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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_era_in_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_era_in_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New era in dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_era_in_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retirement and later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martha_Graham_Dance_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martha_Graham_Dance_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Martha Graham Dance Company</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Martha_Graham_Dance_Company-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Martha Graham Dance Company subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Martha_Graham_Dance_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_dancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_dancers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early dancers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_dancers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choreography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choreography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Choreography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choreography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martha Graham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مارثا غراهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارثا غراهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Qrehem" title="Marta Qrehem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marta Qrehem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="মার্থা গ্রাহাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্থা গ্রাহাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Марта Грэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марта Грэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Марта Греъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марта Греъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Grahamov%C3%A1" title="Martha Grahamová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martha Grahamová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Μάρθα Γκράχαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρθα Γκράχαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Graham" title="Marta Graham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marta Graham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مارتا گراهام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتا گراهام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%82%AC_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%84" title="마사 그레이엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마사 그레이엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Մարթա Գրեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարթա Գրեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D" title="מרתה גרהם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרתה גרהם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Марта Греам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марта Греам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="മാർത്താ ഗ്രഹാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർത്താ ഗ്രഹാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مارثا جراهام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارثا جراهام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="မာသာ ဂရေဟမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာသာ ဂရေဟမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham_(danseres)" title="Martha Graham (danseres) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martha Graham (danseres)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="マーサ・グレアム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーサ・グレアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martha Graham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American dancer and choreographer (1894–1991)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Martha Graham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Graham_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Martha_Graham_1948.jpg/220px-Martha_Graham_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Martha_Graham_1948.jpg/330px-Martha_Graham_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Martha_Graham_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Graham in 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-05-11</span>)</span>May 11, 1894<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1, 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-04-01)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Dance and choreography</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948⁠–⁠1954)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> (1979)<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1976)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> (1985)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martha Graham</b> (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American modern dancer and choreographer, whose style, the <a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham technique</a>, reshaped American dance and is still taught worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham danced and taught for over seventy years. She was the first dancer to perform at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, travel abroad as a cultural ambassador, and receive the highest civilian award of the US: the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction</a>. In her lifetime she received honors ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Key to the City</a> of Paris to Japan's Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Precious_Crown" title="Order of the Precious Crown">Order of the Precious Crown</a>. </p><p>She said, in the 1994 documentary <i>The Dancer Revealed</i>: "I have spent all my life with dance and being a dancer. It's permitting life to use you in a very intense way. Sometimes it is not pleasant. Sometimes it is fearful. But nevertheless it is inevitable."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1926 (the same year as Graham's professional dance company), the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Graham School">Martha Graham School</a> is the oldest school of dance in the United States. First located in a small studio within <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, the school currently has two different studios in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham was born in <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny City</a>, later to become part of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania, in 1894. Her father, George Graham, practiced as what in the Victorian era was known as an "<a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">alienist</a>", a practitioner of an early form of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grahams were strict <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>. Her father was a third-generation American of Irish descent. Graham's mother, Jane Beers, was a second-generation American of Irish, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry, and who claimed to be a tenth-generation descendant<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Myles_Standish" title="Myles Standish">Myles Standish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While her parents provided a comfortable environment in her youth, it was not one that encouraged dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199812_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199812-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Graham family moved to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>, when Martha was fourteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199820_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199820-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, she attended the first dance performance of her life, watching <a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">Ruth St. Denis</a> perform at the Mason Opera House in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199821_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199821-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1910s, Martha Graham began her studies at the newly created <a href="/wiki/Denishawn_School_of_Dancing_and_Related_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts">Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts</a>, founded by Ruth St. Denis and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Ted Shawn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BryantPratt94_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryantPratt94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which she would stay until 1923. In 1922, Graham performed one of Shawn's Egyptian dances with <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Powell" title="Lillian Powell">Lillian Powell</a> in a short silent film by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Riesenfeld" title="Hugo Riesenfeld">Hugo Riesenfeld</a> that attempted to synchronize a dance routine on film with a live orchestra and an onscreen conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham left the Denishawn establishment in 1923 in order to become a featured dancer in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_Follies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Village Follies">Greenwich Village Follies</a> revue for two years. As a result, she felt a strong urge to make dance an art form that was more grounded in the rawness of the human experience and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a> as opposed to just a mere form of entertainment. This motivated Graham to strip away the more decorative movements of ballet and of her training at the Denishawn school and focus more on the foundational aspects of movement. </p><p>In 1925, Graham was employed at the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a> where <a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a> was head of the School of Drama. Among other performances, together Mamoulian and Graham produced a short <a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">two-color film</a> called <i>The Flute of Krishna,</i> featuring Eastman students. Mamoulian left Eastman shortly thereafter and Graham chose to leave also, even though she was asked to stay on. </p><p>In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Center_of_Contemporary_Dance" title="Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance">Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance</a> was established, in a small studio on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> of New York City. On April 18 of the same year<sup id="cite_ref-BryantPratt94_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryantPratt94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham debuted her first independent concert, consisting of 18 short solos and trios that she had choreographed. This performance took place at the <a href="/wiki/48th_Street_Theatre" title="48th Street Theatre">48th Street Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. She would later say of the concert: "Everything I did was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Denishawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Denishawn">Denishawn</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansfield_Soares199256_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield_Soares199256-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 28, 1926, Graham and others in her company gave a dance recital at the <a href="/wiki/Klaw_Theatre" title="Klaw Theatre">Klaw Theatre</a> in New York City. Around the same time she entered an extended collaboration with Japanese-American <a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">pictorialist</a> photographer <a href="/wiki/Soichi_Sunami" title="Soichi Sunami">Soichi Sunami</a>, and over the next five years they together created some of the most iconic images of early modern dance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham was on the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Playhouse_School_of_the_Theatre" title="Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre">Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre</a> when it opened in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Graham's students was heiress <a href="/wiki/Bethsab%C3%A9e_de_Rothschild" title="Bethsabée de Rothschild">Bethsabée de Rothschild</a> with whom she became close friends. When Rothschild moved to Israel and established the <a href="/wiki/Batsheva_Dance_Company" title="Batsheva Dance Company">Batsheva Dance Company</a> in 1965, Graham became the company's first director.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham's technique</a> pioneered a principle known as "contraction and release" in modern dance, which was derived from a stylized conception of breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-CraineMackrell2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraineMackrell2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Contraction and release</b>: The desire to highlight a more base aspect of human movement led Graham to create the "contraction and release", for which she would become known. Each movement could separately be used to express either positive or negative, freeing or constricting emotions depending on the placement of the head. The contraction and release were both the basis for Graham's weighted and grounded style, which is in direct opposition to classical ballet techniques that typically aim to create an illusion of weightlessness. To counter the more percussive and staccato movements, Graham eventually added the spiral shape to the vocabulary of her technique to incorporate a sense of fluidity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_era_in_dance">New era in dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New era in dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Martha_Graham%27s_Heretic_by_Soichi_Sunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Graham's <i>Heretic</i> by Soichi Sunami</figcaption></figure> <p>Following her first concert made up of solos, Graham created <i>Heretic</i> (1929), the first group piece of many that showcased a clear diversion from her days with Denishawn, and served as an insight to her work that would follow in the future. Made up of constricted and sharp movement with the dancers clothed unglamorously, the piece centered on the theme of rejection—one that would reoccur in other Graham works down the line. </p><p>As time went on Graham moved away from the more stark design aesthetic she initially embraced and began incorporating more elaborate sets and scenery to her work. To do this, she collaborated often with <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a>—a Japanese American designer—whose eye for set design was complementary to Graham's choreography. </p><p>Within the many themes which Graham incorporated into her work, there were two that she seemed to adhere to the most—Americana and Greek mythology. One of Graham's most known pieces that incorporates the American life theme is <i>Appalachian Spring</i> (1944). She collaborated with the composer <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>—who won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for his work on the piece—and Noguchi, who created the nonliteral set. As she did often, Graham placed herself in her own piece as the bride of a newly married couple whose optimism for starting a new life together is countered by a grounded pioneer woman and a sermon-giving revivalist. Two of Graham's pieces—<i>Cave of Heart</i> (1946) and <i>Night Journey</i> (1947)—display her interest in not only Greek mythology but also with the psyche of a woman, as both pieces retell Greek myths from a woman's point of view. </p><p>In 1936, Graham created <i>Chronicle</i>, which brought serious issues to the stage in a dramatic manner. Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> that followed, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the dance focused on depression and isolation, reflected in the dark nature of both the set and costumes. </p><p>The same year, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Summer Olympic Games">1936 Summer Olympic Games</a> in Berlin, the German government wanted to include dance in the Art Competitions that took place during the Olympics, an event that previously included architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, Reich Minister of Propaganda, was not appreciative of the modern dance art form and changed Germany's dance from more avant-garde to traditional, he and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> still agreed to invite Graham to represent the United States. However, the United States was not represented in the Art Competitions as Graham refused the invitation by stating: </p> <blockquote> <p>I would find it impossible to dance in Germany at the present time. So many artists whom I respect and admire have been persecuted, have been deprived of the right to work for ridiculous and unsatisfactory reasons, that I should consider it impossible to identify myself, by accepting the invitation, with the regime that has made such things possible. In addition, some of my concert group would not be welcomed in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanley2004136_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley2004136-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Goebbels himself wrote her a letter assuring her that her Jewish dancers would "receive complete immunity", however, it was not enough for Graham to accept such an invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanley2004137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley2004137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stimulated by the occurrences of the 1936 Olympic Games, and the propaganda that she heard through the radio from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>, Graham created <i><a href="/wiki/American_Document" title="American Document">American Document</a></i> in 1938. The dance expressed American ideals and democracy as Graham realized that it could empower men and inspire them to fight fascist and Nazi ideologies. American Document ended up as a patriotic statement focusing on rights and injustices of the time, representing the American people including its Native-American heritage and slavery. During the performance, excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (U.S.)">U.S. Declaration of Independence</a>, Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> were read. These were passages that highlighted the American ideals and represented what made the American people American. For Graham, a dance needed to "reveal certain national characteristics because without these characteristics the dance would have no validity, no roots, no direct relation to life".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of American Document marks modern concepts of performance art joining dance, theater and literature and clearly defining the roles of the spectator and the actors/dancers. The narrator/actor starts with "establishing an awareness of the present place and time, which serves not only as a bridge between past and present, but also between individual and collective, particular and general".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranko201222_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranko201222-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with her unique technique, this sociological and philosophical innovation sets dance as a clear expression of current ideas and places and Graham as a pillar of the modern dance revolution. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Graham,_seated,_c._1940_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Martha_Graham%2C_seated%2C_c._1940_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="3898" /></a><figcaption>Graham, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940</span></figcaption></figure> <p>1938 became a big year for Graham; the <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelts</a> invited Graham to dance at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, making her the first dancer to perform there.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in 1938, <a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a> became the first man to dance with her company. He officially joined her troupe the following year, dancing male lead in a number of Graham's works. They were married in July 1948 after the New York premiere of <i>Night Journey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranko2012139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranko2012139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left her troupe in 1951 and they divorced in 1954. </p><p>On April 1, 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Dance_Company" title="Martha Graham Dance Company">Martha Graham Dance Company</a> premiered the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra_(dance)" title="Clytemnestra (dance)">Clytemnestra</a></i>, based on the ancient Greek legend <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> and it became a huge success and great accomplishment for Graham.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a score by Egyptian-born composer <a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a>, this ballet was a large scale work and the only full-length work in Graham's career. Graham choreographed and danced the title role, spending almost the entire duration of the performance on the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-lamothe_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamothe-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ballet was based on the Greek mythology of the same title and tells the story of Queen Clytemnestra who is married to King <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>. Agamemnon sacrifices their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a>, on a pyre, as an offering to the gods to assure fair winds to Troy, where the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> rages. Upon Agamemnon's return after 10 years, Clytemnestra kills Agamemnon to avenge the murder of Iphigenia. Clytemnestra is then murdered by her son, <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a>, and the audience experiences Clytemnestra in the afterworld. This ballet was deemed a masterpiece of 20th-century American modernism and was so successful it had a limited engagement showing at the <a href="/wiki/54th_Street_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Street Theatre">54th Street Theatre</a> on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Irving_(conductor)" title="Robert Irving (conductor)">Robert Irving</a>, voice parts sung by Rosalia Maresca and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Holgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Holgate">Ronald Holgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham collaborated with many composers including <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Spring" title="Appalachian Spring">Appalachian Spring</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Surinach" title="Carlos Surinach">Carlos Surinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham's mother died in Santa Barbara in 1958. Her oldest friend and musical collaborator Louis Horst died in 1964. She said of Horst: "His sympathy and understanding, but primarily his faith, gave me a landscape to move in. Without it, I should certainly have been lost."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998134_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998134-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham resisted requests for her dances to be recorded because she believed that live performances should only exist on stage as they are experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a few notable exceptions. For example, in addition to her collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Soichi_Sunami" title="Soichi Sunami">Sunami</a> in the 1920s, she also worked on a limited basis with still photographers <a href="/wiki/Imogen_Cunningham" title="Imogen Cunningham">Imogen Cunningham</a> in the 1930s, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Morgan_(photographer)" title="Barbara Morgan (photographer)">Barbara Morgan</a> in the 1940s. Graham considered <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Halsman" title="Philippe Halsman">Philippe Halsman</a>'s photographs of <i>Dark Meadow</i> the most complete photographic record of any of her dances. Halsman also photographed in the 1940s <i>Letter to the World</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Heart" title="Cave of the Heart">Cave of the Heart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Journey_(ballet)" title="Night Journey (ballet)">Night Journey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Every_Soul_is_a_Circus" title="Every Soul is a Circus">Every Soul is a Circus</a></i>. In later years her thinking on the matter evolved and others convinced her to let them recreate some of what was lost. In 1952 Graham allowed taping of her meeting and cultural exchange with famed deaf-blind author, activist and lecturer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a>, who, after a visit to one of Graham's company rehearsals became a close friend and supporter. Graham was inspired by Keller's joy from and interpretation of dance, utilizing her body to feel the vibration of drums and of feet and movement moving the air around her.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg/170px-Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg/255px-Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg/340px-Martha_Graham_and_Bertram_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Martha Graham with Bertram Ross (1961)</figcaption></figure> <p>In her biography <i>Martha</i>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a> cites Graham's last performance as having occurred on the evening of May 25, 1968, in <i>Time of Snow</i>. But in <i>A Dancer's Life</i>, biographer <a href="/wiki/Russell_Freedman" title="Russell Freedman">Russell Freedman</a> lists the year of Graham's final performance as 1969. In her 1991 autobiography, <i>Blood Memory</i>, Graham herself lists her final performance as her 1970 appearance in <i>Cortege of Eagles</i> when she was 76 years old. Graham's choreographies span 181 compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-MGDChistory_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGDChistory-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_later_years">Retirement and later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retirement and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years that followed her departure from the stage, Graham sank into a deep depression fueled by views from the wings of young dancers performing many of the dances she had choreographed for herself and her former husband. Graham's health declined precipitously as she abused alcohol to numb her pain. In <i>Blood Memory</i> she wrote, </p> <blockquote> <p>It wasn't until years after I had relinquished a ballet that I could bear to watch someone else dance it. I believe in never looking back, never indulging in nostalgia, or reminiscing. Yet how can you avoid it when you look on stage and see a dancer made up to look as you did thirty years ago, dancing a ballet you created with someone you were then deeply in love with, your husband? I think that is a circle of hell <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> omitted. </p><p>[When I stopped dancing] I had lost my will to live. I stayed home alone, ate very little, and drank too much and brooded. My face was ruined, and people say I looked odd, which I agreed with. Finally my system just gave in. I was in the hospital for a long time, much of it in a coma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1991237_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1991237-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Graham not only survived her hospital stay, but she rallied. In 1972, she quit drinking, returned to her studio, reorganized her company, and went on to choreograph ten new ballets and many revivals. Her last completed ballet was 1990's <i><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Rag_(ballet)" title="Maple Leaf Rag (ballet)">Maple Leaf Rag</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham choreographed until her death in New York City from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in 1991, aged 96.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before she became sick with pneumonia, she finished the final draft of her autobiography, <i>Blood Memory</i>, which was published posthumously in the fall of 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was cremated, and her ashes were spread over the <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham has been sometimes termed the "Picasso of Dance" in that her importance and influence to modern dance can be considered equivalent to what <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> was to modern visual arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bondi95p74_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bondi95p74-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991vii_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991vii-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her impact has been also compared to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> on music and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> on architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-pbsNPR05_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbsNPR05-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the dance films by her were selected for preservation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> by the registry's owner, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. </p><p>To celebrate what would have been her 117th birthday on May 11, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s logo for one day was turned into one dedicated to Graham's life and legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dpm12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dpm12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham has been said to be the one that brought dance into the 20th century. Due to the work of her assistants, Linda Hodes, Pearl Lang, Diane Gray, Yuriko, and others, much of Graham's work and technique have been preserved. They taped interviews of Graham describing her entire technique and videos of her performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991409_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991409-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glen_Tetley" title="Glen Tetley">Glen Tetley</a> told <a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a>, "The wonderful thing about Martha in her good days was her generosity. So many people stole Martha's unique personal vocabulary, consciously or unconsciously, and performed it in concerts. I have never once heard Martha say, 'So-and-so has used my choreography.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991409–410_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991409–410-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entire movement was created by her that revolutionized the dance world and created what is known today as modern dance. Now, dancers all over the world study and perform modern dance. Choreographers and professional dancers look to her for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agnes de Mille said: </p> <blockquote><p>The greatest thing [Graham] ever said to me was in 1943 after the opening of <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i>, when I suddenly had unexpected, flamboyant success for a work I thought was only fairly good, after years of neglect for work I thought was fine. I was bewildered and worried that my entire scale of values was untrustworthy. I talked to Martha. I remember the conversation well. It was in a <a href="/wiki/Schrafft%27s" title="Schrafft's">Schrafft's</a> restaurant over a soda. I confessed that I had a burning desire to be excellent, but no faith that I could be. Martha said to me, very quietly: "There is a vitality, a life force, an energy, a quickening that is translated through you into action, and because there is only one of you in all of time, this expression is unique. And if you block it, it will never exist through any other medium and it will be lost. The world will not have it. It is not your business to determine how good it is nor how valuable nor how it compares with other expressions. It is your business to keep it yours clearly and directly, to keep the channel open. You do not even have to believe in yourself or your work. You have to keep yourself open and aware to the urges that motivate you. Keep the channel open ... No artist is pleased. [There is] no satisfaction whatever at any time. There is only a queer divine dissatisfaction, a blessed unrest that keeps us marching and makes us more alive than the others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991264_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991264-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2021 actress <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Peil" title="Mary Beth Peil">Mary Beth Peil</a> portrayed Graham in the <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Halston_(miniseries)" title="Halston (miniseries)">Halston</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martha_Graham_Dance_Company">Martha Graham Dance Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Martha Graham Dance Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Center_of_Contemporary_Dance" title="Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance">Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Dance_Company" title="Martha Graham Dance Company">Martha Graham Dance Company</a> is the oldest dance company in America,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1926. It has helped develop many famous dancers and choreographers of the 20th and 21st centuries including <a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Anna Sokolow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lila_York" title="Lila York">Lila York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a>. It continues to perform, including at the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Saratoga Performing Arts Center">Saratoga Performing Arts Center</a> in June 2008. The company also performed in 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>, with a program consisting of: <i>Appalachian Spring</i>, <i>Embattled Garden</i>, <i>Errand into the Maze</i>, and <i>American Original</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_dancers">Early dancers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early dancers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham's original female dancers consisted of <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Schonberg" title="Bessie Schonberg">Bessie Schonberg</a>, Evelyn Sabin, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Hill" title="Martha Hill">Martha Hill</a>, Gertrude Shurr, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Anna Sokolow</a>, Nelle Fisher, Dorothy Bird, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bird" title="Bonnie Bird">Bonnie Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Maslow" title="Sophie Maslow">Sophie Maslow</a>, <a href="/wiki/May_O%27Donnell" title="May O'Donnell">May O'Donnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dudley" title="Jane Dudley">Jane Dudley</a>, Anita Alvarez, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Lang" title="Pearl Lang">Pearl Lang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Guthrie" title="Marjorie Guthrie">Marjorie G. Mazia</a>. A second group included <a href="/wiki/Yuriko_(dancer)" title="Yuriko (dancer)">Yuriko</a>, Ethel Butler, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Winter" title="Ethel Winter">Ethel Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Erdman" title="Jean Erdman">Jean Erdman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Birch" title="Patricia Birch">Patricia Birch</a>, Nina Fonaroff, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Turney" title="Matt Turney">Matt Turney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hinkson" title="Mary Hinkson">Mary Hinkson</a>. The group of men dancers was made up of <a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a>, David Campbell, John Butler, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cohan" title="Robert Cohan">Robert Cohan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hodes" title="Stuart Hodes">Stuart Hodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glen_Tetley" title="Glen Tetley">Glen Tetley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ross" title="Bertram Ross">Bertram Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a>, Donald McKayle, Mark Ryder, and William Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991417_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991417-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_Presents_Martha_Graham_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_-_NARA_-_6829647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction to Martha Graham, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>During her career, Graham was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> in Choreography three times- one in 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in 1943, and one in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, Graham was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1976 by President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> had studied under Graham in her youth). Ford declared her "a national treasure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998142_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998142-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham was the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Scripps" title="Samuel H. Scripps">Samuel H. Scripps</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Dance_Festival" title="American Dance Festival">American Dance Festival</a> Award for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scripps_Award_recipients" title="List of Scripps Award recipients">lifetime achievement</a> in modern dance in 1981, presented by Betty Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Graham was awarded the highest French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">order of merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> by then Minister of culture <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lang_(French_politician)" title="Jack Lang (French politician)">Jack Lang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Dance_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame">National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-100_people_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100_people-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America" title="Council of Fashion Designers of America">Council of Fashion Designers of America</a> awarded Graham with the <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award">Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Graham was posthumously named "Dancer of the Century" by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the female "Icons of the Century" by <i><a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, she was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 11, 2020, on what would have been Graham's 126th birthday, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a> announced it had acquired Graham's archives for its Jerome Robbins Dance Division. The archive consists mainly of paper-based material, photographs and films, including rare footage of Graham dancing in works such as "Appalachian Spring" and "Hérodiade"; her script for "Night Journey"; and her handwritten notes for "American Document".<sup id="cite_ref-kourlas_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kourlas-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choreography">Choreography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Choreography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This excerpt from <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(dance_critic)" title="John Martin (dance critic)">John Martin</a>'s reviews in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> provides insight on Graham's choreographic style. "Frequently the vividness and intensity of her purpose are so potent that on the rise of the curtain they strike like a blow, and in that moment one must decide whether he is for or against her. She boils down her moods and movements until they are devoid of all extraneous substances and are concentrated to the highest degree."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham created 181 ballets. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Ballets_by_Martha_Graham" title="Category:Ballets by Martha Graham">Category:Ballets by Martha Graham</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Performance </th> <th style="width: 12em;">Music </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chorale_(ballet)" title="Chorale (ballet)">Chorale</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(ballet)" title="Novelette (ballet)">Novelette</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lugubre_(ballet)" title="Lugubre (ballet)">Lugubre</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_(ballet)" title="Revolt (ballet)">Revolt</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fragilit%C3%A9_(ballet)" title="Fragilité (ballet)">Fragilité</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Scherza_(ballet)" title="Scherza (ballet)">Scherza</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_a_Saint" title="Figure of a Saint">Figure of a Saint</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(ballet)" title="Resurrection (ballet)">Resurrection</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Hars%C3%A1nyi" title="Tibor Harsányi">Tibor Harsányi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Adolescence_(ballet)" title="Adolescence (ballet)">Adolescence</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Danza_(ballet)" title="Danza (ballet)">Danza</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vision_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Vision of the Apocalypse">Vision of the Apocalypse</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Reutter" title="Hermann Reutter">Hermann Reutter</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Insincerities_(ballet)" title="Insincerities (ballet)">Insincerities</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Moment_Rustica_(ballet)" title="Moment Rustica (ballet)">Moment Rustica</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Heretic_(ballet)" title="Heretic (ballet)">Heretic</a></i> </td> <td>from folklore </td> <td>Old <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Breton</a> song, <i>Tetus Breton</i>, as arranged by Charles de Sivry; added to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 2013 along with three other Martha Graham dance films<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_News_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_(ballet)" title="Lamentation (ballet)">Lamentation</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi; added to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 2013 along with three other Martha Graham dance films<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_News_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade_(1930_Graham_ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlequinade (1930 Graham ballet)"><i>Harlequinade</i></a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toch" title="Ernst Toch">Ernst Toch</a> </td> <td>Costumes by Graham </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Mysteries" title="Primitive Mysteries">Primitive Mysteries</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchanale_(ballet)" title="Bacchanale (ballet)">Bacchanale</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Riegger" title="Wallingford Riegger">Wallingford Riegger</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dolorosa_(ballet)" title="Dolorosa (ballet)">Dolorosa</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Prokofiev)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a> </td> <td>Dance sequences for a <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a> production </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><i>Dance in Four Parts</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><i>Celebration</i> </td> <td>Louis Horst </td> <td>Costumes by Martha Graham </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Praeludium_(ballet)" title="Praeludium (ballet)">Praeludium</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a> </td> <td>Costumes by Graham (1935), by Edythe Gilfond (1938) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Frontier_(ballet)" title="Frontier (ballet)">Frontier</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a> </td> <td>Sets by <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a>; added to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 2013 along with three other Martha Graham dance films<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_News_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Course_(ballet)" title="Course (ballet)">Course</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(ballet)" title="Chronicle (ballet)">Steps in the Street</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Riegger" title="Wallingford Riegger">Wallingford Riegger</a> </td> <td>Part of <i>Chronicle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(ballet)" title="Chronicle (ballet)">Chronicle</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Riegger" title="Wallingford Riegger">Wallingford Riegger</a> </td> <td>Lighting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rosenthal" title="Jean Rosenthal">Jean Rosenthal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Horizons_(ballet)" title="Horizons (ballet)">Horizons</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a> </td> <td>Sets by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Salutation_(ballet)" title="Salutation (ballet)">Salutation</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lehman_Engel" title="Lehman Engel">Lehman Engel</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Song_(ballet)" title="Deep Song (ballet)">Deep Song</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Opening_Dance" title="Opening Dance">Opening Dance</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lloyd_(composer)" title="Norman Lloyd (composer)">Norman Lloyd</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Immediate_Tragedy" title="Immediate Tragedy">Immediate Tragedy</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/American_Lyric" title="American Lyric">American Lyric</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> </td> <td>Costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/American_Document" title="American Document">American Document</a></i> </td> <td>Ray Green </td> <td>Sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Columbiad_(ballet)" title="Columbiad (ballet)">Columbiad</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a> </td> <td>Sets by Philip Stapp, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Every_Soul_is_a_Circus" title="Every Soul is a Circus">Every Soul is a Circus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a> </td> <td>Sets by Philip Stapp, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/El_Penitente" title="El Penitente">El Penitente</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a> </td> <td>Original sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Edythe Gilfond, sets later redesigned by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td><i>Letter to the World</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Johnson_(composer)" title="Hunter Johnson (composer)">Hunter Johnson</a> </td> <td>Sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Punch_and_the_Judy" title="Punch and the Judy">Punch and the Judy</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_McBride_(composer)" title="Robert McBride (composer)">Robert McBride</a> </td> <td>Sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Charlotte Trowbridge, text by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Land_Be_Bright" title="Land Be Bright">Land Be Bright</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kreutz" title="Arthur Kreutz">Arthur Kreutz</a> </td> <td>Sets and costumes by Charlotte Trowbridge </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Deaths_and_Entrances_(ballet)" title="Deaths and Entrances (ballet)">Deaths and Entrances</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Johnson_(composer)" title="Hunter Johnson (composer)">Hunter Johnson</a> </td> <td>Sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Edythe Gilfond (1943) and by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta" title="Oscar de la Renta">Oscar de la Renta</a> (2005) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Shore" title="Salem Shore">Salem Shore</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a> </td> <td>Sets by Arch Lauterer, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Spring" title="Appalachian Spring">Appalachian Spring</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi; added to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 2013 along with three other Martha Graham dance films<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_News_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Wing" title="Imagined Wing">Imagined Wing</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, costumes by Edythe Gilfond </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade_(ballet)" title="Hérodiade (ballet)">Hérodiade</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Meadow">Dark Meadow</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, costumes by Edythe Gilfond, and lighting by Jean Rosenthal. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Heart" title="Cave of the Heart">Cave of the Heart</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, costumes by Edythe Gilfond, and lighting by Jean Rosenthal. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Errand_into_the_Maze" title="Errand into the Maze">Errand into the Maze</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, lighting by Jean Rosenthal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Journey_(ballet)" title="Night Journey (ballet)">Night Journey</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Diversion_of_Angels" title="Diversion of Angels">Diversion of Angels</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi (eliminated after the first performance) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Judith_(ballet)" title="Judith (ballet)">Judith</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, lighting by Jean Rosenthal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_St._Joan" title="The Triumph of St. Joan">The Triumph of St. Joan</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>Canticle for Innocent Comedians </td> <td>Thomas Ribbink </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><i>Ardent Song</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><i>Seraphic Dialogue</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra_(dance)" title="Clytemnestra (dance)">Clytemnestra</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi, costumes by Graham and Helen McGehee </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><i>Embattled Garden</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Surinach" title="Carlos Surinach">Carlos Surinach</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_(ballet)" title="Episodes (ballet)">Episodes</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> </td> <td>Commissioned by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><i>Acrobats of God</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Surinach" title="Carlos Surinach">Carlos Surinach</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><i>Alcestis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fine" title="Vivian Fine">Vivian Fine</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>Visionary Recital</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Starer" title="Robert Starer">Robert Starer</a> </td> <td>Revised as <i>Samson Agonistes</i> in 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>One More Gaudy Night</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i>Phaedra</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Starer" title="Robert Starer">Robert Starer</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i>A Look at Lightning</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i>Secular Games</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Starer" title="Robert Starer">Robert Starer</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i>Legend of Judith</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Seter" title="Mordecai Seter">Mordecai Seter</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><i>Circe</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a> </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i>The Witch of Endor</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><i>Cortege of Eagles</i> </td> <td>Eugene Lester </td> <td>Sets by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><i>A Time of Snow</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><i>Plain of Prayer</i> </td> <td>Eugene Lester </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><i>The Lady of the House of Sleep</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Starer" title="Robert Starer">Robert Starer</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><i>The Archaic Hours</i> </td> <td>Eugene Lester </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><i>Mendicants of Evening</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_G._Walker" title="David G. Walker">David G. Walker</a> </td> <td>Revised as <i>Chronique</i> in 1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><i>Myth of a Voyage</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><i>Holy Jungle</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Starer" title="Robert Starer">Robert Starer</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><i>Jacob's Dream</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Seter" title="Mordecai Seter">Mordecai Seter</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i>Lucifer</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i>Adorations</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Mateo Albéniz">Mateo Albéniz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i>Point of Crossing</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Seter" title="Mordecai Seter">Mordecai Seter</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i>The Scarlet Letter</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Johnson_(composer)" title="Hunter Johnson (composer)">Hunter Johnson</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><i>O Thou Desire Who Art About to Sing</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Kupferman" title="Meyer Kupferman">Meyer Kupferman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><i>Shadows</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><i>The Owl and the Pussycat</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Surinach" title="Carlos Surinach">Carlos Surinach</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><i>Ecuatorial</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><i>Flute of Pan</i> </td> <td>Traditional music. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 or 1979 </td> <td><i>Frescoes</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_(ballet)" title="Episodes (ballet)">Episodes</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> </td> <td>reconstructed and reworked </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Judith_(ballet)" title="Judith (ballet)">Judith</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><i>Acts of Light</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a> </td> <td>Costumes by <a href="/wiki/Halston" title="Halston">Halston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><i>Dances of the Golden Hall</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Panufnik" title="Andrzej Panufnik">Andrzej Panufnik</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><i>Andromanche's Lament</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><i>Phaedra's Dream</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><i>Song</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> </td> <td>played on the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flute</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Zamfir" title="Gheorghe Zamfir">Gheorghe Zamfir</a> with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cellier" title="Marcel Cellier">Marcel Cellier</a> on the organ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><i>Temptations of the Moon</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><i>Tangled Night</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Egge" title="Klaus Egge">Klaus Egge</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9phone_(Stravinsky)" title="Perséphone (Stravinsky)">Perséphone</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> </td> <td>Costumes by <a href="/wiki/Halston" title="Halston">Halston</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><i>Night Chant</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R._Carlos_Nakai" title="R. Carlos Nakai">R. Carlos Nakai</a> </td> <td>Set by Isamu Noguchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/American_Document" title="American Document">American Document</a></i> (new version) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a> </td> <td>Guest Artist M.Baryshinikov </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Rag_(ballet)" title="Maple Leaf Rag (ballet)">Maple Leaf Rag</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> </td> <td>costumes by <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein" title="Calvin Klein">Calvin Klein</a>, lighting by David Finley </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><i>The Eyes of the Goddess</i> (unfinished) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Surinach" title="Carlos Surinach">Carlos Surinach</a> </td> <td>Sets by <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Escobar" title="Marisol Escobar">Marisol</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Dance_Festival" title="American Dance Festival">American Dance Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Dakin" title="Christine Dakin">Christine Dakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_companies" title="List of dance companies">List of dance companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terese_Capucilli" title="Terese Capucilli">Terese Capucilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martha-Graham">"Martha Graham | Biography, Dance, Technique, Company, & Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. October 2, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Martha+Graham+%7C+Biography%2C+Dance%2C+Technique%2C+Company%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMartha-Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706053942/http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/graham.html">"TIME 100: Martha Graham"</a>. <i>Time</i>. August 6, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/graham.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=TIME+100%3A+Martha+Graham&rft.date=1998-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Ftime100%2Fartists%2Fprofile%2Fgraham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Dancer Revealed, American Masters</i>: Season 8, Episode 2, PBS, May 13, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthagraham.edu/history/">"Mission and History"</a>. <i>Martha Graham School</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martha+Graham+School&rft.atitle=Mission+and+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarthagraham.edu%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sites.pitt.edu/~gillis/dance/martha.html">https://sites.pitt.edu/~gillis/dance/martha.html</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom – An Exploration of Consensus Across Theory and Practice, Karen Hosack Janes, Critical Publishing Ltd, 2022, p. 31, quoting Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi, Howard Gardner, 1993 (rep. 2011), p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1947" class="citation magazine cs1">Gibbs, Angelica (December 19, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1947/12/27/the-absolute-frontier">"Martha Graham's Mode of Dance"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Martha+Graham%27s+Mode+of+Dance&rft.date=1947-12-19&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Angelica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1947%2F12%2F27%2Fthe-absolute-frontier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowitt2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Jowitt" title="Deborah Jowitt">Jowitt, Deborah</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172913/http://new.danceheritage.org/html/treasures/graham_essay_jowitt.pdf">"Martha Graham (1894–1991)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dance Heritage Coalition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.danceheritage.org/html/treasures/graham_essay_jowitt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dance+Heritage+Coalition&rft.atitle=Martha+Graham+%281894%E2%80%931991%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jowitt&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.danceheritage.org%2Fhtml%2Ftreasures%2Fgraham_essay_jowitt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199812-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199812_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreedman1998">Freedman 1998</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199820-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199820_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreedman1998">Freedman 1998</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman199821-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman199821_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreedman1998">Freedman 1998</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BryantPratt94-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BryantPratt94_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BryantPratt94_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant_Pratt1994">Bryant Pratt 1994</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Music Films", <i><a href="/wiki/Standard-Examiner" title="Standard-Examiner">Standard-Examiner</a></i> (Ogden, Utah), May 21, 1922, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield_Soares199256-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansfield_Soares199256_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMansfield_Soares1992">Mansfield Soares 1992</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001611/http://www.seattlecameraclub.com/soichi_sunami.html">"from Kathy Muir"</a>. Seattle Camera Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlecameraclub.com/soichi_sunami.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=from+Kathy+Muir&rft.pub=Seattle+Camera+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlecameraclub.com%2Fsoichi_sunami.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peck-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peck_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishgall2002" class="citation book cs1">Fishgall, Gary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gregorypeckbiogr00fish/page/55"><i>Gregory Peck: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gregorypeckbiogr00fish/page/55">55–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85290-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85290-X"><bdi>0-684-85290-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48952197">48952197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+Peck%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48952197&rft.isbn=0-684-85290-X&rft.aulast=Fishgall&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgregorypeckbiogr00fish%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://batsheva.co.il/en/about">"Batsheva Dance Company: About"</a>. <i>batsheva.co.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=batsheva.co.il&rft.atitle=Batsheva+Dance+Company%3A+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbatsheva.co.il%2Fen%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CraineMackrell2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CraineMackrell2010_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebra_CraineJudith_Mackrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Debra Craine; Judith Mackrell (August 19, 2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Dance</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956344-9"><bdi>978-0-19-956344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Dance&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956344-9&rft.au=Debra+Craine&rft.au=Judith+Mackrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/editions/11/sports/ART">Art Competitions at the 1936 Summer Olympics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley2004136-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanley2004136_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanley2004">Hanley 2004</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley2004137-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanley2004137_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanley2004">Hanley 2004</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotkin, Leah. June 23, 1938. "Exploring the Seven Arts", p. 17.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranko201222-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranko201222_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranko2012">Franko 2012</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200154832/default.html">Martha Graham Timeline: 1894–1949</a>, The Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranko2012139-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranko2012139_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranko2012">Franko 2012</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martha Graham: A special issue of the journal <i>Choreography and Dance</i>, by Alice Helpern <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamothe-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lamothe_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaMothe" class="citation book cs1">LaMothe, Kimerer L. <i>Nietzsche's Dancers: Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, and the Revaluation of</i>. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%27s+Dancers%3A+Isadora+Duncan%2C+Martha+Graham%2C+and+the+Revaluation+of&rft.pages=203&rft.aulast=LaMothe&rft.aufirst=Kimerer+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/09/archives/dance-clytemnestra-martha-graham-work-offered-by-her-and-company-at.html">"Dance: <i>Clytemnestra</i>; Martha Graham Work Offered by Her and Company at Broadway Theatre"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(dance_critic)" title="John Martin (dance critic)">John Martin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2Tv5Qz3">p. 23</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, March 9, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthagraham.org/resources/about_martha_graham.php">Marthagraham.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110220340/http://marthagraham.org/resources/about_martha_graham.php">Archived</a> January 10, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998134-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman1998134_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreedman1998">Freedman 1998</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlenke2011" class="citation book cs1">Klenke, Karin (2011). <i>Women in Leadership: Contextual Dynamics and Boundaries</i>. Bingley: Emerald. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857245618" title="Special:BookSources/9780857245618"><bdi>9780857245618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Leadership%3A+Contextual+Dynamics+and+Boundaries&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Emerald&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857245618&rft.aulast=Klenke&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hello Goodbye Hello: A Circle of 101 Remarkable Meetings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGDChistory-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MGDChistory_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthagraham.org/about-us/our-history/">Martha Graham Dance Company – History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413145845/http://marthagraham.org/about-us/our-history/">Archived</a> April 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1991237-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1991237_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1991">Graham 1991</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisselgoff1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Kisselgoff" title="Anna Kisselgoff">Kisselgoff, Anna</a> (April 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/02/obituaries/martha-graham-dies-at-96-a-revolutionary-in-dance.html">"Martha Graham Dies at 96; A Revolutionary in Dance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Martha+Graham+Dies+at+96%3B+A+Revolutionary+in+Dance&rft.date=1991-04-02&rft.aulast=Kisselgoff&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F02%2Fobituaries%2Fmartha-graham-dies-at-96-a-revolutionary-in-dance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Ware1998" class="citation book cs1">Susan Ware (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzcZe4Bud9IC"><i>Letter to the World: Seven Women who Shaped the American Century</i></a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04652-6"><bdi>978-0-393-04652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+World%3A+Seven+Women+who+Shaped+the+American+Century&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04652-6&rft.au=Susan+Ware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzcZe4Bud9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bondi95p74-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bondi95p74_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bondi (1995) p. 74 quote: "Picasso of Dance ... Martha Graham was to modern dance what Pablo Picasso was to modern art."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991vii-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Mille1991vii_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Mille1991">de Mille 1991</a>, p. vii"Her achievement is equivalent to Picasso's," I said to Mark Ryder, a pupil and company member of Graham's, "I'm not sure I will accept him as deserving to be in her class."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbsNPR05-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbsNPR05_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/martha-graham/about-the-dancer/497/">"Martha Graham: About the Dancer"</a>. <i>American Masters</i>. NPR. September 16, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010072957/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/martha-graham/about-the-dancer/497/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Masters&rft.atitle=Martha+Graham%3A+About+the+Dancer&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fepisodes%2Fmartha-graham%2Fabout-the-dancer%2F497%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dpm12-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dpm12_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702180504/http://www.pcworld.com/article/227676/Google_Doodle_Celebrates_Martha_Graham_and_Dynamic_Web.html">"Google Doodle Celebrates Martha Graham and Dynamic Web"</a>. PC World. May 11, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/227676/google_doodle_celebrates_martha_graham_and_dynamic_web.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Democratandchronicle.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+women+honored+at+Hall+of+Fame+induction&rft.pub=Democratandchronicle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democratandchronicle.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F03%2Fwomens-national-hall-of-fame-seneca-falls-2015%2F73236506%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kourlas-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kourlas_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gia Kourlas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/11/arts/dance/nypl-martha-graham-archive.html">"For the Public Library, Martha Graham Is the Missing Link,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, May 11, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armitage, p. 9.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (December 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS_News-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_News_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_News_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_News_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_News_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/2013-additions-to-national-film-registry/8/">2013 additions to National Film Registry</a>" (8/29), <i>CBS News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/moving-force-1.413726">"Moving force"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225002727/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/moving-force-1.413726">Archived</a> February 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisselgoff1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Kisselgoff" title="Anna Kisselgoff">Kisselgoff, Anna</a> (October 15, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/15/arts/ballet-graham-s-persephone.html">"Ballet: Graham's <i>Persephone</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. C23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ballet%3A+Graham%27s+Persephone&rft.pages=C23&rft.date=1987-10-15&rft.aulast=Kisselgoff&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F15%2Farts%2Fballet-graham-s-persephone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant_Pratt1994" class="citation book cs1">Bryant Pratt, Paula (1994). <i>The Importance of Martha Graham</i>. Detroit: Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560060567" title="Special:BookSources/9781560060567"><bdi>9781560060567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Martha+Graham&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781560060567&rft.aulast=Bryant+Pratt&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Mille1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">de Mille, Agnes</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthalifeworkof00demi"><i>Martha: The Life and Work of Martha Graham</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55643-7"><bdi>978-0-394-55643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+Martha+Graham&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55643-7&rft.aulast=de+Mille&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthalifeworkof00demi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranko2012" class="citation book cs1">Franko, Mark (2012). <i>Martha Graham in Love and War: The Life in the Work</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Graham+in+Love+and+War%3A+The+Life+in+the+Work&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Franko&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Freedman" title="Russell Freedman">Freedman, Russell</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthagrahamdanc00free"><i>Martha Graham – A Dancer's Life</i></a>. New York City: Clarion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74655-4"><bdi>978-0-395-74655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Graham+%E2%80%93+A+Dancer%27s+Life&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-395-74655-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthagrahamdanc00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1991" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Martha (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodmemory00grah"><i>Blood Memory: An Autobiography</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26503-4"><bdi>978-0-385-26503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Memory%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26503-4&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodmemory00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanley2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanley, E. (2004). <i>The Role of Dance in the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Dance+in+the+1936+Berlin+Olympic+Games&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield_Soares1992" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield Soares, Janet (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louishorstmusici00soar"><i>Louis Horst – Musician in a Dancer's World</i></a>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1226-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-1226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Horst+%E2%80%93+Musician+in+a+Dancer%27s+World&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1226-0&rft.aulast=Mansfield+Soares&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouishorstmusici00soar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1998" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Gerald (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthagrahamfoun00newm"><i>Martha Graham: Founder of Modern Dance</i></a></span>. Danbury, Connecticut: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780531114421" title="Special:BookSources/9780531114421"><bdi>9780531114421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Graham%3A+Founder+of+Modern+Dance&rft.place=Danbury%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780531114421&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthagrahamfoun00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Au, Susan (2002). <i>Ballet and Modern Dance</i> (second ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Modern+Dance&rft.edition=second&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bird, Dorothy; Greenberg, Joyce (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birdseyeviewdanc0000bird"><i>Bird's Eye View: Dancing With Martha Graham and on Broadway</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5791-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-5791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bird%27s+Eye+View%3A+Dancing+With+Martha+Graham+and+on+Broadway&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5791-1&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirdseyeviewdanc0000bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Hawkins, Erick</a> (1992). <i>The Body Is a Clear Place and Other Statements on Dance</i>. Hightstown, New Jersey: Princeton Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87127-166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87127-166-2"><bdi>978-0-87127-166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+Is+a+Clear+Place+and+Other+Statements+on+Dance&rft.place=Hightstown%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+Book+Co&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87127-166-2&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Erick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Helpern, Alice. <i>Martha</i>, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hodes" title="Stuart Hodes">Hodes, Stuart</a>, <i>Part Real – Part Dream, Dancing With Martha Graham</i>, (2011) Concord ePress, Concord, Massachusetts</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Horosko, Marian (2002). <i>Martha Graham The Evolution of Her Dance Theory and Training</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2473-8"><bdi>978-0-8130-2473-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Graham+The+Evolution+of+Her+Dance+Theory+and+Training&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2473-8&rft.aulast=Horosko&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Jowitt" title="Deborah Jowitt">Jowitt, Deborah</a> (2024). <i>Errand into the Maze: The Life and Works of Martha Graham</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374709143" title="Special:BookSources/9780374709143"><bdi>9780374709143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Errand+into+the+Maze%3A+The+Life+and+Works+of+Martha+Graham&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780374709143&rft.aulast=Jowitt&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Layman, Richard; Bondi, Victor (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandecadesa00baug_242"><i>American Decades 1940–1949</i></a>. Gale Research International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-5726-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-5726-6"><bdi>978-0-8103-5726-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Decades+1940%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Gale+Research+International&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-5726-6&rft.aulast=Layman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bondi%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandecadesa00baug_242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Morgan_(photographer)" title="Barbara Morgan (photographer)">Morgan, Barbara</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthagrahamsixt0000morg"><i>Martha Graham – Sixteen Dances in Photographs</i></a></span>. Morgan & Morgan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87100-176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87100-176-4"><bdi>978-0-87100-176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Graham+%E2%80%93+Sixteen+Dances+in+Photographs&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Morgan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87100-176-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthagrahamsixt0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Taylor, Paul</a> (1987). <i>Private Domain – An Autobiography</i>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-51683-7"><bdi>978-0-394-51683-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Domain+%E2%80%93+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-51683-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Robert (1997). <i>Goddess – Martha Graham's Dancers Remember</i>. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Limelight Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-086-5"><bdi>978-0-87910-086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+%E2%80%93+Martha+Graham%27s+Dancers+Remember&rft.place=Pompton+Plains%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87910-086-5&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Graham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martha_Graham" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/martha-graham/about-this-collection">Martha Graham at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010561026">Martha Graham collection, 1896–2003</a>, Music Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu020001">Maxine Glorsky papers relating to Martha Graham, 1940–2019</a>, Music Division, Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthagraham.org/">MarthaGraham.org</a> – <i>Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0334208/">Martha Graham</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/14946">Martha Graham</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danceinteractive.jacobspillow.org/dance/martha-graham-dance-company-0">Archival footage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Dance_Company" title="Martha Graham Dance Company">Martha Graham Dance Company</a> performing <i>Rite of Spring</i> in 2013 at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laurel_Leaf_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laurel_Leaf_Award" title="Template:Laurel Leaf Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laurel_Leaf_Award" title="Template talk:Laurel Leaf Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laurel_Leaf_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laurel Leaf Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laurel_Leaf_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Leaf_Award" title="Laurel Leaf Award">Laurel Leaf Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WGBH_(FM)" title="WGBH (FM)">WGBH (FM)</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Ajemian" title="Maro Ajemian">Maro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anahid_Ajemian" title="Anahid Ajemian">Anahid Ajemian</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Neuman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Neuman (page does not exist)">Herman Neuman</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay_Symphonietta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Bay Symphonietta (page does not exist)">Green Bay Symphonietta</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitney_(conductor)" title="Robert Whitney (conductor)">Robert Whitney</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hanson" title="Howard Hanson">Howard Hanson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Johnson" title="Thor Johnson">Thor Johnson</a> (1958)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Graham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mitchell" title="Howard Mitchell">Howard Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Daniel" title="Oliver Daniel">Oliver Daniel</a> (1960)</li> <li>Helen Thompson / <a href="/wiki/William_Strickland_(conductor)" title="William Strickland (conductor)">William Strickland</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Beardslee" title="Bethany Beardslee">Bethany Beardslee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_(musician)" title="Hugh Ross (musician)">Hugh Ross</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Rosenbaum_(cantor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Rosenbaum (cantor) (page does not exist)">Samuel Rosenbaum</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Haverlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Haverlin (page does not exist)">Carl Haverlin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claire_Reis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claire Reis (page does not exist)">Claire Reis</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hinrichsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Hinrichsen (page does not exist)">Walter Hinrichsen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_L._Crofts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret L. Crofts (page does not exist)">Margaret L. Crofts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Pollikoff" title="Max Pollikoff">Max Pollikoff</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avery_Claflin" title="Avery Claflin">Avery Claflin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Ames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Ames (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Ames</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._Moe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry A. Moe (page does not exist)">Henry A. Moe</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Morton (page does not exist)">Lawrence Morton</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBAI" title="WBAI">WBAI</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fromm_(philanthropist)" title="Paul Fromm (philanthropist)">Fromm Foundation</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_for_Contemporary_Music" title="The Group for Contemporary Music">Group for Contemporary Music</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Luening" title="Otto Luening">Otto Luening</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_Danziger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris Danziger (page does not exist)">Harris Danziger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Street_Music_Settlement_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Street Music Settlement School (page does not exist)">Third Street Music Settlement School</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_M._Ditson_Fund" title="Alice M. Ditson Fund">Alice M. Ditson Fund</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell Colony</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Sterne" title="Teresa Sterne">Teresa Sterne</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Weisberg" title="Arthur Weisberg">Arthur Weisberg</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dixon_(conductor)" title="James Dixon (conductor)">James Dixon</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Shapey" title="Ralph Shapey">Ralph Shapey</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duffy_(composer)" title="John Duffy (composer)">John Duffy</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Music_USA" title="New Music USA">Meet the Composer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Machlis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Machlis (page does not exist)">Joseph Machlis</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Harman" title="Carter Harman">Carter Harman</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Baird_Rockefeller_Fund_for_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music">Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukas_Foss" title="Lukas Foss">Lukas Foss</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_One_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Opus One Records">Opus One</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Schubel" title="Max Schubel">Max Schubel</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_S._Heller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest S. Heller (page does not exist)">Ernest S. Heller</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Nicolas Slonimsky</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Des_Roches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Des Roches (page does not exist)">Raymond Des Roches</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thorne" title="Francis Thorne">Francis Thorne</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Music_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music Center">American Music Center</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Allen" title="Betty Allen">Betty Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Harlem_School_of_the_Arts" title="The Harlem School of the Arts">The Harlem School of the Arts</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimi_Stern-Wolfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimi Stern-Wolfe (page does not exist)">Mimi Stern-Wolfe</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_New_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for New Music (page does not exist)">Center for New Music</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Musica_Viva" title="Boston Musica Viva">Boston Musica Viva</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Chamber_Symphony" title="Cleveland Chamber Symphony">Cleveland Chamber Symphony</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin" title="Leonard Slatkin">Leonard Slatkin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_New_Music" title="Society for New Music">Society for New Music</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Composers_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Composers Forum">Minnesota Composers Forum</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_New_Music_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic New Music Group">Los Angeles Philharmonic New Music Group</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculum_Musicae" title="Speculum Musicae">Speculum Musicae</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Miller" title="David Alan Miller">David Alan Miller</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Rodgers" title="Lou Rodgers">Lou Rodgers</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Smith_Singers" title="Gregg Smith Singers">Gregg Smith Singers</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Sherry" title="Fred Sherry">Fred Sherry</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosenbaum" title="Harold Rosenbaum">Harold Rosenbaum</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bryn-Julson" title="Phyllis Bryn-Julson">Phyllis Bryn-Julson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innova_Recordings" title="Innova Recordings">innova Recordings</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1980s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Buffum_Chandler" title="Dorothy Buffum Chandler">Dorothy Buffum Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Kirstein" title="Lincoln Kirstein">Lincoln Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Tully" title="Alice Tully">Alice Tully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Menil" title="Dominique de Menil">Dominique de Menil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_II" title="Seymour H. Knox II">Seymour H. Knox II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a></li> <li>J. W. Fisher</li> <li>Frances Fisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Lewis" title="Sydney Lewis">Sydney Lewis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Joseph_Freedberg" title="Sydney Joseph Freedberg">Sydney J. Freedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Astor" title="Brooke Astor">Brooke Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Goelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Goelet">Francis Goelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obert_C._Tanner" title="Obert C. Tanner">Obert Clark Tanner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Leopold Adler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Friedman_(museum_director)" title="Martin Friedman (museum director)">Martin Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Gerdine" title="Leigh Gerdine">Leigh Gerdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Dayton Hudson Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487604#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121447360">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97863086">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36419/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmGVbgqDY4QCfJHjHDMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118718363">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059674">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171758j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171758j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00467433">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Graham, Martha <1894-1991>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV139995">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20021202001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX957075">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1549237">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p086395505">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90551808">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000215814&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhln5m0dfh7kw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556265605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262085305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06434761?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500340742">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6ecb1371-a0ed-47ab-85ae-947b20168b9d">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118718363.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118718363">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030264502">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18542586">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tg0q7x">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hm59qq">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&oldid=1250367237">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Graham&oldid=1250367237</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martha_Graham" title="Category:Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1894_births" title="Category:1894 births">1894 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_dancers" title="Category:20th-century American dancers">20th-century American dancers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_female_dancers" title="Category:American female dancers">American female dancers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people 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