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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_biretta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_biretta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Liturgical biretta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liturgical_biretta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Liturgical biretta subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_biretta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anglican use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lutheran use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_biretta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_biretta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academic biretta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_biretta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic biretta subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_biretta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctoral_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctoral_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Doctoral degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctoral_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_medieval_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_medieval_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Use in medieval universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_medieval_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_pontifical_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_pontifical_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Use by pontifical universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_pontifical_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors_of_doctoral_birettas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors_of_doctoral_birettas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Colors of doctoral birettas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors_of_doctoral_birettas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_art_in_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_art_in_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Depictions in art in Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_art_in_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Use by women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Biretta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="بيريتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيريتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Берэт (аблачэнне) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берэт (аблачэнне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birreta" title="Birreta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Birreta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biret" title="Biret – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biret" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birett" title="Birett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birreta" title="Birreta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Birreta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bireto" title="Bireto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bireto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birreta_(klerikala)" title="Birreta (klerikala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birreta (klerikala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrette_(couvre-chef)" title="Barrette (couvre-chef) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barrette (couvre-chef)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A0%88%ED%83%80" title="비레타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비레타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bireto" title="Bireto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bireto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berretta" title="Berretta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berretta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretum" title="Biretum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birete_(galvassega)" title="Birete (galvassega) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birete (galvassega)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birett" title="Birett – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Birett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretas" title="Biretas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biretas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A9tum" title="Birétum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birétum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87" title="بيريته – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيريته" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biretta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E5%B8%BD" title="ビレッタ帽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビレッタ帽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biretta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biret" title="Biret – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biret" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrete_(veste_lit%C3%BArgica)" title="Barrete (veste litúrgica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barrete (veste litúrgica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Биретта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биретта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biretta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biret" title="Biret – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biret" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biret" title="Biret – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biret" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biretta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரேட்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரேட்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бірет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бірет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9_biretta" title="Mũ biretta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mũ biretta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%A7%92%E5%B8%BD" title="四角帽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="四角帽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Biretta" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Square cap with three or four peaks or horns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the firearms manufacturer, see <a href="/wiki/Beretta" title="Beretta">Beretta</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biret.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biret.JPG/220px-Biret.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biret.JPG/330px-Biret.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Biret.JPG/440px-Biret.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>A traditional black biretta.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>biretta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">biretum, birretum</i>) is a square <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">cap</a> with three or four peaks or horns, sometimes surmounted by a tuft. Traditionally the three-peaked biretta is worn by Christian clergy, especially <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church hierarchy">Roman Catholic clergy</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> clergy. A four-peaked biretta is worn as <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic dress</a> (but not liturgically) by those holding a doctoral degree from a pontifical faculty or <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">pontifical university</a> or faculty. Occasionally the biretta is worn by advocates in law courts, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Advocates" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocates">advocates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG/220px-Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG/330px-Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG/440px-Bonete_Sammlung_Philippi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption> The "Spanish version" of the biretta, from the <a href="/wiki/Philippi_Collection" title="Philippi Collection">Philippi Collection</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the biretta are uncertain. It is mentioned as early as the tenth century. One possible origin is the academic cap of the high Middle Ages, which was soft and square. This is also the ancestor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a> used today in secular universities. The biretta seems to have become more widely used as an ecclesiastical vestment after the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "bireta on their heads after the manner of laymen."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tuft or <a href="/wiki/Pom-pom" title="Pom-pom">pom</a> sometimes seen on the biretta was added later; the earliest forms of the biretta (the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">cap</a>) did not bear the device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgical_biretta">Liturgical biretta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liturgical biretta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_use">Catholic use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biretta may be used by all ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> clergy, including <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">bishops</a> to <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, and even seminarians (who are not clergy, since they are no longer tonsured). Those worn by cardinals are scarlet red and made of silk. After the Second Vatican Council the ceremony of giving the <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a> to cardinals was replaced with giving the biretta. The biretta of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> is <a href="/wiki/Amaranth_(color)" title="Amaranth (color)">amaranth</a> in color, while those worn by priests, deacons, and seminarians are black. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> does not make use of the biretta. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Tridentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> rubrics on <a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">low Mass</a> require the priest to wear the biretta while proceeding to the altar, to hand it to the <a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">server</a> on arrival and to resume it when leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">solemn Mass</a> the sacred ministers wear it also when seated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance">Appearance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardinals bear no tuft or "pom" (they are given their birettas and <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetti</a> by the Pope who elevated them in a ceremony named a <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> – they will form a line, and kneel before him when receiving them), bishops bear a purple pom, priests who have been appointed as <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a> to certain positions within the Vatican wear a black biretta with red pom, diocesan priests and deacons wear a black biretta with or without a black pom. It is often asserted that seminarians are only entitled to wear a biretta without a pom-pom, but there would seem to be no formal ruling on this point. Priests in monastic and mendicant religious orders that have their own habits (Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, etc.) do not generally wear birettas: in most circumstances, even liturgical, the monastic hood took the place of the biretta. <a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons Regular">Canons Regular</a> generally do—for instance the canons of the <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Order of Prémontré</a> wear a white biretta. <a href="/wiki/Clerks_Regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks Regular">Clerks Regular</a> (that is, post-Renaissance religious orders primarily dedicated to priestly ministry, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a>) generally wear a black biretta with no tuft. Other priests who belong to various forms of community life, as the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory_of_St._Philip_Neri" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri">Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri</a> for instance, generally also wear birettas, but without a pom. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest" title="Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest">Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest</a> uses black birettas with a blue pom. </p><p>The liturgical biretta has three peaks (four peaks however are the norm in Germany and the Netherlands), with the "peak-less" corner worn on the left side of the head. According to the 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, "It was formerly the rule that a priest should always wear it in giving absolution in confession, and it is probable that the ancient usage which requires an English judge assume the 'black cap' in pronouncing sentence of death is of identical origin."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the biretta has not been abolished as a result of changes in the regulation of clerical dress and vesture following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> and still remains the correct liturgical headgear for those in Holy Orders whilst "in choir", but its use has been made optional. Its use is prevalent among <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and cardinals, and less so among other clergy. Some priests wear it during outdoor services such as burials or processions and, as is intended, during the celebration of Mass and other liturgical services. The biretta is also worn by a priest, deacon, subdeacon, and bishop in attendance at a Mass offered according to the rubrics for the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Roman Missal of 1962</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JL_08943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archbishop Julian Porteous of Hobart wearing an amaranth biretta"><img alt="Archbishop Julian Porteous of Hobart wearing an amaranth biretta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JL_08943.jpg/120px-JL_08943.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JL_08943.jpg/180px-JL_08943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/JL_08943.jpg/240px-JL_08943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4464" data-file-height="6696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Julian_Porteous" title="Julian Porteous">Julian Porteous</a> of Hobart wearing an amaranth biretta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinal Angelo Scola wearing a scarlet watered silk biretta"><img alt="Cardinal Angelo Scola wearing a scarlet watered silk biretta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg/120px-AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg/180px-AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg/240px-AngeloScola.22-03-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Angelo Scola</a> wearing a scarlet watered silk biretta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Biretta of a Monsignor"><img alt="The Biretta of a Monsignor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg/120px-Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg/180px-Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg/240px-Biretta_of_a_Roman_Catholic_Monsignor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Biretta of a <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges;_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Then-Archbishop Willem Jacobus Eijk (Utrecht) wearing an amaranth biretta"><img alt="Then-Archbishop Willem Jacobus Eijk (Utrecht) wearing an amaranth biretta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG/77px-Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG" decoding="async" width="77" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG/116px-Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG/154px-Procession_of_the_Precious_Blood_of_Jesus_Christ-Bruges%3B_nederlandse_Bisschop_50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Then-Archbishop Willem Jacobus Eijk</a> (Utrecht) wearing an <a href="/wiki/Amaranth_(color)" title="Amaranth (color)">amaranth</a> biretta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo wearing the black biretta of a priest in a mid-19th century painting"><img alt="Saint Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo wearing the black biretta of a priest in a mid-19th century painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg/120px-Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg/180px-Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg/240px-Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Benedetto_Cottolengo" title="Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo">Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo</a> wearing the black biretta of a priest in a mid-19th century painting</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_use">Anglican use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglican use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birettas are also occasionally worn by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> Anglican clergy, though it is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canons</a> and deans could wear a black biretta with a red pom. </p><p>"Biretta Belt" is a slang term for regions where Anglo-Catholic clergy were historically noticeable and more commonly donned birettas (such as the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac">Fond du Lac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Eau_Claire" title="Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire">Eau Claire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Milwaukee" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> in Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Quincy" title="Episcopal Diocese of Quincy">Quincy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Chicago" title="Episcopal Diocese of Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Springfield" title="Episcopal Diocese of Springfield">Springfield</a> in Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Northern_Indiana" title="Episcopal Diocese of Northern Indiana">Northern Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Northern_Michigan" title="Episcopal Diocese of Northern Michigan">Marquette</a> in Michigan).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a>, which like the biretta, evolved from the medieval cap, although seldom used since the early 20th century, has been considered a more authentically Anglican alternative to the biretta. The Canterbury cap has a soft, square top rather than the rigid horns that developed on the biretta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_use">Lutheran use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lutheran use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birettas may also be worn by Lutheran clergy, primarily those affiliated with an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a> churchmanship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_biretta">Academic biretta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Academic biretta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rector_univ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rector_univ.jpg/170px-Rector_univ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rector_univ.jpg/255px-Rector_univ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Rector_univ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Spanish <i>rector</i> (college president) in full <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic dress</a>, wearing the round <i>birrete</i> (biretta) that is the <a href="/wiki/Academic_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic cap">academic cap</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> universities.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctoral_degrees">Doctoral degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doctoral degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_medieval_universities">Use in medieval universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in medieval universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the medieval university, the ceremony by which a new master or doctor received his degree included the birretatio, or imposition of the biretta. This was often given with a token book in recognition of the person's scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic biretta developed into various styles of academic headgear on the European continent and in the British Isles. Today some secular universities still use the term, if not the actual biretta, to name their academic cap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_by_pontifical_universities">Use by pontifical universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use by pontifical universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> For those holding doctoral degrees from a pontifical university or faculty, whether ordained or lay, "the principal mark of a Doctor's dignity is the four horned biretta."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Commencement_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Commencement ceremony">commencement ceremonies</a> and other academic settings, doctors of the four ecclesiastical disciplines (Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, and Sacred Scriptures) from pontifical faculties and universities have a canonical right to wear the doctoral biretta as stated in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">Codex Iuris Canonici</a>, 1917, can. 1378, and explained in commentary 262 of the Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici as follows: </p><blockquote><p>"262. Doctoratus ac Scentiae effectus canonici sic recensentur can. 1378...doctoribus seu gradum academicum in una ex quatuor supradictis facultatibus <<vide 261: philosophia, theologia, ius canonicum, Sacra Scriptura>> supremum obtinentibus, rite creatis, seu promotis regulariter post examen, iuxta "statuta a Sede Apostolica probata" (can. 1376, § 2) saltem quoad usum validum "facultatis ab eadem Aplca. Sede concessae" (can. 1377, § 1), deferendi, extra sacras functiones, (quarum nomine ad hunc eflectum non-venit ex usu sacra praedicatio), nisi aliunde amplietur eis hoc ius quoad a) annulum etiam cum gemma "ipsis a iure huius canonis concessum" (can. 136, § 2), b) et biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate.:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The sections concerning the 1917 edition of Canon Law in relation to the academic biretta were abrogated by the updated edition in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>. Nevertheless, the use of the academic biretta has continued to this day despite official recognition in the 1983 Code on the grounds that the new code did not intend to suppress its use but simply to divest itself of concern for academic regalia. Moreover, as it became socially acceptable for Catholic priests to study for post-ordination degrees at Protestant seminaries or secular universities, the four horned academic biretta with appropriately colored piping has similarly been employed by such priests earning doctoral degrees from even non-pontifical institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colors_of_doctoral_birettas">Colors of doctoral birettas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Colors of doctoral birettas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The color of the doctoral biretta given by ecclesiastical universities and faculties is normally black, with colored piping corresponding to the faculty of study in which the degree was granted: </p> <ul><li>Theology (S.T.D.): Red</li> <li>Canon Law (J.C.D.): Green</li> <li>Philosophy (Ph.D.): Blue</li> <li>Social Sciences (H.E.D., S.I.C.D, etc.): Orange</li></ul> <p>At one time, different universities had different practices concerning the color and style of the biretta itself. One author, nearly a century ago, reports that in his day the Roman universities gave a doctoral biretta in black silk,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Louvain gave a biretta with a colored tuft according to the academic discipline in which the doctorate was awarded,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Catholic University of America gave a velvet biretta with red tuft and trim to doctors of theology.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'traditional' biretta at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a>, is white, to correspond to the white Dominican habit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the academic senate of the <i>Angelicum</i> in its May 2011 meeting indicated that the black biretta may be used with trim and pom in the color of the particular faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A three-peaked black biretta with appropriately colored piping may be similarly used by those receiving the licentiate degree (S.T.L., Ph.L.).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depictions_in_art_in_Catholicism">Depictions in art in Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Depictions in art in Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctoral biretta is sometimes seen in depictions of St. <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a>, because she was declared a doctor by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recognition is distinct from her status as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>. The doctoral biretta has been borrowed for depictions of another doctor of the Church, St. <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse de Lisieux">Thérèse de Lisieux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_women">Use by women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use by women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The biretta was considered as possible headwear for female barristers in England and Wales. In 1922, immediately prior to the first lady being called to the Bar, there was discussion among the senior judges about what she should wear on her head. Darling J and Horridge J suggested the biretta, but were outvoted by the other nine judges present. As a result, female barristers wear the same unpowdered men's wig as male barristers, which completely covers the hair.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippi_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippi Collection">The Philippi Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappello Romano">Cappello Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_hat" title="Four Winds hat">Four Winds hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skufia" title="Skufia">Skufia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20974">Biretta Definitions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Norris, Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development, 1950, 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aomoi.net/odv/tlm/ritus_servandus_eng.htm"><i>Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae</i>, II.2 and XII.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThurston1907" class="citation web cs1">Thurston, Herbert (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02577a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biretta"</a>. Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Biretta&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02577a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Thurston1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbert Thurston (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Biretta"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Biretta">"Biretta" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biretta&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Herbert+Thurston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/biretta-belt/">"Biretta Belt"</a>. <i>The Episcopal Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Biretta+Belt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fglossary%2Fbiretta-belt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/alexander/alexander4.html">"What is Anglo-Catholicism? Part Four"</a>. <i>anglicanhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anglicanhistory.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Anglo-Catholicism%3F+Part+Four&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Falexander%2Falexander4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theparishpress.com/pages/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <i>The Parish Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Parish+Press&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheparishpress.com%2Fpages%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olmert, Michael (1996). <i>Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History</i>, p.178. Simon & Schuster, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7">0-684-80164-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Abel Nainfa, Costume of Prelates of The Catholic Church: According To Roman Etiquette, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, can. 1378; Commentarium Textus Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1923, comm. 262: Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1922, Liber III, Pars IV, Tit. XXII, 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Abel Nainfa, S.S., Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette (Baltimore: John Murphy Company, rev. ed. 1926).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, can. 1378, and Commentarium Textus Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1923, comm. 262, p. 320: "biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpapabear2008" class="citation web cs1">papabear (26 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantate-domino.blogspot.com/2008/04/some-info-on-academic-birettas-and-such.html">"Accessed 3-25-2011"</a>. Cantate-domino.blogspot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessed+3-25-2011&rft.pub=Cantate-domino.blogspot.com&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.au=papabear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcantate-domino.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fsome-info-on-academic-birettas-and-such.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728040858/http://www.pust.it/index.php/en/universita/233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum">"Ring, Biretta and Gown for Graduates"</a>. Pust.it. 15 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pust.it/index.php/en/universita/233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum">the original</a> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ring%2C+Biretta+and+Gown+for+Graduates&rft.pub=Pust.it&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pust.it%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Funiversita%2F233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Rhetts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmsantos.com/Teresa.html">Saint Teresa in New Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510184817/http://nmsantos.com/Teresa.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tradicion Revista, Volume 7, No. 1, Spring 2002. Accessed 2006-11-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portraitschicago.com/sculpture2.htm">Portraits/Chicago Inc</a>. Accessed 2006-11-26.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan1996" class="citation book cs1">Noonan, James-Charles Jr. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchvisiblecer0000noon"><i>The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86745-4"><bdi>0-670-86745-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+Visible%3A+The+Ceremonial+Life+and+Protocol+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-670-86745-4&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=James-Charles+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchvisiblecer0000noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippi2009" class="citation book cs1">Philippi, Dieter (2009). <i>Sammlung Philippi - Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität</i>. Leipzig: St. Benno Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7462-2800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7462-2800-6"><bdi>978-3-7462-2800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+Philippi+-+Kopfbedeckungen+in+Glaube%2C+Religion+und+Spiritualit%C3%A4t&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=St.+Benno+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-7462-2800-6&rft.aulast=Philippi&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Biretta"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Biretta">"Biretta" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 980–981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biretta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=980-981&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiretta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm">"Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i>, English ed. 17 April 1969: 4.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biretta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/biretta" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/biretta">biretta</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birettas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birettas">Birettas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieter-philippi.de/de/sammlung-philippi/kopfbedeckungen-1">Pictures of birettas, information and literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippi-collection.blogspot.com/2010/12/spanish-bonete.html">Additional pictures of Spanish bonete</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_dress" title="Template:Academic dress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_dress" title="Template talk:Academic dress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic dress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_dress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">Academic dress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groves_classification_system" title="Groves classification system">Groves classification system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap" title="Bishop Andrewes cap">Bishop Andrewes cap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Academic_biretta">Biretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur">Couleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">Faluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">Tudor bonnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowl" title="Cowl">Cowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitoge" title="Epitoge">Epitoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liripipe" title="Liripipe">Liripipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">Stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gowns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrui" title="Khrui">Khrui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_ring" title="Doctoral ring">Doctoral ring</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sub_fusc#Subfusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub fusc">Sub fusc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/70px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/105px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/140px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgon" title="John Burgon">John Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklyn" title="Charles Franklyn">Charles Franklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hargreaves-Mawdsley" title="Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley">Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)" title="George Shaw (academic dress scholar)">George Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_University_of_Melbourne" title="Academic dress of University of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Tasmania" title="Academic dress of the University of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University" title="Academic dress of McGill University">McGill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Academic dress of the University of Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_National_University_of_Ireland" title="Academic dress of the National University of Ireland">National</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Academic dress of the University of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Chulalongkorn_University" title="Academic dress of Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic dress in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England and Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Academic dress of the University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Academic dress of the University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Durham_University" title="Academic dress of Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="Academic dress of the University of Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Imperial_College_London" title="Academic dress of Imperial College London">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Academic dress of the University of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Leeds" title="Academic dress of the University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London" title="Academic dress of the University of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London" title="Academic dress of King's College London">King's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Manchester" title="Academic dress of the University of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Nottingham" title="Academic dress of the University of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales" title="Academic dress of the University of Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Warwick" title="Academic dress of the University of Warwick">Warwick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Academic dress of the University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Robert_Gordon_University" title="Academic dress of the Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Academic dress of the University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland" title="Undergraduate gowns in Scotland">Undergraduate gowns</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States" title="Academic dress in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University" title="Academic regalia of Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University" title="Academic regalia of Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University" title="Academic regalia of Stanford University">Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress" title="Chinese academic dress">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_universitaire_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Robe universitaire en France">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_universitaria_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Indumentaria universitaria en España">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_Society" title="Burgon Society">The Burgon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_scarf" title="Academic scarf">Academic scarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_cords" title="Honor cords">Honor cords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal dress">Legal dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxe" title="Praxe">Praxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_dress" title="Category:Academic dress">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hats_and_caps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hats" title="Template:Hats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hats" title="Template talk:Hats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hats_and_caps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_hat_styles" title="List of hat styles">List of hat styles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_hat" title="Cartwheel hat">Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">Cloche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_hat" title="Cocktail hat">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_hat" title="Doll hat">Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draped_turban" title="Draped turban">Draped turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat" title="Eugénie hat">Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinator" title="Fascinator">Fascinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_hat" title="Half hat">Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_hat" title="Halo hat">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_cap" title="Juliet cap">Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hat" title="Mushroom hat">Mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampshade_hat" title="Lampshade hat">lampshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_hat" title="Picture hat">Picture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peach_basket_hat" title="Peach basket hat">peach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_hat" title="Pillbox hat">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_cap" title="Tam cap">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">Top</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">Boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat" title="Cabbage-tree hat">Cabbage-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">trilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">coppola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap">newsboy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie_hat" title="Pork pie hat">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideawake_hat" title="Wideawake hat">Wideawake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">Uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearskin" title="Bearskin">Bearskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">Bicorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cap" title="Black cap">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_hat" title="Boonie hat">Boonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenovka" title="Budenovka">Budenovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">Busby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_comforter" title="Cap comforter">Cap comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_Alpino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappello Alpino">Cappello Alpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique" title="Casquette d'Afrique">Casquette d'Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson" title="Cavalry Stetson">Cavalry Stetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapka" title="Czapka">Czapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_cap" title="Forage cap">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karvalakki" title="Karvalakki">karvalakki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap" title="Fur wedge cap">Fur wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardee_hat" title="Hardee hat">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep_cap" title="Jeep cap">Jeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">Kepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazepynka" title="Mazepynka">Mazepynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap" title="Nurse's cap">Nurse's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">Maintenance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">Chapeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">Military beret</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniform_beret" title="Uniform beret">Uniform beret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_beret" title="Green beret">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroon_beret" title="Maroon beret">maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beret" title="Red beret">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_beret" title="Tan beret">tan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_cap" title="Patrol cap">Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">Peaked</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">mariner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap" title="Sailor cap">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogatywka" title="Rogatywka">Rogatywka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_cap" title="Side cap">Side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titovka_(cap)" title="Titovka (cap)">titovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglavka" title="Triglavka">triglavka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_cap" title="Ski cap">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat" title="Slouch hat">Slouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sou%27wester" title="Sou'wester">Sou'wester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">faluche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorne" title="Tricorne">Tricorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cover" title="Utility cover">Utility cover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biretta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">Capirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_romano" title="Cappello romano">Cappello romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchon" title="Capuchon">Capuchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christening_cap" title="Christening cap">Christening cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">Head covering for Christian women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Easter bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat" title="Pilgrim's hat">Pilgrim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet" title="Salvation Army bonnet">Salvation Army bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel_hat" title="Shovel hat">Shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">Klobuk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epanokalimavkion" title="Epanokalimavkion">epanokalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimavkion" title="Kalimavkion">kalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koukoulion" title="Koukoulion">koukoulion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skufia" title="Skufia">Skufia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">Kolpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodik" title="Spodik">Spodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">Shtreimel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_hat" title="Animal hat">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_cap" title="Ascot cap">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)" title="Beanie (seamed cap)">Beanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobble_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobble hat">Bobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_(hat)" title="Breton (hat)">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_hat" title="Bucket hat">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains" title="Boss of the Plains">Boss of the Plains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_hat" title="Fruit hat">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">Knit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_hat" title="Party hat">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_cap" title="Shower cap">Shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_foil_hat" title="Tin foil hat">Tin foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_hat" title="Umbrella hat">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopee_cap" title="Whoopee cap">Whoopee</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_cap" title="Cricket cap">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy_green" title="Baggy green">baggy green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facekini" title="Facekini">facekini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trucker_hat" title="Trucker hat">trucker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat" title="Bicycle clip hat">Bicycle clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette" title="Casquette">Casquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerstalker" title="Deerstalker">Deerstalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap" title="Jockey's cap">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_cap" title="Mounteere cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_cap" title="Rally cap">Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_visor" title="Sports visor">Sports visor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_eyeshade" title="Green eyeshade">green eyeshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir_cap" title="Boudoir cap">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar_hat" title="Boyar hat">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycocket" title="Bycocket">Bycocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet" title="Coal scuttle bonnet">Coal scuttle bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)" title="Dolly Varden (costume)">Dolly Varden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_hat" title="Pamela hat">Pamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_bonnet" title="Poke bonnet">Poke bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toque" title="Toque">Toque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hat" title="Witch hat">Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Asian conical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke hat">Aso Oke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">Astrakhan (hat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayam_(cap)" title="Ayam (cap)">Ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet" title="Balmoral bonnet">Balmoral bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonggeoji" title="Beonggeoji">Beonggeoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi" title="Bhadgaunle Topi">Bhadgaunle Topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birke_topi" title="Birke topi">Birke topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue bonnet (hat)">Blue bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_hat" title="Coloured hat">Coloured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_hat" title="Cork hat">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_topi" title="Dhaka topi">Dhaka topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppa" title="Doppa">Doppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cap" title="Dutch cap">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_dome" title="Energy dome">Energy dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_hat" title="Four Winds hat">Four Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulani_hat" title="Fulani hat">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(hat)" title="Gat (hat)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap" title="Icelandic tail-cap">Icelandic tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobawi" title="Jobawi">Jobawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpak" title="Kalpak">Kalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Karakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">Kasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofia_(hat)" title="Kofia (hat)">Kofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(cap)" title="Kuma (cap)">Kuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbadeh" title="Labbadeh">Labbadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_cap" title="Lika cap">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cap" title="Montenegrin cap">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montera_picona" title="Montera picona">Montera picona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambawi" title="Nambawi">Nambawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nón quai thao">Nón quai thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paag" title="Paag">Paag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">Papakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashteen_hat" title="Pashteen hat">Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungcha" title="Pungcha">Pungcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salako" title="Salako">Salako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_bird" title="Senufo bird">Senufo bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyade" title="Shyade">Shyade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap" title="Šibenik cap">Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Sombrero calañés">sombrero calañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">sombrero cordobés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao" title="Sombrero vueltiao">sombrero vueltiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_hat" title="Straw hat">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubara" title="Šubara">Šubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_hat" title="Sun hat">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)" title="Tam o' shanter (cap)">Tam o' shanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggeon" title="Tanggeon">Tanggeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembel_hat" title="Tembel hat">Tembel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)" title="Tokin (headwear)">Tokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topor_(headgear)" title="Topor (headgear)">Topor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunokakushi" title="Tsunokakushi">Tsunokakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeteika" title="Tubeteika">Tubeteika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">Upe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushanka" title="Ushanka">Ushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggwan" title="Yanggwan">Yanggwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wrapped<br />headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">Apostolnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birrus" title="Birrus">Birrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caul_(headgear)" title="Caul (headgear)">Caul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)" title="Chaperon (headgear)">Chaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-rag" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-rag">Do-rag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumalla" title="Dumalla">Dumalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Emamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella" title="Għonnella">Għonnella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook_(headgear)" title="Gook (headgear)">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugel" title="Gugel">Gugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulle" title="Gulle">Gulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogeon" title="Hogeon">Hogeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang-ot" title="Jang-ot">Jang-ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_peta" title="Mysore peta">Mysore peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheta" title="Pheta">Pheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi" title="Puneri Pagadi">Puneri Pagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)" title="Sudra (headdress)">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">Tichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">Yashmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hat parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_brim" title="Hat brim">Brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_brim" title="Bumper brim">Bumper brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_cord" title="Campaign cord">Campaign cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">Lappet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(feather)" title="Plume (feather)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpech" title="Sarpech">Sarpech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">Visor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_box" title="Hat box">Hat box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biretta&oldid=1257333083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biretta&oldid=1257333083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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