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aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_I_–_definition_and_history_of_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_I_–_definition_and_history_of_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Book I – definition and history of geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_I_–_definition_and_history_of_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_description_of_geography_and_this_encyclopedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_description_of_geography_and_this_encyclopedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – description of geography and this encyclopedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_description_of_geography_and_this_encyclopedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_contributors_to_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_contributors_to_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – contributors to geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_contributors_to_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – physical geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – political geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_II_–_mathematics_of_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_II_–_mathematics_of_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Book II – mathematics of geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_II_–_mathematics_of_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_distances_between_parallels_and_meridians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_distances_between_parallels_and_meridians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – distances between parallels and meridians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_distances_between_parallels_and_meridians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_the_five_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_the_five_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – the five zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_the_five_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_distribution_of_plants,_animals,_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_distribution_of_plants,_animals,_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – distribution of plants, animals, civilizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_distribution_of_plants,_animals,_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_criticisms_of_Polybius'_and_Eratosthenes'_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_criticisms_of_Polybius'_and_Eratosthenes'_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – criticisms of Polybius' and Eratosthenes' maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_criticisms_of_Polybius'_and_Eratosthenes'_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Strabo's_view_of_the_ecumene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_Strabo's_view_of_the_ecumene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 – Strabo's view of the ecumene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Strabo's_view_of_the_ecumene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_III_–_Iberian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_III_–_Iberian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Book III – Iberian peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_III_–_Iberian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Vicinity_of_the_Sacred_Cape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Vicinity_of_the_Sacred_Cape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Vicinity of the Sacred Cape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Vicinity_of_the_Sacred_Cape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Bætica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Bætica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Bætica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Bætica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 Iberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Chapter 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_-_Islands_of_Iberia:_Baleares,_Cassiterides,_Gades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_-_Islands_of_Iberia:_Baleares,_Cassiterides,_Gades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 - Islands of Iberia: Baleares, Cassiterides, Gades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_-_Islands_of_Iberia:_Baleares,_Cassiterides,_Gades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_IV_–_Gaul,_Britain,_Ireland,_Thule,_the_Alps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_IV_–_Gaul,_Britain,_Ireland,_Thule,_the_Alps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Book IV – Gaul, Britain, Ireland, Thule, the Alps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_IV_–_Gaul,_Britain,_Ireland,_Thule,_the_Alps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Narbonitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Narbonitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Narbonitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Narbonitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Aquitania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Aquitania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Aquitania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Aquitania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Celtica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Celtica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Celtica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Celtica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Northwest_Gaul_and_the_Belgae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Northwest_Gaul_and_the_Belgae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Northwest Gaul and the Belgae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Northwest_Gaul_and_the_Belgae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Great_Britain,_Ireland,_and_other_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_Great_Britain,_Ireland,_and_other_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 – Great Britain, Ireland, and other islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Great_Britain,_Ireland,_and_other_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_6_–_The_Alps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_6_–_The_Alps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Chapter 6 – The Alps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_6_–_The_Alps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_V_–_Italy_to_Campania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_V_–_Italy_to_Campania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Book V – Italy to Campania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_V_–_Italy_to_Campania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Northern_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Northern_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Northern Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Northern_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Tuscany_and_Umbria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Tuscany_and_Umbria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Tuscany and Umbria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Tuscany_and_Umbria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_The_Sabine_Hills_and_Latium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_The_Sabine_Hills_and_Latium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – The Sabine Hills and Latium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_The_Sabine_Hills_and_Latium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Picenum_and_Campania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Picenum_and_Campania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Picenum and Campania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Picenum_and_Campania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VI_–_south_Italy,_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VI_–_south_Italy,_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Book VI – south Italy, Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VI_–_south_Italy,_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Southern_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Southern_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Southern Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Southern_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Italy_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Italy_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Italy summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Italy_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VII_–_north,_east_and_central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VII_–_north,_east_and_central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Book VII – north, east and central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VII_–_north,_east_and_central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_northern_Black_Sea_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_northern_Black_Sea_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – northern Black Sea region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_northern_Black_Sea_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Crimea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Crimea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Crimea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Crimea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Illyria_and_Pannonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_Illyria_and_Pannonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 – Illyria and Pannonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Illyria_and_Pannonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_6_–_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_6_–_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.6</span> <span>Chapter 6 – Eastern Dacia and Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_6_–_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_7_–_Epirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_7_–_Epirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.7</span> <span>Chapter 7 – Epirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_7_–_Epirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_VIII_–_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_VIII_–_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Book VIII – Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_VIII_–_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_IX_–_More_on_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_IX_–_More_on_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Book IX – More on Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_IX_–_More_on_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Attica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Attica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Attica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Attica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Boeotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Boeotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Boeotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Boeotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Phocis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Phocis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Phocis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Phocis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Locris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Locris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Locris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Locris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Thessaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_Thessaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 – Thessaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Thessaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_X_–_Yet_more_on_Greece,_Greek_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_X_–_Yet_more_on_Greece,_Greek_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Book X – Yet more on Greece, Greek islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_X_–_Yet_more_on_Greece,_Greek_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Euboea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Euboea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Euboea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Euboea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2–3_–_Aetolia_and_Acarnania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2–3_–_Aetolia_and_Acarnania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10.2</span> <span>Chapter 2–3 – Aetolia and Acarnania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2–3_–_Aetolia_and_Acarnania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Crete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Crete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10.3</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Crete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Crete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Archipelagos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_Archipelagos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10.4</span> <span>Chapter 5 – Archipelagos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_Archipelagos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XI_–_Russia_east_of_the_Don,_the_Transcaucasus,_northwest_Iran,_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XI_–_Russia_east_of_the_Don,_the_Transcaucasus,_northwest_Iran,_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Book XI – Russia east of the Don, the Transcaucasus, northwest Iran, Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XI_–_Russia_east_of_the_Don,_the_Transcaucasus,_northwest_Iran,_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_East_of_the_Don" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_East_of_the_Don"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – East of the Don</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_East_of_the_Don-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_-_Sarmatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_-_Sarmatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.2</span> <span>Chapter 2 - Sarmatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_-_Sarmatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.3</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Iberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.4</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5_–_The_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5_–_The_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.5</span> <span>Chapter 5 – The Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5_–_The_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_6_-_The_Caspian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_6_-_The_Caspian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.6</span> <span>Chapter 6 - The Caspian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_6_-_The_Caspian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_7_-_East_of_the_Caspian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_7_-_East_of_the_Caspian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.7</span> <span>Chapter 7 - East of the Caspian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_7_-_East_of_the_Caspian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_8_-_Geography_of_the_Caspian_and_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_8_-_Geography_of_the_Caspian_and_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.8</span> <span>Chapter 8 - Geography of the Caspian and Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_8_-_Geography_of_the_Caspian_and_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_9_–_Parthia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_9_–_Parthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.9</span> <span>Chapter 9 – Parthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_9_–_Parthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_10_–_Aria_and_Margiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_10_–_Aria_and_Margiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.10</span> <span>Chapter 10 – Aria and Margiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_10_–_Aria_and_Margiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_11_–_Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_11_–_Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.11</span> <span>Chapter 11 – Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_11_–_Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_12_-_The_Taurus_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_12_-_The_Taurus_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.12</span> <span>Chapter 12 - The Taurus Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_12_-_The_Taurus_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_13_-_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_13_-_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.13</span> <span>Chapter 13 - Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_13_-_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_14_-_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_14_-_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11.14</span> <span>Chapter 14 - Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_14_-_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XII_–_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XII_–_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Book XII – Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XII_–_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1–2_–_Cappadocia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1–2_–_Cappadocia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12.1</span> <span>Chapter 1–2 – Cappadocia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1–2_–_Cappadocia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Pontus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Pontus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12.2</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Pontus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Pontus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Bithynia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Bithynia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12.3</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Bithynia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Bithynia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_5–7_–_Galatia,_Lycaonia_and_Pisidia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_5–7_–_Galatia,_Lycaonia_and_Pisidia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12.4</span> <span>Chapter 5–7 – Galatia, Lycaonia and Pisidia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_5–7_–_Galatia,_Lycaonia_and_Pisidia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_8_–_Phrygia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_8_–_Phrygia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12.5</span> <span>Chapter 8 – Phrygia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_8_–_Phrygia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XIII_–_northern_Aegean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XIII_–_northern_Aegean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Book XIII – northern Aegean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XIII_–_northern_Aegean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Troad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Troad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Troad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Troad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XIV_–_eastern_Aegean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XIV_–_eastern_Aegean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Book XIV – eastern Aegean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XIV_–_eastern_Aegean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Asia_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Asia_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14.1</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Asia Minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Asia_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XV_–_Persia,_Ariana,_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XV_–_Persia,_Ariana,_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Book XV – Persia, Ariana, the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XV_–_Persia,_Ariana,_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XVI_–_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XVI_–_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Book XVI – Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XVI_–_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16.1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Assyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Assyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16.2</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Assyria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Assyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2_–_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16.3</span> <span>Chapter 2 – Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2_–_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Persian_Gulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3_–_Persian_Gulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16.4</span> <span>Chapter 3 – Persian Gulf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3_–_Persian_Gulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_4_–_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16.5</span> <span>Chapter 4 – Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_4_–_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_XVII_–_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_XVII_–_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Book XVII – North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_XVII_–_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Nile,_Egypt,_Cyrenaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_1_–_Nile,_Egypt,_Cyrenaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17.1</span> <span>Chapter 1 – Nile, Egypt, Cyrenaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_1_–_Nile,_Egypt,_Cyrenaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17.2</span> <span>Chapter 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17.3</span> <span>Chapter 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editorial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Editorial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Editions and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editions and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_and_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ancient Greek and English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_and_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaroniezh_Strabon" title="Douaroniezh Strabon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douaroniezh Strabon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_d%27Estrab%C3%B3" title="Geografia d'Estrabó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia d'Estrabó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica_(Strabo)" title="Geographica (Strabo) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geographica (Strabo)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographika" title="Geographika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Γεωγραφικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_(Estrab%C3%B3n)" title="Geografía (Estrabón) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía (Estrabón)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio_(Strabono)" title="Geografio (Strabono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geografio (Strabono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_(Estrabon)" title="Geografia (Estrabon) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geografia (Estrabon)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86)" title="جغرافیا (استرابون) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیا (استرابون)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_(Strabon)" title="Géographie (Strabon) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie (Strabon)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geographica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographika" title="Geographika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geographika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_(Strabone)" title="Geografia (Strabone) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia (Strabone)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גאוגרפיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica_(Strabo)" title="Geographica (Strabo) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geographica (Strabo)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B3graphika_h%C3%BCpomn%C3%A9mata" title="Geógraphika hüpomnémata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geógraphika hüpomnémata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographika" title="Geographika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geographika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AA%8C" title="地理誌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地理誌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_(Estrab%C3%A3o)" title="Geografia (Estrabão) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia (Estrabão)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="География (Страбон) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География (Страбон)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabonis_Geographica" title="Strabonis Geographica – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Strabonis Geographica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografika" title="Geografika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geografika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D2%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%91_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Ҷуғрофиё (Страбон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷуғрофиё (Страбон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafya_(Strabon)" title="Coğrafya (Strabon) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafya (Strabon)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Географія (Страбон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія (Страбон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Geographica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Encyclopedia of geographical knowledge by Strabo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the encyclopedia. For the 2000 rock album, see <a href="/wiki/Geographica_(album)" title="Geographica (album)">Geographica (album)</a>. For the French-language magazine, see <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ographica" title="Géographica">Géographica</a>. For the lost 3rd century BC text, see <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg/200px-Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg/300px-Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1620 edition of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>'s <i>Geographica</i>, whose 840 page numbers prefixed by "C" are now used as a standard text reference.</figcaption></figure> <p> The <i><b>Geographica</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Γεωγραφικά</span>, <i>Geōgraphiká</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Geographica</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum Libri XVII</i></span>, "Strabo's 17 Books on Geographical Topics") or <i><b>Geography</b></i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> of geographical knowledge, consisting of 17 'books', written in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> in the late 1st century BC, or early 1st century AD, and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, an educated citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> of Greek descent. There is a fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> dating to the fifth century. The earliest manuscripts of books 1–9 date to the tenth century, with a 13th-century manuscript containing the entire text.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title_of_the_work">Title of the work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title of the work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/400px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/600px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/800px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world according to Strabo</figcaption></figure> <p>Strabo refers to his <i>Geography</i> within it by several names:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>geōgraphia, "description of the earth"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>chōrographia, "description of the land"</li> <li>periēgēsis, "an outline"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>periodos gēs, "circuit of the earth"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>periodeia tēs chōrās, "circuit of the land"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> Apart from the "outline", two words recur, "earth" and "country." Something of a theorist, Strabo explains what he means by Geography and Chorography:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>It is the sea more than anything else that defines the contours of the land (<i>geōgraphei</i>) and gives it its shape, by forming gulfs, deep seas, straits and likewise isthmuses, peninsulas, and promontories; but both the rivers and the mountains assist the seas herein. It is through such natural features that we gain a clear conception of continents, nations, favourable positions of cities and all the other diversified details with which our geographical map (<i>chorographikos pinax</i>) is filled.</p></blockquote> <p>From this description it is clear that by <i>geography</i> Strabo means ancient <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> and by <i>chorography</i>, <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>. The two are combined in this work, which makes a "circuit of the earth" detailing the physical and political features. Strabo often uses the adjective <i>geōgraphika</i> with reference to the works of others and to geography in general, but not of his own work. In the Middle Ages it became the standard name used of his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascribed_date">Ascribed date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ascribed date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History of geography</a></div> <p>The date of <i>Geographica</i> is a large topic, perhaps because Strabo worked on it along with his <i>History</i> for most of his adult life. He traveled extensively, undoubtedly gathering notes, and made extended visits to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where he is sure to have spent time in the famous library taking notes from his sources. </p><p>Strabo did not date his work and determining this has been a matter of scholarly study since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The earliest attempts were in the 16th and 17th centuries (such as the 1549 Basel edition and the 1571 Heidelberg edition) however the first serious attempt was by Johannes Fabricus in 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Strabo visited Rome in 44 BC at age 19 or 20 apparently for purposes of education. He studied under various persons, including <a href="/wiki/Tyrannion_of_Amisus" title="Tyrannion of Amisus">Tyrannion</a>, a captive educated Greek and private tutor, who instructed <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s two sons. Cicero says:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The geographical work I had planned is a big undertaking...if I take Tyrannion's views too...</p></blockquote> <p>If one presumes that Strabo acquired the motivation for writing geography during his education, the latter must have been complete by the time of his next visit to Rome in 35 BC at 29 years old. He may have been gathering notes but the earliest indication that he must have been preparing them is his extended visit to Alexandria 25–20 BC. In 20 he was 44 years old. His "numerous excerpts" from "the works of his predecessors" are most likely to have been noted at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">library</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether these hypothetical notes first found their way into his <i>history</i> and then into his <i>geography</i> or were simply ported along as notes remains unknown. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hw-augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hw-augustus.jpg/150px-Hw-augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hw-augustus.jpg/225px-Hw-augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hw-augustus.jpg/300px-Hw-augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>20th century drawing of Augustus</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the events of the life of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> mentioned by Strabo occurred 31–7 BC with a gap 6 BC – 14 AD, which can be interpreted as an interval after first publication in 7 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 19 AD a specific reference dates a passage: he said that the <a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Norici</a> had been at peace since they were "stopped ... from their riotous incursions ...."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> 33 years ago, which was 15 BC, dating the passage to the summer 19 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest event mentioned is the death of <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba</a> at no later than 23 AD, when Strabo was in his 80s. These events can be interpreted as a second edition unless he saved all his notes and wrote the book entirely after the age of 80. Dueck concludes that the <i>Geography</i> was written between AD 18-24.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldest_extant_manuscripts">Oldest extant manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oldest extant manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Today there are about thirty manuscripts in existence, with a fragmentary palimpsest of the fifth century the earliest (Vaticanus gr. 2306 + 2061 A). Two manuscripts in Paris provide the best extant text: Parisinus gr. 1397 of the tenth century for Books 1-9, and Parisinus gr. 1393 of the thirteenth century for the entire text. The end of Book 7 had been lost sometime in the latter Byzantine period. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> appeared in 1469: this was the edition probably used by Columbus and other early Renaissance explorers. The first printed Greek edition was the Aldine of 1516, and the first text with commentary was produced by Isaac Casaubon in Geneva in 1587. The Teubner edition appeared in 1852-3 under the editorship of August Meineke." (Roller 51–52)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Strabo is his own best expounder of his principles of composition:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>In short, this book of mine should be ... useful alike to the statesman and to the public at large – as was my work on <i>History</i>. ... And so, after I had written my <i>Historical Sketches</i> ... I determined to write the present treatise also; for this work is based on the same plan, and is addressed to the same class of readers, and particularly to men of exalted stations in life. ... in this work also I must leave untouched what is petty and inconspicuous, and devote my attention to what is noble and great, and to what contains the practically useful, or memorable, or entertaining. ... For it, too, is a colossal work, in that it deals with the facts about large things only, and wholes ....</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An outline of the encyclopedia follows, with links to the appropriate Wikipedia article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_I_–_definition_and_history_of_geography"><span id="Book_I_.E2.80.93_definition_and_history_of_geography"></span>Book I – definition and history of geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book I – definition and history of geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pages C1 through C67, Loeb Volume I pages 3–249. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_description_of_geography_and_this_encyclopedia"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_description_of_geography_and_this_encyclopedia"></span>Chapter 1 – description of geography and this encyclopedia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – description of geography and this encyclopedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">I.1</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">philosophy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> is the founder of geography. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Ocean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian Plain</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Isles of the Blessed">Isles of the Blessed</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Aethiopians</a>, Definition of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7–9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Ocean</a>. Earth is an <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, the land of the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Ister</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Climata" class="mw-redirect" title="Climata">climata</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipodes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14–19</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">ecumene</a>. Geography requires encyclopedic knowledge of celestial, terrestrial and maritime features as well as natural history and mathematics and is of strategic interest. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Earth is a <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> with surface curved by the law of gravity, that bodies move to the center. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> is required to understand geography. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22–23</td> <td>The purpose and plan of the encyclopedia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_contributors_to_geography"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_contributors_to_geography"></span>Chapter 2 – contributors to geography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – contributors to geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">I.2 </td> <td>1</td> <td>Contributions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian empire">Parthians</a> to geography </td></tr> <tr> <td>2–3</td> <td>Critique of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–40</td> <td>Critique of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s and the other poets' geography and various writers' view of it, especially Eratosthenes'. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_physical_geography"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_physical_geography"></span>Chapter 3 – physical geography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">I.3 </td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Critiques of Eratosthenes' sources: Damastes, <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Critiques of Eratosthenes' <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, shape of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a>, formation of the seas. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8–9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silting" class="mw-redirect" title="Silting">Silting</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanic action</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11–12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">Currents</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13–15</td> <td>More on the formation of the seas. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16–20</td> <td>Island-building, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Human migration. </td></tr> <tr> <td>22–23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a>, Hypernotians </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_political_geography"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_political_geography"></span>Chapter 4 – political geography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">I.4 </td> <td>1</td> <td>Heaven is <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">spherical</a> corresponding to Earth's sphericity. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2–6</td> <td>Distances along lines of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> to various peoples and places. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7–8</td> <td>The three <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>: <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Libya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Recommends <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s division of people into good or bad rather than the traditional Greek <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_II_–_mathematics_of_geography"><span id="Book_II_.E2.80.93_mathematics_of_geography"></span>Book II – mathematics of geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Book II – mathematics of geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pages C67 through C136, Loeb Volume I pages 252–521. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_distances_between_parallels_and_meridians"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_distances_between_parallels_and_meridians"></span>Chapter 1 – distances between parallels and meridians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – distances between parallels and meridians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">II.1 </td> <td>1–3</td> <td>Relates Eratosthenes' description of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, which was based on <a href="/wiki/Patrocles_(geographer)" title="Patrocles (geographer)">Patrocles</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–5</td> <td>Critiques <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>' criticism of Patrocles, which was based on <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>. Points out that Eratosthenes used the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6–8</td> <td>Critique of Patrocles. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Fabrications of the geographers concerning <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10–41</td> <td>Calculations of distances between <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridians</a> passing through various places in the habitable world, according to various geographers: <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deimachus" title="Deimachus">Deimachus</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_the_five_zones"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_the_five_zones"></span>Chapter 2 – the five zones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – the five zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">II.2 </td> <td>1</td> <td>Introduces the work <i>Oceans</i> by <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2–3</td> <td>Critiques Poseidonius, who criticises <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> on the widths and locations of the five zones. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_distribution_of_plants,_animals,_civilizations"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_distribution_of_plants.2C_animals.2C_civilizations"></span>Chapter 3 – distribution of plants, animals, civilizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – distribution of plants, animals, civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">II.3 </td> <td>1–3</td> <td>Critiques the six zones of <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Describes African voyages: the circumnavigation by an expedition sent by <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>, another by Magus; to India by <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Adventures and misadventures of Eudoxus. Attacks the credibility of <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_of_Berge" title="Antiphanes of Berge">Antiphanes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Poseidonius' theory of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>; attributes migration of <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Inundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundation">inundation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Attributes the distribution of plants, animals and civilizations to <a href="/wiki/Chance_(Ancient_Greek_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chance (Ancient Greek concept)">chance</a> (suntuchia) rather than to zones (which was Poseidonius' theory). </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Example of random racial distribution: <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Ethiopians</a> were in both Asia (India) and Libya (Africa). Strabo says his school avoids such causal connections. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_criticisms_of_Polybius'_and_Eratosthenes'_maps"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_criticisms_of_Polybius.27_and_Eratosthenes.27_maps"></span>Chapter 4 – criticisms of Polybius' and Eratosthenes' maps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – criticisms of Polybius' and Eratosthenes' maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">II.4 </td> <td>1–2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>' critique of <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Strabo's criticisms of Polybius' European distances. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Strabo's criticisms of Polybius' critique of the distances of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5–6</td> <td>Strabo's corrections to various geographers' descriptions of the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Tanaïs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester river">Tyras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnepr river">Borysthenes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Hypanis</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Strabo criticises Polybius' length of the inhabited world. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Strabo criticises Polybius' and Eratosthenes' physical divisions of Europe. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_Strabo's_view_of_the_ecumene"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_Strabo.27s_view_of_the_ecumene"></span>Chapter 5 – Strabo's view of the ecumene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – Strabo's view of the ecumene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="117">II.5 </td> <td>1</td> <td>Representation of a spherical surface as a <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> requires the geographer to be a mathematician. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a>, stellar paths, <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">arctic circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The five zones, terrestrial and celestial, the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">hemispheres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, circumference of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5–6</td> <td>The inhabited world is an <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> shaped like a truncated <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a>, in a spherical <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">quadrilateral</a> formed between the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">arctic circle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a> passing through the poles. The island is 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> long by 30,000 stadia wide. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> says the equator is 252,000 stadia long; the great circle distance from equator to pole is 63,000 stadia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Strabo does not believe <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a> that <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a> is farthest north at the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. He thinks no one is north of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ierne</a>. He believes the Romans scorned to invade <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> as being worthless. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>The length and width of the inhabited world are 70,000 and 30,000 stadia respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Strabo recommends representing the Earth on a globe of no less than 10 feet in diameter or on a plane map of at least 7 feet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11–12</td> <td>Strabo says he personally travelled from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Tyrrhenia</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Euxine Sea</a> to the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. He and all other geographers receive information mostly by hearsay. He went up the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Gallus" title="Aelius Gallus">Aelius Gallus</a>, prefect of Egypt, to the edge of Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Syene" class="mw-redirect" title="Syene">Syene</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13–16</td> <td>The known limits of the Earth are <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ierne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sagres_Point" title="Sagres Point">Sacred Promontory</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Bactriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactriana">Bactriana</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17–18</td> <td>The sea determines the contours of the land. The four largest internal seas are the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19–25</td> <td>Mediterranean Sea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> are <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Europe develops excellence in men and government and has contributed the most to the others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27–33</td> <td>States the locations of the countries of the three continents. </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Division of the circumference of the Earth, which is 252,000 stadia, by 360 gives 700 stadia per section. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35–43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Tropic circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> by the shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a> and the length of the longest day. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_III_–_Iberian_peninsula"><span id="Book_III_.E2.80.93_Iberian_peninsula"></span>Book III – Iberian peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Book III – Iberian peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia-Strabon-es.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Iberia-Strabon-es.png/250px-Iberia-Strabon-es.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Iberia-Strabon-es.png/375px-Iberia-Strabon-es.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Iberia-Strabon-es.png/500px-Iberia-Strabon-es.png 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Representation on a modern map of Iberia according to Strabo.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Vicinity_of_the_Sacred_Cape"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Vicinity_of_the_Sacred_Cape"></span>Chapter 1 – Vicinity of the Sacred Cape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Vicinity of the Sacred Cape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">III.1 </td> <td>1–3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Ibēria</a> is poor, inhospitable and mountainous, 6000 stadia N–S, 5000 E–W. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Purēnē oros</a> is aligned N–S and separates Ibēria from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Keltikē</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sagres_Point" title="Sagres Point">Sacred Cape</a> is the westernmost point of the inhabited world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country next to it is called <i><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Cuneus</a></i>, "wedge", in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> from its shape. It is occupied by the Ibēres across the straits from the Maurousioi. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Strabo repeats <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a>' assertion that the setting sun is larger at the coast because of a lens effect through the water vapor. He says Artemidorus is wrong in claiming a size of 100 times larger and that he could not have seen it because the cape was taboo at night. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>South West Iberia is delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> river (to the north of the Sacred Cape) and the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Anas</a> river to the east. The region is populated by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Keltikoi</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitanai</a> resettled there from beyond the Tagus by the Romans. Inland are the <a href="/wiki/Carpetani" title="Carpetani">Karpētanoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> region), the <a href="/wiki/Oretani" title="Oretani">Ōrētanoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Ouettōnoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> region). The fertile southeast, <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> region), east of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Baetis</a> river after which it is named, is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Tourdētanoi</a> or Tourdouloi, who have writing and a literature. Other Iberians have alphabets, but not the same, as they do not all use the same languages (glōttai). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Bætica"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_B.C3.A6tica"></span>Chapter 2 – Bætica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Bætica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">III.2 </td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Bætica is the region around the Bætis river, main cities are <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Corduba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadira" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadira">Gadira</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3–5</td> <td>Bætis river is navigable and boats go from the sea to Corduba. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Bætica soil is fertile, it exports a lot of wheat, wine, and oil. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Bætica littoral is full of fish, especially fat tuna, which eat a lot of acorns like some "sea pigs". </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Bætica subsoil is full of gold, silver, cooper, and iron. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9–10</td> <td>How gold and silver are extracted from the soil of Baetica and other regions of Hispania. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11–13</td> <td>What Homer says about Bætica. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14–15</td> <td>Bætica was a Phœnician colony, now it's romanised. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_Iberia">Chapter 3 <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 Iberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">III </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Topography of Iberia </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>North West Spain discussed </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Seacoast from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Pyrenees & inland </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Islands of Iberia </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4">Chapter 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chapter 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">III </td> <td>1–20</td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_-_Islands_of_Iberia:_Baleares,_Cassiterides,_Gades"><span id="Chapter_5_-_Islands_of_Iberia:_Baleares.2C_Cassiterides.2C_Gades"></span>Chapter 5 - Islands of Iberia: <a href="/wiki/Baleares_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleares (province)">Baleares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiterides" title="Cassiterides">Cassiterides</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gades</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 - Islands of Iberia: Baleares, Cassiterides, Gades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">III </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Balearic Islands cont. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gades</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Mythical <a href="/wiki/Erytheia" title="Erytheia">Erytheia</a> location </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Myths about the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Heracles">Pillars of Heracles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Pillars of Heracles cibt </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Water and tides and Gades </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Water and tides and Gades cont. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Seleucus in Gades. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Story by <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a> of a tree found in Gades </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassiterides" title="Cassiterides">Cassiterides</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_IV_–_Gaul,_Britain,_Ireland,_Thule,_the_Alps"><span id="Book_IV_.E2.80.93_Gaul.2C_Britain.2C_Ireland.2C_Thule.2C_the_Alps"></span>Book IV – Gaul, Britain, Ireland, Thule, the Alps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Book IV – Gaul, Britain, Ireland, Thule, the Alps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Narbonitis"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Narbonitis"></span>Chapter 1 – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonitis</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Narbonitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td>'Celtica beyond the Alps' (<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>), its inhabitants and boundaries </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The agriculture and landscapes of Gaul </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The cities and towns of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonitis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The cult of <a href="/wiki/Ephesian_Artemis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesian Artemis">Ephesian Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The government and society of Massalia, its interactions with Rome, and the founding of <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aquae Sextiae</a> (Aix) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>The coastline around Massalia, including the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Galactic Gulf</a>; the site and trade of <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbo</a> (Narbonne) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>The mysterious rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Plaine_de_la_Crau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaine de la Crau">Stony Plain</a>, and the causes given by other writers </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a> and oyster-fishing in the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhodanus</a> (Rhône) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>The remaining settlements of the coastline, including <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Forum Iulium</a> (Fréjus), <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nicaea</a> (Nice) and <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antipolis</a> (Antibes) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_d%27Hy%C3%A8res" title="Îles d'Hyères">Stoechades Islands</a> (Îles d’Hyères) and other coastal islands </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>The towns and rivers of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a> and the Rhône basin as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lemenna</a> (lac Léman), including <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avenio</a> (Avignon), <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Arausio</a> (Orange) and <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienna</a> (Vienne) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>The right bank of the Rhône, including <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nemausos</a> (Nîmes) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Historical migration from Gaul to Cappadocia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Tolossa</a> (Toulouse) and river trade in Gaul </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Aquitania"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Aquitania"></span>Chapter 2 – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Aquitania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td>The geography of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Liger</a> (Loire) via the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garumna</a> (Garonne) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The inhabitants of Aquitania </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The history of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a>, including the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Cenabum" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gergovie" title="Gergovie">Gergovie</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alise-Sainte-Reine" title="Alise-Sainte-Reine">Alise-Sainte-Reine</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Celtica"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Celtica"></span>Chapter 3 – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Celtica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td>Description of the interior of Celtica (Gaul), between the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhenus</a> (Rhine) <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhodanus</a> (Rhône) and <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Liger</a> (Loire) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), one of the most important cities in Gaul, and of local tribes and peoples (including the <a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Description of the Rhine and a calculation of its length; an account of <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Julius Caesar's actions along the river</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The territory of the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> and the other peoples of the Rhine, including Germanic tribes and settlers (such as the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Northern Gaul, including <a href="/wiki/Durocortorum" title="Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>), the Ardouenna (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a> in Lucotocia (<a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Northwest_Gaul_and_the_Belgae"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Northwest_Gaul_and_the_Belgae"></span>Chapter 4 – Northwest Gaul and the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Northwest Gaul and the Belgae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td>The coastal tribes (the <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>A general <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> and their characteristics </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Description of the three intellectual classes of the Belgae (the <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The habits of the Belgae, including their fondness for <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">jewellery</a>, practice of <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">religious sacrifice of humans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Description of an island near the mouth of the Loire, home to a Dionysiac cult and inhabited entirely by women </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_Great_Britain,_Ireland,_and_other_islands"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_Great_Britain.2C_Ireland.2C_and_other_islands"></span>Chapter 5 – <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and other islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – Great Britain, Ireland, and other islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td>The island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and its dimensions </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The natural resources and inhabitants of Great Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Roman attempts at the occupation of Great Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and its inhabitants </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_6_–_The_Alps"><span id="Chapter_6_.E2.80.93_The_Alps"></span>Chapter 6 – The Alps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chapter 6 – The Alps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">IV</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_V_–_Italy_to_Campania"><span id="Book_V_.E2.80.93_Italy_to_Campania"></span>Book V – Italy to Campania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Book V – Italy to Campania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Northern_Italy"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Northern_Italy"></span>Chapter 1 – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Northern Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">V</td> <td>1</td> <td>The shape of Italy, its geography, and the rivers and cities of the north; the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">River Padus</a> (Po), <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Comum</a> (Como), <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Patavium</a> (Padua), and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The places of northwestern Italy, including the River <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the quarry at <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>; also ethnographies of Italian peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caeretanians</a>, and the mysterious <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Tuscany_and_Umbria"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Tuscany_and_Umbria"></span>Chapter 2 – Tuscany and Umbria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Tuscany and Umbria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">V</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_The_Sabine_Hills_and_Latium"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_The_Sabine_Hills_and_Latium"></span>Chapter 3 – The Sabine Hills and Latium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – The Sabine Hills and Latium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">V</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Picenum_and_Campania"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Picenum_and_Campania"></span>Chapter 4 – Picenum and Campania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Picenum and Campania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">V</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VI_–_south_Italy,_Sicily"><span id="Book_VI_.E2.80.93_south_Italy.2C_Sicily"></span>Book VI – south Italy, Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Book VI – south Italy, Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Southern_Italy"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Southern_Italy"></span>Chapter 1 – Southern Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Southern Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">VI</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Sicily"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Sicily"></span>Chapter 2 – Sicily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">VI</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Greece"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Greece"></span>Chapter 3 – Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">VI</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Italy_summary"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Italy_summary"></span>Chapter 4 – Italy summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Italy summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">VI</td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VII_–_north,_east_and_central_Europe"><span id="Book_VII_.E2.80.93_north.2C_east_and_central_Europe"></span>Book VII – north, east and central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Book VII – north, east and central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Germania"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Germania"></span>Chapter 1 – Germania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">VII</td> <td>1</td> <td>Overview of the lands to be covered in the rest of the text. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Geography of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Germanic peoples">list of Germanic tribes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Roman conflicts with Germans. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Ister</a> river. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Germania"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Germania"></span>Chapter 2 – Germania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">VII</td> <td>1</td> <td>Correcting false tales of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Cimbri <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raids</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Cimbri <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Lack of knowledge of areas beyond Germany. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_northern_Black_Sea_region"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_northern_Black_Sea_region"></span>Chapter 3 – northern Black Sea region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – northern Black Sea region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">VII</td> <td>1</td> <td>Southern Germania, myths about distant regions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Mysian culture and religion. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>. Different views of their culture. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a>, his travels, and his influence on the Mysians. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Errors in other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> accounts of <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7–10</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11–12</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13–19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danube_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube river">Danube river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peucini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peucini">Peucini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dniester_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester river">Dniester river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnepr river">Dnepr river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Crimea"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Crimea"></span>Chapter 4 – Crimea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Crimea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">VII </td> <td>1–8</td> <td>Crimea </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_Illyria_and_Pannonia"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_Illyria_and_Pannonia"></span>Chapter 5 – Illyria and Pannonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – Illyria and Pannonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">VII </td> <td>1–12</td> <td>Countries along the west bank of the Danube. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_6_–_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace"><span id="Chapter_6_.E2.80.93_Eastern_Dacia_and_Thrace"></span>Chapter 6 – Eastern Dacia and Thrace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Chapter 6 – Eastern Dacia and Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">VII </td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Continuation of countries along the western and southern banks of the Danube (the Balkans). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_7_–_Epirus"><span id="Chapter_7_.E2.80.93_Epirus"></span>Chapter 7 – Epirus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Chapter 7 – Epirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">VII </td> <td>1–2</td> <td>Continuation on the Balkans. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_VIII_–_Greece"><span id="Book_VIII_.E2.80.93_Greece"></span>Book VIII – Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Book VIII – Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">VIII </td> <td>1.1</td> <td>Summary of previous chapters and intro to Greece </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.2</td> <td>Greek tribes and dialects, Origins thereof </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.3</td> <td>Topography – coastline and peninsulas </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.9</td> <td>Epeians and Eleians peoples </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.12</td> <td>Temples and Shrines to various gods </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.17</td> <td>Cauconians, Origins thereof </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.30</td> <td>Olympia, legends thereof </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.11</td> <td>Depopulation of Laconia (area around Sparta) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_IX_–_More_on_Greece"><span id="Book_IX_.E2.80.93_More_on_Greece"></span>Book IX – More on Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Book IX – More on Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Attica"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Attica"></span>Chapter 1 – Attica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Attica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Boeotia"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Boeotia"></span>Chapter 2 – Boeotia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Boeotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Phocis"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Phocis"></span>Chapter 3 – Phocis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Phocis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Locris"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Locris"></span>Chapter 4 – Locris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Locris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_Thessaly"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_Thessaly"></span>Chapter 5 – Thessaly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – Thessaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_X_–_Yet_more_on_Greece,_Greek_islands"><span id="Book_X_.E2.80.93_Yet_more_on_Greece.2C_Greek_islands"></span>Book X – Yet more on Greece, Greek islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Book X – Yet more on Greece, Greek islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Euboea"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Euboea"></span>Chapter 1 – Euboea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Euboea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16">X </td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2–3_–_Aetolia_and_Acarnania"><span id="Chapter_2.E2.80.933_.E2.80.93_Aetolia_and_Acarnania"></span>Chapter 2–3 – Aetolia and Acarnania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Chapter 2–3 – Aetolia and Acarnania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Crete"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Crete"></span>Chapter 4 – Crete</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_Archipelagos"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_Archipelagos"></span>Chapter 5 – Archipelagos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – Archipelagos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XI_–_Russia_east_of_the_Don,_the_Transcaucasus,_northwest_Iran,_Central_Asia"><span id="Book_XI_.E2.80.93_Russia_east_of_the_Don.2C_the_Transcaucasus.2C_northwest_Iran.2C_Central_Asia"></span>Book XI – Russia east of the Don, the Transcaucasus, northwest Iran, Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Book XI – Russia east of the Don, the Transcaucasus, northwest Iran, Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_East_of_the_Don"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_East_of_the_Don"></span>Chapter 1 – East of the Don</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – East of the Don"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>Brief Description of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Measurements of the Taurus Mountains </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Brief overview of nations bordering the Taurus mountains </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Don_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River">Don River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Kerch" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Kerch">Strait of Kerch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Zabache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strait of Zabache (page does not exist)">Strait of Zabache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arax" class="mw-redirect" title="Arax">Arax</a> rivers </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Brief description of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s expedition </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_-_Sarmatia">Chapter 2 - Sarmatia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 - Sarmatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moeotae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moeotae (page does not exist)">Moeotae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macropogones" title="Macropogones">Macropogones</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The city of <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Maeotae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeotae">Maeotae</a> and geography around Tanais </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimmericum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimmericum (page does not exist)">Cimmericum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Monument of <a href="/wiki/Satyros_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros I">Satyrus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>The villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patraeus_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patraeus (village) (page does not exist)">Patraeus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corocondame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corocondame (page does not exist)">Corocondame</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acra_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acra (village) (page does not exist)">Acra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corocondametis_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corocondametis Lake (page does not exist)">Corocondametis Lake</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_Rivers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuban Rivers (page does not exist)">Kuban Rivers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dandarii" title="Dandarii">Dandarii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toreatae" title="Toreatae">Toreatae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agri_(Maeotae)" title="Agri (Maeotae)">Agri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrhechi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrhechi (page does not exist)">Arrhechi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarpetes" title="Tarpetes">Tarpetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obidiaceni" title="Obidiaceni">Obidiaceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sittaceni" title="Sittaceni">Sittaceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosci" title="Dosci">Dosci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maeotae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeotae">Maeotae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12-13</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Geography of <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Geography of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_the_Bosporus" title="Mithridates II of the Bosporus">Mithridates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Soanes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Iberia"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Iberia"></span>Chapter 3 – Iberia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Iberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">XI</td> <td>1</td> <td>Description of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Caucasian Iberia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araks" class="mw-redirect" title="Araks">Araks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alazan">Alazan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandobanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandobanes (page does not exist)">Sandobanes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhoetaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhoetaces (page does not exist)">Rhoetaces</a>, and Chanes Rivers </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Occupation of lowland and highland Iberians </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-5</td> <td>Entry into Iberia </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Social hierarchy of Iberia </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Albania"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Albania"></span>Chapter 4 – Albania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">XI.2 </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Albanians">Caucasian Albanians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> of Caucasian Albania </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Features of Caucasian Albanians </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Military of Caucasian Albania, The <a href="/wiki/Caspians" title="Caspians">Caspians</a>, and entry into Caucasian Albania </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Rulership and fauna of Caucasian Albania </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> of Caucasian Albania </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Traditions of Caucasian Albania </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5_–_The_Caucasus"><span id="Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_The_Caucasus"></span>Chapter 5 – The Caucasus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Chapter 5 – The Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gargareans" title="Gargareans">Gargareans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelae_(Scythian_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelae (Scythian tribe)">Gelae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mermodas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mermodas (page does not exist)">Mermodas</a> River </td></tr> <tr> <td>3-4</td> <td>Achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Highest point of the Caucasus </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Troglodytae" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamaecoets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamaecoets (page does not exist)">Chamaecoets</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyphagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyphagi (page does not exist)">Polyphagi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_6_-_The_Caspian">Chapter 6 - The Caspian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Chapter 6 - The Caspian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sacae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacae">Sacae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3-4</td> <td>Criticisms of historical authors </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_7_-_East_of_the_Caspian">Chapter 7 - East of the Caspian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Chapter 7 - East of the Caspian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> nomads </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Ochus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> Rivers </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_8_-_Geography_of_the_Caspian_and_Iran">Chapter 8 - Geography of the Caspian and Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Chapter 8 - Geography of the Caspian and Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>Geography of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasiani">Pasiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tochari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tochari">Tochari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacaruli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacaruli (page does not exist)">Sacaruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sacae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacae">Sacae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Geography of the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Iranian Desert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-5</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sacae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacae">Sacae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6-7</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>More about the <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> tribes </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Measurements between locations in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_9_–_Parthia"><span id="Chapter_9_.E2.80.93_Parthia"></span>Chapter 9 – Parthia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Chapter 9 – Parthia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2-3</td> <td>History of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_10_–_Aria_and_Margiana"><span id="Chapter_10_.E2.80.93_Aria_and_Margiana"></span>Chapter 10 – Aria and Margiana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Chapter 10 – Aria and Margiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>Aria, <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_11_–_Bactria"><span id="Chapter_11_.E2.80.93_Bactria"></span>Chapter 11 – Bactria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Chapter 11 – Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Cities of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Cities created and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers">Rivers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s planned expedition to <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7-12</td> <td>Measurements of the region </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_12_-_The_Taurus_Mountains">Chapter 12 - The Taurus Mountains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Chapter 12 - The Taurus Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td>Geography of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_13_-_Media">Chapter 13 - Media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Chapter 13 - Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">XI </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The summer palace in Ganzaka </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6-7</td> <td>Geography of <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Tributes of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9-11</td> <td>Traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_14_-_Armenia">Chapter 14 - Armenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Chapter 14 - Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">XI </td> <td>1-2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arax_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Arax River">Arax River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Geography of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Growth of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Rivers of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Lakes of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Mines and Cavalry of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigranes II">Tigranes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Measurements of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>12-13</td> <td>Strabo's account of the origin of the Armenians </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Tribes near Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Brief history of Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Religion of Armenia </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XII_–_Anatolia"><span id="Book_XII_.E2.80.93_Anatolia"></span>Book XII – Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Book XII – Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1–2_–_Cappadocia"><span id="Chapter_1.E2.80.932_.E2.80.93_Cappadocia"></span>Chapter 1–2 – Cappadocia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Chapter 1–2 – Cappadocia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Pontus"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Pontus"></span>Chapter 3 – <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Pontus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">XII </td> <td>1</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_Eupator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates Eupator">Mithridates Eupator</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Bithynians </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucones" title="Caucones">Caucones</a> whose domain extended from <a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandynia</a> to the river <a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River" title="Bartın River">Parthenius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>The city of Heracleia </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Rivers between Chalcedon and Heracleia </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>The plain of <a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>The plain of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lycian_place_names" title="List of Lycian place names">Sidene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>Pontic Comana </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Bithynia"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Bithynia"></span>Chapter 4 – <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Bithynia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">XII </td> <td>1</td> <td>Surroundings of Bithynia on all four sides </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Geography of the region south of Bithynia. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astacene_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astacene Gulf (page does not exist)">Astacene Gulf</a> and the role of Bithynian kings in its history. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>On the difficulty of marking the boundaries between the territories of the Bithynians, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysians</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_5–7_–_Galatia,_Lycaonia_and_Pisidia"><span id="Chapter_5.E2.80.937_.E2.80.93_Galatia.2C_Lycaonia_and_Pisidia"></span>Chapter 5–7 – Galatia, Lycaonia and Pisidia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Chapter 5–7 – Galatia, Lycaonia and Pisidia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_8_–_Phrygia"><span id="Chapter_8_.E2.80.93_Phrygia"></span>Chapter 8 – Phrygia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Chapter 8 – Phrygia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">XII </td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, and the parts of Phrygia and Mysia </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Debate as to whether the district around Sipylus is part of Greater of Lesser Phrygia </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> and other peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XIII_–_northern_Aegean"><span id="Book_XIII_.E2.80.93_northern_Aegean"></span>Book XIII – northern Aegean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Book XIII – northern Aegean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Troad"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Troad"></span>Chapter 1 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troad_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troad (region) (page does not exist)">Troad</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Troad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">XII </td> <td>1</td> <td>Preamble to the region of the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a> with a brief discussion of sources, especially Homer </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Regions of the Troad </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XIV_–_eastern_Aegean"><span id="Book_XIV_.E2.80.93_eastern_Aegean"></span>Book XIV – eastern Aegean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Book XIV – eastern Aegean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Asia_Minor"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Asia_Minor"></span>Chapter 2 – Asia Minor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Asia Minor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="35">XIV </td> <td>5–13</td> <td>Description of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. Commentary of the people, politics, and society of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. Includes description of the fallen <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XV_–_Persia,_Ariana,_the_Indian_subcontinent"><span id="Book_XV_.E2.80.93_Persia.2C_Ariana.2C_the_Indian_subcontinent"></span>Book XV – Persia, Ariana, the Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Book XV – Persia, Ariana, the Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XVI_–_Middle_East"><span id="Book_XVI_.E2.80.93_Middle_East"></span>Book XVI – Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Book XVI – Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Assyria"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Assyria"></span>Chapter 1 – Assyria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Assyria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20">XVI</td> <td>1-2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> geographical extent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5-6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8-9</td> <td>Geography of Babylon </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Canal Maintenance. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Aristobulus on Alexander. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Eratosthenes and hydrology. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Polycleitus and hydrology. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Babylonia production of resources </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Asphaltus in Babylonia and its uses </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Babylonia entyonym </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Artemita and Persis </td></tr> <tr> <td>22–23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cossaei" title="Cossaei">Cossaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraetacene" title="Paraetacene">Paraetacene</a>,<a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2_–_Syria"><span id="Chapter_2_.E2.80.93_Syria"></span>Chapter 2 – Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Chapter 2 – Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="40">XVI</td> <td>1-2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> geography. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>General description <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-5</td> <td>Cities of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucis_of_Syria" title="Seleucis of Syria">Seleucis of Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rablah" title="Rablah">Rablah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Regions of Syria. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea in Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea, Syria</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parapotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapotamia">Parapotamia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodiceia</a> and the coast </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Aradii </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Mountains and Rivers of Syria. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Macras </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Massyas. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abraham_River" title="Abraham River">Abraham River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Borders of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Borders of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25-26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Ashkelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Ashkelon">Tel Ashkelon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Raphia </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>Sinai and Negev </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and environs </td></tr> <tr> <td>35-37</td> <td>Origins of the Jews </td></tr> <tr> <td>38-39</td> <td>Relating Judaism to Stocism </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>History of the Jews </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>42-45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and environs </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>History of the Jews </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3_–_Persian_Gulf"><span id="Chapter_3_.E2.80.93_Persian_Gulf"></span>Chapter 3 – Persian Gulf</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Chapter 3 – Persian Gulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="40">XVI</td> <td>1-5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> description. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>General description <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_4_–_Arabia"><span id="Chapter_4_.E2.80.93_Arabia"></span>Chapter 4 – Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Chapter 4 – Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="40">XVI</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> description from <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2-3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%A6ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabæans">Sabæans</a>, and other nations </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-8</td> <td>Shores of Arabia & Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td>9-16</td> <td>Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td>17-18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Troglodytae" title="Troglodytae">Troglodytae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabeans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabataea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataea">Nabataea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22-24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia#Gallus's_expedition" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">History of the Romans in Arabia#Gallus's expedition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Discussion of aromatic plants and Arabian people's culture </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_XVII_–_North_Africa"><span id="Book_XVII_.E2.80.93_North_Africa"></span>Book XVII – North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Book XVII – North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_1_–_Nile,_Egypt,_Cyrenaica"><span id="Chapter_1_.E2.80.93_Nile.2C_Egypt.2C_Cyrenaica"></span>Chapter 1 – Nile, Egypt, Cyrenaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Chapter 1 – Nile, Egypt, Cyrenaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="35">17 </td> <td>1–2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and surrounding people. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>The Nile in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The organization of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a>, classes, comments on the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#The_Egyptian_labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>The Nile in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Source of the Nile. Greek writers about the Nile. Definition of the name Aegypt. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Harbours of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Pharos</a> Island. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Founding of the city by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Importance of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mariout" title="Lake Mariout">Lake Mareotis</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Details about Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> steals Alexanders body. <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas" title="Perdiccas">Perdiccas</a> is slain. <a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a> departes for <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a>. Other temples and buildings, Lochias (promontory), Royal palace, Antirrhodos (island), Theatre, Poseidium, Emporium, Timonium, <a href="/wiki/Caesarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarium">Caesarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heptastadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptastadium">Heptastadium</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>More details about Alexandria. More buildings and structures. The <a href="/wiki/Sarapium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarapium">Sarapium</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12–13</td> <td>Egypt as a Roman province. <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman Legions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>' visit to Alexandria. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Coastal cities from <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> to Alexandria. About <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperus" title="Cyperus">Cyperus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a> in the Deltaic marshes and lakes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16–17</td> <td>Road to <a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a>. Temple of <a href="/wiki/Sarapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarapis">Sarapis</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Nile mounts in the Delta, Canopic (<a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a>), Bolbitine (<a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a>), Sebennytic (<a href="/wiki/Buto" title="Buto">Buto</a>), Phantnitic (<a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>), Mendesian (<a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>), Tanitic (<a href="/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanis, Egypt">Tanis</a>) and Pelusiac (<a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>(sect. 19–21: Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">mouth of the river Nile</a>; expulsion of foreigners; difficulty in entering Egypt.) cities <a href="/wiki/Xois" class="mw-redirect" title="Xois">Xoïs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermupolis</a>, ... <a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athribis" title="Athribis">Athribis</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a> ... Heroönpolis </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Lake Mareia, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>... <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Saïs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>discord among the Egyptians over the <a href="/wiki/Schoenus" title="Schoenus">schoenus</a> (i.e. a unit of distance) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>city of <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoê</a>; canal through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bitter_Lake" title="Great Bitter Lake">Bitter Lakes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>Heroönpolis ... Phacussa </td></tr> <tr> <td>27–39</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Cynonpolis ('City of Dogs'), ... ; overview of different animals worshipped by separate Egyptian groups or by all Egyptians in common </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolitic</a> garrison, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebaïc</a> garrison, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>... <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>the oracle at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Ammon</a> visited by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>temple of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydus</a>; city of <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Tentyra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>cities Berenicê (at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myus Hormus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Coptus</a> ... ; mines of <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">smaragdus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>city <a href="/wiki/Hermonthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermonthis">Hermonthis</a>; a City of Crocodiles; a City of Aphroditê; <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Latopolis</a>; a City of Hawks; Apollonospolis </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Syenê</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantinê</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">nilometer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>the First <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataract</a>, above <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantinê</a>; settlement <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>, holding an Aethiopian bird in honour </td></tr> <tr> <td>50–54</td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_2">Chapter 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Chapter 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">17 </td> <td>1–3</td> <td>Ethiopia </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-5</td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_3">Chapter 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Chapter 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:45em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Section</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">17 </td> <td>1–25</td> <td>... </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editorial_history">Editorial history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Editorial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some thirty manuscripts of <i>Geographica</i> or parts of it have survived, almost all of them medieval copies of copies, though there are fragments from papyrus rolls which were probably copied out <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100–300 AD. Scholars have struggled for a century and a half to produce an accurate edition close to what Strabo wrote. A definitive one (by translator <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Radt" title="Stefan Radt">Stefan Radt</a>) has been in publication since 2002, appearing at a rate of about a volume a year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kramer, Gustav, ed., <i>Strabonis Geographica</i>, 3 vols, containing Books 1–17. Berlin: Friedericus Nicolaus, 1844–52.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_and_English">Ancient Greek and English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek and English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1917–1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1917–1932). Horace Leonard Jones (ed.). <i>The Loeb Classical Library: The Geography of Strabo: in Eight Volumes</i>. Translated by Jones; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Sitlington_Sterrett" title="John Robert Sitlington Sterrett">John Robert Sitlington Sterrett</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: Harvard University Press/William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99055-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99055-2"><bdi>0-674-99055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loeb+Classical+Library%3A+The+Geography+of+Strabo%3A+in+Eight+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2FLondon&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2FWilliam+Heinemann&rft.date=1917%2F1932&rft.isbn=0-674-99055-2&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span> Contains Books 1–17, Greek on the left page, English on the right. Sterrett translated Books I and II and wrote the introduction before dying in 1915. Jones changed Sterrett's style from free to more literal and finished the translation. The <i>Introduction</i> contains a major bibliography on all aspects of Strabo and a definitive presentation of the manuscripts and editions up until 1917.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardieu1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tardieu, Amédée (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sa4fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3"><i>Géographie de Strabon: Traduction Nouvelle: Tome Premier</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+de+Strabon%3A+Traduction+Nouvelle%3A+Tome+Premier&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Tardieu&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsa4fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span> Books I – VI only.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardieu1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tardieu, Amédée (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a68fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9"><i>Géographie de Strabon: Traduction Nouvelle: Tome Deuxième</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9ographie+de+Strabon%3A+Traduction+Nouvelle%3A+Tome+Deuxi%C3%A8me&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Tardieu&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da68fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span> Books VII – XII only.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Radt, Stefan (translator; critical apparatus) (2002–2011). <i>Strabons Geographika</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Books I–XVII in ten volumes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_situ_orbis_from_Albi" title="De situ orbis from Albi"><i>De situ orbis</i> from Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy's Geography">Ptolemy's <i>Geography</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_2061" title="Codex Vaticanus 2061">Codex Vaticanus 2061</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, and Duane W Roller. <i>The Geography of Strabo</i>. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDueck2000" class="citation book cs1">Dueck, Daniela (2000). <i>Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome</i>. London, New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21672-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21672-9"><bdi>0-415-21672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo+of+Amasia%3A+A+Greek+Man+of+Letters+in+Augustan+Rome&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-21672-9&rft.aulast=Dueck&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 3 chapter 1 section 1 1st sentence, page C136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 3 chapter 4 section 5 last sentence, page C158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 6 chapter 1 section 2, page C253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 9 chapter 5 section 14, page C435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 2 chapter 5 section 17, page C120, Jones translation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDueck1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dueck, Daniela (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477333">"The Date and Method of Composition of Strabo's "Geography"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Hermes</i>. <b>127</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">467–</span>478. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-0777">0018-0777</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477333">4477333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=The+Date+and+Method+of+Composition+of+Strabo%27s+%22Geography%22&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E478&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4477333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-0777&rft.aulast=Dueck&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4477333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ad. Att. 2. 6. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterrett, Loeb Edition, pages xxii–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterrett, Loeb Edition, page xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 4.6.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dueck page 146 on Strabo Book 4, Chapter 6, Book 9, page C206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, and Duane W Roller. <i>The Geography of Strabo</i>. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book I sections 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo rotates the Pyrenees to form the east side of Iberia, which is correspondingly distorted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact adjacent <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a> is further west but Sagres Point was the Sacred Cape.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strabo.ca/editions.html">"Print and online editions of the Greek text of Strabo's Geography"</a>. <i>strabo.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=strabo.ca&rft.atitle=Print+and+online+editions+of+the+Greek+text+of+Strabo%27s+Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strabo.ca%2Feditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographica&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The text of Strabo online</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="s:el:Γεωγραφικά">Γεωγραφικά</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1924" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1924). H.L. Jones (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html">"Strabo: The Geography"</a>. <i>LacusCurtius</i>. Translated by Jones<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LacusCurtius&rft.atitle=Strabo%3A+The+Geography&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1924" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1924). H.L. Jones (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+toc">"Strabo, <i>Geography</i>"</a>. <i>The Perseus Digital Library</i>. Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DStrab.%2Btoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span> Books 6–14.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1903" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1903-06-19). H.C. Hamilton; W. Falconer (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0239">"Strabo, <i>Geography</i>"</a>. <i>The Perseus Digital Library</i>. Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography&rft.date=1903-06-19&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253atext%253a1999.01.0239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1852–1853" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1852–1853). A. Meineke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0197">"Strabo, <i>Geography</i>"</a>. <i>The Perseus Digital Library</i> (in Greek). Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography&rft.date=1852%2F1853&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253atext%253a1999.01.0197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeographica" class="Z3988"></span> Books 6–14.</li></ul> <p><b>Other links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i.redd.it/luidijyxq0a01.jpg">World map as described by Strabo in Gegraphica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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