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Bury South">Bury South</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wakeford" title="Christian Wakeford">Christian Wakeford</a> defected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-512">[509]</a> Conservative former minister <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> called for Johnson to resign, quoting <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> calling on <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> to resign during the <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a> in 1940, and saying: "You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go."<a href="#cite_note-513">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[512]</a> On 25 January, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>'s chief commander, <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Dick" title="Cressida Dick">Cressida Dick</a>, announced that they were commencing investigations into the Downing Street Parties.<a href="#cite_note-516">[513]</a> An abbreviated version of the <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gray_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Gray report">Sue Gray report</a> into the controversy was released on 31 January, where Gray concluded there was a "failure of leadership" over the events that she had examined. The release of the full report was delayed pending the Metropolitan Police's investigation.<a href="#cite_note-517">[514]</a> In April 2022, Johnson was issued a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_penalty_notice" title="Fixed penalty notice">fixed penalty notice</a> as police determined that he committed a criminal offence by breaching the COVID-19 lockdown regulations.<a href="#cite_note-518">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[516]</a> Johnson therefore became the first prime minister in British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2022-520">[517]</a> According to Downing Street insiders, Johnson was involved in instigating a party on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cain" title="Lee Cain">Lee Cain</a> leaving Number 10. What had begun as press office drinks became a party after Johnson arrived, gave a speech and poured drinks for staff. <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>'s deputy leader, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> said, "If the latest reports are true, it would mean that not only did the prime minister attend parties, but he had a hand in instigating at least one of them. He has deliberately misled the British people at every turn. The prime minister has demeaned his office."<a href="#cite_note-521">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[521]</a> On 21 April, MPs voted to refer Johnson to the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Select_Committee_of_Privileges" title="Commons Select Committee of Privileges">Parliamentary Privileges Committee</a> to investigate whether he knowingly misled Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-525">[522]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Baker_(politician)" title="Steve Baker (politician)">Steve Baker</a> said Johnson's "marvellous contrition... only lasted as long as it took to get out of the headmaster's study".<a href="#cite_note-526">[523]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2022 United Kingdom local elections">May 2022 local elections</a>, many leading Conservatives in areas where the Conservatives had done badly blamed Johnson and calling on Johnson to resign.<a href="#cite_note-527">[524]</a> On 6 June, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Brady" title="Graham Brady">Graham Brady</a> announced that the threshold for a vote on Johnson's leadership had been passed; the vote was scheduled for later that same day.<a href="#cite_note-528">[525]</a> On 3 March 2023, an interim report from the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Select_Committee_of_Privileges" title="Commons Select Committee of Privileges">Commons Select Committee of Privileges</a> said there was evidence that "strongly suggests" breaches of coronavirus regulations would have been "obvious" to Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-interimP-529">[526]</a> The report also said "There is evidence that those who were advising Mr Johnson about what to say to the press and in the House were themselves struggling to contend that some gatherings were within the rules".<a href="#cite_note-interimP-529">[526]</a> Johnson said none of the evidence showed he "knowingly" misled Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-interimP-529">[526]</a> The report stated that the Commons may have been misled on multiple occasions and Johnson "did not correct the statements [at the] earliest opportunity".<a href="#cite_note-interimP-529">[526]</a> The committee also stated that Johnson had "personal knowledge" over lockdown gatherings in No 10, which he could have disclosed.<a href="#cite_note-interimP-529">[526]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starmer_slur_controversy">Starmer slur controversy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg/220px-Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg/330px-Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg/440px-Keir_Starmer_and_Boris_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> and former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, 14 November 2021</figcaption></figure> While speaking in the House of Commons in January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of the serial sex offender <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Savile" title="Jimmy Savile">Jimmy Savile</a> when Starmer was <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a>. Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-530">[527]</a> A few days later, Johnson defended his comments but conceded that Starmer "had nothing to do personally with those decisions" by the CPS not to investigate Savile.<a href="#cite_note-531">[528]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vote_of_confidence">Vote of confidence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Conservative_Party_leadership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson">2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson</a></div> In the week prior to and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a> in June 2022, it had been speculated that a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party might soon occur.<a href="#cite_note-532">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[530]</a> On 6 June 2022, the Conservative Party announced that Johnson would face a vote of confidence in his leadership of the party, after at least 54 Conservative MPs wrote no-confidence letters to Sir <a href="/wiki/Graham_Brady" title="Graham Brady">Graham Brady</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a>. Johnson won the vote, with 211 in favour and 148 against.<a href="#cite_note-534">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-MasonR-2022-535">[532]</a> The number of rebel MPs was larger than had been expected.<a href="#cite_note-MasonR-2022-535">[532]</a> The result was described by Keir Starmer as the "beginning of the end" for Johnson's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-536">[533]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="June_2022_by-elections">June 2022 by-elections</h4></div> Following heavy Conservative defeats in the 23 June 2022 by-elections in <a href="/wiki/2022_Wakefield_by-election" title="2022 Wakefield by-election">Wakefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Tiverton_and_Honiton_by-election" title="2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election">Tiverton and Honiton</a>, former party leader Michael Howard called for Johnson to resign, saying: "[Mr Johnson's] biggest asset has always been his ability to win votes but I'm afraid yesterday's results make it clear that he no longer has that ability."<a href="#cite_note-537">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a>, the Co-<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairman of the Conservative Party</a>, resigned saying: "somebody must take responsibility".<a href="#cite_note-539">[536]</a> Johnson announced that he had no intention of changing or resigning; senior Conservatives accused him of increasingly "delusional" behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-540">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[538]</a> On 26 June 2022 Johnson said: "At the moment I'm thinking actively about the third term and what could happen then, but I will review that when I get to it." He also claimed that he intended to stay as prime minister until the mid-2030s, although Number 10 later said that he had been joking.<a href="#cite_note-542">[539]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pincher_scandal">Pincher scandal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher_scandal" title="Chris Pincher scandal">Chris Pincher scandal</a></div> Government Deputy Chief Whip <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher" title="Chris Pincher">Chris Pincher</a> resigned on 30 June 2022, saying he had "drunk far too much" the night before at the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s" title="St James's">St James's</a>, London, and having "embarrassed myself and other people".<a href="#cite_note-543">[540]</a> It was later alleged that he sexually assaulted two men,<a href="#cite_note-sky2/7/2022-544">[541]</a> and he was suspended as an MP.<a href="#cite_note-545">[542]</a> On 3 July 2022 six new allegations against Pincher emerged, involving behaviour over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-546">[543]</a> Johnson allegedly referred to Pincher as "handsy" and Cummings said Johnson joked about him being "Pincher by name, pincher by nature" in 2020, leading to calls for Johnson to explain how much he knew about Pincher's behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-547">[544]</a> Ministers initially said that Johnson was unaware of any specific complaints against Pincher when he was appointed as deputy chief whip. The BBC then reported, however, that an official complaint and subsequent investigation into Pincher, while he was at the Foreign Office (July 2019 to February 2020), had confirmed his misconduct, and that Johnson had been made aware at that time.<a href="#cite_note-548">[545]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Simon_McDonald,_Baron_McDonald_of_Salford" title="Simon McDonald, Baron McDonald of Salford">Simon McDonald</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a>, later said that the prime minister had been briefed "in person" about Pincher.<a href="#cite_note-549">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[547]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_resignations">Mass resignations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis</a></div> On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other,<a href="#cite_note-551">[548]</a> followed over the next 24 hours by 11 other ministers, as well as Conservative MPs from <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_private_secretary" title="Parliamentary private secretary">parliamentary private secretary</a> and other Government positions;<a href="#cite_note-RESIG-552">[549]</a> other <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbenchers</a> also withdrew their support for Johnson. Many of the MPs stated that the Pincher affair had led them to change their minds on the suitability of Johnson to be prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-RES-553">[550]</a> It was reported on 6 July that Johnson could face another confidence vote, with members of the 1922 Committee considering changing the rules as soon as that evening to allow this to happen.<a href="#cite_note-VONC-554">[551]</a> By 6 July, there had been a total of 31 resignations.<a href="#cite_note-555">[552]</a> As of May 2022, the government comprised 122 ministers.<a href="#cite_note-556">[553]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Announcement_of_resignation">Announcement of resignation</h4></div> By the morning of 7 July, the newly installed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Nadhim Zahawi</a>, publicly stated his belief that Johnson should resign. Within hours, the BBC and other media reported Johnson's intention to resign. Johnson announced his resignation at 12.30 pm.<a href="#cite_note-557">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[556]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I know that there will be many who are relieved, but perhaps quite a few who will be disappointed. And I want you to know how sad I am to give up the best job in the world - but them's the breaks.</blockquote> Upon reports of his resignation, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> temporarily strengthened in value, and UK stocks rose.<a href="#cite_note-560">[557]</a> He remained as prime minister until September, while the Conservative Party chose a new leader.<a href="#cite_note-561">[558]</a> On 5 September 2022, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> had won the <a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative leadership election</a>. She became prime minister the next day.<a href="#cite_note-562">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[560]</a> During his farewell speech outside 10 Downing Street on 6 September 2022 Johnson referred to the Roman statesman <a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnatus">Cincinnatus</a>. Some commentators noted that, while, as Johnson said, Cincinnatus returned to his plough, he was also later recalled to power.<a href="#cite_note-564">[561]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h3></div> In November 2020 Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a "green industrial revolution", to include ending the sale of petrol and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> cars and vans by 2030,<a href="#cite_note-566">[d]</a> quadrupling the amount of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">offshore wind power</a> capacity within a decade, funding emissions-cutting proposals, and spurning a proposed <a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">green post-COVID-19 recovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-567">[563]</a> In 2021 the Johnson government announced plans to cut <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">carbon emissions</a> by 78% by 2035.<a href="#cite_note-568">[564]</a> Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cut <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> by 30% by 2030 at the <a href="/wiki/COP26" class="mw-redirect" title="COP26">COP26</a> summit, which the UK hosted.<a href="#cite_note-569">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-570">[566]</a> Before the summit, representatives of <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> criticised Johnson's comments on plans to introduce "enforceable limits" on carbon emissions for other countries, which they accused of being unsubstantive,<a href="#cite_note-571">[567]</a> and his government faced criticism from environmental groups for cutting taxes on domestic air travel, given the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom">environmental impact of aviation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-572">[568]</a> In April 2022, Johnson announced that eight more <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> would be built on existing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> sites and called for an expansion in wind energy.<a href="#cite_note-573">[569]</a> Under these plans, up to 95% of the UK's electricity could come from <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">low-carbon power</a> sources by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-574">[570]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Boris_Johnson" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris Johnson">List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-G7Biarritz_(48632272593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/-G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg/220px--G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/-G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg/330px--G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/-G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg/440px--G7Biarritz_%2848632272593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with US president Donald Trump at the <a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">G7 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, 26 August 2019</figcaption></figure> Johnson supported the <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement">European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-575">[571]</a> which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.<a href="#cite_note-576">[572]</a> Johnson's government placed importance on the "<a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a>" with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-577">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[574]</a> In 2022, his government introduced an <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">asylum deal</a> whereby people entering the UK illegally would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[575]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Boris_Johnson_at_Libya_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Johnson and Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_peace_process" title="Libyan peace process">Berlin Conference on Libya</a>, 19 January 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_and_Justin_Trudeau_at_the_meeting_of_G-7_Carbis_Bay_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4465" data-file-height="2977" /></a><figcaption>Johnson and Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">47th G7 summit</a> in Cornwall, 11 June 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw,_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_visited_Warsaw%2C_showed_solidarity_with_NATO_against_Russia%27s_action_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with Polish troops and Poland's PM <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> in Warsaw, 10 February 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong_and_China">Hong Kong and China</h4></div> Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very "pro-China" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix TV">Phoenix TV</a>. He voiced support for Chinese president <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s infrastructure investment effort, the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>, and promised to keep the United Kingdom "the most open economy in Europe" for <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China#Chinese_investment_abroad" title="Economy of China">Chinese investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-580">[576]</a> In June 2020 Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a>, the UK would offer 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hong Kong residents</a> who are <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">British National (Overseas) passport</a> holders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-581">[577]</a> China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-582">[578]</a> Johnson declined to describe the Chinese government's <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">treatment of the Uyghur people</a> as "genocide", despite use of the term by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-genocide-583">[579]</a> Johnson's government argued that genocide should be decided by the International Criminal Court.<a href="#cite_note-584">[580]</a> Nevertheless, he called what is happening to the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in Xinjiang as "utterly abhorrent".<a href="#cite_note-genocide-583">[579]</a> The UK joined the <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a> defence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021. The pact was denounced by China<a href="#cite_note-585">[581]</a> and caused a French backlash, as it usurped existing <a href="/wiki/Attack-class_submarine" title="Attack-class submarine">plans for Australia to procure French submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-586">[582]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4></div> On 8 July 2021 the day after saying he was "apprehensive" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">impending withdrawal of US troops</a>, while announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was "no military path to victory for the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>".<a href="#cite_note-587">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taliban-588">[584]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">fall of Kabul to the Taliban</a>, he blamed the United States for the crisis,<a href="#cite_note-589">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[586]</a> saying that <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance members "could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might".<a href="#cite_note-591">[587]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK–EU_trade_negotiation">UK–EU trade negotiation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trade_deal_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU">Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></div> Following the formal <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal from the European Union</a> in January 2020, Johnson's government entered <a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">trade negotiations with the EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2021-592">[588]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fisheries was a major topic</a> of the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2021-592">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-593">[589]</a> On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK "must get ready" for no trade deal with the EU.<a href="#cite_note-594">[590]</a> It was announced on 24 December 2020<a href="#cite_note-595">[591]</a> that the <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> had been reached; it came into force formally on 1 May. A <a href="/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute" title="2021 Jersey dispute">fisheries dispute between the UK and France</a> occurred shortly afterwards. Introduction of new UK border checks were delayed until 2022 to minimise the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2021-592">[588]</a> In May 2022, Johnson readied a draft that would unilaterally change parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>, citing issues with medical supplies and cuts in VAT. One of the thornier points of contention involves safety regulations for food and plants, where the British government is opposed to a closer alignment with existing EU regulations. The EU rebuffed the idea of changing the text of the treaty to accommodate the British. A unilateral override by the UK would be tantamount to a breach of the agreement. As Johnson sought a more conciliatory tone, sources within the government began to stress that the draft is designed to be an "insurance policy" and would take years to become law.<a href="#cite_note-596">[592]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia_and_Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._(51994084277).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg/220px-President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg/330px-President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg/440px-President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_and_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_Boris_Johnson_walked_around_the_center_of_Kyiv._%2851994084277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Johnson walks on a street of war-hit <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> along with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> on 10 April 2022</figcaption></figure> In November 2021 Johnson warned that the European Union faces "a choice" between "sticking up for Ukraine" and approving the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> natural gas pipeline from Russia to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-597">[593]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Johnson's government warned the Russian Government not to invade <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-598">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-599">[595]</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[596]</a> Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> agreed in a phone call to work towards a "peaceful resolution".<a href="#cite_note-601">[597]</a> On 1 February 2022, Johnson arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> on a diplomatic visit.<a href="#cite_note-602">[598]</a> He called the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">Russia–Ukraine border</a> "the biggest security crisis that Europe has faced for decades".<a href="#cite_note-rferl-603">[599]</a> The Kremlin denied that it wanted to attack Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-rferl-603">[599]</a> On 20 February 2022, Johnson warned that Russia is planning the "biggest war in Europe since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">1945</a>" as Putin intends to invade and encircle Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-604">[600]</a> On 21 February 2022, Johnson condemned <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic_by_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic by the Russian Federation">Russia's diplomatic recognition</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Self-declared_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-declared states">self-proclaimed</a> republics in Donbas.<a href="#cite_note-605">[601]</a> On 24 February 2022, Johnson condemned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and ensured the UK joined in <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">international sanctions</a> on Russian banks and <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">oligarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-606">[602]</a> He later announced the UK would phase out <a href="/wiki/Russian_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oil">Russian oil</a> by the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-607">[603]</a> On 9 April 2022, Johnson travelled to Kyiv and met the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-608">[604]</a> On 16 April 2022, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a> banned Johnson and a number of senior British politicians from visiting Russia, saying that Britain aimed to isolate Russia politically and supply "the Kyiv regime with lethal weapons and coordinating similar efforts on the part of NATO".<a href="#cite_note-609">[605]</a> Within Ukraine, Johnson is praised by many as a supporter of anti-Russian sanctions and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">military aid for Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-610">[606]</a> On 3 May, Johnson <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">virtually addressed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Parliament">Ukrainian Parliament</a>, becoming the first world leader to speak in Ukraine since the invasion. He pledged an extra £300m in military aid to Ukraine, praised Ukraine's resistance to Russia as its "finest hour" and said that the West had been "too slow to grasp what was actually happening" prior to Russia's invasion.<a href="#cite_note-611">[607]</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[608]</a> In July 2022, Johnson warned that it would be a mistake to cease fire and <a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">freeze the conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-613">[609]</a> In August 2022, Johnson blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–present global energy crisis">global energy crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-614">[610]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-premiership_(2022–present)">Post-premiership (2022–present)</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg/170px-John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg/255px-John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg/340px-John_Rose_and_Boris_Johnson_at_the_Republican_Study_Committee_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Rose_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Rose (Tennessee politician)">John Rose</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure>After stepping down, Johnson reverted to being a backbench MP.<a href="#cite_note-615">[611]</a><a href="#cite_note-616">[612]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Queen Elizabeth II">death of Queen Elizabeth II</a>, Johnson took part in <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Charles_III" title="Proclamation of accession of Charles III">Accession Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-617">[613]</a><a href="#cite_note-618">[614]</a><a href="#cite_note-619">[615]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> announced her resignation as Conservative Party leader on 20 October 2022, Johnson received more than the 100 MPs' nominations required to stand in the <a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC2110-620">[616]</a> but soon announced that he would not stand.<a href="#cite_note-621">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enokido-Lineham-2022-622">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mason-2022-623">[619]</a> In May 2023, Johnson was referred to the police by the Cabinet Office regarding previously unknown potential breaches of COVID regulations between June 2020 and May 2021,<a href="#cite_note-ChequersPoliceBBC-624">[620]</a> to which Johnson's office issued a statement criticising the "unfounded suggestions" which "has all the hallmarks of yet another politically motivated stitch-up".<a href="#cite_note-ChequersPoliceBBC-624">[620]</a> On 9 June 2023, the publication of his <a href="/wiki/2022_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours_(Boris_Johnson)" title="2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (Boris Johnson)">2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours</a> led to a public feud with Sunak.<a href="#cite_note-625">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-626">[622]</a> Johnson supporter <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a> announced that she was resigning as an MP due to not being included as a peer on the honours list.<a href="#cite_note-627">[623]</a> The same day, after receiving a confidential report from a committee of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that was looking into whether he had lied to Parliament over lockdown-breaking parties, Johnson announced his resignation as MP.<a href="#cite_note-628">[624]</a> His resignation statement said he is "not alone in thinking that there is a witch-hunt under way, to take revenge for Brexit and ultimately to reverse the 2016 referendum result".<a href="#cite_note-629">[625]</a> On 15 June, the Commons Privileges Committee published their report, which concluded that Johnson lied to and deliberately misled the House of Commons over Partygate, misled the Committee themselves during the hearing, and acted in contempt of the Committee itself through a "campaign of abuse and intimidation".<a href="#cite_note-630">[626]</a> The report noted that had Johnson still been an MP, the Committee would have recommended he be suspended from Parliament for 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-631">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[628]</a> The contents of the report represented a recommendation to the House of Commons,<a href="#cite_note-633">[629]</a> which accepted the report by 354 votes to seven.<a href="#cite_note-634">[630]</a><a href="#cite_note-635">[631]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_Ukraine_and_the_former_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_talked_to_students_of_Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv_on_the_Day_of_Unity._(52717480094).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/President_of_Ukraine_and_the_former_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_talked_to_students_of_Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv_on_the_Day_of_Unity._%2852717480094%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/President_of_Ukraine_and_the_former_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_talked_to_students_of_Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv_on_the_Day_of_Unity._%2852717480094%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/President_of_Ukraine_and_the_former_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom_talked_to_students_of_Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv_on_the_Day_of_Unity._%2852717480094%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with students and lecturers of <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Taras Shevchenko National University">Taras Shevchenko National University</a> of Kyiv, Ukraine, 22 January 2023</figcaption></figure>On 16 June, Johnson was unveiled as a new columnist for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>. The news website <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a> reported that Johnson would be paid a "very-high six-figure sum".<a href="#cite_note-636">[632]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[633]</a> Johnson reportedly informed the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Business_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Business Appointments">Advisory Committee on Business Appointments</a> half an hour before the columnist assignment was publicly announced. The committee ruled that Johnson committed a "clear breach" of the rules since he had not sought its advice on the matter within an appropriate timeframe.<a href="#cite_note-638">[634]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott_2023_z305-639">[635]</a> In October 2023, Johnson announced he would join the television channel <a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a> as a commentator and programme maker for the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">next general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">US presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-640">[636]</a><a href="#cite_note-641">[637]</a> Johnson condemned <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' attack <a href="/wiki/7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October attacks">on Israel</a>, saying "there can be no moral equivalence between the terrorism of Hamas and the actions of the Israeli Defense Forces". He rejected calls for a ceasefire in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Gaza Strip</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, and criticised <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United Kingdom">pro-Palestinian protests in the UK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-642">[638]</a> On 5 November 2023, Johnson visited Israel to express solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-643">[639]</a> In February 2024, Johnson had a private meeting with the president of Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-644">[640]</a> In March 2024, The Times reported that Johnson is expected to campaign for the Conservatives in the next General Election.<a href="#cite_note-645">[641]</a> On 2 May 2024 Johnson was turned away from his polling station for the <a href="/wiki/2024_England_and_Wales_police_and_crime_commissioner_elections" title="2024 England and Wales police and crime commissioner elections">Thames Valley Police and Crime Commissioner</a>, after forgetting to bring <a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2022" title="Elections Act 2022">valid photographic identification</a>, a requirement of the <a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2001" title="Elections Act 2001">Elections Act</a>, which Johnson introduced while in office. When he arrived he had nothing to prove his identity except the sleeve of his copy of <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a> magazine, on which his name and address had been printed. He said that when he returned a few minutes later, with his <a href="/wiki/Driving_licence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving licence in the United Kingdom">driving licence</a>, he was then able to vote.<a href="#cite_note-646">[642]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, Johnson campaigned for the Conservatives, who lost the election in a landslide to Labour.<a href="#cite_note-647">[643]</a> Johnson's memoirs <a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(book)" title="Unleashed (book)">Unleashed</a> were released in October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-648">[644]</a><a href="#cite_note-649">[645]</a><a href="#cite_note-650">[646]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions_and_ideology">Political positions and ideology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Political positions of Boris Johnson">Political positions of Boris Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_hartismere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Johnson at a demonstration against hospital closures with Liberal Democrat MP <a href="/wiki/John_Hemming_(politician)" title="John Hemming (politician)">John Hemming</a> (left) and Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stuart_(politician)" title="Graham Stuart (politician)">Graham Stuart</a> (centre) in March 2006</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [I am] free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hoddle#Dismissal_from_England_job" title="Glenn Hoddle">Glenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation</a>. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Boris Johnson, 2011<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011225-133">[130]</a></cite></div> </div> Ideologically, Johnson has been described as a "<a href="/wiki/One-Nation_Tory" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Nation Tory">One-Nation Tory</a>".<a href="#cite_note-651">[647]</a><a href="#cite_note-652">[648]</a> Political scientists have described Johnson's political positions as ambiguous and contradictory, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>, authoritarian and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> tendencies on the one hand, and one-nation <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a> on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Hayton_2021-653">[649]</a> Some scholars have questioned Johnson's commitment to one-nation conservativism, instead characterising his ideology as flexible and populist.<a href="#cite_note-654">[650]</a><a href="#cite_note-655">[651]</a> Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be "an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell20112-656">[652]</a> During his tenure as mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as "a liberal, centre-ground politician", according to <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-657">[653]</a> In 2012, the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Travers" title="Tony Travers">Tony Travers</a> described Johnson as "a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildly <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">eurosceptic</a> Conservative" who also embraced "modern social liberalism".<a href="#cite_note-Channel4-658">[654]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> stated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,<a href="#cite_note-659">[655]</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> saying that in doing so Johnson "transcends his Tory identity" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.<a href="#cite_note-660">[656]</a> According to political scientist Richard Hayton, Johnson's premiership was about Brexit, which served as a "national cause". Johnson evoked the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> populism to portray Parliament as seeking to "sabotage" Brexit, and in doing so, presented himself "as the true representative of 'the people'".<a href="#cite_note-Hayton_2021-653">[649]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alexandre-Collier_2022-661">[657]</a> Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a> have drawn comparisons between Johnson and other populist leaders such as Donald Trump and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orban" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Orban">Viktor Orban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alexandre-Collier_2022-661">[657]</a> Some commentators have likened Johnson's political style to <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-2016-662">[658]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenslade-2016-663">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic202110-664">[660]</a> although others have argued that Johnson's stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade is liberal.<a href="#cite_note-665">[661]</a> Johnson biographer Gimson wrote that Johnson is economically and socially "a genuine liberal", although he retains a "Tory element" through his "love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012342-666">[662]</a> In 2019, reacting to reports in <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a>, that Johnson had told cabinet colleagues he was "basically a Brexity Hezza", former deputy leader of the Conservative Party <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> wrote: "I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters."<a href="#cite_note-667">[663]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_(51647616433).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg/220px-World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg/330px-World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg/440px-World_Leaders%27_Summit_Opening_Ceremony_%2851647616433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Johnson spoke about climate action at the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP26 climate summit</a> in Glasgow on 1 November 2021</figcaption></figure> Johnson expressed <a href="/wiki/Climate_sceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate sceptic">climate sceptical</a> views in several columns,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-668">[664]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Week_UK-2021-669">[665]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-2021-670">[666]</a> conflating the distinction between weather and climate and highlighting a factually incorrect claim by weather forecaster and conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Piers_Corbyn" title="Piers Corbyn">Piers Corbyn</a> that reduced solar activity could lead to a "mini-Ice Age".<a href="#cite_note-newscientist-671">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-2021-670">[666]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> suggested that Johnson's interest in climate change increased after becoming prime minister, and suggested this could have been influenced by his wife <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a> and father <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a>, who are both environmental campaigners.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2-672">[668]</a> In 2019 and 2020 Johnson expressed support for the UK to have <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">"net-zero" greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 2050<a href="#cite_note-673">[669]</a> and spoke about increasing ambition for mitigating climate change through <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a><a href="#cite_note-674">[670]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy transition">renewable energy transition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-675">[671]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>, Johnson called for greater efforts towards <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-676">[672]</a> and welcomed the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">coal phase-out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-677">[673]</a> It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a> following a briefing by the chief scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> in January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2022-668">[664]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/TheyWorkForYou" title="TheyWorkForYou">TheyWorkForYou</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Johnson&action=edit">[update]</a>, Johnson has "generally voted against" what it described as "key measures to prevent <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">climate change</a>"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] while an MP,<a href="#cite_note-678">[674]</a> and other sources confirm this.<a href="#cite_note-newscientist-671">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Week_UK-2021-669">[665]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_the_European_Union">Immigration and the European Union</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg/220px-Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg/330px-Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg/440px-Johnson_meets_with_Junker_in_Luxembourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with EU Commission president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, 16 September 2019</figcaption></figure> Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family that led to him developing "a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201125-679">[675]</a> In 2003, Johnson said, "I am not by any means an ultra-<a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a>. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it."<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-680">[676]</a> As mayor, Johnson was known as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-680">[676]</a> From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-680">[676]</a><a href="#cite_note-681">[677]</a><a href="#cite_note-682">[678]</a> In 2018, during Brexit negotiations, Johnson called for Britain to leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single Market</a><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-680">[676]</a> and advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister May.<a href="#cite_note-683">[679]</a> He stated many people believed that <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">Britain's EU membership</a> had led to the suppression of British wages and said the EU was intent on creating a "superstate" that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-680">[676]</a> In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.<a href="#cite_note-684">[680]</a> Johnson also stated his opposition to a <a href="/wiki/Referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-685">[681]</a> On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU asking for the removal of the "backstop" accord. The president of the European Council, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-686">[682]</a> On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal. The European Parliament Brexit coordinator <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> said there would be no further negotiation unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum.<a href="#cite_note-687">[683]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionism_and_devolution">Unionism and devolution</h3></div> Johnson described himself as a "fervent and passionate <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">unionist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-688">[684]</a> He proposed building an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_Bridge" title="Irish Sea Bridge">Irish Sea Bridge</a>, but he later scrapped this initiative.<a href="#cite_note-689">[685]</a> The devolved administrations have criticised the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Market_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Market Bill">Internal Market Bill</a> for its re-centralisation of control over commerce.<a href="#cite_note-690">[686]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Public image of Boris Johnson">Public image of Boris Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boris Johnson pulling a cow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_pulling_a_bull_in_Aberdeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Johnson visiting a cattle farm in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure>Johnson has said that "humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell20113-691">[687]</a> He is said to have a genuine desire to be liked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012258-692">[688]</a> Johnson has been described as having a light-hearted and charming persona;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011103-693">[689]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrines20131-694">[690]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill201631-695">[691]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012x-696">[692]</a> many biographers and commentators suggest he has put significant effort into developing this version of himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201191-697">[693]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200874-698">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200874Purnell20111Gimson2012301-699">[695]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell20113-691">[687]</a> He has also been described as heavily focused on his own interests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011183-700">[696]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012108-701">[697]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson201217-702">[698]</a> with an often vitriolic or irresponsible way of conducting himself in private.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell20116–7-703">[699]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson2012301-704">[700]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201137-705">[701]</a> Johnson has been described as a divisive, controversial figure in British politics.<a href="#cite_note-706">[702]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC3-707">[703]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT-708">[704]</a> Supporters have praised him as witty and entertaining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson201220-709">[705]</a> Johnson has been accused of lying or making misleading statements throughout his career,<a href="#cite_note-710">[706]</a> and has been compared to former US president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-2016a-711">[707]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenslade-2016a-712">[708]</a><a href="#cite_note-713">[709]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic2021102-714">[710]</a> He has been considered a figure with broad appeal outside of the usual Conservative support base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847-715">[711]</a> Johnson's premiership has been described by historians as the most controversial and scandal-affected since that of <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> about a century earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-historians-716">[712]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he held <a href="/wiki/British-American" class="mw-redirect" title="British-American">British-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a>. In 2015, he agreed to pay <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">US tax authorities</a> on a property that he inherited in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20141120-717">[713]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20141120-718">[714]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20150122-719">[715]</a> He renounced his US citizenship the following year.<a href="#cite_note-720">[716]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-8–february-721">[717]</a><a href="#cite_note-722">[718]</a> Johnson has knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011109-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-723">[719]</a> frequently making <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical</a> allusions in his newspaper columns and his speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201191-697">[693]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Purnell" title="Sonia Purnell">Sonia Purnell</a> wrote in 2011 that Johnson was a "highly evasive figure" when it came to his personal life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell20111-724">[720]</a> who remained detached from others and who had few intimate friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201115-725">[721]</a> Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than Boris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200843Purnell20111Gimson2012xiii-726">[722]</a> In 2007, Johnson said he had smoked <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> before he went to university.<a href="#cite_note-727">[723]</a> He has also said he had used <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby2008144–145-728">[724]</a> Johnson partakes in cycling, tennis and <a href="/wiki/Pilates" title="Pilates">pilates</a>, and returned to road running in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-729">[725]</a> He was considered <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> in 2020, and has spoken of making efforts to lose weight.<a href="#cite_note-Mohdin-2020-730">[726]</a><a href="#cite_note-731">[727]</a> Johnson previously owned a £1.3 million buy-to-let townhouse in <a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a>, South London. According to <a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">HM Land Registry</a> documents, he bought the four-bedroom property with his then-girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a> in July 2019. The register of MPs' interests states that Johnson had a rental income of at least £10,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-732">[728]</a> In 2023, Johnson and Symonds bought <a href="/wiki/Brightwell_Manor" title="Brightwell Manor">Brightwell Manor</a>, a £3.8 million moated mansion in <a href="/wiki/Brightwell-cum-Sotwell" title="Brightwell-cum-Sotwell">Brightwell-cum-Sotwell</a>, Oxfordshire.<a href="#cite_note-733">[729]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_speaks_at_Westminster_Abbey_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Johnson speaking at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a> Service, 2020</figcaption></figure> Johnson was baptised <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Confirmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmed">confirmed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201148-37">[36]</a> but has said that his faith "comes and goes"<a href="#cite_note-734">[730]</a> and that he is not a serious practising Christian.<a href="#cite_note-735">[731]</a> In 2020 his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-736">[732]</a> Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> on 29 May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20210530-737">[733]</a> Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church considered them putatively invalid.<a href="#cite_note-738">[734]</a><a href="#cite_note-739">[735]</a> Johnson holds ancient Greek statesman <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a> as a personal hero.<a href="#cite_note-740">[736]</a><a href="#cite_note-741">[737]</a> According to Johnson's biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek and <a href="/wiki/Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman polytheism">Roman polytheism</a>: "it is clear that [Johnson] is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-742">[738]</a> Johnson views <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a> positively and sees it as owing more to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a> than to Christian thinking.<a href="#cite_note-743">[739]</a> In 20201 Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, "Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian... Christianity makes a lot of sense to me."<a href="#cite_note-744">[740]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Children of Boris Johnson</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by <a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Lara_Lettice_Johnson-Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lara Lettice Johnson-Wheeler">Lara Lettice Johnson-Wheeler</a> (b. 1993) Milo Arthur Johnson (b. 1995) Cassia Peaches Johnson (b. 1997) Theodore Apollo Johnson (b. 1999)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by Helen Macintyre</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Stephanie Macintyre (b. 2009)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson (b. 2020) Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson (b. 2021) Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson (b. 2023)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="#cite_note-745">[741]</a><a href="#cite_note-746">[742]</a><a href="#cite_note-747">[743]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_and_Carrie_Symonds_on_2020_Commonwealth_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>Johnson with his then-fiancée <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a> at the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a> service</figcaption></figure> In 1987, Johnson married <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Mostyn-Owen" title="Allegra Mostyn-Owen">Allegra Mostyn-Owen</a>, daughter of the art historian <a href="/wiki/William_Mostyn-Owen" title="William Mostyn-Owen">William Mostyn-Owen</a> and Italian writer <a href="/wiki/Gaia_Servadio" title="Gaia Servadio">Gaia Servadio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-748">[744]</a> The couple's marriage ended in divorce or <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> in 1993<a href="#cite_note-752">[e]</a> and 12 days later Johnson married <a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a>, a barrister, daughter of journalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheeler_(journalist)" title="Charles Wheeler (journalist)">Charles Wheeler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-753">[748]</a> Five weeks later, their first child was born.<a href="#cite_note-marriagedateperIndy-754">[749]</a><a href="#cite_note-755">[750]</a> They have four children: <a href="/wiki/Lara_Johnson-Wheeler" title="Lara Johnson-Wheeler">Lara Lettice</a>, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches and Theodore Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-756">[751]</a> Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair with Spectator columnist <a href="/wiki/Petronella_Wyatt" title="Petronella Wyatt">Petronella Wyatt</a> when he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200847Purnell2011257–263Gimson2012162–173,_209–218-158">[155]</a> In April 2006, the <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a> alleged that Johnson was having an affair with <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> journalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment; shortly afterward, Johnson employed Fazackerley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell2011296–300Gimson2012255–257-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2008-170">[167]</a> In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph210513-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian130521-757">[752]</a><a href="#cite_note-758">[753]</a> In September 2021 Johnson stated that he had six children, thereby denying the existence of further illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian210921-759">[754]</a> In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that they had separated months earlier;<a href="#cite_note-bbc-7–september-760">[755]</a> they divorced in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-761">[756]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Arcuri" title="Jennifer Arcuri">Jennifer Arcuri</a> said that she had an affair with Johnson from 2012 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-762">[757]</a><a href="#cite_note-763">[758]</a> In 2019, Johnson was living with <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrie Symonds">Carrie Symonds</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Symonds" title="Matthew Symonds">Matthew Symonds</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_22_June_2019-764">[759]</a> Johnson and Symonds became engaged in late 2019<a href="#cite_note-BBC51691434-765">[760]</a> and their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-766">[761]</a> was born in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian200429-767">[762]</a><a href="#cite_note-768">[763]</a> On 29 May 2021 Johnson married Symonds at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20210530-737">[733]</a><a href="#cite_note-769">[764]</a> Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-770">[765]</a> was born in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-771">[766]</a> Their third child, a son named Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson, was born in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-772">[767]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_ancestors">Family and ancestors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Johnson and his younger brother Leo in 2013</figcaption></figure> Johnson is the eldest of the four children of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">member of the European Parliament</a>, and the painter <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Wahl" title="Charlotte Johnson Wahl">Charlotte Johnson Wahl</a> (née Fawcett),<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-6">[5]</a> the daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Fawcett" title="James Fawcett">James Fawcett</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">European Commission of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-773">[768]</a> His younger siblings are <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Johnson" title="Rachel Johnson">Rachel Johnson</a>, a writer and journalist, Leo Johnson, a broadcaster,<a href="#cite_note-774">[769]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a>, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP for <a href="/wiki/Orpington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Orpington (UK Parliament constituency)">Orpington</a>, who resigned from his brother's government in September 2019<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-407">[404]</a> and is now a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter of <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Sieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Sieff">Teddy Sieff</a>, the former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-775">[770]</a> Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-776">[771]</a> She stood as a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-777">[772]</a> Johnson also has two half-siblings, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Johnson" title="Julia Johnson">Julia</a> and Maximilian, through his father's later marriage to Jennifer Kidd.<a href="#cite_note-778">[773]</a><a href="#cite_note-779">[774]</a> Johnson's paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, was an RAF pilot in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Command">Coastal Command</a> during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-780">[775]</a> Wilfred Johnson's father was the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Interior Minister</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Kemal" title="Ali Kemal">Ali Kemal</a>. Ali Kemal's father was a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk</a> while his mother was a <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> reputedly of <a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauties" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian beauties">slave</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201119–20Gimson20125–7,_1957-781">[776]</a><a href="#cite_note-782">[777]</a><a href="#cite_note-783">[778]</a> His other paternal ancestry includes English, German and French; one of his German ancestors was said to be the <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate">illegitimate</a> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Prince Paul of Württemberg">Prince Paul of Württemberg</a> and thus a descendant of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201121Gimson201210-784">[779]</a> which was later confirmed on an episode of <a href="/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(British_TV_series)" title="Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)">Who Do You Think You Are?</a><a href="#cite_note-785">[780]</a> Johnson's mother is the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Elias_Avery_Lowe" title="Elias Avery Lowe">Elias Avery Lowe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Palaeographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeographer">palaeographer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jewish">Russian Jewish</a> immigrant to the US,<a href="#cite_note-thejc1-786">[781]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Helen_Tracy_Lowe-Porter" title="Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter">Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter</a>, a translator of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-787">[782]</a> Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot".<a href="#cite_note-788">[783]</a> Johnson was given the middle name "<a href="/wiki/Boris_(given_name)" title="Boris (given name)">Boris</a>" after a <a href="/wiki/White_Russian" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Russian">White Russian</a> émigré named Boris Litwin, who was a friend of his parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201111Gimson20122-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_order.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Freedom_order.jpg/170px-Freedom_order.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Freedom_order.jpg/255px-Freedom_order.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Freedom_order.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Order of Liberty</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LLD) from <a href="/wiki/Brunel_University_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel University London">Brunel University London</a>, 2007<a href="#cite_note-789">[784]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellowship">Honorary Fellowship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (Hon FRIBA),<a href="#cite_note-790">[785]</a> 2011<a href="#cite_note-791">[786]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Honorary Australian of the Year</a> in the UK, 26 January 2014<a href="#cite_note-792">[787]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magnay_2014-793">[788]</a></li> <li>Sworn in as a Member of <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a> on 15 July 2016, upon his appointment as foreign secretary. This gave him the <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific title</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>" for life.<a href="#cite_note-794">[789]</a></li> <li>Medical Education <a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a>, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-795">[790]</a></li> <li>Honorary Citizen of <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, 2 July 2022<a href="#cite_note-796">[791]</a><a href="#cite_note-797">[792]</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberty_(Ukraine)" title="Order of Liberty (Ukraine)">Order of Liberty (Ukraine)</a>, 24 August 2022<a href="#cite_note-798">[793]</a></li> <li>Honorary Citizen of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, 19 January 2023<a href="#cite_note-799">[794]</a></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Franko National University">Ivan Franko National University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a><a href="#cite_note-800">[795]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen" title="Friends, Voters, Countrymen">Friends, Voters, Countrymen</a> (<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 2001) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711913-4">978-0-00-711913-4</a></li> <li>Johnson's Column (<a href="/wiki/Continuum_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum International">Continuum International</a> – Academi, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6855-0">978-0-8264-6855-0</a></li> <li>Lend Me Your Ears (HarperCollins, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717224-5">978-0-00-717224-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Virgins" title="Seventy-Two Virgins">Seventy-Two Virgins</a> (HarperCollins, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719590-9">978-0-00-719590-9</a></li> <li>Aspire Ever Higher / University Policy for the 21st century (Politeia, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a> (HarperCollins, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722441-8">978-0-00-722441-8</a></li> <li>Have I Got Views For You (HarperPerennial, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-724220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-724220-7">978-0-00-724220-7</a></li> <li>Life in the Fast Lane: The Johnson Guide to Cars (HarperPerennial, 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726020-1">978-0-00-726020-1</a></li> <li>The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale (HarperPress 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-726339-4">978-0-00-726339-4</a></li> <li>Johnson's Life of London (HarperPress 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-741893-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-741893-0">978-0-00-741893-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Churchill_Factor" title="The Churchill Factor">The Churchill Factor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a> 2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-478302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-478302-5">978-1-44-478302-5</a></li> <li>Unleashed (William Collins 2024) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008618209" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008618209">978-0008618209</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Raab deputised for Johnson as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary of State</a> until September 2021, then as Deputy Prime Minister. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Commission_Regulation_(EC)_No._2257/94" title="Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94">Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94</a> introduced the requirement for bananas to be "free from malformation or abnormal curvature"; different standards applied to different classes of banana.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The EU introduced limits on the power of vacuum cleaners in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> This was a reduction on the 2035 target set in February that year, which brought forward the previous deadline of 2040.<a href="#cite_note-565">[562]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-752"><a href="#cite_ref-752">^</a> Sources differ on whether the marriage ended in divorce<a href="#cite_note-749">[745]</a><a href="#cite_note-750">[746]</a> or with an annulment.<a href="#cite_note-guardian200218-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-751">[747]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-29/uk-gives-1-billion-to-ukraine-to-help-fund-offensive-operations">"UK Gives £1 Billion to Ukraine to Help Fund Offensive Operations"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=UK+Gives+%C2%A31+Billion+to+Ukraine+to+Help+Fund+Offensive+Operations&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-06-29%2Fuk-gives-1-billion-to-ukraine-to-help-fund-offensive-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawless2019" class="citation news cs1">Lawless, Jill (23 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/b48561749c65479fbadbcdc35808343a">"Boris Johnson's Chaotic Path to Power Finally Pays Off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731085804/https://apnews.com/b48561749c65479fbadbcdc35808343a">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%27s+Chaotic+Path+to+Power+Finally+Pays+Off&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.aulast=Lawless&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fb48561749c65479fbadbcdc35808343a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201110Gimson20121-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201110Gimson20121_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201111Gimson20122-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201111Gimson20122_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201111Gimson20122_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn_Smith2008" class="citation news cs1">Llewellyn Smith, Julia (18 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123154217/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/1976150/Boris-Johnson-by-his-mother-Charlotte-Johnson-Wahl.html">"Boris Johnson, by his mother Charlotte Johnson Wahl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/1976150/Boris-Johnson-by-his-mother-Charlotte-Johnson-Wahl.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%2C+by+his+mother+Charlotte+Johnson+Wahl&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft.aulast=Llewellyn+Smith&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fborisjohnson%2F1976150%2FBoris-Johnson-by-his-mother-Charlotte-Johnson-Wahl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123154101/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/1924866/London-mayor-elections-2008-Family-of-influence-behind-Boris-Johnson.html">"Family of influence behind Boris Johnson"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 3 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/1924866/London-mayor-elections-2008-Family-of-influence-behind-Boris-Johnson.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Family+of+influence+behind+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fborisjohnson%2F1924866%2FLondon-mayor-elections-2008-Family-of-influence-behind-Boris-Johnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost" class="citation news cs1">Frost, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/03/28/birthright-citizenship-supreme-court/">"Everyone born in the United States is a U.S. citizen. Here's why"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602053231/https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/03/28/birthright-citizenship-supreme-court/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Everyone+born+in+the+United+States+is+a+U.S.+citizen.+Here%27s+why.&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fmade-by-history%2F2023%2F03%2F28%2Fbirthright-citizenship-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/citizen-of-the-united-states.html">"Citizen of the United States, 1963"</a>. National Churchill Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103003715/https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/citizen-of-the-united-states.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Churchill+Museum&rft.atitle=Citizen+of+the+United+States%2C+1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalchurchillmuseum.org%2Fcitizen-of-the-united-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201112–13Gimson201211-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201112–13Gimson201211_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201114-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201114_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201114_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201116Gimson201214-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201116Gimson201214_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201116-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201116_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201115Gimson201214-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201115Gimson201214_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201117Gimson201217,_20–22-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201117Gimson201217,_20–22_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 17, 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201118Gimson201225-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201118Gimson201225_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113Gimson201211-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201113Gimson201211_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201126Gimson201218-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201126Gimson201218_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201128Gimson201217–18-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201128Gimson201217–18_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201128–29-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201128–29_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201129-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201129_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201130-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201130_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201130Gimson201226-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201130Gimson201226_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201131-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201131_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201131–32Gimson201226-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201131–32Gimson201226_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Stanley</a> (18 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/belgium/brussels/articles/stanley-johnson-why-i-remain-a-fan-of-brussels/">"Stanley Johnson: Why I remain a fan of Brussels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160701222600/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/belgium/brussels/articles/stanley-johnson-why-i-remain-a-fan-of-brussels/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stanley+Johnson%3A+Why+I+remain+a+fan+of+Brussels&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Feurope%2Fbelgium%2Fbrussels%2Farticles%2Fstanley-johnson-why-i-remain-a-fan-of-brussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201133–35Gimson201227–29-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201133–35Gimson201227–29_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 33–35; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, pp. 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201142Gimson201230–31-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201142Gimson201230–31_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201136,_42-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201136,_42_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 36, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844–45Purnell201138–39Gimson201235-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844–45Purnell201138–39Gimson201235_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, pp. 38–39; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201149-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201149_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201142-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200844Purnell201142_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201145-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201145_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonia2019" class="citation web cs1">Sonia, Purnell (21 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/21/boris-johnson-route-to-number-10">"The 10 ages of Boris Johnson: a guide to his road to power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711204147/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/21/boris-johnson-route-to-number-10">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. 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Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Border+Mail&rft.atitle=When+Boris+was+just+another+Timbertop+Rent-A-Pom&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordermail.com.au%2Fstory%2F4033888%2Fwhen-boris-was-just-another-timbertop-rent-a-pom%2F%3Fcs%3D4067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201157Gimson201283-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsIsaby200845Purnell201157Gimson201283_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008">Edwards & Isaby 2008</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson201256-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimson201256_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimson2012">Gimson 2012</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnell201162-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnell201162_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurnell2011">Purnell 2011</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Boris (2001). 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Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+urged+to+justify+%27awarding+public+funds+to+close+friend%27&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fsep%2F22%2Fboris-johnson-urged-to-justify-awarding-public-funds-to-close-friend-jennifer-arcuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49859321">"PM's links to Arcuri referred to police watchdog"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fury+as+decision+on+police+inquiry+into+PM+shelved+until+after+election&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fnov%2F09%2Fboris-johnson-jennifer-arcuri-iopc-delay-announcement-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2020" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/21/boris-johnson-will-not-face-criminal-inquiry-over-jennifer-arcuri">"Boris Johnson will not face criminal inquiry over Jennifer Arcuri"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+selected+to+stand+for+Tories+in+Uxbridge+and+South+Ruislip&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Fsep%2F12%2Fboris-johnson-tory-candidate-uxbridge-south-ruislip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinfordHolehouse2014" class="citation news cs1">Swinford, Steven; Holehouse, Matthew (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11093857/Boris-Johnson-selected-to-stand-for-Tories-in-Uxbridge-and-South-Ruislip.html">"Boris Johnson selected to stand for Tories in Uxbridge and South Ruislip"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+urged+to+back+probe+into+international+law+violations+in+Yemen&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-urged-to-back-probe-into-international-law-violations-during-yemen-war-a7321496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/mps-to-urge-ban-on-uk-arms-sales-to-saudi-arabia">"Boris Johnson defends UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia"</a>. 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The Times. 23 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193211/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-kremlin-conundrum-facing-boris-johnson-q6l336t29">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Kremlin+conundrum+facing+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-kremlin-conundrum-facing-boris-johnson-q6l336t29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49014791">"What has Boris Johnson said about other countries and their leaders?"</a>. BBC News. 24 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701111427/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49014791">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+has+Boris+Johnson+said+about+other+countries+and+their+leaders%3F&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-49014791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43367515">"PM under pressure over Russian spy case"</a>. BBC News. 12 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325073938/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43367515">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=PM+under+pressure+over+Russian+spy+case&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-43367515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/boris-johnson-accused-of-making-misleading-russia-novichok-claim-in-dw-interview/a-43251856">"Boris Johnson accused of making misleading Russia Novichok claim in DW interview"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+accused+of+making+misleading+Russia+Novichok+claim+in+DW+interview&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fboris-johnson-accused-of-making-misleading-russia-novichok-claim-in-dw-interview%2Fa-43251856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2018" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/mar/21/boris-johnson-compares-russian-world-cup-to-hitlers-1936-olympics">"Boris Johnson compares Russian World Cup to Hitler's 1936 Olympics"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322225603/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/mar/21/boris-johnson-compares-russian-world-cup-to-hitlers-1936-olympics">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+compares+Russian+World+Cup+to+Hitler%27s+1936+Olympics&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2018%2Fmar%2F21%2Fboris-johnson-compares-russian-world-cup-to-hitlers-1936-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2018" class="citation news cs1">Osborne, Samuel (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/salisbury-chemical-weapons-inspectors-international-arrive-investigate-nerve-agent-attack-a8267546.html">"Sergei Skripal: Chemical weapons inspectors arrive in Salisbury to investigate nerve agent attack"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063045/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/salisbury-chemical-weapons-inspectors-international-arrive-investigate-nerve-agent-attack-a8267546.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sergei+Skripal%3A+Chemical+weapons+inspectors+arrive+in+Salisbury+to+investigate+nerve+agent+attack&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fsalisbury-chemical-weapons-inspectors-international-arrive-investigate-nerve-agent-attack-a8267546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/22/boris-johnson-joins-us-criticising-russia-germany-gas-pipeline-nord-stream-2">"Boris Johnson joins US in criticising Russia to Germany gas pipeline"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+joins+US+in+criticising+Russia+to+Germany+gas+pipeline&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F22%2Fboris-johnson-joins-us-criticising-russia-germany-gas-pipeline-nord-stream-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/direct-cargo-flights-dhaka-uk-lift-ban-shortly-1532539">"Direct Cargo Flights from Dhaka: UK to lift ban shortly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. 10 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723000423/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/direct-cargo-flights-dhaka-uk-lift-ban-shortly-1532539">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Direct+Cargo+Flights+from+Dhaka%3A+UK+to+lift+ban+shortly&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ffrontpage%2Fdirect-cargo-flights-dhaka-uk-lift-ban-shortly-1532539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2018/02/09/boris-johnson-rohingya-crisis-humanitarian-disaster/">"Boris Johnson for quick repatriation of Rohingyas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. 9 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722233937/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2018/02/09/boris-johnson-rohingya-crisis-humanitarian-disaster/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+for+quick+repatriation+of+Rohingyas&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2Fforeign-affairs%2F2018%2F02%2F09%2Fboris-johnson-rohingya-crisis-humanitarian-disaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-turkey-has-legitimate-interest-in-border-security/1038748">"UK: Turkey has legitimate interest in border security"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. 22 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722233943/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-turkey-has-legitimate-interest-in-border-security/1038748">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. 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Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=EU+diplomats+shocked+by+Boris%27s+%27four-letter+reply%27+to+business+concerns+about+Brexit&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Foster%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F06%2F23%2Feu-diplomats-shocked-boriss-four-letter-reply-business-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/24/tide-turning-brexit-will-of-people-boris-johnson">"Enough already: in the national interest, we must stop a hard Brexit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 24 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206063103/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/24/tide-turning-brexit-will-of-people-boris-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Enough+already%3A+in+the+national+interest%2C+we+must+stop+a+hard+Brexit&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fjun%2F24%2Ftide-turning-brexit-will-of-people-boris-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.scot/news/16310206.EU_diplomats_reveal_Boris_Johnson_said__f__k_business__over_Brexit_fears/">"EU diplomats reveal Boris Johnson said 'f**k business' over Brexit fears"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=EU+diplomats+reveal+Boris+Johnson+said+%27f%2A%2Ak+business%27+over+Brexit+fears&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.scot%2Fnews%2F16310206.EU_diplomats_reveal_Boris_Johnson_said__f__k_business__over_Brexit_fears%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44618154">"Johnson challenged over 'Brexit expletive'"</a>. BBC News. 26 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206063131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44618154">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. 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Retrieved 28 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=UK%27s+Boris+Johnson+defends+meeting+ex-KGB+agent+at+party&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-ap-evgeny-lebedev-london-conservative-party-b2131696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times_2023_b191-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_2023_b191_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/53d32fbc-a1e5-495b-b068-cf7d7a202f78">"Boris Johnson faces fresh questions over 2018 party at Lebedev villa"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627195227/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/jun/26/italy-was-monitoring-lebedev-villa-at-time-of-boris-johnson-visit-documentary-claims">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. 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BBC News. 6 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628092935/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-62068421">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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The Telegraph. 13 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628092936/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/03/13/evgeny-lebedev-mi6-warned-boris-johnson-peerage-russian-oligarch/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+backs+down+on+key+campaign+promises+during+Tory+leadership+debate&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Ftory-leadership-debate-boris-johnson-no-deal-brexit-rory-stewart-tax-cut-bbc-a8964566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2019" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather (23 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/23/boris-johnson-elected-new-tory-leader-prime-minister">"Boris Johnson elected new Tory leader"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415132811/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/23/boris-johnson-elected-new-tory-leader-prime-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+elected+new+Tory+leader&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fjul%2F23%2Fboris-johnson-elected-new-tory-leader-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamerican.co.uk/pr/ne-Boris-Johnson-First-US-Born-UK-PM">"Boris Johnson Becomes First US born Prime Minister of Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>. 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Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+Boris+Johnson%27s+key+advisers%3F&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-49101464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2019" class="citation news cs1">Sparrow, Andrew (24 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2019/jul/24/boris-johnson-prepares-to-enter-downing-st-and-name-cabinet-theresa-may-prime-minister-live-news">"Boris Johnson cabinet: Sajid Javid, Priti Patel and Dominic Raab given top jobs – live news"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104084138/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2019/jul/24/boris-johnson-prepares-to-enter-downing-st-and-name-cabinet-theresa-may-prime-minister-live-news">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+cabinet%3A+Sajid+Javid%2C+Priti+Patel+and+Dominic+Raab+given+top+jobs+%E2%80%93+live+news&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2Flive%2F2019%2Fjul%2F24%2Fboris-johnson-prepares-to-enter-downing-st-and-name-cabinet-theresa-may-prime-minister-live-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestlake2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Westlake" title="Martin Westlake">Westlake, M.</a> (2020). Outside the EU: Options for Britain. 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Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+set+for+Brexit+deadlock+after+admitting+no+progress+made+with+EU+withdrawal+agreement&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-brexit-eu-withdrawal-agreement-deadline-deal-leave-a9026001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Stewart,_Severin_Carrell_and_Jennifer_Rankin2019" class="citation news cs1">Heather Stewart, Severin Carrell and Jennifer Rankin (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/29/time-to-step-up-tempo-of-brexit-talks-says-bullish-boris-johnson">"Time to step up tempo of Brexit talks, says bullish Boris Johnson"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Time+to+step+up+tempo+of+Brexit+talks%2C+says+bullish+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.au=Heather+Stewart%2C+Severin+Carrell+and+Jennifer+Rankin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Faug%2F29%2Ftime-to-step-up-tempo-of-brexit-talks-says-bullish-boris-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgotStewart2019" class="citation news cs1">Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/28/chancellor-sajid-javid-fast-tracked-spending-review-fuels-talk-of-early-election">"Boris Johnson asks Queen to suspend parliament"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914021918/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/28/chancellor-sajid-javid-fast-tracked-spending-review-fuels-talk-of-early-election">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+asks+Queen+to+suspend+parliament&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Elgot&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Faug%2F28%2Fchancellor-sajid-javid-fast-tracked-spending-review-fuels-talk-of-early-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/aug/28/spending-review-set-for-next-week-fuels-election-speculation-live?page=with:block-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1#block-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1">"Brexit: Queen consents to suspension of parliament for five weeks – live news"</a>. The Guardian. 28 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828160847/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2019/aug/28/spending-review-set-for-next-week-fuels-election-speculation-live?page=with:block-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1#block-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+Queen+consents+to+suspension+of+parliament+for+five+weeks+%E2%80%93+live+news&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive%2F2019%2Faug%2F28%2Fspending-review-set-for-next-week-fuels-election-speculation-live%3Fpage%3Dwith%3Ablock-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1%23block-5d668a668f08ea59f447a9f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorGraham2019" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Simon; Graham, Chris (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/08/28/backstop-wont-withdrawn-back-promise-say-eu-leaders/">"'A very British coup': How Europe reacted to Boris Johnson suspending parliament in Brexit push"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/08/28/backstop-wont-withdrawn-back-promise-say-eu-leaders/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27A+very+British+coup%27%3A+How+Europe+reacted+to+Boris+Johnson+suspending+parliament+in+Brexit+push&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Graham%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2Fbackstop-wont-withdrawn-back-promise-say-eu-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49534940">"Parliament suspension: Thousands protest across the UK"</a>. BBC. 31 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902004924/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49534940">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901225849/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-courtcases-factbox-idUSKCN1VK1LK">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+UK+government+ensnared+in+court+battles+over+suspending+parliament&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft.aulast=MacAskill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=James%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-eu-courtcases-factbox-idUSKCN1VK1LK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrell2019" class="citation news cs1">Carrell, Severin (11 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/11/scottish-judges-rule-boris-johnsons-prorogation-unlawful">"Scottish judges rule Boris Johnson's prorogation unlawful"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404093342/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/11/scottish-judges-rule-boris-johnsons-prorogation-unlawful">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. 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BBC News. 11 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911091938/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-49661855">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-26/robert-peston-boris-johnson-did-make-bodies-pile-high-in-their-thousands-comment">the original</a> on 27 April 2021. 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BBC News. 26 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173607/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55814751">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Covid+deaths%3A+UK+passes+milestone+of+100%2C000&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-55814751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-business-health-government-and-politics-coronavirus-pandemic-3776cfdb1c180720b9ea000a2c65618b">"Johnson: England to lift last virus restrictions on July 19"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Johnson%3A+England+to+lift+last+virus+restrictions+on+July+19&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Feurope-business-health-government-and-politics-coronavirus-pandemic-3776cfdb1c180720b9ea000a2c65618b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllyatt2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellyatt, Holly (19 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/19/uk-lifts-all-remaining-covid-restrictions-despite-cases-surging.html">"England takes leap into the unknown, lifting Covid rules as cases surge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109164652/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/19/uk-lifts-all-remaining-covid-restrictions-despite-cases-surging.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=England+takes+leap+into+the+unknown%2C+lifting+Covid+rules+as+cases+surge&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Ellyatt&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Fuk-lifts-all-remaining-covid-restrictions-despite-cases-surging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Walker2021" class="citation news cs1">Peter Walker (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/sep/17/boris-johnsons-revamped-cabinet-meet-for-half-time-pep-talk">"Johnson's revamped cabinet cram into office – with no masks"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921071506/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/sep/17/boris-johnsons-revamped-cabinet-meet-for-half-time-pep-talk">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Johnson%27s+revamped+cabinet+cram+into+office+%E2%80%93+with+no+masks&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.au=Peter+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Fsep%2F17%2Fboris-johnsons-revamped-cabinet-meet-for-half-time-pep-talk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/dominic-raab-defends-boris-johnson-after-pm-is-pictured-not-wearing-mask-on-hospital-visit-12464422">"Dominic Raab defends Boris Johnson after PM is pictured not wearing mask on hospital visit"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dominic+Raab+defends+Boris+Johnson+after+PM+is+pictured+not+wearing+mask+on+hospital+visit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fdominic-raab-defends-boris-johnson-after-pm-is-pictured-not-wearing-mask-on-hospital-visit-12464422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillettLee2021" class="citation news cs1">Gillett, Francesca; Lee, Dulcie (8 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59585307">"Covid: New Plan B rules on working from home and masks announced for England"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704205007/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59585307">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Covid%3A+New+Plan+B+rules+on+working+from+home+and+masks+announced+for+England&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft.aulast=Gillett&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=Lee%2C+Dulcie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-59585307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinfordZeffman2021" class="citation news cs1">Swinford, Steven; Zeffman, Henry (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/johnson-pushes-through-plan-b-despite-largest-rebellion-of-his-premiership-jxw0hq3gg">"Johnson suffers biggest rebellion of premiership"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Johnson+suffers+biggest+rebellion+of+premiership&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft.aulast=Swinford&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Zeffman%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fjohnson-pushes-through-plan-b-despite-largest-rebellion-of-his-premiership-jxw0hq3gg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennaFisherNanu2021" class="citation news cs1">Penna, Dominic; Fisher, Lucy; Nanu, Maighna (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/12/14/boris-johnson-news-covid-vaccine-passport-vote-tory-rebellion/">"Politics latest news: Boris Johnson suffers huge rebellion as MPs vote in favour of Covid passports"</a>. 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BBC News. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 4 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105140/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59163961">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Owen+Paterson+row%3A+Government+U-turn+over+MPs%27+conduct+plan&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59163961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59167783">"Tory MP Owen Paterson resigns amid standards row"</a>. BBC News. 4 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104144530/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59167783">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tory+MP+Owen+Paterson+resigns+amid+standards+row&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59167783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-59693102">"Tories lose North Shropshire seat they held for nearly 200 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217084843/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-59693102">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tories+lose+North+Shropshire+seat+they+held+for+nearly+200+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-shropshire-59693102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinness2021" class="citation news cs1">McGuinness, Alan (17 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/north-shropshire-lib-dems-shock-win-as-tory-by-election-defeat-piles-pressure-on-johnson-12497814">"North Shropshire: Liberal Democrats pull off shock win as Tory by-election defeat piles further pressure on Boris Johnson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217051250/https://news.sky.com/story/north-shropshire-lib-dems-shock-win-as-tory-by-election-defeat-piles-pressure-on-johnson-12497814">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Shropshire%3A+Liberal+Democrats+pull+off+shock+win+as+Tory+by-election+defeat+piles+further+pressure+on+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fnorth-shropshire-lib-dems-shock-win-as-tory-by-election-defeat-piles-pressure-on-johnson-12497814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc12/4/2022-499"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc12/4/2022_499-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhGDfeo8pRM">"Partygate: UK PM and chancellor apologise for breaking law in lockdown – BBC News"</a>. 12 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722190650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=dhGDfeo8pRM">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partygate%3A+UK+PM+and+chancellor+apologise+for+breaking+law+in+lockdown+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdhGDfeo8pRM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2021" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-rishi-sunak-downing-street-party-b1971373.html">"Boris Johnson says 'rules were followed' at No 10 party as Sunak denies attending"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-rishi-sunak-downing-street-party-b1971373.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+says+%27rules+were+followed%27+at+No+10+party+as+Sunak+denies+attending&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-rishi-sunak-downing-street-party-b1971373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/covid-rules-were-not-broken-downing-street-party-uks-johnson-says-2021-12-07/">"Cheese and wine? UK PM's staff joked about alleged lockdown party"</a>. Reuters. 7 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531100830/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/covid-rules-were-not-broken-downing-street-party-uks-johnson-says-2021-12-07/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cheese+and+wine%3F+UK+PM%27s+staff+joked+about+alleged+lockdown+party&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fuk%2Fcovid-rules-were-not-broken-downing-street-party-uks-johnson-says-2021-12-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerAllegrettiGrierson2021" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter; Allegretti, Aubrey; Grierson, Jamie (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/dec/07/leaked-video-shows-no-10-officials-joking-about-holding-christmas-party">"PM accused of lying after No 10 officials caught joking about Christmas party"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209002840/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/dec/07/leaked-video-shows-no-10-officials-joking-about-holding-christmas-party">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=PM+accused+of+lying+after+No+10+officials+caught+joking+about+Christmas+party&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Allegretti%2C+Aubrey&rft.au=Grierson%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Fdec%2F07%2Fleaked-video-shows-no-10-officials-joking-about-holding-christmas-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59580640">"PMQs: Boris Johnson sorry for offence caused by aides joking about lockdown party"</a>. BBC News. 8 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208121845/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59580640">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=PMQs%3A+Boris+Johnson+sorry+for+offence+caused+by+aides+joking+about+lockdown+party&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59580640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYOB-504">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BYOB_504-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYOB_504-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2022" class="citation news cs1">Brand, Paul (10 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2022-01-10/email-proves-downing-street-staff-held-drinks-party-at-height-of-lockdown">"Email proves Downing Street staff held drinks party at height of lockdown"</a>. ITV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120084744/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-01-10/email-proves-downing-street-staff-held-drinks-party-at-height-of-lockdown">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Email+proves+Downing+Street+staff+held+drinks+party+at+height+of+lockdown&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2022-01-10%2Femail-proves-downing-street-staff-held-drinks-party-at-height-of-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sky12/1/2022-505"><a href="#cite_ref-sky12/1/2022_505-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2022" class="citation news cs1">Keay, Lara (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/downing-street-lockdown-party-what-were-the-covid-rules-on-20-may-2020-and-how-many-cases-were-there-12513487">"What were the rules on 20 May 2020, what happened in Downing Street, and was Boris Johnson at the party?"</a>. Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111124233/https://news.sky.com/story/downing-street-lockdown-party-what-were-the-covid-rules-on-20-may-2020-and-how-many-cases-were-there-12513487">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+were+the+rules+on+20+May+2020%2C+what+happened+in+Downing+Street%2C+and+was+Boris+Johnson+at+the+party%3F&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fdowning-street-lockdown-party-what-were-the-covid-rules-on-20-may-2020-and-how-many-cases-were-there-12513487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59946784">"'Is this for real?' No escape for No 10 from party claims"</a>. BBC News. 10 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111182500/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59946784">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Is+this+for+real%3F%27+No+escape+for+No+10+from+party+claims&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59946784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59961535">"Downing Street party: PM to face MPs following revelations"</a>. BBC News. 12 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112024830/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59961535">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Downing+Street+party%3A+PM+to+face+MPs+following+revelations&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59961535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerStewart2022" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter; Stewart, Heather (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/12/boris-johnson-admits-attending-downing-street-party-during-lockdown">"Boris Johnson admits attending Downing Street party during lockdown"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112122819/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jan/12/boris-johnson-admits-attending-downing-street-party-during-lockdown">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+admits+attending+Downing+Street+party+during+lockdown&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fjan%2F12%2Fboris-johnson-admits-attending-downing-street-party-during-lockdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2022-01-12/johnson-faces-demands-to-come-clean-over-bring-your-own-booze-party">"Boris Johnson admits he attended lockdown-breaking party but claims he thought it was work event"</a>. ITV News. 12 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112001823/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-01-12/johnson-faces-demands-to-come-clean-over-bring-your-own-booze-party">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+admits+he+attended+lockdown-breaking+party+but+claims+he+thought+it+was+work+event&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2022-01-12%2Fjohnson-faces-demands-to-come-clean-over-bring-your-own-booze-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTQ-510">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTQ_510-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTQ_510-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59967930">"Boris Johnson faces calls to quit after lockdown party apology"</a>. BBC News. 12 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112124556/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59967930">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+faces+calls+to+quit+after+lockdown+party+apology&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59967930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc12/1/2022-511"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc12/1/2022_511-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59972859">"Boris Johnson: Senior Tories urge PM to quit after party apology"</a>. BBC News. 13 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727161206/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59972859">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+Senior+Tories+urge+PM+to+quit+after+party+apology&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-59972859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/19858532.bury-south-mp-christian-wakeford-resigns-conservative-join-labour/">"Bury South MP Christian Wakeford resigns from Conservative to join Labour"</a>. Bury Times. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119115747/https://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/19858532.bury-south-mp-christian-wakeford-resigns-conservative-join-labour/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bury+Times&rft.atitle=Bury+South+MP+Christian+Wakeford+resigns+from+Conservative+to+join+Labour&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burytimes.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19858532.bury-south-mp-christian-wakeford-resigns-conservative-join-labour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrick2022" class="citation web cs1">Merrick, Rob (19 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-davis-boris-johnson-pmqs-b1996225.html">"'In the name of God, go': Tory MP David Davis tells Boris Johnson to quit"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-davis-boris-johnson-pmqs-b1996225.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27In+the+name+of+God%2C+go%27%3A+Tory+MP+David+Davis+tells+Boris+Johnson+to+quit&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.aulast=Merrick&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fdavid-davis-boris-johnson-pmqs-b1996225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-60046632">"Boris Johnson: Tory MP defects as ex-minister tells Johnson to go"</a>. BBC News. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119110911/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-60046632">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+Tory+MP+defects+as+ex-minister+tells+Johnson+to+go&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fuk-politics-60046632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/in-the-name-of-god-go-meaning-leo-amery-neville-chamberlain-quote-david-davis-boris-johnson-1411614">"The story behind David Davis's 'In the name of God, go' quote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a>. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419193936/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/in-the-name-of-god-go-meaning-leo-amery-neville-chamberlain-quote-david-davis-boris-johnson-1411614">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+David+Davis%27s+%27In+the+name+of+God%2C+go%27+quote&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fin-the-name-of-god-go-meaning-leo-amery-neville-chamberlain-quote-david-davis-boris-johnson-1411614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60123850">"Police to investigate No 10 lockdown parties"</a>. 25 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125101652/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60123850">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+to+investigate+No+10+lockdown+parties&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-60123850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60210893">"Sue Gray: No 10 pledges updated report after police inquiry finishes"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 31 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60210893">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sue+Gray%3A+No+10+pledges+updated+report+after+police+inquiry+finishes&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-60210893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneWrightPickardCameron-Chileshe2022" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Sebastian; Wright, Robert; Pickard, Jim; Cameron-Chileshe, Jasmine (12 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/d37b20a6-04f4-47af-9d37-a81157ba173f">"Boris Johnson, wife Carrie and Rishi Sunak fined over Covid lockdown breaches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412124621/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61083402">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Report+of+Boris+Johnson+pouring+drinks+%27implies+he+started+lockdown+party%27&rft.date=2022-04-17&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fapr%2F17%2Freport-of-boris-johnson-pouring-drinks-implies-he-started-lockdown-party-says-labour-partygate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-61143220">"Boris Johnson: PM's response to party fine a joke, Starmer tells MPs"</a>. 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Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716130711/https://news.sky.com/story/the-gigs-up-senior-tory-backbencher-steve-baker-says-pm-should-be-long-gone-12595026">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. 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Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tory+council+leaders+point+finger+at+Johnson+after+election+losses+blamed+on+Partygate&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Heather&rft.au=Allegretti%2C+Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fmay%2F06%2Flocal-elections-2022-tory-council-leaders-point-finger-at-johnson-after-losses-blamed-on-partygate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (6 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/06/boris-johnson-face-confidence-vote-scores-tory-mps-call-on-him-to-go">"Boris Johnson to face no-confidence vote today as scores of Tory MPs call on him to go"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606071522/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/06/boris-johnson-face-confidence-vote-scores-tory-mps-call-on-him-to-go">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+to+face+no-confidence+vote+today+as+scores+of+Tory+MPs+call+on+him+to+go&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fjun%2F06%2Fboris-johnson-face-confidence-vote-scores-tory-mps-call-on-him-to-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-interimP-529">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interimP_529-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interimP_529-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interimP_529-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interimP_529-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interimP_529-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-64836425">Johnson may have misled Parliament over parties, say MPs</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/60213975">"No evidence for Boris Johnson's claim about Keir Starmer and Jimmy Savile"</a>. BBC News. 3 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208163011/https://www.bbc.com/news/60213975">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=No+evidence+for+Boris+Johnson%27s+claim+about+Keir+Starmer+and+Jimmy+Savile&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F60213975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/video/boris-johnson-tries-to-clarify-jimmy-savile-slur-against-sir-keir-starmer-after-days-of-criticism-12532185">"Boris Johnson tries to 'clarify' Jimmy Savile 'slur' against Sir Keir Starmer after days of criticism"</a>. Sky News. 3 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207074643/https://news.sky.com/video/boris-johnson-tries-to-clarify-jimmy-savile-slur-against-sir-keir-starmer-after-days-of-criticism-12532185">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boris+Johnson+tries+to+%27clarify%27+Jimmy+Savile+%27slur%27+against+Sir+Keir+Starmer+after+days+of+criticism&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fvideo%2Fboris-johnson-tries-to-clarify-jimmy-savile-slur-against-sir-keir-starmer-after-days-of-criticism-12532185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaskill2022" class="citation news cs1">Macaskill, Andrew (31 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-pm-johnson-faces-new-threat-confidence-vote-over-lockdown-parties-2022-05-31/">"UK's Boris Johnson faces new threat of confidence vote over lockdown parties"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014835/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-pm-johnson-faces-new-threat-confidence-vote-over-lockdown-parties-2022-05-31/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UK%27s+Boris+Johnson+faces+new+threat+of+confidence+vote+over+lockdown+parties&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft.aulast=Macaskill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fuk%2Fuk-pm-johnson-faces-new-threat-confidence-vote-over-lockdown-parties-2022-05-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2022" class="citation news cs1">Horton, Harry (5 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-05/no-confidence-vote-in-pm-could-be-announced-on-monday-as-mp-letters-pile-up">"Vote of no confidence in Boris Johnson could be announced 'as soon as Monday' as MP letters pile up"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606000418/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-05/no-confidence-vote-in-pm-could-be-announced-on-monday-as-mp-letters-pile-up">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vote+of+no+confidence+in+Boris+Johnson+could+be+announced+%27as+soon+as+Monday%27+as+MP+letters+pile+up&rft.date=2022-06-05&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2022-06-05%2Fno-confidence-vote-in-pm-could-be-announced-on-monday-as-mp-letters-pile-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61703422">"Tory MPs to vote on Boris Johnson's leadership"</a>. BBC News. 6 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082250/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61703422">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tory+MPs+to+vote+on+Boris+Johnson%27s+leadership&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-61703422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MasonR-2022-535">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MasonR-2022_535-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MasonR-2022_535-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2022" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Rowena (6 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/06/boris-johnson-wins-no-confidence-vote-despite-unexpectedly-large-rebellion">"Boris Johnson wins no-confidence vote despite unexpectedly large rebellion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606200653/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/06/boris-johnson-wins-no-confidence-vote-despite-unexpectedly-large-rebellion">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+wins+no-confidence+vote+despite+unexpectedly+large+rebellion&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fjun%2F06%2Fboris-johnson-wins-no-confidence-vote-despite-unexpectedly-large-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-confidence-vote-keir-starmer-b2094718.html">"Confidence vote marks 'beginning of the end' for Boris Johnson, Keir Starmer says"</a>. The Independent. 6 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607042711/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-confidence-vote-keir-starmer-b2094718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Confidence+vote+marks+%27beginning+of+the+end%27+for+Boris+Johnson%2C+Keir+Starmer+says&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-confidence-vote-keir-starmer-b2094718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61922077">"By-election defeats: Ex-leader Michael Howard calls for Boris Johnson to go"</a>. BBC News. 24 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706044124/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61922077">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=By-election+defeats%3A+Ex-leader+Michael+Howard+calls+for+Boris+Johnson+to+go&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-61922077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/michael-howard-boris-johnson-election-b2108851.html">"Former Tory leader Michael Howard says Johnson should resign after by-election defeat"</a>. The Independent. 24 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627185832/https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/michael-howard-boris-johnson-election-b2108851.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Former+Tory+leader+Michael+Howard+says+Johnson+should+resign+after+by-election+defeat&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fmichael-howard-boris-johnson-election-b2108851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrestWoodcock2022" class="citation news cs1">Forrest, Adam; Woodcock, Andrew (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/oliver-dowden-resigns-conservative-chairman-b2108377.html">"Tory party chairman Oliver Dowden resigns after double by-election loss"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624044522/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/oliver-dowden-resigns-conservative-chairman-b2108377.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tory+party+chairman+Oliver+Dowden+resigns+after+double+by-election+loss&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Foliver-dowden-resigns-conservative-chairman-b2108377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/25/boris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional">"Boris Johnson's aspiration to serve for a third term 'delusional'"</a>. The Guardian. 25 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719172900/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/25/boris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%27s+aspiration+to+serve+for+a+third+term+%27delusional%27&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fjun%2F25%2Fboris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/25/boris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional">"Boris Johnson's aspiration to serve for a third term 'delusional'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719172900/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jun/25/boris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%27s+aspiration+to+serve+for+a+third+term+%27delusional%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Fjun%2F25%2Fboris-johnsons-aspiration-to-serve-for-a-third-term-delusional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61939938">Boris Johnson 'actively thinking about' third term as PM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720122832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61939938">Archived</a> 20 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 26 June 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-62014765">"Chris Pincher suspended as Tory MP after groping allegation"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701160833/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-62014765">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chris+Pincher+suspended+as+Tory+MP+after+groping+allegation&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-62014765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sky2/7/2022-544"><a href="#cite_ref-sky2/7/2022_544-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/tory-mp-chris-pincher-suspended-by-party-over-drunken-groping-claims-12643558">"Tory MP Chris Pincher suspended by party over 'drunken groping' claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. 2 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707135005/https://news.sky.com/story/tory-mp-chris-pincher-suspended-by-party-over-drunken-groping-claims-12643558">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tory+MP+Chris+Pincher+suspended+by+party+over+%27drunken+groping%27+claims&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ftory-mp-chris-pincher-suspended-by-party-over-drunken-groping-claims-12643558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62014765">"Chris Pincher suspended as Tory MP after groping allegation"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708223142/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62014765">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Pound+Rallies+as+Johnson%27s+Exit+Plan+Spells+Relief+for+Traders&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-07-07%2Fpound-rallies-as-johnson-s-exit-plan-spells-relief-for-traders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-62072419/page/2">"Boris Johnson resigns: Johnson will stay on but only as caretaker PM, new cabinet agrees"</a>. BBC News. 7 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715195951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-62072419/page/2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+resigns%3A+Johnson+will+stay+on+but+only+as+caretaker+PM%2C+new+cabinet+agrees&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fuk-politics-62072419%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rishi-sunak-boris-johnson-labour-nhs-balmoral-b2160000.html">"Truss wins Tory leadership race and faces daunting challenge as PM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 5 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Truss+wins+Tory+leadership+race+and+faces+daunting+challenge+as+PM&rft.date=2022-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Frishi-sunak-boris-johnson-labour-nhs-balmoral-b2160000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2022/sep/06/liz-truss-pm-boris-johnson-queen-cabinet-reshuffle-rishi-sunak-tories-">"Liz Truss confirmed as prime minister after meeting Queen at Balmoral – UK politics live"</a>. The Guardian. 6 September 2022. 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Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201114110316/https://www.ft.com/content/5e9af60b-774b-4a72-8d06-d34b5192ffb4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=UK+set+to+ban+sale+of+new+petrol+and+diesel+cars+from+2030&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Pickard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5e9af60b-774b-4a72-8d06-d34b5192ffb4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/17/the-key-areas-of-boris-johnsons-green-industrial-revolution">"The key areas of Boris Johnson's 'green industrial revolution'"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+key+areas+of+Boris+Johnson%27s+%27green+industrial+revolution%27&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fnov%2F17%2Fthe-key-areas-of-boris-johnsons-green-industrial-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56843367">"Boris Johnson: Climate change about jobs not 'bunny hugging'"</a>. BBC News. 22 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601131601/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56843367">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+Climate+change+about+jobs+not+%27bunny+hugging%27&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-56843367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/17/us-and-eu-pledge-30-cut-in-methane-emissions-to-limit-global-heating">"US and EU pledge 30% cut in methane emissions to limit global heating"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117080921/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/17/us-and-eu-pledge-30-cut-in-methane-emissions-to-limit-global-heating">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+and+EU+pledge+30%25+cut+in+methane+emissions+to+limit+global+heating&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F17%2Fus-and-eu-pledge-30-cut-in-methane-emissions-to-limit-global-heating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonAlper2021" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Jeff; Alper, Alexandra (18 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/biden-convenes-world-leaders-discuss-climate-change-ahead-glasgow-summit-2021-09-17/">"Biden asks world leaders to cut methane in climate fight"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008134219/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/biden-convenes-world-leaders-discuss-climate-change-ahead-glasgow-summit-2021-09-17/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. 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The Independent. 19 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130224530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-climate-change-summit-glasgow-fossil-fuel-paris-agreement-a9289116.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+accused+of+making+impossible+pledge+for+climate+crisis+summit&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fboris-johnson-climate-change-summit-glasgow-fossil-fuel-paris-agreement-a9289116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/budget-flight-tax-cut-cop26-b1946258.html">"Rishi Sunak cuts taxes on domestic flights days before Cop26 climate summit"</a>. The Independent. 27 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118154211/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/budget-flight-tax-cut-cop26-b1946258.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Rishi+Sunak+cuts+taxes+on+domestic+flights+days+before+Cop26+climate+summit&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fbudget-flight-tax-cut-cop26-b1946258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-boris-johnson-business-europe-london-375b3e41fbe17306381d070111f252a4">"UK to build 8 nuclear reactors amid new energy strategy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. London. 7 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407132641/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-boris-johnson-business-europe-london-375b3e41fbe17306381d070111f252a4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=UK+to+build+8+nuclear+reactors+amid+new+energy+strategy&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-boris-johnson-business-europe-london-375b3e41fbe17306381d070111f252a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61010605">"Energy strategy: UK plans eight new nuclear reactors to boost production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61010605">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Energy+strategy%3A+UK+plans+eight+new+nuclear+reactors+to+boost+production&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-61010605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-g7-summit-mercosur/britain-joins-germany-in-criticizing-macrons-mercosur-threat-idUSKCN1VE0ON">"Britain joins Germany in criticizing Macron's Mercosur threat"</a>. Reuters. 24 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170459/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-g7-summit-mercosur/britain-joins-germany-in-criticizing-macrons-mercosur-threat-idUSKCN1VE0ON">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Britain+joins+Germany+in+criticizing+Macron%27s+Mercosur+threat&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-g7-summit-mercosur%2Fbritain-joins-germany-in-criticizing-macrons-mercosur-threat-idUSKCN1VE0ON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/amazon-fires-spark-european-rift-at-g7-over-mercosur-trade-deal/a-50154578">"Amazon fires spark European rift at G7 over Mercosur trade deal"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amazon+fires+spark+European+rift+at+G7+over+Mercosur+trade+deal&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Famazon-fires-spark-european-rift-at-g7-over-mercosur-trade-deal%2Fa-50154578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2020" class="citation news cs1">McGee, Luke (17 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/17/politics/special-relationship-election-analysis-gbr-intl/index.html">"UK's 'special relationship' with the US is more fragile than ever. Just when Boris Johnson is banking on it"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170500/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/17/politics/special-relationship-election-analysis-gbr-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK%27s+%27special+relationship%27+with+the+US+is+more+fragile+than+ever.+Just+when+Boris+Johnson+is+banking+on+it&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fspecial-relationship-election-analysis-gbr-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/news/uk/biden-presidency-could-bring-difficulties-for-us-uk-special-relationship/">"Biden presidency could bring difficulties for US-UK special relationship"</a>. Press Association. 7 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126191012/https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/news/uk/biden-presidency-could-bring-difficulties-for-us-uk-special-relationship/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+to+send+asylum+seekers+to+Rwanda+under+controversial+new+deal&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F4%2F14%2Fuk-to-sign-deal-to-send-male-channel-refugees-to-rwanda-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/pro-china-boris-johnson-enthusiastic-065100165.html">"'Pro-China' Boris Johnson 'enthusiastic' about belt and road plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! 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BBC News. 1 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701143437/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-53246899">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+warns+UK+%27interfering%27+in+Hong+Kong+affairs+will+%27backfire%27&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F6%2F3%2Fchina-warns-uk-interfering-in-hong-kong-affairs-will-backfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genocide-583">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genocide_583-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genocide_583-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-uighur-muslims-genocide-trump-biden-b1789997.html">"Boris Johnson refuses to back Trump and Biden teams in calling Uighur situation 'genocide'"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Aukus%3A+China+denounces+US-UK-Australia+pact+as+irresponsible&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-58582573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/22/aukus-row-boris-johnson-tells-france-donnez-moi-un-break">"'Donnez-moi un break': Johnson deepens rift with France over defence deal"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Donnez-moi+un+break%27%3A+Johnson+deepens+rift+with+France+over+defence+deal&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fsep%2F22%2Faukus-row-boris-johnson-tells-france-donnez-moi-un-break&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/world/most-of-the-remaining-british-troops-have-left-afghanistan-says-boris-johnson-11625747197686.html">"Most of the remaining British troops have left Afghanistan, says Boris Johnson"</a>. Mint. 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Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Most+of+the+remaining+British+troops+have+left+Afghanistan%2C+says+Boris+Johnson&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmost-of-the-remaining-british-troops-have-left-afghanistan-says-boris-johnson-11625747197686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taliban-588"><a href="#cite_ref-Taliban_588-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/aug/15/boris-johnson-urged-to-recall-parliament-over-afghanistan-crisis">"Boris Johnson urges international unity over Taliban as he recalls parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+urges+international+unity+over+Taliban+as+he+recalls+parliament&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Faug%2F15%2Fboris-johnson-urged-to-recall-parliament-over-afghanistan-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/aug/16/afghanistan-crisis-pm-boris-johnson-ended-summer-holiday">"Afghanistan crisis: Johnson took holiday as Kabul was about to fall"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+crisis%3A+Johnson+took+holiday+as+Kabul+was+about+to+fall&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Faug%2F16%2Fafghanistan-crisis-pm-boris-johnson-ended-summer-holiday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/16/trouble-for-biden-uk-pm-says-us-decision-to-pull-out-of-afghanista-accelerated-events.html">"Blame on Biden? UK PM Johnson says US decision to pull out of Afghanistan 'accelerated' events"</a>. The Week. 16 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816074255/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/16/trouble-for-biden-uk-pm-says-us-decision-to-pull-out-of-afghanista-accelerated-events.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Blame+on+Biden%3F+UK+PM+Johnson+says+US+decision+to+pull+out+of+Afghanistan+%27accelerated%27+events&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2021%2F08%2F16%2Ftrouble-for-biden-uk-pm-says-us-decision-to-pull-out-of-afghanista-accelerated-events.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/britain-refugees-afghanistan-1.6144731">"British government details plan to settle 20,000 Afghan refugees in heated emergency debate"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229062101/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/24/world/europe/brexit-uk-eu-explained.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+Brexit%3F+And+How+Is+It+Going%3F&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Robins%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fbrexit-uk-eu-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-fish-idUSKBN29415G">"'Boris the betrayer' has swindled us over Brexit, England's fishermen say"</a>. 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The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131233456/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/01/31/boris-johnson-phone-call-vladimir-putin-ukraine-delayed-amid/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022. 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Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus%3A+Boris+Johnson+says+he+was+%27too+fat%27+as+he+launches+obesity+crackdown&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fpm-targets-checkout-sweets-and-buy-one-get-one-free-deals-in-national-obesity-plan-12037000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-732"><a href="#cite_ref-732">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/boris-johnson-car-crash-townhouse-b2075095.html">"Car crashes into garden of Boris Johnson's £1.3m south London townhouse"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Car+crashes+into+garden+of+Boris+Johnson%27s+%C2%A31.3m+south+London+townhouse&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fboris-johnson-car-crash-townhouse-b2075095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-733"><a href="#cite_ref-733">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/article/boris-johnson-house-mansion-oxfordshire">"Boris and Carrie Johnson move into new £3.8m moated mansion in Oxfordshire – see inside"</a>. House & Garden. 17 May 2023. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723204551/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/26/whowouldjesusvotefor">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+would+Jesus+vote+for%3F&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fapr%2F26%2Fwhowouldjesusvotefor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-735"><a href="#cite_ref-735">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwinford2015" class="citation news cs1">Swinford, Steven (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/11378107/Boris-Johnson-I-am-not-a-serious-practicing-Christian.html">"Boris Johnson: I am not a serious practicing Christian"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+I+am+not+a+serious+practicing+Christian&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Swinford&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fconservative%2F11378107%2FBoris-Johnson-I-am-not-a-serious-practicing-Christian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-736"><a href="#cite_ref-736">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepinster2020" class="citation news cs1">Pepinster, Catherine (26 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/boris-johnsons-godmother-pleased-has-returned-catholicism/">"As Boris Johnson's godmother, I'm so pleased he has returned to Catholicism"</a>. 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The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/05/29/boris-wedding-did-prime-minister-marry-carrie-symonds-catholic/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+wedding%3A+How+did+Prime+Minister+marry+Carrie+Symonds+in+a+Catholic+church%3F&rft.date=2021-05-29&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.au=Malnick%2C+Edward&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2021%2F05%2F29%2Fboris-wedding-did-prime-minister-marry-carrie-symonds-catholic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-739"><a href="#cite_ref-739">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGledhill" class="citation web cs1">Gledhill, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/14185/boris-weds-carrie-at-westminster-cathedral">"Boris weds Carrie at Westminster Cathedral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530090351/https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/14185/boris-weds-carrie-at-westminster-cathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+could+prove+more+of+a+Chancer+than+his+hero+Pericles&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fboris-johnson-could-prove-more-of-a-chancer-than-his-hero-pericles-p6x8bdl77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-741"><a href="#cite_ref-741">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-leader-johnson-language/boris-johnsons-magniloquent-tongue-reaps-political-gold-linguists-say-idUSKCN1UI1LV">"Boris Johnson's magniloquent tongue reaps political gold, linguists"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%27s+magniloquent+tongue+reaps+political+gold%2C+linguists&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-eu-leader-johnson-language%2Fboris-johnsons-magniloquent-tongue-reaps-political-gold-linguists-say-idUSKCN1UI1LV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-742"><a href="#cite_ref-742">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2019/07/27/boris-johnsons-confusing-and-contradictory-religious-history">"Boris Johnson's confusing and contradictory religious history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 27 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190728201419/https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2019/07/27/boris-johnsons-confusing-and-contradictory-religious-history">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%27s+confusing+and+contradictory+religious+history&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ferasmus%2F2019%2F07%2F27%2Fboris-johnsons-confusing-and-contradictory-religious-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-743"><a href="#cite_ref-743">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2019" class="citation news cs1">Hobson, Theo (4 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/what-i-learned-talking-to-boris-johnson-about-religion/">"What I learned talking to Boris Johnson about religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128111932/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/what-i-learned-talking-to-boris-johnson-about-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019. 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The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607045124/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/07/boris-johnson-minister-of-chaos/619010/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715151132/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/jul/17/localgovernment.london">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Phooey%21+One-man+melting+pot+ready+to+take+on+King+Newt&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2Fjul%2F17%2Flocalgovernment.london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-789"><a href="#cite_ref-789">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/people/Honorary-graduates">"Honorary Graduates"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2019. <q>The lifetime honour allows recipients to use the initials Hon FRIBA after their name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architecture.com&rft.atitle=RIBA+Honorary+Fellowships+2018+announced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecture.com%2Fknowledge-and-resources%2Fknowledge-landing-page%2Friba-honorary-fellowships-2018-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-791"><a href="#cite_ref-791">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulcher2011" class="citation news cs1">Fulcher, Merlin (6 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/boris-johnson-scoops-riba-honorary-fellowship/8623555.article">"Boris Johnson scoops RIBA honorary fellowship"</a>. Architects Journal. 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Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architects+Journal&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+scoops+RIBA+honorary+fellowship&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=Fulcher&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectsjournal.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fboris-johnson-scoops-riba-honorary-fellowship%2F8623555.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-792"><a href="#cite_ref-792">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/26/boris-johnson-honorary-australian-year">"London mayor Boris Johnson named honorary Australian of the Year"</a>. The Guardian. London. 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The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712062320/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/07/02/boris-johnson-named-honorary-citizen-odesa/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+named+honorary+citizen+of+Odesa+for+helping+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Kilner&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2022%2F07%2F02%2Fboris-johnson-named-honorary-citizen-odesa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-798"><a href="#cite_ref-798">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3557357-zelensky-presents-johnson-with-order-of-liberty-in-kyiv.html">"Zelensky presents Johnson with Order of Liberty in Kyiv"</a>. Ukrinform. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zelensky+presents+Johnson+with+Order+of+Liberty+in+Kyiv&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3557357-zelensky-presents-johnson-with-order-of-liberty-in-kyiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-799"><a href="#cite_ref-799">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindon2023" class="citation news cs1">Findon, Mary-Kate (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/boris-johnson-ukraine-kyiv-davos-b2265246.html">"Boris Johnson awarded honorary 'citizen of Kyiv' medal in Davos"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+awarded+honorary+%27citizen+of+Kyiv%27+medal+in+Davos&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Findon&rft.aufirst=Mary-Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fboris-johnson-ukraine-kyiv-davos-b2265246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-800"><a href="#cite_ref-800">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-former-pm-and-great-friend-of-ukraine-awarded-honorary-degree-in-lviv-12958104">"Boris Johnson: Former PM and 'great friend of Ukraine' awarded honorary degree in Lviv"</a>. Sky News. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+Former+PM+and+%27great+friend+of+Ukraine%27+awarded+honorary+degree+in+Lviv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fboris-johnson-former-pm-and-great-friend-of-ukraine-awarded-honorary-degree-in-lviv-12958104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower2021" class="citation book cs1">Bower, Tom (2021). Boris Johnson: The Gambler. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753554920" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753554920"><bdi>978-0753554920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boris+Johnson%3A+The+Gambler&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0753554920&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrines2013" class="citation journal cs1">Crines, Andrew S. (2013). "Why did Boris Johnson win the 2012 mayoral election?". Public Policy and Administration Research. 3 (9): 1–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Policy+and+Administration+Research&rft.atitle=Why+did+Boris+Johnson+win+the+2012+mayoral+election%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Crines&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Giles; Isaby, Jonathan (2008). <a href="/wiki/Boris_v._Ken" title="Boris v. Ken">Boris v. Ken</a>: How Boris Johnson Won London. London: Politico's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84275-225-8"><bdi>978-1-84275-225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boris+v.+Ken%3A+How+Boris+Johnson+Won+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Politico%27s&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84275-225-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft.au=Isaby%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gimson, Andrew (2012). <a href="/wiki/Boris:_The_Rise_of_Boris_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson">Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boris%3A+The+Rise+of+Boris+Johnson&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Dave (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qn0rnQAACAAJ">Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor</a>. Double Q. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911079-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911079-20-0"><bdi>978-1-911079-20-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zac+Versus+Sadiq%3A+The+Fight+to+Become+London+Mayor&rft.pub=Double+Q&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-911079-20-0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqn0rnQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosken2008" class="citation book cs1">Hosken, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weQOAQAAMAAJ">Ken: The Ups and Downs of Ken Livingstone</a>. Arcadia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905147-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905147-72-4"><bdi>978-1-905147-72-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ken%3A+The+Ups+and+Downs+of+Ken+Livingstone&rft.pub=Arcadia+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905147-72-4&rft.aulast=Hosken&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Purnell" title="Sonia Purnell">Purnell, Sonia</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justborisirresis0000purn">Just Boris: Boris Johnson: The Irresistible Rise of a Political Celebrity</a>. London: Aurum Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-665-9"><bdi>978-1-84513-665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Boris%3A+Boris+Johnson%3A+The+Irresistible+Rise+of+a+Political+Celebrity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-665-9&rft.aulast=Purnell&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjustborisirresis0000purn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Dale" title="Iain Dale">Dale, Iain</a>. The Little Book of Boris. (Harriman House Ltd., 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905641-64-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905641-64-2">978-1-905641-64-2</a></li> <li>Gimson, Andrew. Boris: The Adventures of Boris Johnson (Simon & Schuster, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppellMcMeeking2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heppell, Timothy; McMeeking, Thomas (2021). "The Conservative Party Leadership Transition from Theresa May to Boris Johnson: Party Popularity and Leadership Satisfaction". Representation. 57 (1): 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344893.2020.1778512">10.1080/00344893.2020.1778512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225753305">225753305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=The+Conservative+Party+Leadership+Transition+from+Theresa+May+to+Boris+Johnson%3A+Party+Popularity+and+Leadership+Satisfaction&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344893.2020.1778512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225753305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heppell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=McMeeking%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Stanley</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRlRPwAACAAJ">Stanley I Presume</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Fourth Estate</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-729673-6"><bdi>978-0-00-729673-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+I+Presume&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-00-729673-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRlRPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Johnson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Seldon" title="Anthony Seldon">Anthony Seldon</a> and Raymond Newell. Johnson at 10 (Atlantic, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintan_O%27Toole" title="Fintan O'Toole">O'Toole, Fintan</a>, "The King of Little England", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXVIII, no. 10 (10 June 2021), pp. 44–46.</li> <li>Vasudevan, A. The Thinking Man's Idiot: The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson (<a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a> (UK) Ltd., 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84773-359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84773-359-7">978-1-84773-359-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Johnson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/people/boris-johnson">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BorisJohnson">Boris Johnson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#P2002" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1296124/">Boris Johnson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/">Boris Johnson, columnist</a> — <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Muckrack.com/boris-johnson">Boris Johnson</a> on the Muck Rack journalist listing site <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#P6005" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp58531">Portraits of Boris Johnson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000369768010">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/86095534">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/471788/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8RctBB3rRPvHb8WVgrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137930917">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002000776">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16693715k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16693715k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01065306">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV658025">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20080516003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5551881">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1630983">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p268390657">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15015655">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000290418&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000767915&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201831462">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677022505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007335941405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019073">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2da66560-b5dd-487a-bbe2-72766a42eddf">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/hy2NFfe8">UK Parliament</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137930917">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/131598112">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Johnson" title="Template:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Johnson" title="Template talk:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a> (2015–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> (2008–2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">First ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">2019 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">Suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Second ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak">Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2020 United Kingdom budget">2020 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_United_Kingdom_budget" title="March 2021 United Kingdom budget">March 2021 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2021_United_Kingdom_budget" title="October 2021 United Kingdom budget">October 2021 budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departures_from_the_second_Johnson_ministry" title="List of departures from the second Johnson ministry">List of departures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">2020 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2021 British cabinet reshuffle">2021 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">EU withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">vaccinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contract controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">Dominic Cummings scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons_Privileges_Committee_investigation_into_Boris_Johnson" title="Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson">Commons Privileges Committee investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy" title="Downing Street refurbishment controversy">Downing Street refurbishment controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">2021 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">2021 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantic_Charter" title="New Atlantic Charter">New Atlantic Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pitting" title="Operation Pitting">Evacuations from Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP26" class="mw-redirect" title="COP26">COP26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_Bridge" title="Irish Sea Bridge">Irish Sea Bridge feasibility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Paterson scandal">Owen Paterson scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_parliamentary_second_jobs_controversy" title="United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy">Parliamentary second jobs controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelling-up_policy_of_the_British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling-up policy of the British government">Levelling-up policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelling_Up_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling Up White Paper">White Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Rail_Plan_for_the_North_and_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands">Integrated Rail Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021-present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021-present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost of living crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda asylum plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">Murder of David Amess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Conservative_Party_leadership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson">2022 Conservative Party confidence vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_G7_summit" title="48th G7 summit">2022 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher_scandal" title="Chris Pincher scandal">Chris Pincher scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">July 2022 government crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="July 2022 British cabinet reshuffle">2022 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Johnson_ministry" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Johnson ministry">2022 vote of confidence in the Johnson ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours_(Boris_Johnson)" title="2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (Boris Johnson)">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Political positions of Boris Johnson">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Boris_Johnson" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris Johnson">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Mayoralty of Boris Johnson">Mayoralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Britannia_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Britannia Airport">"Boris Island"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Cycles" title="Santander Cycles">"Boris Bikes"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 London riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Bridge" title="Garden Bridge">Garden Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Tube" title="Night Tube">Night Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Arcuri" title="Jennifer Arcuri">Jennifer Arcuri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other offices held</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Commonwealth Chair-in-Office</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_as_Foreign_Secretary" title="Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for Higher Education">Shadow Minister for Higher Education</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for the Arts">Shadow Minister for the Arts</a> (2004)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a> (2001–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Electoral history of Boris Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">2008</a> (Mayoral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_London_mayoral_election" title="2012 London mayoral election">2012</a> (Mayoral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a> (General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2021 United Kingdom local elections">2021</a> (Local)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2022 United Kingdom local elections">2022</a> (Local)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Johnson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen" title="Friends, Voters, Countrymen">Friends, Voters, Countrymen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Virgins" title="Seventy-Two Virgins">Seventy-Two Virgins</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Churchill_Factor" title="The Churchill Factor">The Churchill Factor</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(book)" title="Unleashed (book)">Unleashed</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Johnson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris:_The_Rise_of_Boris_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson">Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_v._Ken" title="Boris v. Ken">Boris v. Ken</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Public image of Boris Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headcases" title="Headcases">Headcases</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Boris_Met_Dave" title="When Boris Met Dave">When Boris Met Dave</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newzoids" title="Newzoids">Newzoids</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(South_Park)" title="Members Only (South Park)">South Park</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a> (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vossi_Bop" title="Vossi Bop">Vossi Bop</a>" (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_Is_a_Fucking_Cunt" title="Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt">Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt</a>" (2020)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Christmas" title="Can't Stop Christmas">Can't Stop Christmas</a>" (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">Spitting Image</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_England_(TV_series)" title="This England (TV series)">This England</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP_(film)" title="DSP (film)">DSP</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate_(TV_drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partygate (TV drama)">Partygate</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Bullingdon_Club_photograph" title="1987 Bullingdon Club photograph">1987 Bullingdon Club photograph</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Greased_piglet" title="Greased piglet">Greased piglet</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dead_cat_strategy" title="Dead cat strategy">Dead cat strategy</a>"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Mostyn-Owen" title="Allegra Mostyn-Owen">Allegra Mostyn-Owen</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Johnson" title="Carrie Johnson">Carrie Johnson</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Johnson-Wheeler" title="Lara Johnson-Wheeler">Lara Johnson-Wheeler</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilyn" title="Dilyn">Dilyn</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Wahl" title="Charlotte Johnson Wahl">Charlotte Fawcett</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Johnson" title="Rachel Johnson">Rachel Johnson</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fawcett" title="Edmund Fawcett">Edmund Fawcett</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fawcett" title="James Fawcett">James Fawcett</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kemal" title="Ali Kemal">Ali Kemal</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Avery_Lowe" title="Elias Avery Lowe">Elias Avery Lowe</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tracy_Lowe-Porter" title="Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter">H. T. Lowe-Porter</a> (great-grandmother)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li>←  <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> →</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #8FBC8F;">Media offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_(journalist)" title="Frank Johnson (journalist)">Frank Johnson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Editor of</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a> 1999–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_d%27Ancona" title="Matthew d'Ancona">Matthew d'Ancona</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a> 2001–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Howell_(politician)" title="John Howell (politician)">John Howell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Randall,_Baron_Randall_of_Uxbridge" title="John Randall, Baron Randall of Uxbridge">John Randall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip" class="mw-redirect" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a> 2015–2023 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tuckwell" title="Steve Tuckwell">Steve Tuckwell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> 2008–2016 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> 2016–2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 2019–2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> 2019–2022 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (2019)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Seven</a> 2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gummer" title="Ben Gummer">Ben Gummer</a></div>as Privy Counsellor </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_England_and_Wales#Gentlemen" title="Order of precedence in England and Wales">Gentlemen</a> Privy Counsellor </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heald" title="Oliver Heald">Oliver Heald</a></div>as Privy Counsellor </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Boris_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Boris_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Boris Johnson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Johnson_cabinets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Johnson_Cabinet" title="Template:Johnson Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Johnson_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Johnson Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johnson_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Johnson Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Johnson_cabinets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Johnson cabinets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="First_Johnson_cabinet_(July–December_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">First Johnson cabinet</a> (July–December 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buckland" title="Robert Buckland">Robert Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Cairns" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">James Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Evans,_Baroness_Evans_of_Bowes_Park" title="Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park">The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Jack" title="Alister Jack">Alister Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Robert Jenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Morgan" title="Nicky Morgan">Nicky Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Grant Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alok_Sharma" title="Alok Sharma">Alok Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Smith_(politician)" title="Julian Smith (politician)">Julian Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Villiers" title="Theresa Villiers">Theresa Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also attended meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Jake Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(British_politician)" title="Geoffrey Cox (British politician)">Geoffrey Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zac_Goldsmith" title="Zac Goldsmith">Zac Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwasi Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Brandon Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McVey" title="Esther McVey">Esther McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Mark Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Cairns" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Second_Johnson_cabinet_(December_2019_–_September_2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Second Johnson cabinet</a> (December 2019 – September 2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buckland" title="Robert Buckland">Robert Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Greg Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">James Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eustice" title="George Eustice">George Eustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Evans,_Baroness_Evans_of_Bowes_Park" title="Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park">The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Jack" title="Alister Jack">Alister Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwasi Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Malthouse" title="Kit Malthouse">Kit Malthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Grant Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alok_Sharma" title="Alok Sharma">Alok Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Anne-Marie Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailesh_Vara" title="Shailesh Vara">Shailesh Vara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Nadhim Zahawi</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also attended meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Adams" title="Nigel Adams">Nigel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(politician)" title="Simon Clarke (politician)">Simon Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellis_(British_politician)" title="Michael Ellis (British politician)">Michael Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Heaton-Harris" title="Chris Heaton-Harris">Chris Heaton-Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mercer_(politician)" title="Johnny Mercer (politician)">Johnny Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Mark Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Andrew Stephenson</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_departures_from_the_second_Johnson_ministry" title="List of departures from the second Johnson ministry">Departures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Jake Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(British_politician)" title="Geoffrey Cox (British politician)">Geoffrey Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Donelan" title="Michelle Donelan">Michelle Donelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost" title="David Frost, Baron Frost">The Lord Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hart" title="Simon Hart">Simon Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Robert Jenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Brandon Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Amanda Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McVey" title="Esther McVey">Esther McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Morgan" title="Nicky Morgan">The Baroness Morgan of Cotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Smith_(politician)" title="Julian Smith (politician)">Julian Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Villiers" title="Theresa Villiers">Theresa Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li></ul> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gonzi" title="Lawrence Gonzi">Gonzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/15px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/30px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning" title="Patrick Manning">Manning</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Persad-Bissessar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Rajapaksa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Sirisena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/15px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_May_Cabinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_May_Cabinet" title="Template:First May Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_May_Cabinet" title="Template talk:First May Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_May_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First May Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_May_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_May_ministry" title="First May ministry">First May Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Bradley" title="Karen Bradley">Karen Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brokenshire" title="James Brokenshire">James Brokenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Cairns" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Greg Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Evans,_Baroness_Evans_of_Bowes_Park" title="Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park">Baroness Evans of Bowes Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Chris Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Damian Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Greening" title="Justine Greening">Justine Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">David Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">Patrick McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mundell" title="David Mundell">David Mundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also attended meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gauke" title="David Gauke">David Gauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gummer" title="Ben Gummer">Ben Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Halfon" title="Robert Halfon">Robert Halfon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wright" title="Jeremy Wright">Jeremy Wright</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_May_Cabinet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_May_Cabinet" title="Template:Second May Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_May_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Second May Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_May_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second May Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_May_Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_May_ministry" title="Second May ministry">Second May Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Bradley" title="Karen Bradley">Karen Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brokenshire" title="James Brokenshire">James Brokenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Cairns" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Greg Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Evans,_Baroness_Evans_of_Bowes_Park" title="Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park">Baroness Evans of Bowes Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gauke" title="David Gauke">David Gauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Chris Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Hinds" title="Damian Hinds">Damian Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Brandon Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">David Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Penny Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mundell" title="David Mundell">David Mundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wright" title="Jeremy Wright">Jeremy Wright</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also attended meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(British_politician)" title="Geoffrey Cox (British politician)">Geoffrey Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Nokes" title="Caroline Nokes">Caroline Nokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="Claire Perry">Claire Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Smith_(politician)" title="Julian Smith (politician)">Julian Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Mel Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_departures_from_the_second_May_ministry" title="List of departures from the second May ministry">Departures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Damian Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justine_Greening" title="Justine Greening">Justine Greening</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">Patrick McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McVey" title="Esther McVey">Esther McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li>vacant (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leaders (1922–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairmen (1911–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_Leader" title="Template:Conservative Party Leader"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_Leader" title="Template talk:Conservative Party Leader"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_Leader" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party Leader"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leaders of the Conservatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords (1828–1922)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">The Lord Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond, Lennox & Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">The Earl of Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons (1834–1922)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel, Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">The Lord George Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Marquess of Granby</a></li> <li>Vacant (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Marquess of Granby</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks-Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Sir Michael Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">The Lord Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">W. H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Sir Austen Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Overall Leader (1922–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Template:2019 Conservative Party leadership election"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Template talk:2019 Conservative Party leadership election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2019 Conservative Party leadership election"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019 Conservative Party leadership election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div>Outgoing Leader: <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Harper" title="Mark Harper">Mark Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McVey" title="Esther McVey">Esther McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Rory Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election">Opinion polling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div>* Withdrew after first ballot</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" title="Template:2022 Conservative Party leadership elections"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" title="Template talk:2022 Conservative Party leadership elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2022 Conservative Party leadership elections"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2022 Conservative Party leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div>Outgoing Leader (<a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">September</a>): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehman_Chishti" title="Rehman Chishti">Rehman Chishti</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Penny Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Grant Shapps</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tugendhat" title="Tom Tugendhat">Tom Tugendhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Nadhim Zahawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">Endorsements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Outgoing Leader (<a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October</a>): <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Penny Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="Endorsements in the October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">Endorsements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div>* Withdrew before first ballot</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Statistics</a></li> <li>Timeline <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(January%E2%80%93June_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)">January–June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July%E2%80%93December_2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)">July–December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2023)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(2024)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England" title="COVID-19 pandemic in England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy" title="2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy">Exam grading controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clap_for_Our_Carers" title="Clap for Our Carers">Clap for Our Carers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thank_You_NHS" title="Thank You NHS">Thank You NHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_2.6_Challenge" title="The 2.6 Challenge">The 2.6 Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reflection" title="National Day of Reflection">National Day of Reflection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#United_Kingdom" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beergate" title="Beergate">Beergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">Dominic Cummings scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensill_scandal" title="Greensill scandal">Greensill scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Brexit" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact on Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons_Privileges_Committee_investigation_into_Boris_Johnson" title="Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson">Privileges Committee investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_COVID-19_Inquiry" title="UK COVID-19 Inquiry">Public inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_COVID-19_Inquiry" title="Scottish COVID-19 Inquiry">Scottish COVID-19 Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_House_of_Commons" title="Virtual House of Commons">Virtual House of Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science and healthcare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antivirals_Taskforce_(UK)" title="Antivirals Taskforce (UK)">Antiviral Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coronavirus_Cancer_Monitoring_Project" title="UK Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project">Cancer Monitoring Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium" title="COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Symptom_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID Symptom Study">COVID Symptom Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_passports_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 passports in the United Kingdom">COVID passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial" title="PANORAMIC trial">PANORAMIC trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGILE" title="AGILE">AGILE</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">Temporary hospitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber">Harrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North West">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North East">Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan" title="NHS Louisa Jordan">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Sports_Park#Florence_Nightingale_Field_Hospital" title="Europa Sports Park">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey#Nightingale_hospital" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 testing in the United Kingdom">Testing programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19 app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Test_and_Trace" title="NHS Test and Trace">NHS Test and Trace</a> (England)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect" title="Test, Trace, Protect">Test, Trace, Protect</a> (Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moonshot" title="Operation Moonshot">Operation Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_to_Release" title="Test to Release">Test to Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium" title="UK Rapid Test Consortium">UK Rapid Test Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">Vaccination programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_dispute" title="European Commission–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine dispute">European Commission–AstraZeneca dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_Manufacturing_and_Innovation_Centre" title="Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre">Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce" title="Vaccine Taskforce">Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_COVID-19_Vaccine_Deployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_legislation_connected_with_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom legislation connected with the COVID-19 pandemic">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_(Control_of_Disease)_Act_1984" title="Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984">Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2020 United Kingdom budget">2020 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingencies_Fund_Act_2020" title="Contingencies Fund Act 2020">Contingencies Fund Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingencies_Fund_Act_2021" title="Contingencies Fund Act 2021">Contingencies Fund Act 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_United_Kingdom_summer_statement" title="July 2020 United Kingdom summer statement">Coronavirus mini-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2020_United_Kingdom_Winter_Economy_Plan" title="September 2020 United Kingdom Winter Economy Plan">Winter Economy Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Duty_Land_Tax_(Temporary_Relief)_Act_2020" title="Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020">Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Insolvency_and_Governance_Act_2020" title="Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020">Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Planning_Act_2020" title="Business and Planning Act 2020">Business and Planning Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Court" title="Nightingale Court">Nightingale Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Recovery_Fund" title="Culture Recovery Fund">Culture Recovery Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_United_Kingdom_budget" title="March 2021 United Kingdom budget">2021 budget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revoked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Business_Closure)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England" title="COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England">COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England" title="First COVID-19 tier regulations in England">First COVID-19 tier regulations in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(England)_(No._4)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(All_Tiers)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020">Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_International_Travel)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020">Coronavirus, International Travel (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Wearing_of_Face_Coverings_on_Public_Transport)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings on Public Transport) (England) Regulations 2020">Face Coverings on Public Transport (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Wearing_of_Face_Coverings_in_a_Relevant_Place)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings in a Relevant Place) (England) Regulations 2020">Face Coverings in a Relevant Place (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(Steps)_(England)_Regulations_2021" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Steps) (England) Regulations 2021">Coronavirus, Restrictions (Steps) (England) Regulations 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(Local_Authority_Enforcement_Powers_and_Amendment)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Local Authority Enforcement Powers and Amendment) (England) Regulations 2020">Coronavirus, Restrictions (Local Authority Enforcement...) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(England)_(No._3)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(Self-Isolation)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_International_Travel_and_Operator_Liability)_(England)_Regulations_2021" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021">Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability (England) Regulations 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Act_2020" title="Coronavirus Act 2020">Coronavirus Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expired or spent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(No._2)_(England)_Regulations_2020" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020">Coronavirus, Restrictions (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Wearing_of_Face_Coverings)_(England)_Regulations_2021" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(Entry_to_Venues_and_Events)_(England)_Regulations_2021" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Entry to Venues and Events) (England) Regulations 2021">Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Entry to Venues and Events) (England) Regulations 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_(Coronavirus,_Restrictions)_(All_Tiers_and_Self-Isolation)_(England)_(Amendment)_Regulations_2021" title="Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (All Tiers and Self-Isolation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021">Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers and Self-Isolation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Responses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Job_Retention_Scheme" title="Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme">Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">Contract controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">Lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Out_to_Help_Out" title="Eat Out to Help Out">Eat Out to Help Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Travel_Taskforce" title="Global Travel Taskforce">Global Travel Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tutoring_Programme" title="National Tutoring Programme">National Tutoring Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_for_Britain" title="Pick for Britain">Pick for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Birch" title="Project Birch">Project Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_you_look_them_in_the_eyes%3F" title="Can you look them in the eyes?">Can you look them in the eyes?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Covid_Recovery" title="Cabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery">Cabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery</a> (Scotland)</li> <li>Pre-pandemic exercises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus" title="Exercise Cygnus">Exercise Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coughs_and_sneezes_spread_diseases" title="Coughs and sneezes spread diseases">Coughs and sneezes spread diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_It,_Bin_It,_Kill_It" title="Catch It, Bin It, Kill It">Catch It, Bin It, Kill It</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rescript" title="Operation Rescript">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Broadshare" title="Operation Broadshare">Overseas territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(January%E2%80%93June_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)">January–June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(July%E2%80%93December_2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)">July–December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scotland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2020)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2021)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_(2022)" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_SAGE" title="Independent SAGE">Independent SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre" title="Joint Biosecurity Centre">Joint Biosecurity Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Vaccination_and_Immunisation" title="Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation">Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_and_Emerging_Respiratory_Virus_Threats_Advisory_Group" title="New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group">New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fenton" title="Kevin Fenton">Kevin Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido_Harding" title="Dido Harding">Dido Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Harries" title="Jenny Harries">Jenny Harries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Shen_Lim" title="Wei Shen Lim">Wei Shen Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Prosser" title="Phil Prosser">Phil Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Raine" title="June Raine">June Raine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Throup" title="Maggie Throup">Maggie Throup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vallance" title="Patrick Vallance">Patrick Vallance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Van-Tam" title="Jonathan Van-Tam">Jonathan Van-Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Nadhim Zahawi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Powis" title="Stephen Powis">Stephen Powis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Pritchard" title="Amanda Pritchard">Amanda Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevens" title="Simon Stevens">Simon Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Givan" title="Paul Givan">Paul Givan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_McArdle" title="Charlotte McArdle">Charlotte McArdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McBride_(doctor)" title="Michael McBride (doctor)">Michael McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Swann" title="Robin Swann">Robin Swann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood" title="Catherine Calderwood">Catherine Calderwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_FitzPatrick" title="Joe FitzPatrick">Joe FitzPatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Freeman" title="Jeane Freeman">Jeane Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Leitch" title="Jason Leitch">Jason Leitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Smith" title="Gregor Smith">Gregor Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Sridhar" title="Devi Sridhar">Devi Sridhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humza_Yousaf" title="Humza Yousaf">Humza Yousaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Atherton" title="Frank Atherton">Frank Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Mark Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Gething" title="Vaughan Gething">Vaughan Gething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely">Eluned Morgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Can_You_Hear_Me%3F_(Doctors)" title="Can You Hear Me? (Doctors)">"Can You Hear Me" (Doctors)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_(series_35)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualty (series 35)">Casualty (series 35)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_State_(book)" title="Emergency State (book)">Emergency State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failures_of_State" title="Failures of State">Failures of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson%27s_Art_Club" title="Grayson's Art Club">Grayson's Art Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_(2021_television_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Help (2021 television film)">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold_Still:_A_Portrait_of_Our_Nation_in_2020" title="Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020">Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_Stories" title="Isolation Stories">Isolation Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked_Down_(film)" title="Locked Down (film)">Locked Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockdown_Files" title="Lockdown Files">Lockdown Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_Diaries" title="Pandemic Diaries">Pandemic Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate_(TV_drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partygate (TV drama)">Partygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_(book)" title="Preventable (book)">Preventable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staged" title="Staged">Staged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_England_(TV_series)" title="This England (TV series)">This England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore" title="Captain Tom Moore">Captain Tom Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Tech_Handbook" title="Coronavirus Tech Handbook">Coronavirus Tech Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid-19_Bereaved_Families_for_Justice" title="Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice">COVID-19 Bereaved Families for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Belly_Mujinga" title="Death of Belly Mujinga">Death of Belly Mujinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EveryDoctor" title="EveryDoctor">EveryDoctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Notable deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Blossom_Garden" title="London Blossom Garden">London Blossom Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage B.1.1.7">Lineage B.1.1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covid_Memorial_Wall" title="National Covid Memorial Wall">National Covid Memorial Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_(Wikimedia_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="virus icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/26px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/39px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg/52px-SARS-CoV-2_%28Wikimedia_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="711" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:COVID-19" title="Portal:COVID-19">COVID-19 portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Boris Johnson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Johnson" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Boris Johnson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Johnson" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Boris Johnson">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson" class="extiw" title="q:Boris Johnson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alexander_Boris_de_Pfeffel_Johnson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589" class="extiw" title="d:Q180589">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180589#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000369768010">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/86095534">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/471788/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8RctBB3rRPvHb8WVgrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137930917">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002000776">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16693715k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16693715k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01065306">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV658025">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20080516003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5551881">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1630983">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p268390657">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15015655">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000290418&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000767915&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201831462">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677022505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007335941405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019073">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2da66560-b5dd-487a-bbe2-72766a42eddf">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/hy2NFfe8">UK Parliament</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137930917">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/131598112">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Johnson&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-g4c6q","wgBackendResponseTime":225,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"7.583","walltime":"8.198","ppvisitednodes":{"value":69216,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1802812,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":74321,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":58,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2511476,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 7081.622 1 -total"," 48.10% 3406.477 2 Template:Reflist"," 33.26% 2355.656 461 Template:Cite_news"," 9.35% 662.270 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 6.97% 493.407 84 Template:Sfnm"," 6.38% 452.160 106 Template:Cite_web"," 5.41% 382.836 145 Template:Sfn"," 3.31% 234.449 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 2.62% 185.821 28 Template:Navbox"," 2.46% 174.249 1 Template:Boris_Johnson_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.734","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26361226,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexandre-Collier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllegrettiElgot2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmos2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAron2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsthana2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsthanaMason2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaraniuk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarney2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeech2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBienkov2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBird2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlewettBaynes2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoffeyO\u0026#039;Carroll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowcott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBower2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraddick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrand2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritchfieldDevineDurrant2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrook,_Stephen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunbury2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvertArbuthnotLeake\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron-Chileshe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnPeggEvansGarside2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowburn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowleyStuart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrerar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrerarAllegretti2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrines2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrispFosterRayner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulbertson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlgreen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDathan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimsdale2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominiczak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoward2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardsIsaby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElgot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElgotStewart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllyatt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnokido-Lineham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFancourtSteptoeWright2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFazackerley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonMurphyTownsendWall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaxmanMishraGandyUnwin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord_Rojas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrestDearden2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrestWoodcock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulcher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallardo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillettLee2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGledhill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafton-Green2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenslade2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGrierson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrierson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGökçe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalliday2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeather_Stewart,_Severin_Carrell_and_Jennifer_Rankin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmGraham-HarrisonMcKie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelyer-Donaldson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeppellMcMeeking2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeseltine2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoscik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosken2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHüetlin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuneau2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawless2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawless2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlewellyn_Smith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacAskillJames2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacaskill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacaskillGreyMcNeillStecklow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclellan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaidment2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaidment2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkinOltermannPhillips2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalnickStanleySouthworth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2022\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMason2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonAllegretti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonAlper2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonStewartAllegretti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonaugh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuinness2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKelvie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTague2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMornington2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortimer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuellerRobins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulholland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulholland2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMulholland2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;NeillFrescoCoates2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneBienkov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneCookson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneWrightPickardCameron-Chileshe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeled2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenna2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennaFisherNanu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepinster2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerraudin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrigo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeston2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Walker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicheta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickardCampbell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrundCalver2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Association2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrince2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurnell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlinson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaynerSheridan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarMathersGregory2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScallyJacobsonAbbasi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebastian_Payne2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShearingSnowdon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipmanWheelerUrwin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmythWaterfieldCharter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnowdonSeddon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerlad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworthMalnickStanley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteerpike2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartCrerarSabbagh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartWalker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinford2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinford2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinfordChorley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinfordHolehouse2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinfordHopeDominiczak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwinfordZeffman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanne2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorGraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilbrook2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTovey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakefield2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker,_Peter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerAllegretti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerAllegrettiGrierson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerMason2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerStewart2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWearden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestlake2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelerYorke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWitte2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward,_Will2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodyattIsaac2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthyBennisterStafford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightSwinfordZeffman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Peyer2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\"] = 1,\n [\"2022 Conservative Party leadership elections\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 2,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Boris Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"Boris Johnson sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 461,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 106,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservative Party (UK)\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservative Party Leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Boris\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"First May Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign Secretary\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 13,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Johnson Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen voice\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"Mayors of London\"] = 1,\n [\"Muckrack\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 9,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 9,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-media\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-prec\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 9,\n [\"Second May Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 145,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 84,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Twitter\"] = 1,\n [\"UK MP links\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","720","14.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","540","11.1"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180589","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q180589","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-24T15:46:41Z","dateModified":"2024-12-07T21:06:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022"}</script> </body> </html>