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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=63rd_Street_Tunnel&params=40_45_36_N_73_57_18_W_">40°45′36″N 73°57′18″W / 40.76000°N 73.95500°W / 40.76000; -73.95500</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tunnel under the East River in New York City</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the subway line that uses this tunnel to travel under the East River, see <a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Street Lines">63rd Street Lines</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">63rd Street Tunnel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Access.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/East_Side_Access.svg/300px-East_Side_Access.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/East_Side_Access.svg/450px-East_Side_Access.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/East_Side_Access.svg/600px-East_Side_Access.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="396" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The 63rd Street Tunnel, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a> project</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Line</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="63rd Street Line">63rd Street Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fd (New York City Subway service)"><F></a> train) <a href="/wiki/Main_Line_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)" title="Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)">Main Line</a> (LIRR trains)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> between <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=63rd_Street_Tunnel&params=40_45_36_N_73_57_18_W_">40°45′36″N 73°57′18″W / 40.76000°N 73.95500°W / 40.76000; -73.95500</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Operation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">October 29, 1989; 35 years ago (1989-10-29) (upper level) January 25, 2023; 22 months ago (2023-01-25) (lower level)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,140 feet (960 m) between shafts<a href="#cite_note-asce-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">tracks</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 (2 subway, 2 LIRR)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Electrified</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#600_V_DC_conductor" title="List of railway electrification systems">600 V DC</a> (upper level) <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#750_V_DC_conductor" title="List of railway electrification systems">750 V DC</a> (lower level)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">38.5 feet (11.7 m)<a href="#cite_note-asce-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ita-aites-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 63rd Street Tunnel is a double-deck subway and railroad tunnel under the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of New York City">boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Opened in 1989, it is the newest of the East River tunnels, as well as the newest rail river crossing in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>. The upper level of the 63rd Street Tunnel carries the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Street_lines" title="63rd Street lines">IND 63rd Street Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. The lower level carries <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> (LIRR) trains to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Madison station">Grand Central</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a> project. Construction of the 63rd Street Tunnel began in 1969. The tunnel was <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_hole-through" title="Tunnel hole-through">holed through</a> beneath <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> in 1972, but completion of the tunnel and its connections was delayed by the <a href="/wiki/1975_New_York_City_fiscal_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 New York City fiscal crisis">1975 New York City fiscal crisis</a>. The upper level was opened in 1989, twenty years after construction started. The lower level was not opened at that time because of the cancellation of the LIRR route to Manhattan. The tunnel was long referred to as the "tunnel to nowhere" because its Queens end did not connect to any other subway line until 2001. Construction on the East Side Access project, which uses the lower level, started in 2006; the lower level opened on January 25, 2023. During construction, the lower level was used to move materials between the work sites in Manhattan and staging areas in Queens. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> In February 1963, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> (NYCTA) proposed a two-track East River subway tunnel under 76th Street with unspecified connections to the rest of the transit network, at a cost of $139 million. The proposed site of the tunnel was switched to 59th Street on a May 2, 1963, report. On May 24, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Mayor Wagner</a> suggested that a tunnel around 61st Street "be built with all deliberate speed".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Several months later, on October 17, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">Board of Estimate</a> approved a new East River tunnel sited at 64th Street, noting that it would cost $30 million and take seven years to build. The 64th Street site was said to be $5.3 million less expensive, "because of easier grades and smaller curves".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The route was changed to 63rd Street because officials at <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller Institute</a> at 64th Street feared that vibrations from heavy construction and train movements might interfere with the institute's delicate instruments and the research being conducted.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A third track was added to the plans for the tunnel in April 1966. The track would serve <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> (LIRR) trains to east Midtown, alleviating train traffic into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Pennsylvania Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> That August, a fourth track was added to the plans after it was determined that LIRR trains would be too large to run on subway tracks. This amendment increased the number of LIRR tracks to two, and provided dedicated tracks for the LIRR and the subway.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In November 1967, voters approved a $2.5 billion transportation bond issue, and in early 1968, under the <a href="/wiki/Program_for_Action" title="Program for Action">Program for Action</a>, officials provided detailed plans for how it would be used. Among many other projects, the proposal included the construction of the 63rd Street Tunnel to host a proposed 63rd Street–Southeast Queens subway line on the upper level (connecting to a "super-express" line and the <a href="/wiki/Archer_Avenue_lines" title="Archer Avenue lines">Archer Avenue lines</a> in Queens), and an LIRR branch traveling to a new railroad terminal in Manhattan on the lower level.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> Construction on the project began on November 24, 1969;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-mta-esa12-10">[10]</a>: 17 (PDF p. 20)  the <a href="/wiki/Kiewit_Corporation" title="Kiewit Corporation">Kiewit Corporation</a> was the main contractor.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Four 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections of the 63rd Street Tunnel were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Port_Deposit,_Maryland" title="Port Deposit, Maryland">Port Deposit, Maryland</a>, then towed to New York and sunk under the East River.<a href="#cite_note-Prial_1971-12">[12]</a> The first of the tunnel segments was delivered in May 1971<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> and was lowered into place on August 29, 1971;<a href="#cite_note-Prial_1971-12">[12]</a> the last section was lowered on March 14, 1972.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The double-deck, 3,140-foot (960 m)<a href="#cite_note-LeaderObs-63rdStTunnel-Nov201969-15">[15]</a> tunnel under the East River was "holed through" on October 10, 1972, with the separate sections of tunnels being connected.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The estimated cost of the project was $341 million, and the MTA applied for $227 million in federal funds.<a href="#cite_note-Tolchin-17">[17]</a> One section of the tunnel was controversial because it called for 1,500 feet (460 m) of <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-cover">cut-and-cover</a> tunneling, which would require digging an open trench through <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-:8-18">[18]</a> In June 1970, Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> told city engineers to write a report that studied ways to reduce the project's impact.<a href="#cite_note-:8-18">[18]</a> The results of the report, released in January 1971, called for using <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machines</a> underneath Central Park to reduce disruption.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The following month, the NYCTA published advertisements in newspapers, seeking construction bids for the tunnels under Central Park, but withdrew them after objections from community and conservation groups.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The NYCTA agreed to halve the width of the proposed 75-foot (23 m)-wide cut, which resulted in a proportionate decrease in the area of affected parkland. The NYCTA also agreed to reduce disruption to the <a href="/wiki/Heckscher_Playground" title="Heckscher Playground">Heckscher Playground</a>, located above the proposed subway tunnel's path, by cutting construction time from three years to two years and by constructing a temporary playground nearby.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The sections that connected to the existing Broadway and Sixth Avenue Lines were holed through on October 11, 1973.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Construction on the section between 5th Avenue and Park Avenue began in August 1974. The project involved digging a 45-foot (14 m)-high cavern underneath the street.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-63StLightEndTunnel-1976-23">[23]</a> On March 20, 1975, New York mayor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a> announced significant cutbacks to the plan. Construction of the Southeastern Queens extension was deferred until 1981, and the Long Island Rail Road extension through the lower level of the 63rd Street tunnel was canceled for the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The tunnel was 95% complete by January 1976,<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> but later that year, the NYCTA announced that "it will take an extra five or six years—until 1987 or 1988—to complete the new Manhattan–Queens trunk subway line from Central Park to Jamaica via the new 63rd Street tunnel." The main cause of the delay was a proposed 5.8-mile <a href="/wiki/Queens_Super-Express_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Super-Express Bypass">"super express" bypass</a> in Queens.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The upper level was completed in 1976, but due to the <a href="/wiki/1975_New_York_City_fiscal_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 New York City fiscal crisis">1975 New York City fiscal crisis</a>, there was no funding to extend the tunnel in Queens east of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Street%E2%80%93Queensbridge_station" title="21st Street–Queensbridge station">21st Street–Queensbridge station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1978-05-09-27">[27]</a> The New York Times reported that the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was still under construction by 1976, even though it would remain unused indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-10-11-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Richard Ravitch</a>, the MTA chairman, said that to stop the work was "so costly as to make it impractical subsequent to the construction of the subway portion."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-10-11-28">[28]</a> Therefore, the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was completed along with the upper subway level, but could not be used due to its lack of connections at both ends.<a href="#cite_note-mta-esa12-10">[10]</a>: 17 (PDF p. 20) <a href="#cite_note-nyt-1980-10-11-28">[28]</a> In 1979, the MTA started studying four options for making the upper level of the tunnel more useful.<a href="#cite_note-:6-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-QueensSubwayEIS-1984-31">[31]</a> The ultimately agreed-on plan was to connect the tunnel to the local tracks of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a> in Queens, at a cost of $222 million, and a timetable of at least eight years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By June 1985, the project was again delayed indefinitely after it was found that the tunnel had been flooded with 6 feet (1.8 m) of water, and several girders and electrical equipment had also deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Two contractors were hired to assess the structural integrity of the tunnel, and the delay was estimated at two years.<a href="#cite_note-:10-34">[34]</a> By February 1987, the MTA's contractors had concluded that the tunnel was structurally sound, although federal funding had not yet been released. The MTA approved a new plan to have the tunnel open to 21st Street/Queensbridge by October 1989.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_of_upper_level">Opening of upper level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opening of upper level">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Roosevelt Island station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg/220px-NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg/330px-NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg/440px-NYC_Roosevelt_Island_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_(IND_63rd_Street_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Island (IND 63rd Street Line)">Roosevelt Island</a> station</figcaption></figure> The IND 63rd Street Line went into service on October 29, 1989, twenty years after construction began, with new stations at <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue%E2%80%9363rd_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station">Lexington Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_station" title="Roosevelt Island station">Roosevelt Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/21st_Street%E2%80%93Queensbridge_station" title="21st Street–Queensbridge station">21st Street/41st Avenue</a> in Queens. The line was served by <a href="/wiki/Q_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Q (New York City Subway service)">Q</a> trains on weekdays and <a href="/wiki/B_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="B (New York City Subway service)">B</a> trains on weekends. The 1,500-foot (460 m) connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1989-10-29-36">[36]</a> It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its lack of connections in Queens.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1989-10-29-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-lip-2011-04-21-37">[37]</a> Planning for the connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Two build alternatives were evaluated: a connection to the local tracks of the Queens Boulevard Line, and a connection to the local and express tracks. The goal of the project was to increase capacity on Queens Boulevard by 33% and to eliminate the dead-end terminal at 21st Street–Queensbridge. Bellmouths were constructed to allow for a future bypass line through Sunnyside Yard.<a href="#cite_note-QBL63rdLineConnector-1992-38">[38]</a> The remaining section from 21st Street to the Queens Boulevard Line, which cost $645 million, began construction on September 22, 1994. The construction project involved a number of other elements, such as extending the lower level LIRR tunnel and widening the Queens Boulevard Line tunnel above.<a href="#cite_note-QBL63rdLineConnector-1992-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-CivilEng-FinalConnection-Jul2000-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-PANYNJ-AirportAccessDEIS-1994-41">[41]</a> In December 2000, the 63rd Street Connector was opened for construction reroutes, and opened for off-peak reroutes on January 13, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> while signal work was performed in the <a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="53rd Street Tunnel">53rd Street Tunnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saulny-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-45">[45]</a> Regular service was expected to begin by August or September of that year,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks</a> delayed the commencement of regular service. The connector came into regular use on December 16, 2001, with the start of <a href="/wiki/V_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="V (New York City Subway service)">V</a> service in the 53rd Street Tunnel and the rerouting of F service at all times to 63rd Street.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2001-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completion_of_lower_level">Completion of lower level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Completion of lower level">edit</a>]</div> Plans were made in 1995 to bring LIRR service to <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">East Midtown</a>, and had resurfaced by the turn of the century.<a href="#cite_note-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006-48">[48]</a>: 3  By that time, the LIRR was the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, with an average of 269,400 passengers each weekday in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-mta-esa12-10">[10]</a>: 4 (PDF p.7)  <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn Station</a>, located on the West Side, was operating at capacity due to a complex track <a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">interlocking</a> and limited capacity in the <a href="/wiki/East_River_Tunnels" title="East River Tunnels">East River Tunnels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mta-esa12-10">[10]</a>: 8 (PDF p.11)  In 1999, the MTA proposed a $17 billion five-year capital budget, which included a $1.6 billion LIRR connection to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison" title="Grand Central Madison">new station</a> under <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>, to be built as part of a project called <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The project's final <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a> (FEIS) was released in March 2001.<a href="#cite_note-fta-feis-50">[50]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-51">[a]</a> Two months later, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a> (FTA) gave a favorable "Record of Decision", a mark of approval, to East Side Access after reviewing the project's FEIS.<a href="#cite_note-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006-48">[48]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-fta-feis-50">[50]</a> The September 11 attacks underscored the need to bring LIRR service to Grand Central. As LIRR president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_J._Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth J. Bauer (page does not exist)">Kenneth J. Bauer</a> stated, "If something happened at the East River tunnel, you wouldn't be able to run trains to Penn Station."<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 2002, Congress passed a bill that allocated $132 million for infrastructure projects in New York State, of which $14.7 million was to go toward funding East Side Access.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Approval of a final design for East Side Access was granted in 2002, and the first properties for East Side Access were acquired in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006-48">[48]</a>: 4  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21,_2014_(14390036692).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tunnel cavern located north of Grand Central Madison, with two tubes diverging from the cavern. As part of the East Side Access project, a railroad switch was installed within the cavern, connecting the tracks that run through the tubes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg/220px-East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg/330px-East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg/440px-East_Side_Access_Progress-_May_21%2C_2014_%2814390036692%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>A tunnel cavern deep under Park Avenue, which now houses a switch to the north of the Grand Central LIRR station. During construction, the temporary narrow gauge tracks ran through the 63rd Street Tunnel's lower level to a staging area in Queens.</figcaption></figure> The construction contract for a 1-mile (1.6 km) tunnel in Manhattan westward and southward from the dormant lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel to the new 100-foot-deep (30 m) station beneath Grand Central Terminal was awarded in July 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ny12-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:133-55">[54]</a>: 10  The first tunnel boring machine was launched westbound then southbound from the 63rd Street Tunnel in September 2007, and it reached Grand Central Terminal in July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-1done-56">[55]</a> The second machine began boring a parallel tunnel in December 2007 and had completed its tunnel at <a href="/wiki/37th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="37th Street (Manhattan)">37th Street</a> on September 30, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:102-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> On the Queens side, work included extending the tunnel under <a href="/wiki/Northern_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Boulevard">Northern Boulevard</a> and boring four tunnels under Sunnyside Yard. This was a particularly delicate and expensive task due to the existence of the elevated <a href="/wiki/BMT_Astoria_Line" title="BMT Astoria Line">BMT Astoria Line</a> and the underground IND Queens Boulevard Line directly above.<a href="#cite_note-Ozdemir2004-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-mta20120124-60">[59]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">temporary narrow-gauge railway</a> and a conveyor belt system were constructed behind the tunnel boring machines and through the 63rd Street Tunnels to the Queens bell mouth.<a href="#cite_note-lip-2011-04-21-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_2015-61">[60]</a> An $83 million <a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthmoving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut (earthmoving)">cut</a> structure was built, which extends the tracks under Northern Boulevard into the Sunnyside Yard, and then was covered with a deck.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In September 2009, the MTA awarded Granite-Traylor-Frontiere Joint Venture a $659.2 million contract to employ two 500-ton slurry tunnel boring machines to create the tunnels connecting the LIRR Main Line and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Washington_Branch" title="Port Washington Branch">Port Washington Branch</a> to the 63rd Street Tunnel under 41st Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-:133-55">[54]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-enr20100601-63">[62]</a> The four tunnels, with precast concrete liners, total 2 miles (3.2 km) in length.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The two tunnel boring machines began digging on the Queens side in April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> On December 22, 2011, breakthrough was achieved in Tunnel "A" of the four Queens tunnel drives from the 63rd Street Tunnel <a href="/wiki/Bellmouth_(railroad_terminology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellmouth (railroad terminology)">bellmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mta20120124-60">[59]</a> By July 25, 2012, all four Queens tunnel drives were complete.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-Boring-Completed-2012-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._(CM007,_1-22-2018)_(39204149984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg/220px-Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg/330px-Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg/440px-Direct_Fixation_Fastener_track_installed_in_the_63rd_Street_tunnel._%28CM007%2C_1-22-2018%29_%2839204149984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Lower level tracks</figcaption></figure> The project was initially scheduled to be completed by 2009,<a href="#cite_note-nydailynews_cost-67">[66]</a> but the opening date was pushed back several times,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY1-Track-Laying-20172-69">[68]</a> finally opening on January 25, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-01-25-70">[69]</a> The MTA upgraded cellular service within the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Madison station">Grand Central Madison station</a> and surrounding tunnels in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Zou_2023_n610-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wassef_2023_z470-72">[71]</a> Additionally, at the time of the Grand Central Madison station's opening, the LIRR did not own a "rescue locomotive" that was small enough to tow disabled passenger trains through the 63rd Street Tunnel; its existing locomotives could only fit the larger dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/East_River_Tunnels" title="East River Tunnels">East River Tunnels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo_2023_i594-73">[72]</a> In early 2024, the MTA board voted to buy a battery-powered locomotive that could fit in the tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-Castillo_2024_b711-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_methods">Construction methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction methods">edit</a>]</div> The 63rd Street Tunnel's river portions were built using the <a href="/wiki/Immersed_tube" title="Immersed tube">immersed tube</a> method.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Trenches were dug in the river bed, and four 375-foot (114 m) long prefabricated concrete sections of tunnel fabricated in <a href="/wiki/Port_Deposit,_Maryland" title="Port Deposit, Maryland">Port Deposit, Maryland</a> were floated into position and then sunk into the trenches.<a href="#cite_note-ita-aites-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Two tubes were placed on each side of Roosevelt Island,<a href="#cite_note-holethru-78">[77]</a> each of which were 38-foot-square (12 m) prefabricated sections.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> The tubes extended 3,140 feet (960 m) under the water, from 63rd Street and <a href="/wiki/FDR_Drive" title="FDR Drive">FDR Drive</a> on the Manhattan waterfront to 41st Avenue and Vernon Boulevard on the Queens waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-asce-1">[1]</a> The construction shafts at <a href="/wiki/Queensbridge_Park" title="Queensbridge Park">Queensbridge Park</a> in Queens, as well as on Roosevelt Island, were turned into ventilation shafts after the conclusion of construction.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 74  Other portions of the tunnel were built using cut-and-cover construction or rock tunneling.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 45  Waste material from the 63rd Street Tunnel's construction was deposited at the tip of Roosevelt Island, as well as off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, Queens</a>. Over 500,000 cubic yards (380,000 m3) of soil had to be extracted.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 74  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> The tunnel has <a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Double-deck_and_multipurpose_tunnels" title="Tunnel">two levels</a>. The two tracks on the upper level, connecting the <a href="/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line" title="IND Queens Boulevard Line">IND Queens Boulevard Line</a> in Queens to the <a href="/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line" title="IND Sixth Avenue Line">IND Sixth Avenue Line</a> in Manhattan via the IND 63rd Street Line, are used by the <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)">F</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fd (New York City Subway service)"><F></a> train. There are also track connections to and from the <a href="/wiki/BMT_63rd_Street_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT 63rd Street Line">BMT 63rd Street Line</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue%E2%80%9363rd_Street_(63rd_Street_Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue–63rd Street (63rd Street Lines)">Lexington Avenue–63rd Street</a> station.<a href="#cite_note-tracks3-80">[79]</a> The tunnel west of 21st Street/Queensbridge was placed into service in 1989,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1989-10-29-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-lip-2011-04-21-37">[37]</a> and the final section of the 63rd Street Tunnel, connecting the 21st Street station to the Queens Boulevard Line, officially opened on December 17, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2001-47">[47]</a> The two trackways on the lower level were unused when the tunnel construction project was halted in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1989-10-29-36">[36]</a> On January 25, 2023, they carried their first revenue passengers, over 50 years since the tunnels were first holed through.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2023-01-25-70">[69]</a> Since then, they are used by the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> to connect Queens and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Madison station">Grand Central Madison station</a>, which was constructed as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Side_Access" title="East Side Access">East Side Access</a> project. During construction, the lower level of the 63rd Street Tunnel was used to transport equipment.<a href="#cite_note-lip-2011-04-21-37">[37]</a> The laying of permanent tracks started in September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-NY1-Track-Laying-20172-69">[68]</a> Due to low vertical clearances in the lower level, <a href="/wiki/Bilevel_rail_car" title="Bilevel rail car">bilevel rail cars</a>, such as the LIRR's <a href="/wiki/C3_(railcar)" title="C3 (railcar)">C3</a> fleet, are not able to serve Grand Central Madison.<a href="#cite_note-mta-esa28-81">[80]</a>: 10–11  During the tunnel's construction, an alignment underneath Central and <a href="/wiki/Queensbridge_Park" title="Queensbridge Park">Queensbridge Parks</a> was decided as the only feasible route for the tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 43  Because the 63rd Street Tunnel is at such a deep level, there are several ventilation shafts along its route. In Central Park, near the <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Zoo" title="Central Park Zoo">Central Park Zoo</a>, there are several ventilation grates that are at the same level as the ground, covering about 1,400 square feet (130 m2) of surface area.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 58–59  A ventilation building was deemed to be architecturally unacceptable, hence the inclusion of several grates.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 63–64  On the other hand, gratings at Queensbridge Park were declared to be unfeasible due to the park's small usable area. Therefore, a ventilation building stands in Queensbridge Park, measuring 60 by 90 feet (18 by 27 m).<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 68–71  Additional ventilation shafts are located at Second Avenue and 63rd Street in Manhattan,<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 30  and on the western shore of Roosevelt Island.<a href="#cite_note-EIS_1970-79">[78]</a>: 72  When the 63rd Street Connector was constructed in the 1990s, additional ventilation structures were built at 29th and 39th Streets in Queens.<a href="#cite_note-QBL63rdLineConnector-1992-38">[38]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Vents</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><a href="/wiki/File:63dsttunneljeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunnel vents in Central Park"><img alt="Tunnel vents in Central Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/63dsttunneljeh.JPG/348px-63dsttunneljeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/63dsttunneljeh.JPG/522px-63dsttunneljeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/63dsttunneljeh.JPG/696px-63dsttunneljeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tunnel vents in Central Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="63rd Street ventilator, east of Second Avenue"><img alt="63rd Street ventilator, east of Second Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG/225px-E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG/337px-E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG/450px-E63d_St_Ventilating_Tower_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">63rd Street ventilator, east of Second Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ventilation structure on Roosevelt Island"><img alt="Ventilation structure on Roosevelt Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG/309px-63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="206" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG/463px-63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG/618px-63_tunnel_Roosevelt_Island_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1508" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ventilation structure on Roosevelt Island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ventilator and emergency exit in Queensbridge Park"><img alt="Ventilator and emergency exit in Queensbridge Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG/400px-63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG/600px-63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG/800px-63rd_Tunnel_41st_Av_4547_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ventilator and emergency exit in <a href="/wiki/Queensbridge_Park" title="Queensbridge Park">Queensbridge Park</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> The 63rd Street Tunnel and the 63rd Street Tunnel Connector received the Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award from the Metropolitan Section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> in 1973 and 2000, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The 63rd Street Tunnel Connector was also selected as the Transit Project of the Year in 1999 by New York Construction News.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> For the full FEIS, see: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/feis.htm">"East Side Access Final Environmental Impact Statement: Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">mta.info</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. March 6, 2001. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mta.info&rft.atitle=East+Side+Access+Final+Environmental+Impact+Statement%3A+Overview&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2Ffeis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-asce-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asce_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asce_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asce_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Guide to Civil Engineering Projects In and Around New York City (2nd ed.). Metropolitan Section, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2009. pp. 62–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Civil+Engineering+Projects+In+and+Around+New+York+City&rft.pages=62-63&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Section%2C+American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ita-aites-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ita-aites_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ita-aites_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526173912/http://www.ita-aites.org/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/WorkingGroupsPublication/WG11/TransportationsTunnels/T44.pdf">"63rd Street Tunnel"</a> (PDF). International Tunneling and Underground Space Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ita-aites.org/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/WorkingGroupsPublication/WG11/TransportationsTunnels/T44.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 26, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Tunneling+and+Underground+Space+Association&rft.atitle=63rd+Street+Tunnel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita-aites.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffilemounts%2Fgeneral%2Fpdf%2FItaAssociation%2FProductAndPublication%2FWorkingGroupsPublication%2FWG11%2FTransportationsTunnels%2FT44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1963" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Charles G. (May 25, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/25/90539782.pdf">"61st St. Tunnel to Queens Sped"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171131/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/25/90539782.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=61st+St.+Tunnel+to+Queens+Sped&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1963-05-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F05%2F25%2F90539782.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1963" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Charles G. (October 18, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/10/18/94108238.pdf">"Subway Tunnel to Queens Voted"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165921/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/10/18/94108238.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Subway+Tunnel+to+Queens+Voted&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1963-10-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F10%2F18%2F94108238.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+1964%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=New+York+City+Transit+Authority&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/04/28/79289974.pdf">"L.I.R.R. Will Run In Queens Tunnel – 3d Track in 63d St. Tube to Provide East Side Outlet"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. April 28, 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171133/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/04/28/79289974.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=L.I.R.R.+Will+Run+In+Queens+Tunnel+%E2%80%93+3d+Track+in+63d+St.+Tube+to+Provide+East+Side+Outlet&rft.date=1966-04-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1966%2F04%2F28%2F79289974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/08/12/82878800.pdf">"Tunnel From Queens to 63d St. To Have 4 Tracks Instead of 3"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 12, 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171154/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/08/12/82878800.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tunnel+From+Queens+to+63d+St.+To+Have+4+Tracks+Instead+of+3&rft.date=1966-08-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1966%2F08%2F12%2F82878800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitkin1968" class="citation news cs1">Witkin, Richard (February 29, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/02/29/77174644.pdf">"$2.9-Billion Transit Plan for New York Area Links Subways, Rails, Airport"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171133/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/02/29/77174644.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%242.9-Billion+Transit+Plan+for+New+York+Area+Links+Subways%2C+Rails%2C+Airport&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1968-02-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Witkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1968%2F02%2F29%2F77174644.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1969" class="citation news cs1">Burks, Edward C. (November 25, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/25/archives/mayor-and-governor-unite-to-start-transit-tube.html">"Mayor and Governor Unite to Start Transit Tube"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184445/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/25/archives/mayor-and-governor-unite-to-start-transit-tube.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mayor+and+Governor+Unite+to+Start+Transit+Tube&rft.date=1969-11-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1969%2F11%2F25%2Farchives%2Fmayor-and-governor-unite-to-start-transit-tube.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mta-esa12-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mta-esa12_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mta-esa12_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mta-esa12_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mta-esa12_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 1: Purpose and Need". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/feisfiles/01_purpose_and_need.pdf">East Side Access Environmental Impact Statement</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/MTA_Capital_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="MTA Capital Construction">MTA Capital Construction</a>. March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073226/http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/feisfiles/01_purpose_and_need.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Purpose+and+Need&rft.btitle=East+Side+Access+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=MTA+Capital+Construction&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2Ffeisfiles%2F01_purpose_and_need.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971%20-%200628.pdf">"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel"</a> (PDF). New York Leader-Observer. November 20, 1969. Retrieved January 9, 2024 – via fultonhistory.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=To+Break+Ground+For+63rd+St.%2C+East+River+Tunnel&rft.date=1969-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2520-%25200628.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prial_1971-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prial_1971_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prial_1971_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrial1971" class="citation news cs1">Prial, Frank J. (August 30, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/30/archives/first-section-of-63d-st-tunnel-lowered-to-bottom-of-east-river.html">"First Section of 63d St. Tunnel Lowered to Bottom of East River"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125941/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/30/archives/first-section-of-63d-st-tunnel-lowered-to-bottom-of-east-river.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Section+of+63d+St.+Tunnel+Lowered+to+Bottom+of+East+River&rft.date=1971-08-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Prial&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F08%2F30%2Farchives%2Ffirst-section-of-63d-st-tunnel-lowered-to-bottom-of-east-river.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/19/archives/harbor-welcome-is-given-tube-for-queens-subway.html">"Harbor Welcome Is Given Tube for Queens Subway"</a>. The New York Times. May 19, 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125842/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/19/archives/harbor-welcome-is-given-tube-for-queens-subway.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harbor+Welcome+Is+Given+Tube+for+Queens+Subway&rft.date=1971-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F05%2F19%2Farchives%2Fharbor-welcome-is-given-tube-for-queens-subway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrial1972" class="citation news cs1">Prial, Frank J. (March 14, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/14/archives/citys-first-subway-tunnel-in-40-years-cut-through-subway-tunnel-is.html">"City's First Subway Tunnel in 40 Years Cut Through"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203130126/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/14/archives/citys-first-subway-tunnel-in-40-years-cut-through-subway-tunnel-is.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City%27s+First+Subway+Tunnel+in+40+Years+Cut+Through&rft.date=1972-03-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Prial&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F03%2F14%2Farchives%2Fcitys-first-subway-tunnel-in-40-years-cut-through-subway-tunnel-is.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeaderObs-63rdStTunnel-Nov201969-15"><a href="#cite_ref-LeaderObs-63rdStTunnel-Nov201969_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971%20-%200628.pdf">"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel"</a> (PDF). New York Leader-Observer. November 20, 1969. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216072301/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971/Forest%20Parkway%20NY%20Leader%20Observer%201969-1971%20-%200628.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Fultonhistory.com" title="Fultonhistory.com">Fultonhistory.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Leader-Observer&rft.atitle=To+Break+Ground+For+63rd+St.%2C+East+River+Tunnel&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1969-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201969-1971%2520-%25200628.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/11/archives/governor-rockefeller-and-mayor-lindsay-attend-holing-through-of-63d.html">"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel"</a>. The New York Times. October 11, 1972. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125416/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/11/archives/governor-rockefeller-and-mayor-lindsay-attend-holing-through-of-63d.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Governor+Rockefeller+and+Mayor+Lindsay+Attend+%27Holing+Through%27+of+63d+St.+Tunnel&rft.date=1972-10-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F10%2F11%2Farchives%2Fgovernor-rockefeller-and-mayor-lindsay-attend-holing-through-of-63d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolchin-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Tolchin_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolchin1973" class="citation news cs1">Tolchin, Martin (June 7, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/07/archives/grand-central-is-favored-over-a-3d-ave-terminal-koch-opposes-plan.html">"Grand Central Is Favored Over a 3d Ave. Terminal"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150750/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/07/archives/grand-central-is-favored-over-a-3d-ave-terminal-koch-opposes-plan.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Grand+Central+Is+Favored+Over+a+3d+Ave.+Terminal&rft.date=1973-06-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tolchin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F06%2F07%2Farchives%2Fgrand-central-is-favored-over-a-3d-ave-terminal-koch-opposes-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1970" class="citation news cs1">Burks, Edward C. (June 2, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/02/archives/mayor-asks-engineers-to-ease-subway-tunnel-impact-in-park-integrity.html">"Mayor Asks Engineers to Ease Subway Tunnel Impact in Park"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125115/http://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/02/archives/mayor-asks-engineers-to-ease-subway-tunnel-impact-in-park-integrity.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mayor+Asks+Engineers+to+Ease+Subway+Tunnel+Impact+in+Park&rft.date=1970-06-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F06%2F02%2Farchives%2Fmayor-asks-engineers-to-ease-subway-tunnel-impact-in-park-integrity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndelman1971" class="citation news cs1">Andelman, David A. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/study-suggests-a-big-reduction-in-central-park-subway-digging.html">"Study Suggests a Big Reduction In Central Park Subway Digging"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125910/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/study-suggests-a-big-reduction-in-central-park-subway-digging.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Suggests+a+Big+Reduction+In+Central+Park+Subway+Digging&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Andelman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fstudy-suggests-a-big-reduction-in-central-park-subway-digging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOelsner1971" class="citation news cs1">Oelsner, Lesley (February 11, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/11/archives/transit-unit-retreats-on-park-tunnel.html">"Transit Unit Retreats on Park Tunnel"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125521/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/11/archives/transit-unit-retreats-on-park-tunnel.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Transit+Unit+Retreats+on+Park+Tunnel&rft.date=1971-02-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Oelsner&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F02%2F11%2Farchives%2Ftransit-unit-retreats-on-park-tunnel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanzal1971" class="citation news cs1">Ranzal, Edward (February 27, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/27/archives/transit-authority-agrees-to-modify-central-park-plan-transit.html">"Transit Authority Agrees to Modify Central Park Plan"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123709/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/27/archives/transit-authority-agrees-to-modify-central-park-plan-transit.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Transit+Authority+Agrees+to+Modify+Central+Park+Plan&rft.date=1971-02-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ranzal&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F02%2F27%2Farchives%2Ftransit-authority-agrees-to-modify-central-park-plan-transit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/11/archives/subway-link-gains-with-mid-town-work.html">"Subway Link Gains with Midtown Work"</a>. The New York Times. October 11, 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125509/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/11/archives/subway-link-gains-with-mid-town-work.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Subway+Link+Gains+with+Midtown+Work&rft.date=1973-10-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F10%2F11%2Farchives%2Fsubway-link-gains-with-mid-town-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-63StLightEndTunnel-1976-23"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-63StLightEndTunnel-1976_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1976" class="citation web cs1">Burks, Edward C. (September 24, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/09/24/79780193.pdf">"Coming: Light at End of 63d St. Tunnel"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005130248/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/09/24/79780193.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coming%3A+Light+at+End+of+63d+St.+Tunnel&rft.date=1976-09-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1976%2F09%2F24%2F79780193.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1975" class="citation news cs1">Burks, Edward C. (March 21, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/03/21/76540541.pdf">"Beame Trims Plan For New Subway"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165921/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/03/21/76540541.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beame+Trims+Plan+For+New+Subway&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1975-03-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1975%2F03%2F21%2F76540541.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1976" class="citation news cs1">Burks, Edward C. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/05/archives/more-work-on-new-manhattanqueens-subway-slated.html">"More Work on New Manhattan-Queens Subway Slated"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002608/http://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/05/archives/more-work-on-new-manhattanqueens-subway-slated.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=More+Work+on+New+Manhattan-Queens+Subway+Slated&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F01%2F05%2Farchives%2Fmore-work-on-new-manhattanqueens-subway-slated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1976" class="citation news cs1">Burks, Edward C. (July 29, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/07/29/78829669.pdf">"New Subway Line Delayed 5 or 6 Years"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007135712/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/07/29/78829669.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Subway+Line+Delayed+5+or+6+Years&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1976-07-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1976%2F07%2F29%2F78829669.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1978-05-09-27"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1978-05-09_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein1978" class="citation news cs1">Lichtenstein, Grace (May 9, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/05/09/110949691.pdf">"Planned 40-Mile Queens Subway, Cut to 15, is Costly and Behind Time"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165921/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/05/09/110949691.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Planned+40-Mile+Queens+Subway%2C+Cut+to+15%2C+is+Costly+and+Behind+Time&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1978-05-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1978%2F05%2F09%2F110949691.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1980-10-11-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1980-10-11_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1980-10-11_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1980-10-11_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndelman1980" class="citation news cs1">Andelman, David A. (October 11, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/10/11/archives/tunnel-project-five-years-old-wont-be-used-ravitch-orders-inquiry.html">"Tunnel Project, Five Years Old, Won't Be Used"</a>. The New York Times. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213649/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/10/11/archives/tunnel-project-five-years-old-wont-be-used-ravitch-orders-inquiry.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tunnel+Project%2C+Five+Years+Old%2C+Won%27t+Be+Used&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1980-10-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Andelman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F10%2F11%2Farchives%2Ftunnel-project-five-years-old-wont-be-used-ravitch-orders-inquiry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-29"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times%201983/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times%201983%2000361_2.pdf">"Community Board Hears 'Subway Options' Plan"</a> (PDF). Ridgewood Times. April 21, 1983. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165928/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times%201983/Ridgewood%20NY%20Times%201983%2000361_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Fultonhistory.com" title="Fultonhistory.com">Fultonhistory.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ridgewood+Times&rft.atitle=Community+Board+Hears+%27Subway+Options%27+Plan&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1983-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhighlight-for-xml%3FaltUrl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252024%2FRidgewood%2520NY%2520Times%2FRidgewood%2520NY%2520Times%25201983%2FRidgewood%2520NY%2520Times%25201983%252000361_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "63rd Street Subway Tunnel: More Setbacks for a Troubled Project", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, November 1, 1984, page B1. </li> <li id="cite_note-QueensSubwayEIS-1984-31"><a href="#cite_ref-QueensSubwayEIS-1984_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NaI4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA83">Queens Subway Options Study, New York: Environmental Impact Statement</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Mass_Transit_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Mass Transit Administration">Urban Mass Transit Administration</a>. May 1984. pp. 83–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165921/https://books.google.com/books?id=NaI4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064749/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/15/nyregion/mta-votes-to-extend-63rd-st-line.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623074746/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/nyregion/another-tunnel-offers-breathing-room-for-e-and-f-trains.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Tunnel+Offers+Breathing+Room+for+E+and+F+Trains&rft.date=2000-11-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Saulny&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fanother-tunnel-offers-breathing-room-for-e-and-f-trains.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Randy (November 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/28/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-new-subway-line-to-start.html">"New Subway Line To Start"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126012939/http://nytimes.com/2001/11/28/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-new-subway-line-to-start.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Subway+Line+To+Start&rft.date=2001-11-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fmetro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-new-subway-line-to-start.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaulny2000" class="citation web cs1">Saulny, Susan (November 28, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/nyregion/another-tunnel-offers-breathing-room-for-e-and-f-trains.html">"Another Tunnel Offers Breathing Room for E and F Trains"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623074746/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/nyregion/another-tunnel-offers-breathing-room-for-e-and-f-trains.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Tunnel+Offers+Breathing+Room+for+E+and+F+Trains&rft.date=2000-11-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Saulny&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Fanother-tunnel-offers-breathing-room-for-e-and-f-trains.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw_2001-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2001_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2001_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation web cs1">Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/nyregion/v-train-begins-service-today-giving-queens-commuters-another-option.html">"V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325003759/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/nyregion/v-train-begins-service-today-giving-queens-commuters-another-option.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=V+Train+Begins+Service+Today%2C+Giving+Queens+Commuters+Another+Option&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fv-train-begins-service-today-giving-queens-commuters-another-option.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTA-ESA-EIS-Mod-AppendixB-2006_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Appendix B: Upper Level Loop Analysis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/eafiles06/Appendix%20B%20Upper%20Level%20Loop%20Alternative%20Analysis.pdf">East Side Access Modification to Environmental Impact Statement</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/MTA_Capital_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="MTA Capital Construction">MTA Capital Construction</a>. April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825085744/http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/eafiles06/Appendix%20B%20Upper%20Level%20Loop%20Alternative%20Analysis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+Upper+Level+Loop+Analysis&rft.btitle=East+Side+Access+Modification+to+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=MTA+Capital+Construction&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2Feafiles06%2FAppendix%2520B%2520Upper%2520Level%2520Loop%2520Alternative%2520Analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLueck1999" class="citation web cs1">Lueck, Thomas J. (September 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/26/nyregion/mta-to-propose-spending-billions-on-rail-expansion.html">"M.T.A. to Propose Spending Billions on Rail Expansion"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181257/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/26/nyregion/mta-to-propose-spending-billions-on-rail-expansion.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.T.A.+to+Propose+Spending+Billions+on+Rail+Expansion&rft.date=1999-09-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lueck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F09%2F26%2Fnyregion%2Fmta-to-propose-spending-billions-on-rail-expansion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fta-feis-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fta-feis_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fta-feis_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/rod.pdf">Record of Decisions</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. May 21, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520070023/http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/rod.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+Decisions&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Transportation%3B+Federal+Transit+Administration%3B+Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2001-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2Frod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAin2001" class="citation news cs1">Ain, Stewart (December 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/23/nyregion/pushing-to-speed-up-east-side-rail-link.html">"Pushing to Speed Up East Side Rail Link"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124032/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/23/nyregion/pushing-to-speed-up-east-side-rail-link.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pushing+to+Speed+Up+East+Side+Rail+Link&rft.date=2001-12-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ain&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F23%2Fnyregion%2Fpushing-to-speed-up-east-side-rail-link.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252024%2FSalamanca%2520NY%2520Republican%2520Press%2FSalamanca%2520NY%2520Press%25202002%2FSalamanca%2520NY%2520Press%25202002%252000207_2.pdf">"NY received $132 million under bin"</a> (PDF). Salamanca Press. Associated Press. February 4, 2002. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171134/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/Salamanca%20NY%20Republican%20Press/Salamanca%20NY%20Press%202002/Salamanca%20NY%20Press%202002%2000207_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Fultonhistory.com" title="Fultonhistory.com">Fultonhistory.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salamanca+Press&rft.atitle=NY+received+%24132+million+under+bin&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2002-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhighlight-for-xml%3FaltUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ffultonhistory.com%252FNewspaper%25252024%252FSalamanca%252520NY%252520Republican%252520Press%252FSalamanca%252520NY%252520Press%2525202002%252FSalamanca%252520NY%252520Press%2525202002%25252000207_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny12-54"><a href="#cite_ref-ny12_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuza2006" class="citation news cs1">Cuza, Bobby (July 12, 2006). "MTA Takes Major Step Towards Completing East Side Access Plan". <a href="/wiki/NY1" title="NY1">NY1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MTA+Takes+Major+Step+Towards+Completing+East+Side+Access+Plan&rft.date=2006-07-12&rft.aulast=Cuza&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:133-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:133_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:133_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/ESA%20Quarterly%20Report%202009%20Q3.pdf">"East Side Access Quarterly Report Q3 2009"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. September 2009. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126203241/http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/ESA%20Quarterly%20Report%202009%20Q3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Side+Access+Quarterly+Report+Q3+2009&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2FESA%2520Quarterly%2520Report%25202009%2520Q3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1done-56"><a href="#cite_ref-1done_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/east-sideaccess-tunnel-boring-machine-reaches-grand-central-terminal">"East Side Access Tunnel Boring Machine Reaches Grand Central Terminal"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. July 2, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222221645/http://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-headquarters/east-sideaccess-tunnel-boring-machine-reaches-grand-central-terminal">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Side+Access+Tunnel+Boring+Machine+Reaches+Grand+Central+Terminal&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mta.info%2Fpress-release%2Fmta-headquarters%2Feast-sideaccess-tunnel-boring-machine-reaches-grand-central-terminal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-57"><a href="#cite_ref-:102_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2008" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, William (July 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/nyregion/18tunnel.html">"A 640-Ton Machine Drills a Long Island Rail Road Tunnel to Grand Central"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181620/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/nyregion/18tunnel.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+640-Ton+Machine+Drills+a+Long+Island+Rail+Road+Tunnel+to+Grand+Central&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F18%2Fnyregion%2F18tunnel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capconstr/esas/manhattan_progress_map.htm">"MTA ESA Progress Map"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213138/http://web.mta.info/capconstr/esas/manhattan_progress_map.htm">Archived</a> April 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. Retrieved October 9, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozdemir2004-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Ozdemir2004_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasriLeeRice2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nasri, V.; Lee, W.S.; Rice, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCJnZLCuOUEC&pg=PA537">"Comparison of the predicted behavior of the Manhattan TBM launch shaft with the observed data, East Side Access Project, New York"</a>. North American Tunneling. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 537–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-3375-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-3375-9"><bdi>978-1-4398-3375-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165922/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCJnZLCuOUEC&pg=PA537#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Tunneling&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+predicted+behavior+of+the+Manhattan+TBM+launch+shaft+with+the+observed+data%2C+East+Side+Access+Project%2C+New+York&rft.pages=537-544&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-3375-9&rft.aulast=Nasri&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Lee%2C+W.S.&rft.au=Rice%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJCJnZLCuOUEC%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mta20120124-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mta20120124_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mta20120124_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Transportation_Authority" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJsp63w4lVs">East Side Access 1/24/2012 Update</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/jJsp63w4lVs">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2021. 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Retrieved February 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+News-Record&rft.atitle=East+Side+Access+%E2%80%93+Queens+Bored+Tunnels+%26+Structures&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enr.com%2Farticles%2F11610-east-side-access-queens-bored-tunnels-structures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225140920/http://www.constructionequipment.com/article/CA6699629.html">"Granite/Traylor/Frontier-Kemper Venture Awarded $659 Million for Queens Bored Tunnels and Structures"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Equipment_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Equipment (magazine) (page does not exist)">Construction Equipment</a>. 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Greene Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8289-0352-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8289-0352-2"><bdi>0-8289-0352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sidewalks+of+New+York%3A+The+Story+of+the+Greatest+Subway+System+in+the+World&rft.place=Brattleboro%2C+VT&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=S.+Greene+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8289-0352-2&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunfahTarhan1990" class="citation book cs1">Munfah, Nasri A.; Tarhan, Yalcin M. 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Retrieved October 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immersed+Tunnel+Techniques%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Conference+Organized+by+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7277-1512-7&rft.aulast=Munfah&rft.aufirst=Nasri+A.&rft.au=Tarhan%2C+Yalcin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMpy__P1j4IC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holethru-78"><a href="#cite_ref-holethru_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A12FF3E591A7493C3A8178BD95F468785F9">"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel"</a>. The New York Times. October 11, 1972. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203112541/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A12FF3E591A7493C3A8178BD95F468785F9">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Governor+Rockefeller+and+Mayor+Lindsay+Attend+%27Holing+Through%27+of+63d+St.+Tunnel&rft.date=1972-10-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0A12FF3E591A7493C3A8178BD95F468785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIS_1970-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIS_1970_79-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9t03AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74">East 63rd St Line, Manhattan/Queens Boroughs, New York: Environmental Impact Statement</a>. 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930170018/https://books.google.com/books?id=9t03AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+63rd+St+Line%2C+Manhattan%2FQueens+Boroughs%2C+New+York%3A+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9t03AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracks3-80"><a href="#cite_ref-tracks3_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2006" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VovXXwAACAAJ">Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006</a> (3rd ed.). Dougherty. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49777633">49777633</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracks+of+the+New+York+City+Subway+2006&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Dougherty&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49777633&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVovXXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mta-esa28-81"><a href="#cite_ref-mta-esa28_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 28: Comments and Responses on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/feisfiles/28_comments_and_responses.pdf">East Side Access Environmental Impact Statement</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/MTA_Capital_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="MTA Capital Construction">MTA Capital Construction</a>. March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133853/http://web.mta.info/capital/esa_docs/feisfiles/28_comments_and_responses.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+28%3A+Comments+and+Responses+on+the+Draft+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.btitle=East+Side+Access+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=MTA+Capital+Construction&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mta.info%2Fcapital%2Fesa_docs%2Ffeisfiles%2F28_comments_and_responses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/awards/construction-achievement-award">"Construction Achievement Project of the Year Award"</a>. ASCE Metropolitan Section. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713005558/http://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/awards/construction-achievement-award">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASCE+Metropolitan+Section&rft.atitle=Construction+Achievement+Project+of+the+Year+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascemetsection.org%2Fcommittees%2Fawards%2Fconstruction-achievement-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071327/http://www.helmarksteel.com/Articles/NYCN%20Dec99%2063rd%20St.pdf">"Transit Project of the Year"</a> (PDF). New York Construction News. December 1999. p. 47. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helmarksteel.com/Articles/NYCN%20Dec99%2063rd%20St.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Construction+News&rft.atitle=Transit+Project+of+the+Year&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helmarksteel.com%2FArticles%2FNYCN%2520Dec99%252063rd%2520St.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A63rd+Street+Tunnel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Bridge" title="Alexander Hamilton Bridge">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonne_Bridge" title="Bayonne Bridge">Bayonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx%E2%80%93Whitestone_Bridge" title="Bronx–Whitestone Bridge">Bronx–Whitestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Street_Bridge" title="Carroll Street Bridge">Carroll Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Island_Bridge" title="City Island Bridge">City Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Bay_Veterans_Memorial_Bridge" title="Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge">Cross Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_Bridge" title="Grand Street Bridge">Grand Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Bridge" title="Goethals Bridge">Goethals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Bridge_(1928%E2%80%932017)" title="Goethals Bridge (1928–2017)">1928–2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpoint_Avenue_Bridge" title="Greenpoint Avenue Bridge">Greenpoint Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Bridge" title="Henry Hudson Bridge">Henry Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo_Memorial_Bridge" title="Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge">Joseph P. Addabbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_Bridge" title="Kosciuszko Bridge">Kosciuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Bridge" title="Macombs Dam Bridge">Macombs Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue_Bridge" title="Madison Avenue Bridge">Madison Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Basin_Bridge" title="Mill Basin Bridge">Mill Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Parkway%E2%80%93Gil_Hodges_Memorial_Bridge" title="Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge">Marine Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outerbridge_Crossing" title="Outerbridge Crossing">Outerbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Viaduct" title="Park Avenue Viaduct">Park Avenue Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bridge" title="Pelham Bridge">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Bridge" title="Pulaski Bridge">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge" title="Queensboro Bridge">Queensboro (Ed Koch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island_Bridge" title="Rikers Island Bridge">Rikers Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy (Triborough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Bridge" title="Roosevelt Island Bridge">Roosevelt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue_Bridge_(New_York_City)" title="Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)">Third Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throgs_Neck_Bridge" title="Throgs Neck Bridge">Throgs Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Street_Bridge" title="Union Street Bridge">Union Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights_Bridge" title="University Heights Bridge">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bridge_(Harlem_River)" title="Washington Bridge (Harlem River)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Avenue_Bridge" title="Willis Avenue Bridge">Willis Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/145th_Street_Bridge" title="145th Street Bridge">145th Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_Underpass" title="Battery Park Underpass">Battery Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Tunnel" title="Holland Tunnel">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Battery_Tunnel" title="Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn–Battery (Hugh L. Carey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel" title="Lincoln Tunnel">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens%E2%80%93Midtown_Tunnel" title="Queens–Midtown Tunnel">Queens–Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tunnel_(roadway)" title="Park Avenue Tunnel (roadway)">Park Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedestrian only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bridges" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge_(Central_Park)" title="Bow Bridge (Central Park)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bridge_(New_York_City)" title="High Bridge (New York City)">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_Creek_Bridge" title="Hook Creek Bridge">Hook Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squibb_Park_Bridge" title="Squibb Park Bridge">Squibb Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_Island_Bridge" title="Wards Island Bridge">Wards Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Street_pedestrian_bridges" title="West Street pedestrian bridges">West Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railroad and subway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kill_Vertical_Lift_Bridge" title="Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge">Arthur Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_River_Lift_Bridge" title="Harlem River Lift Bridge">Harlem River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Bridge" title="Pelham Bay Bridge">Pelham Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Channel_Bridge_(NYC_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Channel Bridge (NYC Subway)">South Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil_Bridge" title="Spuyten Duyvil Bridge">Spuyten Duyvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Street Tunnel">14th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="53rd Street Tunnel">53rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_Street_Tunnel" title="60th Street Tunnel">60th Street</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">63rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/149th_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="149th Street Tunnel">149th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Street Tunnel">Clark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concourse_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Concourse Tunnel">Concourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberry Street Tunnel">Cranberry Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Hudson_Tubes" title="Downtown Hudson Tubes">Downtown Hudson Tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Tunnels" title="East River Tunnels">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Tunnel" title="Freedom Tunnel">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joralemon_Street_Tunnel" title="Joralemon Street Tunnel">Joralemon Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue Tunnel">Lexington Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Street_Tunnel" title="Montague Street Tunnel">Montague Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_River_Tunnels" title="North River Tunnels">North River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_main_line" title="Park Avenue main line">Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Street_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers Street Tunnel">Rutgers Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinway_Tunnel" title="Steinway Tunnel">Steinway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Hudson_Tubes" title="Uptown Hudson Tubes">Uptown Hudson Tubes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York State Department of Transportation">NYS Department of Transportation (NYSDOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Bridges_and_Tunnels" title="MTA Bridges and Tunnels">MTA Bridges and Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">MTA New York City Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH Train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crossings_of_the_East_River" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crossings_of_the_East_River" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crossings of the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%">Upstream <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Bridge" title="Roosevelt Island Bridge">Roosevelt Island Bridge</a> </td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;">63rd Street Tunnel <a href="/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="F (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""F" train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-F-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><a href="/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="Fd (New York City Subway service)"><img alt=""F" express train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-Fd-Std.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></td> <td width="33%">Downstream <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway" title="Roosevelt Island Tramway">Roosevelt Island Tramway</a> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4641994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4641994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4641994#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://structurae.net/structures/20032027">Structurae</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&oldid=1258589934">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=63rd_Street_Tunnel&oldid=1258589934</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crossings_of_the_East_River" title="Category:Crossings of the East River">Crossings of the East River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immersed_tube_tunnels_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Immersed tube 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