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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_plans_–_Battle_of_the_Frontiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>War plans – Battle of the Frontiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_plans_–_Battle_of_the_Frontiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Marne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_the_Marne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First Battle of the Marne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Marne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Ypres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Ypres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First Battle of Ypres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Ypres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trench_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trench_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Trench warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trench_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1915</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1915-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1915 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gas warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Air warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spring offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autumn_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autumn_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Autumn offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autumn_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1916</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1916-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1916 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Verdun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle of Verdun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Somme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of the Somme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindenburg_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindenburg_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hindenburg line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindenburg_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1917-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1917 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelle_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nivelle Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Expeditionary_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Expeditionary_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>American Expeditionary Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Expeditionary_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flanders_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanders_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Flanders offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flanders_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cambrai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cambrai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle of Cambrai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cambrai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1918-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1918 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_spring_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_spring_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>German spring offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_spring_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entente_counter-offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entente_counter-offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Entente counter-offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entente_counter-offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Economic costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Front (World War I)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="الجبهة الغربية (الحرب العالمية الأولى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجبهة الغربية (الحرب العالمية الأولى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99_q%C9%99rb_c%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsində qərb cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsində qərb cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7)" title="পশ্চিম রণাঙ্গন (প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম রণাঙ্গন (প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Заходні фронт Першай сусветнай вайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходні фронт Першай сусветнай вайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Заходні фронт (Першая сусьветная вайна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходні фронт (Першая сусьветная вайна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Западен фронт (Първа световна война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западен фронт (Първа световна война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_occidental_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Front occidental (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front occidental (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_fronta_(prvn%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka)" title="Západní fronta (první světová válka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní fronta (první světová válka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfronten_i_1._verdenskrig" title="Vestfronten i 1. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestfronten i 1. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfront_(Erster_Weltkrieg)" title="Westfront (Erster Weltkrieg) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westfront (Erster Weltkrieg)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nerinne_(Esimene_maailmas%C3%B5da)" title="Läänerinne (Esimene maailmasõda) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänerinne (Esimene maailmasõda)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF_(%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Δυτικό Μέτωπο (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικό Μέτωπο (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Civalgomajono_fronto%C5%9B_(I_%D0%BCodamastoro%C5%84_torpinge)" title="Čivalgomajono frontoś (I мodamastoroń torpinge) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Čivalgomajono frontoś (I мodamastoroń torpinge)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_occidental_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente occidental (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente occidental (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Fronto_(Unua_Mondmilito)" title="Okcidenta Fronto (Unua Mondmilito) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Fronto (Unua Mondmilito)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Frontea_Lehen_Mundu_Gerran" title="Mendebaldeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Frontea Lehen Mundu Gerran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84)" title="جبهه غربی (جنگ جهانی اول) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه غربی (جنگ جهانی اول)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ouest_(Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Front de l'Ouest (Première Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front de l'Ouest (Première Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0_(%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84)" title="서부 전선 (제1차 세계 대전) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서부 전선 (제1차 세계 대전)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF_(%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4)" title="Արևմտյան ռազմաճակատ (Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան ռազմաճակատ (Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी मोर्चा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी मोर्चा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadno_boji%C5%A1te_(Prvi_svjetski_rat)" title="Zapadno bojište (Prvi svjetski rat) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadno bojište (Prvi svjetski rat)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Barat_(Perang_Dunia_I)" title="Front Barat (Perang Dunia I) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Front Barat (Perang Dunia I)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_occidentale_(1914-1918)" title="Fronte occidentale (1914-1918) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte occidentale (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="החזית המערבית במלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החזית המערבית במלחמת העולם הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirm%C4%81_pasaules_kara_rietumu_fronte" title="Pirmā pasaules kara rietumu fronte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmā pasaules kara rietumu fronte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_frontas_(Pirmasis_pasaulinis_karas)" title="Vakarų frontas (Pirmasis pasaulinis karas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų frontas (Pirmasis pasaulinis karas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_front_(els%C5%91_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA)" title="Nyugati front (első világháború) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati front (első világháború)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Западен фронт (Прва светска војна) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западен фронт (Прва светска војна)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfront_(Eerste_Wereldoorlog)" title="Westfront (Eerste Wereldoorlog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westfront (Eerste Wereldoorlog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6)" title="西部戦線 (第一次世界大戦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西部戦線 (第一次世界大戦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%8B_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%98%DF%8A" title="ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߞߟߊߘߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߞߟߊߘߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfronten_(f%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig)" title="Vestfronten (første verdenskrig) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestfronten (første verdenskrig)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87)" title="لویدیځه جبهه (لومړۍ نړیواله جګړه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځه جبهه (لومړۍ نړیواله جګړه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_zachodni_(I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa)" title="Front zachodni (I wojna światowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Front zachodni (I wojna światowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Ocidental_(Primeira_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente Ocidental (Primeira Guerra Mundial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Ocidental (Primeira Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontul_de_vest_(Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Frontul de vest (Primul Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frontul de vest (Primul Război Mondial)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Западный фронт Первой мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западный фронт Первой мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western Front (World War I)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%BD_front_(prv%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna)" title="Západný front (prvá svetová vojna) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západný front (prvá svetová vojna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodna_fronta_(prva_svetovna_vojna)" title="Zahodna fronta (prva svetovna vojna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodna fronta (prva svetovna vojna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Западни фронт (Први светски рат) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западни фронт (Први светски рат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadni_front_(Prvi_svjetski_rat)" title="Zapadni front (Prvi svjetski rat) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadni front (Prvi svjetski rat)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsirintama_(ensimm%C3%A4inen_maailmansota)" title="Länsirintama (ensimmäinen maailmansota) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsirintama (ensimmäinen maailmansota)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stfronten_under_f%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Västfronten under första världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västfronten under första världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87)" title="แนวรบด้านตะวันตก (สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวรบด้านตะวันตก (สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Bat%C4%B1_Cephesi" title="I. Dünya Savaşı Batı Cephesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Western Front</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European theatre of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Front_(World_War_I)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg/250px-Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg/375px-Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg/500px-Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="3715" /></a></span><br /><b>Clockwise from top left:</b> Men of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles" title="Royal Ulster Rifles">Royal Irish Rifles</a>, concentrated in the trench, right before <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">going over the top</a> on the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">First day on the Somme</a>; British soldier carries a <a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded</a> comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a>; A young German soldier during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ginchy" title="Battle of Ginchy">Battle of Ginchy</a>; American infantry storming a German <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunker</a>; A German <a href="/wiki/Gotha_G.IV" title="Gotha G.IV">Gotha G.IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a>; American troops with <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Joncherey" title="Skirmish at Joncherey">2 August 1914</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">11 November 1918</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">north-eastern France</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, western <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a>:</b></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><b><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></b></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/21px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/42px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">Morocco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></b></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/21px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/32px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/42px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/21px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/32px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/42px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/21px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/32px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/42px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Newfoundland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Bermuda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Bermuda_%281910%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/21px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/32px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg/42px-Flag_of_BSAC_edit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_at_Sainte-Adresse" title="Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse"><b>Belgium</b></a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1917)</span> </span></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portugal</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1916)</span></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1916)</span></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1918)</span></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_Expeditionary_Forces" title="Siamese Expeditionary Forces">Siam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1918)</span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>:</b></li><li><b><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></b></li></ul></div> <span data-sort-value="Austria-Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">John French</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">15,900,000</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 7,935,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEILO192529_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEILO192529-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 5,399,563<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWar_Office1922742_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Office1922742-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> 2,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyres1919105_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres1919105-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/42px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span> 380,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHosch2010219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosch2010219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/21px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/42px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> 55,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerWoodMurphy1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerWoodMurphy1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 44,292<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassimiliano201523-24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassimiliano201523-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/21px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/42px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 1,284</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 13,250,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEILO192529_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEILO192529-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Military casualties:</b></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">7,500,000</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 4,808,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 2,264,200 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> 286,330 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/42px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span> 93,100 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/21px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/42px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> 22,120 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> 15,000 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 4,542<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/21px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/42px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 19</li></ul> </div><hr /> <b>Military dead:</b> 2,041,000<hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Civilian dead:</b></li><li>534,500</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Military casualties:</b></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">5,500,000</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 5,490,300<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 19,295<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2019137_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div><br /> <p><b>Military dead:</b> 1,495,000<br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Civilian dead:</b></li><li>424,000<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion of Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)" title="Siege of Namur (1914)">Namur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Frontiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes" title="Battle of the Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trou%C3%A9e_de_Charmes" title="Battle of the Trouée de Charmes">Trouée de Charmes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">Great Retreat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Le Cateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rearguard_Affair_of_%C3%89treux" title="Rearguard Affair of Étreux">Étreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">1st St. Quentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">1st Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="First Battle of the Aisne">1st Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Yser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">1st Ypres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915" title="Winter operations 1914–1915">Winter actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois" title="First Battle of Artois">1st Artois</a></li></ul> <p><b>1915</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">1st Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Neuve Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">2nd Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">2nd Artois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne" title="Battle of Hébuterne">Hébuterne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">2nd Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">3rd Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_phosgene_attack_(19_December_1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="German phosgene attack (19 December 1915)">Gas: Wieltje</a></li></ul> <p><b>1916</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916" title="Actions of the Bluff, 1916">The Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_action,_2%E2%80%9318_March_1916" title="Hohenzollern Redoubt action, 2–18 March 1916">Hohenzollern Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters" title="Actions of St Eloi Craters">St Eloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch" title="Gas attacks at Hulluch">Hulluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem" title="Gas attacks at Wulverghem">Wulverghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_the_Kink_Salient" title="Loss of the Kink Salient">Kink Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Vimy_Ridge" title="German attack on Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel" title="Battle of Mont Sorrel">Mont Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Boar's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">1st Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles" title="Attack at Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li></ul> <p><b>1917</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich"><i>Alberich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a></li></ul> <p><b>1918</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael"><i>Michael</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">The Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">3rd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Belleau Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">2nd Marne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ailette" title="Battle of the Ailette">Ailette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">2nd Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Quentin_Canal" title="Battle of St Quentin Canal">St Quentin Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Fifth Battle of Ypres">5th Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">2nd Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1918)">Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)" title="Battle of the Sambre (1918)">Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_and_the_Escaut" title="Battle of the Lys and the Escaut">Lys and Escaut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">1914 Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatres_of_World_War_I4349" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatres_of_World_War_I4349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Darfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theatres</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Western Front</b> was one of the main <a href="/wiki/Theatre_(warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre (warfare)">theatres of war</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> opened the Western Front by <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invading</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic of France">France</a>. The German advance was halted with the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">Battle of the Marne</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a>, both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a>, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918. </p><p>Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">front</a>. The attacks employed massive <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> bombardments and massed <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>, in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, also in 1916, with more than a million casualties, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Battle of Passchendaele</a>, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddle199745–58_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddle199745–58-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1991361–363_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1991361–363-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried <a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">new military technology</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">poison gas</a>, aircraft, and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> of 1918 was made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> that ended the war of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. Using short, intense <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane bombardment">"hurricane" bombardments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a>, the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the success was short-lived. </p><p>The unstoppable advance of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">entente</a> armies during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>, and the terms of peace were settled by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1914">1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_plans_–_Battle_of_the_Frontiers"><span id="War_plans_.E2.80.93_Battle_of_the_Frontiers"></span>War plans – Battle of the Frontiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War plans – Battle of the Frontiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG/220px-Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG/330px-Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG/440px-Stabilization_of_Western_Front_WWI.PNG 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>A 1914 map of the Western Front and the <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:309px;max-width:309px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:307px;max-width:307px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_bayonet_charge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/French_bayonet_charge.jpg/305px-French_bayonet_charge.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/French_bayonet_charge.jpg/458px-French_bayonet_charge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/French_bayonet_charge.jpg/610px-French_bayonet_charge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1913 <a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayonet_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet charge">bayonet charge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:307px;max-width:307px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG/305px-German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG" decoding="async" width="305" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG/458px-German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG/610px-German_infantry_1914_HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German infantry</a> on the battlefield on 7 August 1914</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200544–45_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200544–45-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>, bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and trap it on the German border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003159_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003159-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London, 1839</a>; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Armies under German generals <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Kluck" title="Alexander von Kluck">Alexander von Kluck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Karl von Bülow">Karl von Bülow</a> attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. The first battle in Belgium was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Battle of Liège</a>, a siege that lasted from 5–16 August. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith20049_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith20049-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the fall of Liège, most of the Belgian field army <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retreated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Antwerp</a>, leaving the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> isolated, with the Belgian capital, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, falling to the Germans on 20 August. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to their flank. Another <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)" title="Siege of Namur (1914)">siege</a> followed at Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198622–24,_25–26_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198622–24,_25–26-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French deployed five armies on the frontier. The French <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a> was intended to bring about the capture of <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003254_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003254-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths200330_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths200330-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> and attempted to capture Saarburg, attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198629–30_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198629–30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement first on 7 August, and then again on 23 August, but German reserve forces engaged them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mulhouse" title="Battle of Mulhouse">Battle of Mulhouse</a> and forced the French to retreat twice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200333_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200333-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. The application of "collective responsibility" against a civilian population further galvanised the entente. Newspapers condemned the German invasion, violence against civilians and destruction of property, which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorneKramer20011–608_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneKramer20011–608-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> under <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Sir John French</a>. A series of engagements known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a> ensued, which included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Battle of Charleroi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Battle of Mons</a>. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. A <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">general entente retreat</a> followed, resulting in more clashes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Battle of Le Cateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Siege of Maubeuge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">Battle of St. Quentin</a> (also called the First Battle of Guise).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine200278–175_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine200278–175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Battle_of_the_Marne">First Battle of the Marne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Battle of the Marne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></div> <p>The German Army came within 70 km (43 mi) of Paris but at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> (6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001242–262_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001242–262-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German Army retreated north of the <a href="/wiki/Aisne_(river)" title="Aisne (river)">Aisne</a> and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> and quickly extended their trench systems from the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss frontier</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198631–37_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198631–37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig-iron production</a>, 24 percent of its <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel manufacturing</a> and 40 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal industry</a> – dealing a serious blow to French industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">entente side</a> (those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Battle of the Yser</a> in October, the Belgian army controlled a 35 km (22 mi) length of <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> along the coast, known as the <a href="/wiki/Yser_Front" title="Yser Front">Yser Front</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Yser" title="Yser">Yser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ieperlee" title="Ieperlee">Ieperlee</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a> to <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartonDoyleVandewalle200517_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartonDoyleVandewalle200517-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) occupied a position on the flank, having occupied a more central position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196227_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Battle_of_Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Battle of Ypres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></div> <p>From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>, which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001273–278_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001273–278-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a> judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. The Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a>; <i>Generalfeldmarschall</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, commanding <i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i> (Eastern Front high command); and his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles. During the Lodz offensive in Poland <span class="nowrap">(11–25 November),</span> Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures. In his discussions with Bethmann Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. A peace with only a few annexations of territory also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect, after which Germany could finish off France and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007105–110_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007105–110-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trench_warfare">Trench warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trench warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eerste_Wereldoorlog,_landoorlog,_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front,_1915,_SFA001005349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg/220px-Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg/330px-Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg/440px-Eerste_Wereldoorlog%2C_landoorlog%2C_Duitse_loopgraaf_aan_het_westelijk_front%2C_1915%2C_SFA001005349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>A German trench on the Western Front in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. According to two prominent historians: </p> <dl><dd>Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.... Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonBeard1930324–325_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBeard1930324–325-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1915">1915</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_front_1915-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/220px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/330px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/440px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Western Front, 1915–16</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the coast and the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> was a westward bulge in the trench line, named the Noyon salient after the French town at the maximum point of the German advance near <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>. Joffre's plan for 1915 was to attack the <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> on both flanks to cut it off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1992165_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992165-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. The <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(France)" title="10th Army (France)">Tenth Army</a> formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain on a 16 km (9.9 mi) front between Loos and Arras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeiberg2008110_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg2008110-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Battle of Neuve Chapelle</a> to capture Aubers Ridge. The assault was made by four divisions on a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. Preceded by a hurricane bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the village was captured within four hours. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. The Germans brought up <a href="/wiki/Military_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Military reserves">reserves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattacked</a>, forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge. Since the British had used about a third of their <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">artillery ammunition</a>, General Sir John French blamed the failure on the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">Shell Crisis of 1915</a>, despite the early success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000112_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000112-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1992166–7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992166–7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_warfare">Gas warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gas warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons in World War I</a></div> <p>All sides had signed the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>, which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gases</a>, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter19947_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter19947-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of more lethal <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a> on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>. The Germans had already deployed gas against the Russians in the east at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">Battle of Humin-Bolimów</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005148–151_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005148–151-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg/220px-The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg/330px-The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg/440px-The_Second_Battle_of_Ypres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg">Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="4th Army (German Empire)">4th Army</a> planned an offensive at Ypres, site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> and disrupt Franco-British planning. After a two-day bombardment, the Germans released <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I#1915:_Large-scale_use_and_lethal_gases" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">a lethal cloud</a> of 168 long tons (171 t) of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> onto the battlefield. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiate</a> in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Being heavier than air, the gas crept across <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land#World_War_I" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> and drifted into the French trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1992172–3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992172–3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green-yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a>, creating an undefended 3.7-mile (6 km) gap in the entente line. The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening. Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon201281–95_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon201281–95-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi (5 km) withdrawal of the Franco-British line but the opportunity had been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon201295–121_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon201295–121-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the entente countered by introducing gas masks and other <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasures</a>. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the <a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch" title="Gas attacks at Hulluch">Gas attacks at Hulluch</a> 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Ypres, where the <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">16th (Irish) Division</a> withstood several German gas attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200222–23_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200222–23-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British retaliated, developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> in September 1915. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter199469–73,_88_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter199469–73,_88-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French, British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war, developing the more deadly <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> gas in 1915, then the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> in 1917, which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter1994182–183,_210–211_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter1994182–183,_210–211-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_warfare">Air warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation in World War I</a></div> <p>Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot <a href="/wiki/Roland_Garros_(aviator)" title="Roland Garros (aviator)">Roland Garros</a> became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpick2002326–327_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpick2002326–327-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several weeks later Garros force-landed behind German lines. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch engineer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fokker" title="Anthony Fokker">Anthony Fokker</a>, who soon produced a significant improvement, the <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">interrupter gear</a>, in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_E.I" title="Fokker E.I">Fokker E.I</a> (<i>Eindecker</i>, or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament. <a href="/wiki/Max_Immelmann" title="Max Immelmann">Max Immelmann</a> scored the first confirmed kill in an <i>Eindecker</i> on 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise1981349–350_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise1981349–350-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">ace</a>, the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a> (the Red Baron). Contrary to the myth, <a href="/wiki/Antiaircraft_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaircraft warfare">anti-aircraft fire</a> claimed more kills than fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinMorton200340_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranatsteinMorton200340-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_offensive">Spring offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spring offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Carency_aftermath_1915_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Carency" title="Carency">Carency</a> after it was recaptured by France</figcaption></figure> <p>The final entente offensive of the spring was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">offensive to capture Vimy Ridge</a> and advance into the Douai plain. The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six-day bombardment and advanced 5 kilometres (3 mi) to capture Vimy Ridge. German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back and the success of the attack had come as a surprise. By 15 May the advance had been stopped, although the fighting continued until 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200379–80_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200379–80-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May the German Army captured a French document at <a href="/wiki/La_Ville-aux-Bois" title="La Ville-aux-Bois">La Ville-aux-Bois</a> describing a new system of defence. Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line, the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons. The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts, reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve. If a slope was available, troops were deployed along the rear side for protection. The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic <a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">defence in depth</a> doctrine against entente attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997165_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997165-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELupfer19811–36_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupfer19811–36-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the autumn of 1915, the "<a href="/wiki/Fokker_Scourge" title="Fokker Scourge">Fokker Scourge</a>" began to have an effect on the battlefront as entente reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. These <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a> were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the entente were nearly blinded by German fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198126–27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198126–27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines, rather than fighting over entente held territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith1994155–156_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith1994155–156-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autumn_offensive">Autumn offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Autumn offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1915 the entente launched another offensive, with the French <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">Third Battle of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a> and the British at Loos. The French had spent the summer preparing for this action, with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack. The bombardment, which had been carefully targeted by means of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2004245_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2004245-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began on 22 September. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. Rather than retreating, the Germans adopted a new <a href="/wiki/Defence-in-depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence-in-depth">defence-in-depth</a> scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km (5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995168–171_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995168–171-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September, the British began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a>, part of the Third Battle of Artois, which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack. The attack was preceded by a four-day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalazzo200066_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalazzo200066-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartesveldt200517_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartesveldt200517-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. The British suffered heavy losses, especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner20004–31_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner20004–31-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, French was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a> as commander of the British forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiest2005xvii_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiest2005xvii-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1916">1916</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148,_Westfront,_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05148%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Soldat_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>German soldier on the Western Front in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000141_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000141-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His new goal was to "bleed France white."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2007153_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2007153-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he adopted two new strategies. The first was the use of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> to cut off entente supplies arriving from overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull2005295–296_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2005295–296-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">national pride</a> and thus trap the French. The town of <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold, surrounded by a ring of forts, that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007207–208_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007207–208-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5–6 kilometres (3–4 mi) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964236–237_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964236–237-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In preparation for their attack, the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. In May, the French countered by deploying <i>escadrilles de chasse</i> with superior <a href="/wiki/Nieuport" title="Nieuport">Nieuport</a> fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198140_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198140-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Verdun">Battle of Verdun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle of Verdun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg/220px-Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg/330px-Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg/440px-Soldats_Argonne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers observing enemy movements</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> began on 21 February 1916 after a nine-day delay due to snow and blizzards. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000143_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000143-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sporadic French resistance was encountered. The Germans took <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douaumont" title="Fort Douaumont">Fort Douaumont</a> and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200128–83_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200128–83-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans turned their focus to <a href="/wiki/Le_Mort_Homme" title="Le Mort Homme">Le Mort Homme</a> on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements, from which the French fired across the river. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. After a change in French command at Verdun from the defensive-minded <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> to the offensive-minded <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>, the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. The Germans captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vaux" title="Fort Vaux">Fort Vaux</a> on 7 June and with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">diphosgene</a> gas, came within 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesHook200723–24_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesHook200723–24-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the summer, the French slowly advanced. With the development of the rolling <a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">barrage</a>, the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) from Fort Douaumont, in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle. The Battle of Verdun—also known as the 'Mincing Machine of Verdun' or 'Meuse Mill'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200128_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200128-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Somme">Battle of the Somme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of the Somme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg/220px-British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg/330px-British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg/440px-British_infantry_Morval_25_September_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5451" data-file-height="3834" /></a><figcaption>British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brooks_(photographer)" title="Ernest Brooks (photographer)">Ernest Brooks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring, entente commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun. The original plans for an attack around the <a href="/wiki/River_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="River Somme">River Somme</a> were modified to let the British make the main effort. This would serve to relieve pressure on the French, as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses. On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> began the Battle of the Somme with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1916)" title="Battle of Albert (1916)">Battle of Albert</a>, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198671–72_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198671–72-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Verdun lesson learnt, the entente tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the entente air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198142_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198142-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of <a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">small unit</a> actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196279_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196279-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson2014140–158_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson2014140–158-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1992245–249_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1992245–249-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entente prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps. The attack made early progress, advancing 3,200–4,100 metres (3,500–4,500 yd) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical unreliability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005280–281_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriorWilson2005280–281-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres (5 mi) and failed to reach the original objectives. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000, although this figure is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200811_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200811-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics; despite the terrible losses of 1 July, some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties. In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements, once the British war economy produced sufficient equipment and weapons, the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit, similar to the French and German armies. At the time of the Somme, British senior commanders insisted that the company (120 men) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre; less than a year later, the section of ten men would be so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorkerry200188_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorkerry200188-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindenburg_line">Hindenburg line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hindenburg line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/220px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/330px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg/440px-Hindenburg_line_Bullecourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>The Hindenburg Line at <a href="/wiki/Bullecourt" title="Bullecourt">Bullecourt</a> seen from the air</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1916 the German leadership along the Western Front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army. They decided that the German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917, while the Central Powers would attack elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997246–252_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997246–252-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line, using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Eingreif_division" title="Eingreif division">Eingreif divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976290_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976290-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. This line of fortifications ran from <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">St Quentin</a> and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres (30 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997246–252_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997246–252-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDockrillFrench199668_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDockrillFrench199668-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917">1917</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Front_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/220px-Western_Front_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/330px-Western_Front_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/440px-Western_Front_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Western Front, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> was built between 2 mi (3.2 km) and 30 mi (48 km) behind the German front line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964288–289_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964288–289-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February the German armies west of the line began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a> a withdrawal to the line and completed the retirement on 5 April, leaving a supply desert of <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> to be occupied by the entente. This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as it no longer existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British continued offensive operations as the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> claimed, with some justification, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the entente suffering greater losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeiberg200446_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg200446-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. In early 1915, following the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a>, Germany had stopped unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. They calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months, while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front. The <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986144–145_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986144–145-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/220px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/330px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/440px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1917, the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two-thirds of the size of the French force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1917 the BEF began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299–100_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299–100-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">5th Division</a> of the First Army, fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, completing the capture of the ridge and the Third Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began. Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916. British attacks were contained and, according to Gary Sheffield, a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in "any other major battle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2014Chapter_7_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2014Chapter_7-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the winter of 1916–1917, German air tactics had been improved, a fighter training school was opened at <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a> and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced. The result was higher losses of Allied aircraft, particularly for the British, Portuguese, Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft, poor training and tactics. The Allied air successes over the Somme were not repeated. During their attack at Arras, the British lost 316 <a href="/wiki/Aircrew_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircrew member">air crews</a> and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198171_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198171-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_April" title="Bloody April">Bloody April</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200511–13_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200511–13-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelle_Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nivelle Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras (1917)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">1917 French Army mutinies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Arras,_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5076" data-file-height="4141" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> in April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The same month, the French <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>, General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a>), would be 1.2 million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian brigades</a>, had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockfield199991–114_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockfield199991–114-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUffindell201526_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindell201526-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299–100_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196299–100-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers. <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies">Mutinies</a> occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted. Other entente forces attacked but suffered massive casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000243_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000243-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964292_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964292-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeiberg200353_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg200353-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962101–102_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962101–102-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Expeditionary_Force">American Expeditionary Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: American Expeditionary Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Force</a>. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">divisional strength</a> until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986124_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986124-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to entente morale, with the promise of further reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the entente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962144_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962144-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flanders_offensive">Flanders offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flanders offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Battle of Messines (1917)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_close_grips2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/At_close_grips2.jpg/220px-At_close_grips2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/At_close_grips2.jpg/330px-At_close_grips2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/At_close_grips2.jpg/440px-At_close_grips2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">began to mutiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962101–102_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962101–102-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offensive began on 7 June, with a British attack on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines Ridge</a>, south of Ypres, to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914. Since 1915 specialist <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineer_tunnelling_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Engineer tunnelling companies">Royal Engineer tunnelling companies</a> had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about 500 t (490 long tons) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBostyn2002227_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBostyn2002227-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. The infantry advance that followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day. German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds199187_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds199187-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 July 1917, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hush" title="Operation Hush"><i>Unternehmen Strandfest</i></a> (Operation Beachparty) at Nieuport on the coast, the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">Sulfur mustard</a> (Yellow Cross) gas. The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets. Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days, denying it to the British, an additional demoralising factor. The entente powers increased production of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">gas for chemical warfare</a> but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon200735–36,_39_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon200735–36,_39-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 31 July to 10 November the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a> included the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="First Battle of Passchendaele">First Battle of Passchendaele</a> and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Second Battle of Passchendaele">Second Battle of Passchendaele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddle2013112_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddle2013112-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. The Canadian Corps relieved the <a href="/wiki/II_ANZAC_Corps" title="II ANZAC Corps">II ANZAC Corps</a> and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962103_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962103-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite rain, mud and many casualties. The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance. In the drier periods, the British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2002216_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2002216-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter, whilst the Germans called Passchendaele "the greatest martyrdom of the war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2007vi,_316_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2007vi,_316-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Cambrai">Battle of Cambrai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battle of Cambrai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></div> <p>On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire (aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199113–15,_32–35_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199113–15,_32–35-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entente attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. The machines carried <a href="/wiki/Fascine" title="Fascine">fascines</a> on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13-foot-wide (4 m) German tank traps. Special "grapnel tanks" towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only 4,000 British casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199188_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles199188-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north. Despite the reversal, the attack was seen as a success by the entente, proving that tanks could overcome trench defences. The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the entente posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German <i><a href="/wiki/Stosstruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stosstruppen">Stosstruppen</a></i> on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a> to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1991176–248_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1991176–248-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1918">1918</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_front_1918_german.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Western_front_1918_german.jpg/250px-Western_front_1918_german.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Western_front_1918_german.jpg/375px-Western_front_1918_german.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Western_front_1918_german.jpg/500px-Western_front_1918_german.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Map of the final German offensives, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the successful entente attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai, Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring, before American manpower became overwhelming. On 3 March 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west. The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as they did in the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 entente divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as <i><a href="/wiki/Stosstruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stosstruppen">Stosstruppen</a></i> (40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997393–397,_400–401_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997393–397,_400–401-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entente lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems, the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year, while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training, with just six complete divisions in the line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962139–140_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962139–140-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962140_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962140-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006543_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006543-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200569_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200569-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962140–141_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962140–141-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006544–545_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006544–545-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_spring_offensives">German spring offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: German spring offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316,_Westfront,_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316%2C_Westfront%2C_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">German tank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roye,_Somme" title="Roye, Somme">Roye</a>, 21 March 1918</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>, the first of the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensives</a>, very nearly succeeded in driving the entente armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964353–357_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964353–357-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the battle, the entente agreed on unity of command. General <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> was appointed commander of all entente forces in France. The unified entente were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962141–143_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962141–143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, the American divisions also began to play an increasing role, winning their first victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny" title="Battle of Cantigny">Battle of Cantigny</a>. By summer, between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051254_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051254-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entente_counter-offensives">Entente counter-offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Entente counter-offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg/250px-232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg/375px-232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg/500px-232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Italian regiments in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In July, Foch began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>, a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a> began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkins201024_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkins201024-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986155–156_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986155–156-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/II_Army_Corps_(Italy)" title="II Army Corps (Italy)">Italian 2nd Corps</a>, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Albricci" title="Alberico Albricci">Alberico Albricci</a>, also participated in the operations around Reims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds19942,_31,_242,_245–246_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds19942,_31,_242,_245–246-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. The entente fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989266–302_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989266–302-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats, German troops began to surrender in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the entente forces advanced, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor of Germany</a> in October to negotiate an armistice. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German retreat continued and the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a> put a new government in power. The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed, stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, later known as <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986163_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986163-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Imperial Monarchy</a> collapsed when <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">General Groener</a>, the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>, to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997446_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997446-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Military Casualties<br /><small>Western Front 1914–1918</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2001270_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2001270-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Killed</th> <th>Wounded</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td align="right">1,395,000</td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6,000,000</span></td> <td align="right">508,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td align="right">700,600</td> <td align="right"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3,000,500</span></td> <td align="right">223,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td align="right">56,400</td> <td align="right">259,700</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td align="right">117,000</td> <td align="right">330,100</td> <td align="right">4,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td align="right">48,900</td> <td align="right">175,900</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td align="right">80,200</td> <td align="right">144,700</td> <td align="right">10,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td align="right">12,900</td> <td align="right">34,800</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td align="right">6,670</td> <td align="right">15,750</td> <td align="right">1,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan</td> <td align="right">6,670</td> <td align="right">15,750</td> <td align="right">1,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td align="right">7,542<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">20,000</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td align="right">4,500<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">10,500</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td align="right">3,250</td> <td align="right">8,720</td> <td align="right">2,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td align="right">1,290</td> <td align="right">13,750</td> <td align="right">6,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siam</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">—</td> <td align="right">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Entente</td> <td align="right"><b>2,440,941</b></td> <td align="right"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,029,670</span></b></td> <td align="right"><b>c. 757,310</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td align="right">1,593,000</td> <td align="right">5,116,000</td> <td align="right">774,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austro-Hungary</td> <td align="right">779</td> <td align="right">13,113</td> <td align="right">5,403 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Central Powers</b></td> <td align="right"><b>1,593,779</b></td> <td align="right"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5,129,113</span></b></td> <td align="right"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 779,403</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grand Total</b></td> <td align="right"><b>c. 4.034,720</b></td> <td align="right"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15,158,783</span></b></td> <td align="right"><b>c. 1,536,710</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result, the terms of the peace were dictated by France, Britain and the United States, during the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006743_&_760_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006743_&_760-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power. The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France, thus limiting the quantity of coal available to German industry. The <a href="/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Saar</a>, which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarized and controlled by Britain and France, while the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Canal" title="Kiel Canal">Kiel Canal</a> opened to international traffic. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and prohibiting a navy or air force. The navy was sailed to <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> under the terms of surrender but was later <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow" title="Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow">scuttled</a> as a reaction to the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie2004787_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie2004787-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of World War I">Casualties of World War I</a></div> <p>The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows. The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war, resulting later in an entente reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite198925–26_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite198925–26-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray1991292_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1991292-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British lost <span class="nowrap">16,829</span> civilian dead; <span class="nowrap">1,260 civilians</span> were killed in air and naval attacks, <span class="nowrap">908 civilians</span> were killed at sea and there were <span class="nowrap">14,661 merchant</span> marine deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASB1922100_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASB1922100-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993269_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993269-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 62,000 Belgian, 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war-related causes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHersch192747–61_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersch192747–61-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_costs">Economic costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economic costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_war_planning_1920%E2%80%931940" title="French war planning 1920–1940">French war planning 1920–1940</a></div> <p>Germany in 1919 was bankrupt, the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world. The entente occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a> (<i>Dolchstoßlegende</i>) was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig199687–127_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig199687–127-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France suffered more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north-east of the country was devastated by the war. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickeringFörster2000297_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickeringFörster2000297-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once it was clear that Germany was going to be defeated, Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964460_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964460-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany's main European rival. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003180_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003180-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000</span> in air raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreblerWinkler194078_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreblerWinkler194078-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> committed by the Germans during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckerman200423_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman200423-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918". Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">plus another 3,500 missing</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEILO192529-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEILO192529_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEILO192529_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFILO1925">ILO 1925</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Office1922742-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWar_Office1922742_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWar_Office1922">War Office 1922</a>, p. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyres1919105-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyres1919105_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyres1919">Ayres 1919</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosch2010219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHosch2010219_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHosch2010">Hosch 2010</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerWoodMurphy1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerWoodMurphy1999_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerWoodMurphy1999">Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurel2001§1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurel2001">Maurel 2001</a>, §1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassimiliano201523-24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassimiliano201523-24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassimiliano2015">Massimiliano 2015</a>, p. 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019137-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2019137_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2019">Jones 2019</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreblerWinkler194078-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreblerWinkler194078_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreblerWinkler1940">Grebler & Winkler 1940</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddle199745–58-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddle199745–58_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddle1997">Liddle 1997</a>, pp. 45–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1991361–363-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1991361–363_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds1991">Edmonds 1991</a>, pp. 361–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200544–45-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson200544–45_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2005">Stevenson 2005</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003159-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003159_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003">Hamilton & Herwig 2003</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith20049-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith20049_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith2004">Griffith 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198622–24,_25–26-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198622–24,_25–26_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1986">Griffiths 1986</a>, pp. 22–24, 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003254-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003254_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003">Hamilton & Herwig 2003</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths200330-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths200330_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2003">Griffiths 2003</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198629–30-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198629–30_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1986">Griffiths 1986</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200333-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker200333_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker2003">Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorneKramer20011–608-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorneKramer20011–608_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorneKramer2001">Horne & Kramer 2001</a>, pp. 1–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman200423-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckerman200423_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckerman2004">Zuckerman 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerraine200278–175-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerraine200278–175_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerraine2002">Terraine 2002</a>, pp. 78–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001242–262-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001242–262_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2001">Strachan 2001</a>, pp. 242–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198631–37-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths198631–37_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1986">Griffiths 1986</a>, pp. 31–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989265–266_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1989">Kennedy 1989</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartonDoyleVandewalle200517-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartonDoyleVandewalle200517_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartonDoyleVandewalle2005">Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196227-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin196227_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1962">Baldwin 1962</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001273–278-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001273–278_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2001">Strachan 2001</a>, pp. 273–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007105–110-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007105–110_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2007">Foley 2007</a>, pp. 105–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonBeard1930324–325-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonBeard1930324–325_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonBeard1930">Robinson & Beard 1930</a>, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992165-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1992165_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller1992">Fuller 1992</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg2008110-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeiberg2008110_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeiberg2008">Neiberg 2008</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons2000112-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons2000112_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyons2000">Lyons 2000</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992166–7-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1992166–7_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller1992">Fuller 1992</a>, pp. 166–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter19947-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter19947_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter1994">Richter 1994</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005148–151-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005148–151_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 148–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1992172–3-41"><span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006544–545-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006544–545_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlyon2006">Carlyon 2006</a>, pp. 544–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964353–357-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964353–357_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1964">Marshall 1964</a>, pp. 353–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962141–143-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962141–143_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1962">Baldwin 1962</a>, pp. 141–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1962146_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1962">Baldwin 1962</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051254-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051254_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkins201024-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkins201024_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEkins2010">Ekins 2010</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986155–156-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986155–156_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1986">Griffiths 1986</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds19942,_31,_242,_245–246-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds19942,_31,_242,_245–246_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds1994">Edmonds 1994</a>, pp. 2, 31, 242, 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989266–302-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1989266–302_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1989">Kennedy 1989</a>, pp. 266–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997426–428_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig1997">Herwig 1997</a>, pp. 426–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986163-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1986163_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1986">Griffiths 1986</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997446-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig1997446_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig1997">Herwig 1997</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2001270-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2001270_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis2001">Ellis 2001</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1938558_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1938">Churchill 1938</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2019">Jones 2019</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006743_&_760-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyon2006743_&_760_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlyon2006">Carlyon 2006</a>, pp. 743 & 760.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassie2004787-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassie2004787_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassie2004">Massie 2004</a>, p. 787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite198925–26-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite198925–26_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamthwaite1989">Adamthwaite 1989</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1991292-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray1991292_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1991">Gray 1991</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASB1922100-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASB1922100_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASB1922">ASB 1922</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993269-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993269_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis1993">Ellis 1993</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersch192747–61-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHersch192747–61_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHersch1927">Hersch 1927</a>, pp. 47–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig199687–127-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig199687–127_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig1996">Herwig 1996</a>, pp. 87–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickeringFörster2000297-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChickeringFörster2000297_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChickeringFörster2000">Chickering & Förster 2000</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964460-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1964460_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1964">Marshall 1964</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003180-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2003180_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamthwaite1989" class="citation book cs1">Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0"><i>The Making of the Second World War</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3"><bdi>978-0-415-90716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90716-3&rft.aulast=Adamthwaite&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofsecondwo00adam_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2003" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Martin S. (2003). <i>The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52429-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52429-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+in+Danger%3A+General+Maurice+Gamelin+and+the+Politics+of+French+Defence%2C+1933%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52429-2&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Martin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASB1922" class="citation book cs1"><i>Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919</i> [<i>Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)</i>]. Bruxelles. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+statistique+de+la+Belgique+et+du+Congo+Belge+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres1919" class="citation book cs1">Ayres, L. P. (1 August 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027816820"><i>The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary</i></a> (2nd [online] ed.). Washington, DC: United States War Department, General Staff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869902118">869902118</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Germany%3A+A+Statistical+Summary&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2nd+%5Bonline%5D&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department%2C+General+Staff&rft.date=1919-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869902118&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027816820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Jonathan B. A. (2004). <i>Field Artillery and Firepower</i>. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book (2nd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-029-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Artillery+and+Firepower&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.series=AUSA+Institute+of+Land+Warfare+book&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-029-0&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1962" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Hanson (1962). <i>World War I: An Outline History</i>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988365">988365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+An+Outline+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988365&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Hanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonDoyleVandewalle2005" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Peter; Doyle, Peter; Vandewalle, Johan (2005). <i>Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2949-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2949-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-2949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+Flanders+Fields%3A+The+Tunnellers%27+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2949-6&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Doyle%2C+Peter&rft.au=Vandewalle%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostyn2002" class="citation book cs1">Bostyn, Franky (2002). "Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17". In Doyle, Peter; Bennett, Matthew R. (eds.). <i>Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0433-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0433-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-0433-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zero+Hour%3A+Historical+Note+on+the+British+Underground+War+in+Flanders%2C+1915%E2%80%9317&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Battle%3A+Terrain+in+Military+History&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0433-9&rft.aulast=Bostyn&rft.aufirst=Franky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1981" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Christopher (1981). <i>Aces and Aircraft of World War I</i>. Dorset: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0954-4"><bdi>978-0-7137-0954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+and+Aircraft+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Dorset&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-0954-4&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyon2006" class="citation book cs1">Carlyon, Les (2006). <i>The Great War</i>. Sydney, New South Wales: MacMillan Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3799-0"><bdi>978-1-4050-3799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=MacMillan+Australia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-3799-0&rft.aulast=Carlyon&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChickeringFörster2000" class="citation book cs1">Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (2000). <i>Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77352-2"><bdi>978-0-521-77352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+War%2C+Total+War%3A+Combat+and+Mobilization+on+the+Western+Front%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77352-2&rft.aulast=Chickering&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=F%C3%B6rster%2C+Stig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1938" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, W. S. (1938) [1923–1929]. <i>The World Crisis</i>. London: Odhams Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4945014">4945014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Crisis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Odhams+Press&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4945014&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockfield1999" class="citation book cs1">Cockfield, Jamie H. (1999). <i>With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22082-2"><bdi>978-0-312-22082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Snow+on+Their+Boots%3A+The+Tragic+Odyssey+of+the+Russian+Expeditionary+Force+in+France+During+World+War+I&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22082-2&rft.aulast=Cockfield&rft.aufirst=Jamie+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorkerry2001" class="citation book cs1">Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) [1917]. <i>Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)</i> (repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85420-250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85420-250-8"><bdi>978-0-85420-250-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instructions+for+the+Training+of+Divisions+for+Offensive+Action%2C+Instructions+for+the+Training+of+Platoons+for+Offensive+Action+%281917%29&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Military+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85420-250-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockrillFrench1996" class="citation book cs1">Dockrill, Michael L.; French, David (1996). <i>Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-099-9"><bdi>978-1-85285-099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Intelligence%3A+British+Policy+During+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-099-9&rft.aulast=Dockrill&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=French%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, R. A.</a> (2005). <i>Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+Victory%3A+French+Strategy+and+Operations+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01880-8&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Edmonds" title="James Edward Edmonds">Edmonds, J. E.</a> (1991) [1948]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-166-4"><bdi>978-0-89839-166-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1917%3A+7+June+%E2%80%93+10+November.+Messines+and+Third+Ypres+%28Passchendaele%29&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-166-4&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1994" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, J. E. (1994) [1939]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-211-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-211-1"><bdi>978-0-89839-211-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1918+May%E2%80%93July%3A+The+German+Diversion+Offensives+and+the+First+Allied+Counter-Offensive&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+By+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-211-1&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekins, Ashley (2010). <i>1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History</i>. Exisle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921497-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921497-42-1"><bdi>978-1-921497-42-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1918%3A+Year+of+Victory%3A+The+End+of+the+Great+War+and+the+Shaping+of+History&rft.pub=Exisle&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-921497-42-1&rft.aulast=Ekins&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (1993). <i>The World War I Databook</i>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-766-4"><bdi>978-1-85410-766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+I+Databook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-766-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2001" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (2001). <i>The World War I Databook</i>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-766-4"><bdi>978-1-85410-766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+I+Databook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-766-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2007" class="citation book cs1">Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005]. <i>German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916</i>. Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3"><bdi>978-0-521-04436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Strategy+and+the+Path+to+Verdun%3A+Erich+von+Falkenhayn+and+the+Development+of+Attrition%2C+1870%E2%80%931916&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04436-3&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">Fuller, John F. C.</a> (1992). <i>The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80467-0"><bdi>978-0-306-80467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conduct+of+War%2C+1789%E2%80%931961%3A+A+Study+of+the+Impact+of+the+French%2C+Industrial+and+Russian+Revolutions+on+War+and+its+Conduct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80467-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=John+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatsteinMorton2003" class="citation book cs1">Granatstein, Jack; Morton, Desmond (2003). <i>Canada and the Two World Wars</i>. Toronto: Key Porter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55263-509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55263-509-4"><bdi>978-1-55263-509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Key+Porter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55263-509-4&rft.aulast=Granatstein&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Morton%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreblerWinkler1940" class="citation book cs1">Grebler, L.; Winkler, W. (1940). <i>The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary</i>. Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254453292">254453292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cost+of+the+World+War+to+Germany+and+to+Austria-Hungary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.series=Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+World+War.+Supplementary+Volumes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+for+Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace%3A+Division+of+Economics+and+History&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254453292&rft.aulast=Grebler&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1991" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal (1991). <i>Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21</i>. Vol. II. Oxford/New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2139-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-2139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+First+World+War%3A+1917%E2%80%9321&rft.place=Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2139-0&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Paddy (2004). <i>Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-760-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-760-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortifications+of+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-760-4&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1994" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Paddy (1994). <i>Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06663-0"><bdi>978-0-300-06663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Tactics+of+the+Western+Front%3A+The+British+Army%27s+Art+of+Attack+1916%E2%80%9318&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06663-0&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1986" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, William R. (1986). Griess, Thomas E. (ed.). <i>The Great War</i>. Wayne, NJ: Avery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89529-312-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89529-312-1"><bdi>978-0-89529-312-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.place=Wayne%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Avery&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89529-312-1&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2003" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, William R. (2003). <i>The Great War</i>. Square One. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7570-0158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7570-0158-1"><bdi>978-0-7570-0158-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.pub=Square+One&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7570-0158-1&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (2003). <i>The Origins of World War I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81735-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81735-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Peter (2005). <i>Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84621-5"><bdi>978-0-297-84621-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+April%3A+Slaughter+in+the+Skies+over+Arras%2C+1917&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84621-5&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartesveldt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hartesveldt, Fred R. van (2005). <i>The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography</i>. Bibliographies of Battles and leader. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30625-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+the+British+Expeditionary+Forces%2C+1914%E2%80%931915%3A+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.series=Bibliographies+of+Battles+and+leader&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30625-9&rft.aulast=Hartesveldt&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersch1927" class="citation journal cs1">Hersch, L. (1927). "La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron-" [Causes of Death in the First World War]. <i>The International Review of Statistics</i>. <b>VII</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Review+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=La+mortalit%C3%A9+caus%C3%A9e+par+la+guerre+mondiale%2C+Metron-&rft.volume=VII&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Hersch&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1997" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, Holger H. (1997). <i>The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918</i>. London: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-67753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-67753-7"><bdi>978-0-340-67753-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Germany+and+Austria-Hungary%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-340-67753-7&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1996" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, Holger (1996). "Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War". In Wilson, Keith (ed.). <i>Forging the Collective Memory</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-862-1"><bdi>978-1-57181-862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriotic+Self-Censorship+in+Germany+After+the+Great+War&rft.btitle=Forging+the+Collective+Memory&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-862-1&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneKramer2001" class="citation book cs1">Horne, John N.; Kramer, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn"><i>German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial</i></a>. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08975-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08975-2"><bdi>978-0-300-08975-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Atrocities%2C+1914%3A+A+History+of+Denial&rft.place=Newhaven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08975-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanatrocities00horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosch2010" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William, ed. (2010). <i>World War I: People, Politics, and Power</i>. New York: Britannica Educational. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-048-8"><bdi>978-1-61530-048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-048-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_V._Hull" title="Isabel V. Hull">Hull, Isabel V.</a> (2005). <i>Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84193-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+Destruction%3A+Military+Culture+and+the+Practices+of+War+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84193-1&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Isabel+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFILO1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">International Labour Office. "Les tués et les disparus" [The Dead and the Missing]. <i>Enquête sur la production. Rapport général</i> [<i>Survey of production. General Report</i>] (in French). Vol. 4. Part II. Paris et al.: Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6445561">6445561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+tu%C3%A9s+et+les+disparus&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+la+production.+Rapport+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral&rft.place=Paris+et+al.&rft.pub=Berger-Levrault%2C+1923%E2%80%9325&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6445561&rft.au=International+Labour+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2001" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/france00juli"><i>France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944</i></a></span>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820706-1"><bdi>978-0-19-820706-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+The+Dark+Years%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820706-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrance00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Jones, Ian (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y"><i>The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Ohio State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319013924/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Austro-Hungarian+Divisions+on+the+Western+Front%2C+1918&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.osu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1811%2F87594%2FOUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Simon (2002). <i>World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-151-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-151-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Gas+Warfare+Tactics+and+Equipment&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-151-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesHook2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Simon; Hook, Richard (2007). <i>World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-151-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-151-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Gas+Warfare+Tactics+and+Equipment&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-151-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Hook%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1989" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul (1989). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</i>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5"><bdi>978-0-679-72019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72019-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2007" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor (2007). <i>To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships</i>. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87860-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87860-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87860-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Threshold+of+Power%2C+1922%2F33%3A+Origins+and+Dynamics+of+the+Fascist+and+National+Socialist+Dictatorships&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87860-9&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddle1997" class="citation book cs1">Liddle, P. H. (1997). <i>Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-588-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-588-5"><bdi>978-0-85052-588-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passchendaele+in+Perspective%3A+The+Third+Battle+of+Ypres&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-588-5&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddle2013" class="citation book cs1">Liddle, Peter (2013). <i>Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres</i>. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1708-1"><bdi>978-1-4738-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passchendaele+in+Perspective%3A+The+Third+Battle+of+Ypres&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-1708-1&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupfer1981" class="citation book cs1">Lupfer, Timothy T. (July 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf"><i>The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/784236109">784236109</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304004811/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Doctrine%2C+The+Changes+in+German+Tactical+Doctrine+During+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.series=Leavenworth+Papers&rft.pub=US+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F784236109&rft.aulast=Lupfer&rft.aufirst=Timothy+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa563816.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2000" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Michael J. (2000). <i>World War I: A Short History</i> (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-020551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-020551-3"><bdi>978-0-13-020551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Short+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-020551-3&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lyman_Atwood_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall">Marshall, Samuel L. A.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00mars"><i>The American Heritage History of World War I</i></a>. American Heritage: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-38555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-38555-5"><bdi>978-0-517-38555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+History+of+World+War+I&rft.place=American+Heritage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-517-38555-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2001" class="citation book cs1">Martin, William (2001). <i>Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-993-5"><bdi>978-1-85532-993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdun+1916%3A+They+Shall+Not+Pass&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-993-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany,_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea"><i>Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea</i></a>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40878-5"><bdi>978-0-345-40878-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+of+Steel%3A+Britain%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Winning+of+the+Great+War+at+Sea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-345-40878-5&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassimiliano2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Massimiliano, Fassero (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf"><i>The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Master's Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121055538/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+II+Italian+Corps+deployment+on+the+Western+Front+during+the+First+World+War+%28April+1918+%E2%80%93+May+1919%29&rft.inst=U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Massimiliano&rft.aufirst=Fassero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa623275.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurel2001" class="citation web cs1">Maurel, Henri (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119212837/http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm">"The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Volunteers+of+the+Russian+Expeditionary+Corps+in+the+Moroccan+Division+during+the+Second+Battle+of+Marne&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maurel&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fbegemot%2Flegion%2Flrmarne.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1992" class="citation book cs1">Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901627-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901627-76-6"><bdi>978-0-901627-76-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1916%3A+2nd+July+1916+to+the+End+of+the+Battles+of+the+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-901627-76-6&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1991" class="citation book cs1">Miles, W. (1991). <i>Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-162-6"><bdi>978-0-89839-162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium+1917%3A+The+Battle+of+Cambrai&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-162-6&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2005" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Justin (2005). <i>Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-488-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Aircraft%2C+Origins+to+1918%3A+An+illustrated+History+of+their+Impact&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-488-2&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg" title="Michael S. Neiberg">Neiberg, Michael S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fochsupremeallie00neib"><i>Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War</i></a>. Dulles: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-551-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-551-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-551-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch%3A+Supreme+Allied+Commander+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Dulles&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-551-4&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffochsupremeallie00neib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Neiberg, Michael (2004). <i>Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present</i>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41532-718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41532-718-3"><bdi>978-0-41532-718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+Europe%3A+1898+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-41532-718-3&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Neiberg, Michael (2008). <i>The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme</i>. London: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-12-9"><bdi>978-1-906626-12-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%931916%3A+The+History+of+World+War+I%3A+From+the+Schlieffen+Plan+to+Verdun+and+the+Somme&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-12-9&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalazzo2000" class="citation book cs1">Palazzo, Albert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seekingvictoryon00albe"><i>Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8774-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-8774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Victory+on+the+Western+Front%3A+The+British+Army+and+Chemical+Warfare+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8774-7&rft.aulast=Palazzo&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseekingvictoryon00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriorWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Prior, Robin; Wilson, Trevor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somme00prio"><i>The Somme</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10694-7"><bdi>978-0-300-10694-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10694-7&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomme00prio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2014" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Andrew (2014). <i>The Somme Campaign</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-051-4"><bdi>978-1-78303-051-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somme+Campaign&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78303-051-4&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1994" class="citation book cs1">Richter, D. (1994). <i>Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I</i>. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-388-1"><bdi>978-0-85052-388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Soldiers%3A+British+Gas+Warfare+in+World+War+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-388-1&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonBeard1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Robinson" title="James Harvey Robinson">Robinson, James Harvey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Beard, Charles A.</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofmod007381mbp"><i>The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History</i></a>. Ginn and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+Of+Modern+Europe.+Volume+II%3A+The+Merging+Of+European+Into+World+History&rft.pub=Ginn+and+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James+Harvey&rft.au=Beard%2C+Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofmod007381mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels1995" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, Martin (1995). <i>Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4570-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-4570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+or+Control%3F+Command%2C+Training+and+Tactics+in+the+British+and+German+Armies%2C+1888%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4570-4&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Gary (2002) [2001]. <i>Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities</i> (Reprinted ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7157-4"><bdi>978-0-7472-7157-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Victory%3A+The+First+World+War%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Headline+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-7157-4&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2014" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Gary (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIRBQAAQBAJ&q=Vimy+Ridge+losses+greater+than+any+battle+before+1918&pg=PT87"><i>Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918</i></a> (eBook ed.). Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Praetorian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3466-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3466-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-3466-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+and+Morale%3A+The+British+Army+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Praetorian+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-3466-8&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDIRBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DVimy%2BRidge%2Blosses%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2Bany%2Bbattle%2Bbefore%2B1918%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2007). <i>The German Army at Passchendaele</i>. London: Pen and Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-564-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+at+Passchendaele&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-564-4&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2012" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2012). <i>The German Army on the Western Front 1915</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-466-7"><bdi>978-1-84884-466-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+on+the+Western+Front+1915&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-466-7&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithAudoin-RouzeauBecker2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Leonard V.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2003). <i>France and the Great War, 1914–1918</i>. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66631-2"><bdi>978-0-521-66631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+European+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66631-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Leonard+V.&rft.au=Audoin-Rouzeau%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Becker%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpick2002" class="citation book cs1">Spick, Mike (2002). <i>The Illustrated Directory of Fighters</i>. Zenith Imprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1343-5"><bdi>978-0-7603-1343-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Directory+of+Fighters&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1343-5&rft.aulast=Spick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, D. (2005) [2004]. <i>1914–1918: The History of the First World War</i> (pbk. Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026817-1"><bdi>978-0-14-026817-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=pbk.+Penguin&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026817-1&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2001" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, H. (2001). <i>The First World War: To Arms</i>. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerraine2002" class="citation book cs1">Terraine, John (2002). <i>Mons: The Retreat to Victory</i>. London: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-243-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-243-2"><bdi>978-1-84022-243-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mons%3A+The+Retreat+to+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-243-2&rft.aulast=Terraine&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerWoodMurphy1999" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura M.; Murphy, Justin D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC"><i>The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 783. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3351-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-3351-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40417794">40417794</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085008/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=783&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40417794&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Wood%2C+Laura+M.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Justin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgv3GEyB19wIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of World War I</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2"><bdi>1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUffindell2015" class="citation book cs1">Uffindell, Andrew (2015). <i>The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames</i>. Barsnley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-034-7"><bdi>978-1-78303-034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nivelle+Offensive+and+the+Battle+of+the+Aisne+1917%3A+A+Battlefield+Guide+to+the+Chemin+des+Dames&rft.place=Barsnley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78303-034-7&rft.aulast=Uffindell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWar_Office1922" class="citation book cs1">War Office, The (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea"><i>Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920</i></a>. London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924169428">924169428</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Military+Effort+of+the+British+Empire+During+the+Great+War+1914%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924169428&rft.aulast=War+Office&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticsofmili00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2000" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Philip (2000). <i>The Battle of Loos</i>. Wordsworth Military History. London: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-229-6"><bdi>978-1-84022-229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Loos&rft.place=London&rft.series=Wordsworth+Military+History&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-229-6&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2008" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alexander (2008). <i>Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918</i>. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88101-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enduring+the+Great+War%3A+Combat%2C+Morale+and+Collapse+in+the+German+and+British+Armies%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.series=Cambridge+military+histories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88101-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiest2005" class="citation book cs1">Wiest, Andrew A. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haig00andr"><i>Haig: The Evolution of a Commander</i></a></span>. London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-684-9"><bdi>978-1-57488-684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haig%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Commander&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-684-9&rft.aulast=Wiest&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaig00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1981" class="citation book cs1">Wise, S. F. (1981). <i>Canadian Airmen and the First World War</i>. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2379-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-2379-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Airmen+and+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=The+Official+History+of+the+Royal+Canadian+Air+Force&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2379-7&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1976" class="citation book cs1">Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. <i>If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5029-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-5029-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+Germany+Attacks%3A+The+Battle+in+Depth+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Larry (2004). <i>The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9704-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-9704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Belgium%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9704-4&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Western Front (World War I)</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%E2%80%94Campaigns%E2%80%94Western+Front">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%E2%80%94Campaigns%E2%80%94Western+Front&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2016" class="citation book cs1">Cabanes, Bruno (2016). <i>August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30022494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30022494-8"><bdi>978-0-30022494-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1129923334">1129923334</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+1914%3A+France%2C+the+Great+War%2C+and+a+Month+That+Changed+the+World+Forever&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1129923334&rft.isbn=978-0-30022494-8&rft.aulast=Cabanes&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span> argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason1917" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Arthur (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4lHAAAAIAAJ&q=Harvard+Alumni+in+the+Great+War&pg=PA38"><i>Our Part in the Great War</i></a>. Burt: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781508654254" title="Special:BookSources/9781508654254"><bdi>9781508654254</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12893987">12893987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Part+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Burt&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12893987&rft.isbn=9781508654254&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4lHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DHarvard%2BAlumni%2Bin%2Bthe%2BGreat%2BWar%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernâni1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernâni, Donato (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeyuqtq3ImUC"><i>Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras</i></a> (in Portuguese). IBRASA. p. 593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-534-80034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-534-80034-1"><bdi>978-8-534-80034-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491067508">491067508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+das+batalhas+Brasileiras&rft.pages=593&rft.pub=IBRASA&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491067508&rft.isbn=978-8-534-80034-1&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A2ni&rft.aufirst=Donato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxeyuqtq3ImUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2004" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Frank D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uBjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-73222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804-73222-2"><bdi>978-0-804-73222-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469729065">469729065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+P%C3%A1tria%3A+A+History+of+the+Brazilian+Army%2C+1889%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=593&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469729065&rft.isbn=978-0-804-73222-2&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Frank+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uBjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerStacke1922" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principalevents100grea"><i>Principal Events 1914–1918</i></a>. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17673086">17673086</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principal+Events+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17673086&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft.au=Stacke%2C+H.+Fitz+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincipalevents100grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, George (2005). "Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War". <i>Management Decision</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00251740510572489">10.1108/00251740510572489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Decision&rft.atitle=Modern+Project+Management+and+the+Lessons+from+the+Study+of+the+Transformation+of+the+British+Expeditionary+Force+in+the+Great+War&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F00251740510572489&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller1984" class="citation journal cs1">Heller, Charles E. (September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034458/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8">"Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918"</a>. <i>Leavenworth Papers</i> (10). Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463454950">463454950</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8">the original</a> on 5 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leavenworth+Papers&rft.atitle=Chemical+Warfare+in+World+War+I%3A+The+American+Experience%2C+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463454950&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fp16040coll3%2Fid%2F144%2Frec%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Front+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Western_Front_theatre_of_World_War_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Western Front theatre of World War I">Western Front theatre of World War I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Krause, Jonathan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/western_front">Western Front</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernfront.nl/">The Western Front Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313102625/http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/default.aspx">Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095324/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Contemptible_Army/Contemptible_Army_01.htm">'That Contemptible Little Army'</a> by <a href="/wiki/E._Alexander_Powell" title="E. Alexander Powell">E. Alexander Powell</a>. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916</li> <li>Watch clips from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>'s collection of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/awm-western-front/">films made on the Western Front 1917–1918</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/">australianscreen online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23297" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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