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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">纵向研究</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。25种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دراسة طولية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسة طولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дългосрочно изучаване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дългосрочно изучаване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudin%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_v%C3%BDzkum" title="Longitudinální výzkum – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Longitudinální výzkum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ngsschnittstudie" title="Längsschnittstudie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Längsschnittstudie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Longitudinal study" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_longitudinal" title="Estudio longitudinal – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudio longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longituuduuring" title="Longituuduuring – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Longituuduuring" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzetarako_datuak" title="Luzetarako datuak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luzetarako datuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مطالعه طولی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطالعه طولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitkitt%C3%A4istutkimus" title="Pitkittäistutkimus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pitkittäistutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude_longitudinale" title="Étude longitudinale – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étude longitudinale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudin%C3%A1lis_kutat%C3%A1s" title="Longitudinális kutatás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Longitudinális kutatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լոնգիտյուդային հետազոտություններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնգիտյուդային հետազոտություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajian_longitudinal" title="Kajian longitudinal – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kajian longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%A6%E6%96%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="縦断研究 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="縦断研究" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EB%8B%A8%EC%A0%81_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="종단적 연구 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종단적 연구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinell_studie" title="Longitudinell studie – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Longitudinell studie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinell_studie" title="Longitudinell studie – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Longitudinell studie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategia_por%C3%B3wna%C5%84_pod%C5%82u%C5%BCnych" title="Strategia porównań podłużnych – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strategia porównań podłużnych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudo_longitudinal" title="Estudo longitudinal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudo longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лонгитюдное исследование – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лонгитюдное исследование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinell_studie" title="Longitudinell studie – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Longitudinell studie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="งานศึกษาตามยาว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานศึกษาตามยาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лонгітюдне дослідження – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лонгітюдне дослідження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="縱向研究 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="縱向研究" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>纵向研究</b>（或<b>纵向调查</b>，或<b>小组研究</b>）是一种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="研究设计（页面不存在）">研究设计</a>，其涉及在短期或长期内对相同变量（例如，人）的重复观察（即，使用纵向数据）。它通常是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="观察性研究">观察性研究</a>，尽管它们也可以构建为纵向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随机实验（页面不存在）">随机实验</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纵向研究通常用于社会人格和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="临床心理学">临床心理学</a>，以研究行为，思想和情绪随时或日常的快速波动；在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a>中，研究整个生命周期的发展趋势；在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>中，研究一代人或几代人的生活。其原因在于，与对具有相同特征的不同个体进行比较的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="橫斷面研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cross-sectional study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%AB%E6%96%B7%E9%9D%A2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="橫斷面研究（页面不存在）">橫斷面研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" class="extiw" title="en:Cross-sectional study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cross-sectional study</span></a></span>）</span></span>不同,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，纵向研究跟踪同一些人，因此在这些人中观察到的差异不太可能是世代相传的文化差异。因此，纵向研究使观察变化更加准确，并应用于其他各个领域。在医学中，该设计用于揭示某些疾病的预测因子。在广告中，该设计可用于识别广告对已经看过广告的目标受众的态度和行为产生的变化。纵向研究使<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a>家能够区分短期和长期现象，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E5%9B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="贫困">贫困</a>。如果某个时间点的贫困率为10％，这可能意味着10％的人口总是贫困，或者整个人口在10％的时间内经历贫困。一次性横断面研究不可能得出这些可能性中的哪一种为结论。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p>当纵向研究是观察性研究的时候，在他们观察世界状态而不操纵它的意义上，有人认为他们检测因果关系的能力可能低于实验。然而，由于在个体层面上反复观察，它们比横断面观察研究具有更大的效力，因为它能够排除非时变的未观察到的个体差异，也能够观察事件的时间顺序。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>纵向研究的一些缺点是它们花费了大量时间并且非常昂贵。因此，它们不是很方便。.<sup id="cite_ref-Longitudinal_study_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longitudinal_study-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>纵向研究可以是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE%E6%80%A7%E7%BE%A4%E7%BB%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回顾性群组研究（页面不存在）">回顾性群组研究</a>（回顾过去，因此使用现有数据，如医疗记录或索赔数据库）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%BE%A4%E7%BB%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前瞻性群组研究（页面不存在）">前瞻性群组研究</a>（需要收集新数据）。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E7%BB%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="群组研究">群组研究</a>是一种纵向研究，它对一组人群（一组具有明确特征，通常在选定时期内经历过共同事件，如出生或毕业）的人进行抽样，并按时间间隔进行横断面观察。然而，并非所有纵向研究都是群组研究，因为纵向研究可以包括一群不共享共同事件的人。.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%AA%E6%96%AD%E9%9D%A2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="横断面研究（页面不存在）">横断面研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="时间序列">时间序列</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repeated_measures_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repeated measures design（页面不存在）">Repeated measures design</a> （可重复测量的实验）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shadish, William R.; Cook, Thomas D.; Campbell, Donald T. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference 2nd. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2002: 267. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-395-61556-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-395-61556-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-395-61556-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Donald+T.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Thomas+D.&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.aulast=Shadish&rft.btitle=Experimental+and+Quasi-Experimental+Designs+for+Generalized+Causal+Inference&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-395-61556-9&rft.pages=267&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, Neil and et al. "Psychology the Science of Behavior", p. 361. Pearson Canada, United States of America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van der Krieke, L., Blaauw, F.J., Emerencia, A.C., Schenk, H.M., Slaets, J., Bos, E.H., de Jonge, P., Jeronimus, B.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000378">Temporal Dynamics of Health and Well-Being: A Crowdsourcing Approach to Momentary Assessments and Automated Generation of Personalized Feedback</a>. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2016: 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27551988"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 27551988</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPSY.0000000000000378"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000378</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=Temporal+Dynamics+of+Health+and+Well-Being%3A+A+Crowdsourcing+Approach+to+Momentary+Assessments+and+Automated+Generation+of+Personalized+Feedback&rft.au=van+der+Krieke%2C+L.%2C+Blaauw%2C+F.J.%2C+Emerencia%2C+A.C.%2C+Schenk%2C+H.M.%2C+Slaets%2C+J.%2C+Bos%2C+E.H.%2C+de+Jonge%2C+P.%2C+Jeronimus%2C+B.F.&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1097%2FPSY.0000000000000378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPSY.0000000000000378&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27551988&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longitudinal_study-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Longitudinal_study_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cherry, Kendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.about.com/od/lindex/g/longitudinal.htm">What Is Longitudinal Research?</a>. experiments. About.com guide. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191937/http://psychology.about.com/od/lindex/g/longitudinal.htm">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=What+Is+Longitudinal+Research%3F&rft.aufirst=Kendra&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=experiments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.about.com%2Fod%2Flindex%2Fg%2Flongitudinal.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/54017/what-is-the-difference-between-a-panel-study-and-a-cohort-study">What is the difference between a Panel Study and a Cohort Study?</a>. Academia Stack Exchange. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204081024/http://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/54017/what-is-the-difference-between-a-panel-study-and-a-cohort-study">存档</a>于2016-02-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+a+Panel+Study+and+a+Cohort+Study%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia+Stack+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademia.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F54017%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-a-panel-study-and-a-cohort-study&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214111340/http://www.esds.ac.uk/longitudinal/access/introduction.asp">ESDS Longitudinal data service（ESDS 纵向数据服务）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk">Centre for Longitudinal Studies （纵向研究中心）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181028075855/http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/national-centre-for-longitudinal-data">National Centre for Longitudinal Data（澳大利亚国家纵向数据中心）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418091955/https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/national-centre-for-longitudinal-data">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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id="生物醫學研究：臨床研究設計_/_试验设计" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="医学研究">生物醫學研究</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">臨床研究</a>設計 / <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">试验设计</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical trial protocol" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical trial protocol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical trial protocol（页面不存在）">Trial protocols</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial_protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical trial protocol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical trial protocol</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Academic clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Academic clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic clinical trials（页面不存在）">Academic clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Academic clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Academic clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical study design" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical study design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_study_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical study design（页面不存在）">Clinical study design</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_study_design" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical study design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical study design</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="對照實驗">對照實驗</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM I to II-1; A to B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="盲法试验">盲法</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放标签试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open-label trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放标签试验（页面不存在）">开放标签试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-label_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Open-label trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open-label trial</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="观察性研究">觀察性研究</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cross-sectional study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cross-sectional study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-sectional_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-sectional study（页面不存在）">Cross-sectional study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" class="extiw" title="en:Cross-sectional study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cross-sectional study</span></a></span>）</span></span> vs. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">纵向研究</a>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ecological study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological study（页面不存在）">Ecological study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_study" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="队列研究">队列研究</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Retrospective cohort study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Retrospective cohort study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrospective_cohort_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrospective cohort study（页面不存在）">Retrospective</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" class="extiw" title="en:Retrospective cohort study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Retrospective cohort study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="前瞻性研究">前瞻性研究</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nested case-control study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nested case-control study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nested_case-control_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nested case-control study（页面不存在）">Nested case-control study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_case-control_study" class="extiw" title="en:Nested case-control study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nested case-control study</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case series" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case series"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case series（页面不存在）">Case series</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_series" class="extiw" title="en:Case series"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case series</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="案例研究">案例研究</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case report" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case report"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case report（页面不存在）">Case report</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_report" class="extiw" title="en:Case report"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case report</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a>/<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流行病學研究法（页面不存在）">研究法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">occurrence</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence</span></a></span>）</span></span>： <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">發病率</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E7%A7%AF%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="累积发病率">累积发病率</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">期間</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>：</i> <i>絕對關係</i>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Absolute risk reduction" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute risk reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_risk_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute risk reduction（页面不存在）">Absolute risk reduction</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_risk_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute risk reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute risk reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk（页面不存在）">Attributable risk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk percent" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk percent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk_percent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk percent（页面不存在）">Attributable risk percent</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk_percent" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk percent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk percent</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><i>相對關係</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Odds ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Odds ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odds_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odds ratio（页面不存在）">Odds ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Odds ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Odds ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%AF%94" title="风险比">风险比</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">其它</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures</span></a></span>）</span></span>：</i> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="End point of clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="End point of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_point_of_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="End point of clinical trials（页面不存在）">End point of clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_point_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:End point of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">End point of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%9B" title="毒力">病毒性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">病發率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E7%8E%87" title="致死率">病死率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing（页面不存在）">Likelihood-ratios</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pre- and post-test probability" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre- and post-test probability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-_and_post-test_probability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre- and post-test probability（页面不存在）">Pre/post-test probability</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability" class="extiw" title="en:Pre- and post-test probability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre- and post-test probability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">試驗/測試類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">Animal testing</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Animal testing on non-human primates" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal testing on non-human primates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal testing on non-human primates（页面不存在）">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" class="extiw" title="en:Animal testing on non-human primates"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal testing on non-human primates</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="First-in-man study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First-in-man study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-in-man_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-in-man study（页面不存在）">First-in-man study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-man_study" class="extiw" title="en:First-in-man study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First-in-man study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Multicenter trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multicenter trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicenter_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multicenter trial（页面不存在）">Multicenter trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicenter_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Multicenter trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multicenter trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Seeding trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seeding trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seeding_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seeding trial（页面不存在）">Seeding trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Seeding trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seeding trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vaccine trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccine_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaccine trial（页面不存在）">Vaccine trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床試驗分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床試驗分析（页面不存在）">臨床試驗分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Risk–benefit ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Risk–benefit ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk–benefit ratio（页面不存在）">Risk–benefit ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Risk–benefit ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Risk–benefit ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可再现性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproducibility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%8E%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可再现性（页面不存在）">可再现性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility" class="extiw" title="en:Reproducibility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproducibility</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="治療意向分析法">治療意向分析法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">對結果的解釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="选择性偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Selection bias"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="选择性偏差（页面不存在）">选择性偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias" class="extiw" title="en:Selection bias"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Selection bias</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%96%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="倖存者偏差">倖存者偏差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%8D%E8%98%8A%E6%B6%B5%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" title="相關不蘊涵因果">相關不蘊涵因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C" title="零结果">零结果</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Category:临床研究">臨床研究分類</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究詞彙（页面不存在）">詞彙</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究主題列表（页面不存在）">主題列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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