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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Tsardom_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Tsardom_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Russian Tsardom period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Tsardom_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Russian Empire period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Soviet period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative and municipal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>City divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trolleybus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trolleybus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Trolleybus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolleybus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Public transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Intercity buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazan_International_Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazan_International_Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Kazan International Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazan_International_Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Kazan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Kazan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Central Kazan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Central_Kazan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Central Kazan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Central_Kazan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kremlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kremlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Kremlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kremlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bistä,_or_Posad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bistä,_or_Posad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bistä, or Posad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bistä,_or_Posad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wooden_Kazan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_Kazan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Wooden Kazan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_Kazan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_major_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_major_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Other major buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_major_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Government and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notable athletes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Important events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Branch_offices_of_embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branch_offices_of_embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Branch offices of embassies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branch_offices_of_embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Consulates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visa_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visa_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Visa centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visa_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>International organizations membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.6</span> <span>Other organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Казан" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%95" title="ካዛን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካዛን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قازان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A1n" title="Kazán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kazán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C3%A3" title="Kasã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kasã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Къазан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡазан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡазан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazanj" title="Kazanj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kazanj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хусан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хусан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Kazan (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kazan (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%88" title="Kazaň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kazaň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan%E2%80%99" title="Kazan’ – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kazan’" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasan" title="Kasan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasan" title="Kasan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasan" title="Kaasan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaasan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Καζάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καζάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Казань ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Казань ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A1n" title="Kazán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazano" title="Kazano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کازان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Kazan (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kazan (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A1n" title="Kazán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kazán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%94" title="카잔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카잔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կազան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կազան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="काज़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काज़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%84" title="Kazań – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kazań" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazanj" title="Kazanj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazanj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъазан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъазан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan%27" title="Kazan' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazan'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קאזאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאזאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къазан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყაზანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაზანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Қазан (қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазан (қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Казан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Казан (шаар) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казан (шаар)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Азан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Азан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasan" title="Kasan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kasan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Къазан (Аьрасат) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къазан (Аьрасат)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanum" title="Casanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Casanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%86a" title="Kazaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasan" title="Kasan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kasan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan%C4%97" title="Kazanė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazanė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazany" title="Kazany – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazany" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Казањ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казањ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="കസാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कझान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कझान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყაზანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაზანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كازان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کازان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကာဇန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဇန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_(stad)" title="Kazan (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazan (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3" title="カザン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasan" title="Kasan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kasan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaan" title="Kasaan – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kasaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A5" title="Озаҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Озаҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozon" title="Qozon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قازان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کازان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Козань – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Козань" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%84" title="Kazań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz%C3%A3" title="Cazã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cazã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazan" title="Qazan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qazan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Казан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کازان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazani,_Tataristan" title="Kazani, Tataristan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kazani, Tataristan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan%27" title="Kazan' – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kazan'" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%88" title="Kazaň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kazaň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Каꙁанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Каꙁанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C5%84" title="Kazań – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kazań" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کازان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Казањ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казањ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazanj" title="Kazanj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazanj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கசான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คาซัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาซัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Қазон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қазон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan,_Tataristan" title="Kazan, Tataristan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazan, Tataristan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кузон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кузон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Казань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قازان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan%27" title="Kazan' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazan'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1" title="喀山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קאזאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאזאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1" title="喀山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喀山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1" title="喀山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kazan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kazan" 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazan&params=55_47_47_N_49_06_32_E_type:city(1143535)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°47′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">49°06′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.79639°N 49.10889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.79639; 49.10889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Tatarstan, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kazan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kazan (disambiguation)">Kazan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kazan%22">"Kazan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kazan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kazan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kazan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kazan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kazan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City of republic significance in Tatarstan, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kazan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Казань</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City of republic significance<sup id="cite_ref-Ref1500_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Tatar</th><td class="infobox-data">Казан</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg/238px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg/357px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg/476px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Дворец земледельцев">Agricultural Palace</a> and <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дворцовая площадь (Казань)">Palace Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg/117px-Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg/176px-Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg/234px-Kazan_Kremlin._Spasskaya_Tower_P8111872_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Спасская башня (Казанский кремль)">Spasskaya Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg/117px-Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg/176px-Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg/234px-Kazan_Kremlin._Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque_P8111875_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kul_Sharif_Mosque" title="Kul Sharif Mosque">Kul Sharif Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg/117px-Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg/176px-Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg/234px-Kazan_Kremlin_P8111944_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6yembik%C3%A4_Tower" title="Söyembikä Tower">Söyembikä Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/117px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/176px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/234px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_Cathedral_(Kazan,_Russia)" title="Epiphany Cathedral (Kazan, Russia)">Epiphany Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauman_Street,_Kazan" title="Bauman Street, Kazan">Bauman Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/238px-%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/357px-%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/476px-%D0%9A_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div><div>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kazan"><img alt="Flag of Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Kazan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kazan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Kazan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kazan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Kazan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kazan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_(Tatarstan).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kazan"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kazan_%28Tatarstan%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="831" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Kazan</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_73e56b455e348c7fcd3bc5209e577914844af824"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kazan&revid=1276860786&groups=_73e56b455e348c7fcd3bc5209e577914844af824" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kazan&revid=1276860786&groups=_73e56b455e348c7fcd3bc5209e577914844af824 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan is located in Tatarstan"><img alt="Kazan is located in Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg/250px-Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg/375px-Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg/500px-Outline_Map_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1685" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.607%;left:28.119%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kazan"><img alt="Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kazan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Tatarstan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tatarstan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan is located in European Russia"><img alt="Kazan is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.162%;left:63.82%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kazan"><img alt="Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kazan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in European Russia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan is located in Russia"><img alt="Kazan is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.915%;left:19.32%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kazan"><img alt="Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kazan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Russia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan is located in Europe"><img alt="Kazan is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.172%;left:84.004%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kazan"><img alt="Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kazan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazan&params=55_47_47_N_49_06_32_E_type:city(1143535)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°47′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">49°06′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.79639°N 49.10889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.79639; 49.10889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref1500_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1005<span class="noprint">; 1020 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1005</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan_City_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazan City Duma (page does not exist)">City Duma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="tt:Казан шәһәр Думасы">tt</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Казанская городская дума">ru</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-RepBody_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RepBody-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor<sup id="cite_ref-Mayor_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilsur_Metshin" title="Ilsur Metshin">Ilsur Metshin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-GKS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">425.3 km<sup>2</sup> (164.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">60 m (200 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,143,535</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,243,500 (<span style="color:green;">+8.7%</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">8th</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">City of republic significance</a> of Kazan<sup id="cite_ref-Ref1500_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Capital of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">city of republic significance of Kazan<sup id="cite_ref-Ref1500_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kazan Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref894_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref894-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kazan Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref894_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref894-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5481?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">420xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 843<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">92701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">30 August<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/">www<wbr />.kzn<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kazan</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the largest city and <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city lies at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a> Rivers, covering an area of 425.3 square kilometres (164.2 square miles), with a population of over 1.3 million residents,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to nearly 2 million residents in the greater <a href="/wiki/Kazan_metropolitan_area" title="Kazan metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. Kazan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">fifth-largest city</a> in Russia, being the <a href="/wiki/Volga#Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga" title="Volga">most populous city</a> on the Volga, as well as within the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a>. </p><p>Historically, Kazan was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> in the 16th century, at which point the city became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>. The city was seized (and largely destroyed) during <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a> (1773–1775), but was later rebuilt during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Kazan became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Tatar ASSR). Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Kazan remained the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. </p><p>Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of <a href="/wiki/Tatar_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar culture">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, 4 million tourists visited Kazan, and <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, recorded more than 4.5 million visits.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Patent Office">Russian Patent Office</a> granted Kazan the right to refer to itself as the "Third Capital of Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Kazan was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia".<sup id="cite_ref-sportcap_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportcap-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazan hosted the <a href="/wiki/2013_Summer_Universiade" title="2013 Summer Universiade">2013 Summer Universiade</a>, and was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. Kazan hosted the BRICS Games from 12 to 23 June 2024. Athletes competed in 27 sports. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term kazan means 'boiler' or 'cauldron' (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: каза́н/<a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>: казан) in the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> languages. The origin of the city and its name is often described as follows: a sorcerer advised the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> to build a city where, without any fire, a boiler dug into the ground would boil water. As a result, a similar place was founded on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Kaban_Lakes" title="Kaban Lakes">Lake Kaban</a>. One legend claims that the city was named after the river <a href="/wiki/Kazanka_(river)" title="Kazanka (river)">Kazanka</a>, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor who dropped a copper cauldron into it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> An older mention of the name of Kazan is associated with a pot that was drowned in the river, as evidenced by the text:</p><blockquote><p>Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan - and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especially <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogai Tatars</a>, who all through their union into a single society formed a special people. </p><p>— <i>Carl Wilhelm Müller</i>. "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> — <i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Georgi" title="Johann Gottlieb Georgi">Johann Gottlieb Georgi</a></i>. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. - 1799.page 8 <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kazan" title="Timeline of Kazan">Timeline of Kazan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazan" title="History of Kazan">History of Kazan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg/220px-CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg/330px-CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg/440px-CasanTartarorum_by_Olearius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>A view of Kazan by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Olearius" title="Adam Olearius">Adam Olearius</a>, 1630</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2_1767_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>A view of the city c. 1767</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1,000 years ago. The estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004–1005 AD. The reason for this dating was found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin – a Czech coin, dated by the Board of <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">St. Wenceslaus</a> (presumably, coinage 929–930 years) and the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazan was a border post between <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurt</a>. Another question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kremlin</a>; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the <a href="/wiki/Kaban_Lakes" title="Kaban Lakes">Kaban lake</a>. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Mongols ravaged the Bolğar and Bilär territories</a> in the 13th century, the surviving Bulgars recovered in numbers and a small number of <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> were assimilated from which they adopted their language (the so-called Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars mixed to create a modern Kazan-Tatar population. Some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the great. Kazan became the center of the Principality, which was dependent on The Golden Horde. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Kazan was growing, becoming an important trade and political center within the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. The growth of the city was also promoted by the successful geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. During the same period, the minting of currency began with the indication of the place of minting—"Bulgar al-Jadid", that is, a New Bulgar.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde Khan <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Muhammad" title="Ulugh Muhammad">Ulugh Muhammad</a>, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles). The city became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a>. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques. Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey, and other regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Tsardom_period">Russian Tsardom period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian Tsardom period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Annunciation Cathedral of Kazan Kremlin, 1561–1562</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">siege of Kazan</a> in 1552, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> conquered the city.<sup id="cite_ref-translate.google.ru_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translate.google.ru-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the subsequent governorship of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorbaty-Shuysky" title="Alexander Gorbaty-Shuysky">Alexander Gorbaty-Shuysky</a>, most of the Kazan's Tatar residents were forcibly Christianized or deported,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a> and palaces were ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-translate.google.ru_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-translate.google.ru-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place 50 kilometers (31 mi) away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Serving_Tatars" title="Serving Tatars">Tatars in the Russian service</a> were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan" title="Our Lady of Kazan">Our Lady of Kazan</a></i> was discovered in the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence under the leadership of voyvoda Nikanor Shulgin with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> in 1612.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire_period">Russian Empire period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian Empire period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazanmap19century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kazanmap19century.jpg/220px-Kazanmap19century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kazanmap19century.jpg/330px-Kazanmap19century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kazanmap19century.jpg/440px-Kazanmap19century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption>Kazan city map from the 19th century, Russian edition</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Governorate" title="Kazan Governorate">Kazan Governorate</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian fleet">Caspian fleet</a>. The major Russian poet <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin">Gavrila Derzhavin</a> was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity. </p><p>Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757, 1774, 1815, and 1842. </p><p>Kazan was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kazan_(1774)" title="Battle of Kazan (1774)">largely destroyed</a> in 1774 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's rebellion</a>, an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossack</a> <a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">ataman</a> (Captain) <a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a>, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being <a href="/wiki/Marjani_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjani Mosque">Marjani Mosque</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_University,_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg/220px-Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg/330px-Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg/440px-Kazan_University%2C_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State University">Kazan State University</a>, 1832</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State University">Kazan State University</a> and printing press were founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>. It became an important center for <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Studies">Oriental Studies</a> in Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, a <a href="/wiki/Horse_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse tramway">horse tramway</a> appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramway</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period">Soviet period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, Kazan became one of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">revolution</a> centers. In 1918, Kazan was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural_State" title="Idel-Ural State">Idel-Ural State</a>, which was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> government. In the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Operation" title="Kazan Operation">Kazan Operation</a> of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a>. In 1920, Kazan became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Treaty of Rapallo (1922)</a> until 1933, the German and the Russian army together operated the <a href="/wiki/Kama_tank_school" title="Kama tank school">Kama tank school</a> in Kazan. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the <a href="/wiki/Military_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Military industry">military industry</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">planes</a>. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_172139_Dmitry_Medvedev_visits_Kazan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> visits Kazan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan,_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Kazan%2C_Baumana_street_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bauman_Street,_Kazan" title="Bauman Street, Kazan">Bauman Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Kazan again became the center of <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the <a href="/wiki/2013_Summer_Universiade" title="2013 Summer Universiade">2013 Summer Universiade</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p><b>Millennium of Kazan</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg/220px-Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg/330px-Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg/440px-Millennium_Bridge_Kazan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Millennium Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center including the Kremlin was rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Qolsharif_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolsharif mosque">Qolsharif</a>, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kazan" title="Our Lady of Kazan">Our Lady of Kazan</a> was returned to the city, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge_(Kazan)" title="Millennium Bridge (Kazan)">Millennium Bridge</a> was inaugurated that year,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Metro" title="Kazan Metro">Kazan Metro</a> began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released the <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_1000th_Anniversary_of_Kazan%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"</a>. </p><p>In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2021, a teenager killed nine people in a school <a href="/wiki/Kazan_school_shooting" title="Kazan school shooting">mass shooting and bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2024, Russian leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> threatened to bring more "destruction" to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in retaliation for a <a href="/wiki/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukrainian drone attack</a> on Kazan during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creature <a href="/wiki/Zilant" title="Zilant">Zilant</a>, often mentioned in legends. For example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version, the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically. The first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on 18 October 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white field". In 1926, the country introduced a ban on such heraldry. In the 1980s, the coat of arms of Kazan began to reappear, and in the 1990s Kazan Zilant in various styles began to appear in print media. Modern graphics of the emblem and flag appeared in 2005—in a silver field on the green earth a black dragon with red wings and tongue, with gold paws, claws and eyes, topped with a gold crown. The shield is crowned with a Kazan cap. According to the traditions of heraldry, the dragon symbolizes power, wisdom and invincibility, the earth—life and wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazan is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>. Within the <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" title="Political divisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of republic significance</a> of Kazan</b>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref1500_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" title="Political divisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as <b>Kazan Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref894_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref894-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_divisions">City divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: City divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>City districts of Kazan</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan is divided into seven districts: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>District </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviastroitelny_City_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aviastroitelny City District (page does not exist)">Aviastroitelny</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,405 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakhitovsky_City_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakhitovsky City District (page does not exist)">Vakhitovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,202 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirovsky_City_District,_Kazan" title="Kirovsky City District, Kazan">Kirovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">108.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moskovsky_City_District,_Kazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moskovsky City District, Kazan (page does not exist)">Moskovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,537 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novo-Savinovsky_City_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novo-Savinovsky City District (page does not exist)">Novo-Savinovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Privolzhsky_City_District" title="Privolzhsky City District">Privolzhsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,755 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_City_District,_Kazan" title="Sovetsky City District, Kazan">Sovetsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">275,514 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">167.00 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazan" title="Economy of Kazan">Economy of Kazan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg/220px-Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg/330px-Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg/440px-Kazan_IT-Park_in_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Kazan IT-Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg/220px-Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg/330px-Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg/440px-Korston_Hotel%26Mall_Kazan_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Korston-Kazan with local World Trade Center</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tupolev Tu-160 strategic bomber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg/141px-Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg/212px-Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg/282px-Tupolev_Tu-160_RF-94109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tupolev Tu-204 airliner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png/141px-Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png/212px-Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png/282px-Russian_Air_Force_Tu-214ON_RA-64519_UUBW_2011-8-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Airplanes built by <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Aircraft_Production_Association" title="Kazan Aircraft Production Association">Kazan Aircraft Production Association</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:306px;max-width:306px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_(reg._1011),_static_display,_Radom_AirShow_2005,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mil Mi-14/Mil Mi-17 amphibious/middle helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg/158px-Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg/237px-Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg/316px-Mil_Mi-14_of_Polish_Navy_%28reg._1011%29%2C_static_display%2C_Radom_AirShow_2005%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kazan Ansat light helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg/140px-Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg/210px-Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg/280px-Kazan_Ansat_-_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force_-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Helicopter built by <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Helicopters" title="Kazan Helicopters">Kazan Helicopters</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga economic region">Volga economic region</a> in construction and accumulated investment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's <a href="/wiki/Gross_Regional_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Regional Product">gross regional product</a> was 380 billion rubles in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazan ranked 186th in <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a>'s 1999 Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investments">Investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector. </p><p>Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles. </p><p>There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres. </p><p>Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During the post-Soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in the Volga region, and now it holds the position and implements the Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia. </p><p>According to <i>Forbes</i>, Kazan was ranked 15th among the "Best cities for business in Russia" of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Kazan ranked 6th in the quality of city environment rating, which was made by the Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B72850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Neftekamsk_Automotive_Plant" title="Neftekamsk Automotive Plant">NefAZ</a> bus on Tukay Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The first bus routes in Kazan came to use in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bus is the most popular type of public transport in Kazan: in 2016, it carried about 74% of passengers. As of 2017, there are about 62 bus routes in the city,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total length of more than 1.2 thousand km. The total number of buses operating on city routes is 840. The movement of all buses is monitored using an automated control system based on satellite navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any Internet user can track the movement of buses. </p><p>Kazan's bus system was totally renovated in 2007. 62 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red. Half of the buses are imported, produced by <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dragon_(company)" title="Golden Dragon (company)">Golden Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higer_Bus" title="Higer Bus">Higer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">MAZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yutong" title="Yutong">Yutong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a>. Other buses are mostly Russian made <a href="/wiki/Neftekamsk_Automotive_Plant" title="Neftekamsk Automotive Plant">NefAZ</a>. </p><p>The fare is 42 rubles in cash, 38 rubles by credit card and by a special transport card (as of Jan 2024). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg/220px-Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg/330px-Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg/440px-Kazan_tram_on_Kirovskaya_Dike_08-2016_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>An AKSM-843 tram passing by the Kirovskaya Dike</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan's tram system is one of the oldest tram systems in Russia, opened on 20 November 1899. The tram system in Kazan consists of eight operating routes, one of which is a historical excursion route between the railway station and river port. The daily output is 87 trams. Most of the tram lines are laid along the axis of the main streets, most of them on a dedicated track, fenced with side stones. The tram in the city center was largely removed in the 2000s due to the fight against traffic jams on narrow streets; some routes turned out to be unprofitable after the optimization of the transport scheme in 2006–2007. </p><p>In 2009–2020, the reconstruction of tram tracks on the main highways was carried out, as well as the construction of four new tram lines, which made it possible to launch circular tram routes No. 5/5a with an accelerated mode of movement in 2012-2020 along the sections of the Big Kazan Ring. </p><p>All trams are equipped with autoinformators, announcements in which are in three languages (Russian, Tatar, English), for this reason announcements are played for a very long time (up to one and a half minutes). The fare is 42 rubles in cash, 38 rubles for an electronic card (2024). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trolleybus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)%3DDSC_0277.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG/220px-411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG/330px-411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG/440px-411%3D2019.08.25%3D%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%3D5-%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29%3DDSC_0277.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a> passing by the overpass on Richard Sorge Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan's trolleybus system is one of the oldest in Russia. Operation opened on 27 November 1948. In recent years, it continues to develop: new lines were launched, built and planned, while some new trolleybus lines replaced the removed tram lines. Two trolleybus depots operate a fleet of over 200 trolleybuses, all of which are green,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serve 10 routes with a total length of 359.9 km (223.63 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major overhaul (CWR) of old trolleybuses was carried out at the Kazan aircraft plant KAPO for the city at the beginning of the 21st century. </p><p>As of June 2024, the fare is 42 rubles in cash or 38 rubles by electronic transportation card or debit card.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. </p><p>All trolleybuses are monitored by an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of trolleybuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single-line <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Metro" title="Kazan Metro">Kazan Metro</a> (running north to south-east) opened on 27 August 2005. As of 2024, the Kazan Metro had eleven stations and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Kazanka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazanka River">Kazanka River</a>. A second metro line is being built (Feb 2024). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg/220px-Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg/330px-Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg/440px-Kazan_Railway_station_08-2016_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazan_railway_station" title="Kazan railway station">Kazan–Passazhirskaya</a>, opened in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan is connected with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> by train. </p><p>The main railway station <a href="/wiki/Kazan_railway_station" title="Kazan railway station">Kazan–Passazhirskaya</a> is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. The station serves 36 intercity trains,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than eight million passengers per annum. A second terminus, Kazan-2, is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has 19 platforms for commuter trains. Within the city are 24 railway stations and stopping platforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Payment is received in cash, by dedicated travel cards and by banking cards. One ride fee is 36 rubles in cash or by banking card and 35 rubles by travel card.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various plans for different types of travel which reduce single ride fees. There are no zoning tariffs within the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 July 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. In total, the system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total fleet of 100 bikes. The service is open to anyone from 16 years of age. There are three types of subscription – monthly, weekly and daily. During the season from late spring to mid-autumn, residents and guests of Kazan typically use the service more than 15,000 times. In 2015, the first cycle routes on separate bike lanes were opened in the city centre; further expansion is planned throughout the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rachport.jpg/220px-Rachport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rachport.jpg/330px-Rachport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rachport.jpg/440px-Rachport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Kazanskiy Rechnoy Port</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg/220px-Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg/330px-Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg/440px-Kazan_Bulak_near_Kremlin_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolaq" title="Bolaq">Bolaq Canal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan's river port is one of the largest on the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, thanks to the system of canals from which Kazan is sometimes called the "port of five seas". The main building of the river station was built together with the new river port by the early 1960s and renovated in 2005. The station serves both passengers of intercity cruise ships and commuter boats (including high-speed fleet) – to the Kamsky Ustye, Tetyush, Bolgar, Pechishch, Sviyazhsk and Sadovaya. The daily passenger traffic in the summer period is up to 6,000 people per day. In winter, <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">pneumocushion boats</a> are used, it goes from Kazan to Verkhny Uslon.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are federal highway connections to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E22" title="European route E22">E-22</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> (R-239), <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a> (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_buses">Intercity buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intercity buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterlitamak" title="Sterlitamak">Sterlitamak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzuluk,_Orenburg_Oblast" title="Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast">Buzuluk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazan_International_Airport">Kazan International Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kazan International Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Kazan International Airport</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazan_International_Airport" title="Kazan International Airport">Kazan International Airport</a> is located 26 kilometers (16 mi) from the city center. It is a hub for <a href="/wiki/UVT_Aero" title="UVT Aero">UVT Aero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Air_Enterprise" title="Kazan Air Enterprise">Kazan Air Enterprise</a> and hosts eleven air companies. The airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line. There is also the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Borisoglebskoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Borisoglebskoye">Kazan Borisoglebskoye</a> airfield, home to <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Aircraft_Production_Association" title="Kazan Aircraft Production Association">Kazan Aircraft Production Association</a>, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions of <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tupolev 204</a> and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev-160 "Black Jack"</a> supersonic strategic bomber and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M" title="Tupolev Tu-22M">Tu-22M tactical bomber</a> were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">130,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">175,597</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">398,014</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+126.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">646,806</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+62.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">868,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+34.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">992,675</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,094,378</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,105,289</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,143,535</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,308,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_population.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kazan_population.gif/220px-Kazan_population.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kazan_population.gif/330px-Kazan_population.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kazan_population.gif/440px-Kazan_population.gif 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Population of Kazan since 1800</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg/220px-EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg/330px-EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg/440px-EBRD_forum_in_Kazan_2007_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Tatar</a> women in Kazan, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Population: <span class="nowrap">1,308,660 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,143,535 (<a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_census" title="2010 Russian census">2010 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,105,289 (<a href="/wiki/2002_Russian_census" title="2002 Russian census">2002 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-PopCensus_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopCensus-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,094,378 (<a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 Soviet census</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1989_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1989-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazan_metropolitan_area" title="Kazan metropolitan area">Kazan metropolitan area</a>'s population is 1.8 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazan_ethnic_communities" title="Kazan ethnic communities">Kazan ethnic communities</a></div><p>As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Kazan was:<sup id="cite_ref-ВПН-2020_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВПН-2020-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td>608,519</td> <td>48.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>584,232</td> <td>46.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a> </td> <td>9,470</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> </td> <td>6,473</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>37,285</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city's population consists mostly of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Tatars</a> (48.8%) and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (46.9%). Other ethnicities include <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1278981034">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Kazan (2024)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:lightgreen;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Islam (52.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Red;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Orthodox (43%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Crimson;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other Christian (2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Judaism (1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:White;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other religions and non-religious individuals (1.5%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:White;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other religions and non-religious individuals (1.5%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:lightgreen;color:#000" title="Islam (52.5%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:lightgreen;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.025turn)" title="Islam (52.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.525turn)" title="Orthodox (43%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.705turn)" title="Orthodox (43%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.955turn); background:Crimson;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other Christian (2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.975turn); background:blue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Judaism (1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_relations_in_Kazan,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaith relations in Kazan, Russia">Interfaith relations in Kazan, Russia</a></div> <p>Predominant faiths of Kazan city are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with minority representation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most spoken language in Kazan is Russian, and the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> is the second most spoken.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_NASA.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite view"><img alt="Satellite view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kazan_NASA.PNG/200px-Kazan_NASA.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kazan_NASA.PNG/300px-Kazan_NASA.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kazan_NASA.PNG/400px-Kazan_NASA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan,_Russia_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Night aerial view of radial Kazan"><img alt="Night aerial view of radial Kazan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg/200px-Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg/300px-Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg/400px-Night_aerial_view_of_Kazan%2C_Russia_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Night aerial view of radial Kazan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Kazan </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">46</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.44em;height:1.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.74em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">37</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.46em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.74em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.96em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">38</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.7em;height:1.36em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.06em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">34</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.38em;height:1.72em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.88em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">38</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:2.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">57</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.7em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">62</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.16em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.16em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.66em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">55</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.78em;height:1.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">50</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.74em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.24em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">54</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.54em;height:1.16em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">45</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.1em;height:0.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">50</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.9em;height:1.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.92em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−5</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−11</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27595.htm">http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27595.htm</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.44em;height:1.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.74em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.46em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.74em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.96em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.7em;height:1.36em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.06em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.68em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.38em;height:1.72em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">51</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.88em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.8em;height:2.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">67</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.7em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.16em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.16em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.66em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">60</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.78em;height:1.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.74em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">62</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.24em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.54em;height:1.16em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">47</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.1em;height:0.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.9em;height:1.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.92em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kazan has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfb</i>) with long, cold winters (colder than <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>), and warm, sunny summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near 20.2 °C (68.4 °F), and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city set its two hottest days on record during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves">2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves</a>. Temperatures reached +39 °C (102 °F) in the hottest days during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kazan (1991–2020, extremes 1812–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.7<br />(14.5) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−46.8<br />(−52.2) </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39.9<br />(−39.8) </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.7<br />(−25.1) </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.2<br />(−17.0) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.6<br />(−33.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.9<br />(−47.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−46.8<br />(−52.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">566<br />(22.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44<br />(17) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">135 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #414141; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.6 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.4 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">290.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.0 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8E8E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.9 </td> <td style="background: #272727; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,921.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Погода и Климат<sup id="cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Kazan">Central Kazan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Central Kazan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg/170px-Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg/255px-Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg/340px-Kazan_Kremlin_Qolsharif_Mosque_08-2016_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qol%C5%9F%C3%A4rif_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolşärif Mosque">Qolşärif Mosque</a> grand mosque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg/170px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg/255px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg/340px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5I%D0%A5_%D0%B2.%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Belltower of Epiphany Church</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kremlin">Kremlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kremlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kazan%22">"Kazan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kazan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kazan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kazan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kazan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kazan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: <i>kirman</i>), which was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2000. Major monuments in the Kremlin are the five-domed, six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious, formerly leaning <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6yembik%C3%A4_Tower" title="Söyembikä Tower">Söyembikä Tower</a>, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the city's most conspicuous landmark. </p><p>Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the <a href="/wiki/Qolsharif_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolsharif mosque">Qol-Şarif Mosque</a>, which has been rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (a 16th-century cathedral demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Thon" title="Konstantin Thon">Konstantin Thon</a>, now the Palace of the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>. </p><p>Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Towers">Towers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the facade face the main street of the Kremlin. At the end of the 17th century, instead of three tiers, the tower was built with two brick eight-sided tiers with a brick roof, getting its present, familiar appearance. Until 1917, the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state. In the 18th century, a ringing clock was installed in the upper tier, and even earlier a large bell was moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall on the left side of the tower). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a moat with a stone bridge in front of the tower. </p><p>The South-Western Tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures. </p><p>The name of the Transfiguration Tower comes from the Transfiguration Monastery of the Savior, which was fenced from the north-west. The tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, but it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the Moscow defensive architecture. The territory from the Transfiguration Tower to the Spasskaya pass was added to the old Khan's fortress by Pskov masters. </p><p>There are unnamed round brick towers, presumably built by Moscow architects in the 17th century. </p><p>The Tainitskaya Tower was built in its present form in the 1550s by Postnik Yakovlev. It was named after a secret source from which it was possible to take water during a siege. The entrance to the tower is in the form of a "knee", which increased the defense of the Kremlin. It replaced a tower from the time of the khanate, Nur Ali (in Russian transcription Muraleeva). The 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible entered the conquered city through the Nur Ali tower. </p><p>The North-Eastern Round Tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault. </p><p>The Consistor Tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the 17th century, its name was given in the 18th century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. Near the tower, archaeological excavations revealed the so-called Tezitsky (Arabic for "merchant") Moat, which went from the Consistor Tower to the Transfiguration. Archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed that the moat was the southern border of the Khan's fortress. </p><p>The Southeast Round Tower is an example of Pskov architecture of the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bistä,_or_Posad"><span id="Bist.C3.A4.2C_or_Posad"></span>Bistä, or Posad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bistä, or Posad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the <a href="/wiki/Bolaq" title="Bolaq">Bolaq</a> canal and Lake <a href="/wiki/Qaban_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaban lakes">Qaban</a>. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nurullah_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurullah Mosque">Nurullah</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soltan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soltan">Soltan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bornay_Mosque" title="Bornay Mosque">Bornay</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%84cem" class="mw-redirect" title="Äcem">Äcem</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marcani_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcani Mosque">Märcani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_Ta%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="İske Taş">İske Taş</a></i>, <i>Zäñgär</i> are in the Tatar district. </p><p>Churches, such as <i>Blagoveschenskaya</i>, <i>Varvarinskaya</i>, <i>Nikol'skaya</i>, <i>Tikhvinskaya</i>, are mostly in the Russian part of the city. </p><p>The main city-centre streets are <i><a href="/wiki/Baumana_Street,_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baumana Street, Kazan">Bauman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kremlyovskaya_Street" title="Kremlyovskaya Street">Kremlyovskaya</a></i>, <i>Dzerzhinsky</i>, <i>Tuqay</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Street,_Kazan" title="Pushkin Street, Kazan">Puşkin</a></i>, <i>Butlerov</i>, <i>Gorkiy</i>, <i>Karl Marx</i> and <i>Märcani</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wooden_Kazan">Wooden Kazan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Wooden Kazan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_major_buildings">Other major buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other major buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Russian Revolution, the building became the Hotel Soviet. Following extensive renovations in the early 2000s, it reopened as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The National Museum of Tatarstan"><img alt="The National Museum of Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/200px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/300px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG/400px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The National Museum of Tatarstan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minselhoz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of agriculture"><img alt="Palace of agriculture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Minselhoz.jpg/200px-Minselhoz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Minselhoz.jpg/300px-Minselhoz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Minselhoz.jpg/400px-Minselhoz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palace of agriculture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architektura_kazan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyramid concert hall"><img alt="Pyramid concert hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Architektura_kazan.JPG/200px-Architektura_kazan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Architektura_kazan.JPG/300px-Architektura_kazan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Architektura_kazan.JPG/400px-Architektura_kazan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pyramid concert hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazan circus"><img alt="Kazan circus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg/200px-Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg/300px-Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg/400px-Kazan_Circus_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4407" data-file-height="3305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kazan circus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_(Puppet_Theatre)_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Children's palace"><img alt="Children's palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/200px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/300px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/400px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%28Puppet_Theatre%29_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children's palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of All Religions"><img alt="Temple of All Religions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/200px-Kazan_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/300px-Kazan_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kazan_church.jpg/400px-Kazan_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_All_Religions" title="Temple of All Religions">Temple of All Religions</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:892px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_cityscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Kazan Kremlin, Vernicle temple and Kazanka river left bank"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kazan_cityscape.jpg/882px-Kazan_cityscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="882" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kazan_cityscape.jpg/1323px-Kazan_cityscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Kazan_cityscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_cityscape.jpg" title="File:Kazan cityscape.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of Kazan Kremlin, Vernicle temple and Kazanka river left bank</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:1582px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazanka right bank"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kazan_skyline.jpg/1572px-Kazan_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="1572" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Kazan_skyline.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_skyline.jpg" title="File:Kazan skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Kazanka right bank</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:100%;max-width:1362px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_skyline_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Both banks of Kazanka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazan_skyline_full.jpg/1352px-Kazan_skyline_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="1352" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazan_skyline_full.jpg/2028px-Kazan_skyline_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kazan_skyline_full.jpg/2704px-Kazan_skyline_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_skyline_full.jpg" title="File:Kazan skyline full.jpg"> </a></div>Both banks of Kazanka</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <ul><li>282 nurseries, most of which are municipal</li> <li>178 schools, 2 of which are private</li> <li>28 vocational technical schools</li> <li>15 colleges</li> <li>10 special colleges</li></ul> <p>There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Art_School" title="Kazan Art School">Kazan Art School</a> founded in 1895.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazan_Universities" title="List of Kazan Universities">List of Kazan Universities</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_state_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazan_state_university.jpg/220px-Kazan_state_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazan_state_university.jpg/330px-Kazan_state_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazan_state_university.jpg/440px-Kazan_state_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazan_(Volga_region)_Federal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan (Volga region) Federal University">Kazan Federal University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city. <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University" title="Kazan Federal University">Kazan Federal University</a> (founded in 1804) is third oldest university in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> (1724) and <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Region</a>. Some other prominent universities are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State Technical University">Kazan State Technical University</a> – founded in 1932. In 2009 it got status of National university</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_Medical_University" title="Kazan State Medical University">Kazan State Medical University</a> – founded in 1814 as a department within <a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State University">Kazan State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_Technological_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan State Technological University">Kazan State Technological University</a> – founded in 1919 on the base of pre-existing vocational school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Conservatory" title="Kazan Conservatory">Kazan State Conservatory</a> – founded in 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_State_Agricultural_University" title="Kazan State Agricultural University">Kazan State Agricultural University</a> – founded in 1922</li> <li>Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in July 2010 in the framework of the XXVII World Summer Universiade Legacy. The branch, located in Naberezhnye Chelny, will proceed functioning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg/220px-Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg/330px-Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg/440px-Tatarstan_Acad_Sci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Main building of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (<a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lobachevsky" title="Nikolai Lobachevsky">Nikolai Lobachevsky</a>), the discovery of the chemical element <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (<a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Butlerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Butlerov">Aleksandr Butlerov</a>), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (<a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zavoisky" title="Yevgeny Zavoisky">Yevgeny Zavoisky</a>) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan_Science_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazan Science Centre (page does not exist)">Kazan Science Centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, since 1945. It includes 5 academic institutions.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatarstan_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">Tatarstan Academy of Sciences</a>, since 1991. It includes 7 local departments with 13 academic institutions (also, 21 organisations are under the guidance of TAS) and one branch in Ulyanovsk.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administration">Government and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Government and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_town_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kazan_town_hall.jpg/220px-Kazan_town_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kazan_town_hall.jpg/330px-Kazan_town_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kazan_town_hall.jpg/440px-Kazan_town_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Kazan town hall (before 1917 – the Hall of Nobility)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg/220px-Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg/330px-Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg/440px-Tatarstan_Cabinet_of_Ministers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Cabinet of Ministers</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg/220px-Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg/330px-Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg/440px-Kazan_Kremlin_Presidential_Palace_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>Presidential Palace</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazan_mayors" title="List of Kazan mayors">List of Kazan mayors</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan_City_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazan City Duma (page does not exist)">Kazan City Duma</a> is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall. The executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy". The official opening of the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment, there are four operators of wired telephone in Kazan. The total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456,000 numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the five companies.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has six mobile operators (<a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tele2_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tele2 Russia">Tele2 Russia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letai (page does not exist)">Letai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yota" title="Yota">Yota</a>, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users—428 thousand people—Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Russia</a> Vladimir Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75%, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the World Wide Web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the first <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> network in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Arena">Kazan Arena</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> games.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baskethall_Kazan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Baskethall_Kazan.jpg/220px-Baskethall_Kazan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Baskethall_Kazan.jpg/330px-Baskethall_Kazan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Baskethall_Kazan.jpg/440px-Baskethall_Kazan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"Basket-hall"</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Kazan rowing center</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport. The city has hosted two <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandy World Championships">Bandy World Championships</a>, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup and other international competitions of various levels. </p><p>Men's teams: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Current league</th> <th>League<br />rank</th> <th>Stadium </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan" title="FC Rubin Kazan">Rubin Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Russian Premier League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Arena">Kazan Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ak_Bars_Kazan" title="Ak Bars Kazan">Ak Bars Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Hockey">Ice Hockey</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatneft_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatneft Arena">Tatneft Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bars Kazan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Hockey">Ice Hockey</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minor_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Hockey League">Minor Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Jr. 1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatneft_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatneft Arena">Tatneft Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irbis Kazan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Hockey">Ice Hockey</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minor_Hockey_League_Division_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Hockey League Division B">Minor Hockey League Division B</a> </td> <td>Jr. 2nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatneft_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatneft Arena">Tatneft Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Kazan_Bandy_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamo Kazan Bandy Club">Dynamo-Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="Russian Bandy Super League">Bandy Super League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raketa_Stadium" title="Raketa Stadium">Raketa Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_UNICS" title="BC UNICS">UNICS Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Professional_Basketball_League" title="Russian Professional Basketball League">Professional Basketball League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basket-Hall_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Basket-Hall Arena">Basket-Hall Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VC_Zenit-Kazan" title="VC Zenit-Kazan">Zenit Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Volleyball_Super_League" title="Russian Volleyball Super League">Volleyball Super League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Volleyball_Centre" title="Kazan Volleyball Centre">Kazan Volleyball Centre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sintez_Kazan" title="Sintez Kazan">Sintez Kazan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Polo">Water Polo</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Water Polo Championship </td> <td>1st </td> <td>Orgsintez </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_athletes">Notable athletes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable athletes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliya_Mustafina" title="Aliya Mustafina">Aliya Mustafina</a>, artistic gymnastics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burmistrov" title="Alexander Burmistrov">Alexander Burmistrov</a>, hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kolotov" title="Viktor Kolotov">Viktor Kolotov</a>, association football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Nigmatullin" title="Ruslan Nigmatullin">Ruslan Nigmatullin</a>, association football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Arkhipov" title="Denis Arkhipov">Denis Arkhipov</a>, hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Demina" title="Svetlana Demina">Svetlana Demina</a>, sport shooter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marat_Safin" title="Marat Safin">Marat Safin</a>, tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinara_Safina" title="Dinara Safina">Dinara Safina</a>, tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fadeev" title="Alexandre Fadeev">Alexander Fadeev</a>, figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Tarasova" title="Evgenia Tarasova">Evgenia Tarasova</a>, figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamila_Valieva" title="Kamila Valieva">Kamila Valieva</a>, figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Mosin" title="Vasily Mosin">Vasily Mosin</a>, sport shooter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Arena">Kazan Arena</a> – stadium with capacity 45,000, home ground for <a href="/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan" title="FC Rubin Kazan">FC Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Kazan)" title="Central Stadium (Kazan)">Central stadium</a> – Olympic stadium, capacity 30,133. Ex-home ground for FC Rubin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TatNeft_Arena" title="TatNeft Arena">TatNeft Arena</a> – indoor sporting arena, capacity 10,000. Home to <a href="/wiki/Aq_Bars_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aq Bars Kazan">HSC Aq Bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket-Hall_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Basket-Hall Arena">Basket-Hall</a> – indoor sporting arena, capacity 7,000 (large hall) and 1,500 (small hall). Home to <a href="/wiki/UNICS_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="UNICS Kazan">BC UNICS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Volleyball_Centre" title="Kazan Volleyball Centre">Kazan Volleyball Centre</a>, capacity 4,600. Home to <a href="/wiki/VC_Zenit-Kazan" title="VC Zenit-Kazan">VC Zenit</a> and WVC Dynamo-Kazan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raketa_Stadium" title="Raketa Stadium">Raketa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trudovye_Rezervy_Stadium_(Kazan)" title="Trudovye Rezervy Stadium (Kazan)">Trudovye Rezervy</a> ice stadiums</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_events">Important events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Important events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_v._Colombia_(42095441565).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg/220px-Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg/330px-Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg/440px-Poland_v._Colombia_%2842095441565%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poland_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Poland at the FIFA World Cup">Poland</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Colombia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Colombia at the FIFA World Cup">Colombia</a> match at <a href="/wiki/Ak_Bars_Arena" title="Ak Bars Arena">Ak Bars Arena</a> in Kazan during the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_(2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg/220px-16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg/330px-16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg/440px-16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_%282024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> representatives at the <a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">16th BRICS summit</a> in Kazan, 23 October 2024</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2005 Bandy World Championship">2005 Bandy World Championship</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">finswimming</a> European championship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_European_Weightlifting_Championships" title="2011 European Weightlifting Championships">2011 European Weightlifting Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2011 Bandy World Championship">2011 Bandy World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Summer_Universiade" title="2013 Summer Universiade">2013 Summer Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Badminton_Championships" title="2014 European Badminton Championships">2014 European Badminton Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="2015 World Aquatics Championships">2015 World Aquatics Championships</a></li> <li>2016 – 28th International Olympiad in Informatics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_European_Judo_Championships" title="2016 European Judo Championships">2016 European Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="2017 Red Bull Air Race World Championship">2017 Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2017 FIFA Confederations Cup">2017 FIFA Confederations Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship">2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></li> <li>2019 Candidates Tournament for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2020" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2020">Women's World Chess Championship 2020</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/WorldSkills" title="WorldSkills">WorldSkills</a> Championship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_BWF_World_Junior_Championships" title="2019 BWF World Junior Championships">2019 BWF World Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Special_Olympics_World_Winter_Games" title="2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games">2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">2024 BRICS summit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazan is actively engaged in international activities. The city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan. The head of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a>, about three dozen presidents and Prime Ministers of foreign States paid visits to the capital of the Republic, as to few other cities of the country. Renovated in 2005, the international airport provides flights to dozens of cities in different countries, including the largest airliners (class <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>), and is gradually being rebuilt into a potential hub for the Universiade 2013 and the World Cup 2018; international rail links from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branch_offices_of_embassies">Branch offices of embassies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Branch offices of embassies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Branch Office of the Embassy of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates">Consulates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Consulates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazan is home to six consulates general.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The People's Republic of China">The People's Republic of China</a><sup id="cite_ref-prczn_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prczn-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Consulate-General of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-tkmmfa_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tkmmfa-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visa_centers">Visa centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Visa centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Italian Visa Center in Kazan.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> Joint Visa Application Center of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> for: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Kazan is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al_Minufiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Minufiyah">Al Minufiyah</a>, Egypt, since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qalyubiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qalyubiyah">Al Qalyubiyah</a> (Egypt), since 2001</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (Turkey), since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> (Turkey), since 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> (Germany), since 1988<sup id="cite_ref-Braunschweig_twinnings_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braunschweig_twinnings-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States, since 1990</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> (Ukraine), since 2002</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> (Turkey), since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (China), since 2012</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (China), since 2002</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> (Zimbabwe), since 2011</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Turkey), since 2002</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> (Kazakhstan), since 2004</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> (China), since 2012</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> (Iran), since 2009</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arkadag" title="Arkadag">Arkadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, since 2023</li></ul> </div> <p>Kazan has also partner relations with the following cities and regions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> (Kazakhstan), since 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> (Russia), since 1999</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> (Russia), since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> (Azerbaijan), since 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> (Kyrgyzstan), since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a> (Russia), since 2002</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> (China), since 2015</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Evpatoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Evpatoria">Evpatoria</a> (Ukraine), since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> (Russia), since 2012</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a> (Korea), since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a> (Russia), since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a> (Latvia), since 2002</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> (Afghanistan), since 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> (Russia), since 2001</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> (Russia), since 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> (Russia), since 2001</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a> (Russia), since 2010</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a> (Russia), since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> (Russia), since 1999</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen Province</a> (Bulgaria), since 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> (Uzbekistan), since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> (Algeria), since 2011</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a> (Russia), since 2013</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> (Russia), since 1999</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a> (Russia), since 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a> (Russia), since 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> (Italy), since 2001</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> (Italy), since 2011</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> (Russia), since 2005</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> (Russia), since 2003</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a> (Russia), since 2002</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations_membership">International organizations membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: International organizations membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_World_Heritage_Cities" title="Organization of World Heritage Cities">Organization of World Heritage Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a></li> <li>Twin Cities International Association</li> <li>Historic Cities International Association</li> <li>General Conference of Mayors for Peace</li> <li>Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (observer)</li> <li>Metropolis</li> <li>International Assembly of capitals and large cities of CIS</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organizations">Other organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Other organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Française">Alliance Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="American Corner">American Corner</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kazan" title="List of people from Kazan">List of people from Kazan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg/220px-Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg/330px-Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Aida_Garifullina_at_the_2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aida_Garifullina" title="Aida Garifullina">Aida Garifullina</a>, lyric soprano of Volga Tatar descent</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aida_Garifullina" title="Aida Garifullina">Aida Garifullina</a>, lyric soprano, the I-st prize winner at the <a href="/wiki/Operalia" title="Operalia">Operalia</a> competition in 2013, many performances at <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, recording contract with <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_Gimadieva" title="Venera Gimadieva">Venera Gimadieva</a>, operatic soprano who has performed leading roles in major European opera houses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofya_Gulyak" title="Sofya Gulyak">Sofya Gulyak</a>, pianist, only female winner of the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_International_Piano_Competition" title="Leeds International Piano Competition">Leeds Piano Competition</a>, in 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayana_Kirillova" title="Dayana Kirillova">Dayana Kirillova</a>, singer who represented <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest">Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013" title="Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Nezhmetdinov" title="Rashid Nezhmetdinov">Rashid Nezhmetdinov</a>, International Master and five-time winner of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Chess_Championship" title="Russian Chess Championship">Russian Chess Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamila_Valieva" title="Kamila Valieva">Kamila Valieva</a>, figure skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronika_Kudermetova" title="Veronika Kudermetova">Veronika Kudermetova</a>, (born 24 April 1997), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian television drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boy%27s_Word:_Blood_on_the_Asphalt" title="The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt">The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt</a></i> is set in 1980s Soviet Kazan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arskoe_Cemetery" title="Arskoe Cemetery">Arskoe Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizichesky_Monastery" title="Kizichesky Monastery">Kizichesky Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Islamic_University" title="Russian Islamic University">Russian Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral_(Kazan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Kazan)">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Kazan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_and_Boris_Arbuzov_House-Museum" title="Aleksandr and Boris Arbuzov House-Museum">Aleksandr and Boris Arbuzov House-Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">ZAN</span>, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">ZAHN</span></i></a>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Казань</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐˈzanʲ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>: <span lang="tt-Cyrl">Казан</span>, <small>IPA</small>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[qɑzan]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref1500-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref1500_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Order #01-02/9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundation-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFШаймиевИсхаковХәсәнов1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Шаймиев, Минтимер Шарипович; Исхаков, Камиль; Хәсәнов, Мансур Х (10 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002083224/http://www.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru/magazine/go/anonymous/main/?path=mg%3A%2Fnumbers%2F1999_3_4%2F01%2F01_2%2F"><bdi lang="ru">Выступления Президента РТ М. Шаймиева, мэра г.Казани К.Исхакова и президента АН РТ, академика М.Хасанова на торжественном собрании по случаю установления даты основания г.Казани</bdi></a>. <i>Гасырлар авазы/Эхо веков</i> (in Russian) (3/4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru/magazine/go/anonymous/main/?path=mg:/numbers/1999_3_4/01/01_2/">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%2F%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A2+%D0%9C.+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B3.%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9A.%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%A0%D0%A2%2C+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9C.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8E+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3.%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=1999-09-10&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.au=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.au=%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80+%D0%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru%2Fmagazine%2Fgo%2Fanonymous%2Fmain%2F%3Fpath%3Dmg%3A%2Fnumbers%2F1999_3_4%2F01%2F01_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RepBody-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RepBody_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Kazan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/gorduma">Kazan City Duma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304073318/http://kzn.ru/gorduma">Archived</a> 4 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayor_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayor_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903062131/http://www.metshin.ru/">"Official website of the Mayor of Kazan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metshin.ru/">the original</a> on 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Mayor+of+Kazan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metshin.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GKS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GKS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">площадь собственно города, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst92/DBInet.cgi">Федеральная служба государственной статистики</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115054002/http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst92/DBInet.cgi">Archived</a> 15 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar">"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fdoc_2018%2Fbul_dr%2Fmun_obr2018.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/welcome.htm">"Welcome to the Republic of Tatarstan"</a>. <i>tatarstan.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225234/http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/welcome.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tatarstan.ru&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Republic+of+Tatarstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftatarstan.ru%2Feng%2Fabout%2Fwelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref894-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref894_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref894_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref894_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #46-ZRT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboutkazan.com/">"Kazan Russia – a thousand-year Russian city travel guide"</a>. <i>aboutkazan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20070828022156/http://aboutkazan.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aboutkazan.com&rft.atitle=Kazan+Russia+%E2%80%93+a+thousand-year+Russian+city+travel+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faboutkazan.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=354">"Current Local Time in Kazan, Russia"</a>. <i>timeanddate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209215458/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=354">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Current+Local+Time+in+Kazan%2C+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fworldclock%2Fcity.html%3Fn%3D354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208013913/http://kgmu.kcn.ru/english/about_kazan.html">"Republic of Tatarstan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kgmu.kcn.ru/english/about_kazan.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Tatarstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkgmu.kcn.ru%2Fenglish%2Fabout_kazan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYausheva2017" class="citation web cs1">Yausheva, Anzhela (23 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530064448/http://www.prospektmag.com/2017/11/kazan-vibrant-mix-russian-tatar-cultures/">"Kazan: A vibrant mix of Russian and Tatar cultures"</a>. <i>Prospekt Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospektmag.com/2017/11/kazan-vibrant-mix-russian-tatar-cultures/">the original</a> on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospekt+Magazine&rft.atitle=Kazan%3A+A+vibrant+mix+of+Russian+and+Tatar+cultures&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft.aulast=Yausheva&rft.aufirst=Anzhela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospektmag.com%2F2017%2F11%2Fkazan-vibrant-mix-russian-tatar-cultures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kzn.ru/meriya/press-tsentr/novosti/bolee-4-millionov-turistov-posetili-kazan-v-2023-godu/">"2023 елда Казанга 4 миллионнан артык турист килгән"</a> [In 2023, more than 4 million tourists came to Kazan]. <i>Kazan</i> (in Tatar). 19 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225180513/https://kzn.ru/meriya/press-tsentr/novosti/bolee-4-millionov-turistov-posetili-kazan-v-2023-godu/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kazan&rft.atitle=2023+%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0+4+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkzn.ru%2Fmeriya%2Fpress-tsentr%2Fnovosti%2Fbolee-4-millionov-turistov-posetili-kazan-v-2023-godu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavydova2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davydova, Aleksandra (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/kazan-v-2023-godu-posetili-4-mln-turistov-5936329">"Казань в 2023 году посетили 4 млн туристов"</a> [4 million tourists visited Kazan in 2023]. <i>Tatar Inform</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225174948/https://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/kazan-v-2023-godu-posetili-4-mln-turistov-5936329">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatar+Inform&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B2+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+4+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BD+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Davydova&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatar-inform.ru%2Fnews%2Fkazan-v-2023-godu-posetili-4-mln-turistov-5936329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/history/03-04-2009/107354-kazan-0/">"Kazan officially becomes Russia's Third Capital"</a>. <i>Pravda</i>. 3 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602114414/http://english.pravda.ru/history/03-04-2009/107354-kazan-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravda&rft.atitle=Kazan+officially+becomes+Russia%27s+Third+Capital&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fhistory%2F03-04-2009%2F107354-kazan-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sportcap-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sportcap_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFВАНЯШИНА2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ВАНЯШИНА, Дарья (14 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kazan.kp.ru/online/news/587131/">"Казань - спортивная столица России"</a>. <i>kazan.kp.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kazan.kp.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+-+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%AF%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazan.kp.ru%2Fonline%2Fnews%2F587131%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027141245/http://www.intourist.com/Obj.aspx?id=500186&idr=3&ref=&currency=USD">"InTourist Kazan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Legends about Kazan's foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intourist.com/Obj.aspx?id=500186&idr=3&ref=&currency=USD">the original</a> on 27 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legends+about+Kazan%27s+foundation&rft.atitle=InTourist+Kazan%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intourist.com%2FObj.aspx%3Fid%3D500186%26idr%3D3%26ref%3D%26currency%3DUSD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studmed.ru/miller-k-v-opisanie-vseh-v-rossiyskom-gosudarstve-obitayuschih-narodov-chast-vtoraya-o-narodah-tatarskogo-plemeni_882d79ea405.html">"Миллер К.В. Описание всехъ в Российском государстве обитающихъ народовъ. Часть вторая, о народахъ татарского племени"</a>. <i>www.studmed.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.studmed.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9A.%D0%92.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8A+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studmed.ru%2Fmiller-k-v-opisanie-vseh-v-rossiyskom-gosudarstve-obitayuschih-narodov-chast-vtoraya-o-narodah-tatarskogo-plemeni_882d79ea405.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFИнфоРост" class="citation web cs1">ИнфоРост, Н. П. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/14951-ch-2-o-narodah-tatarskogo-plemeni-i-drugih-ne-reshennogo-esche-proishozhdeniya-severnyh-sibirskih-1799#mode/inspect/page/18/zoom/4">"ГПИБ | Ч. 2 : О народах татарского племени и других не решенного еще происхождения Северных Сибирских. - 1799"</a>. <i>elib.shpl.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elib.shpl.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%91+%7C+%D0%A7.+2+%3A+%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.+-+1799.&rft.aulast=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D.+%D0%9F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felib.shpl.ru%2Fru%2Fnodes%2F14951-ch-2-o-narodah-tatarskogo-plemeni-i-drugih-ne-reshennogo-esche-proishozhdeniya-severnyh-sibirskih-1799%23mode%2Finspect%2Fpage%2F18%2Fzoom%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFЯрмила_Хаскова1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ярмила Хаскова (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310151443/http://www.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru/magazine/go/anonymous/main/?path=mg%3A%2Fnumbers%2F1999_1_2%2F03%2F03_2%2F"><bdi lang="ru">Древнечешская монета из Казани</bdi></a> (in Russian) (Гасырлар авазы / Эхо веков ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru/magazine/go/anonymous/main/?path=mg:/numbers/1999_1_2/03/03_2/">the original</a> on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.edition=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B+%2F+%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=1999&rft.au=%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.gov.tatarstan.ru%2Fmagazine%2Fgo%2Fanonymous%2Fmain%2F%3Fpath%3Dmg%3A%2Fnumbers%2F1999_1_2%2F03%2F03_2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000kzn.ru/article/ru/99/69/"><bdi lang="ru">Кто сказал, что Казани – 1000 лет? Аргументы и факты о возрасте города</bdi></a> (in Russian). 1000kzn.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+1000+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%3F+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=1000kzn.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000kzn.ru%2Farticle%2Fru%2F99%2F69%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFИгоревичЗакиулловна2019" class="citation journal cs1">Игоревич, Бугарчев Алексей; Закиулловна, Сингатуллина Альфира (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/monety-hana-pulada-vypuschennye-na-monetnom-dvore-bulgar-al-dzhadid-po-materialam-izmerievskogo-klada-iz-fondov-natsionalnogo-muzeya-rt">"Монеты хана Пулада, выпущенные на монетном дворе Булгар ал-Джадид (по материалам Измериевского клада из фондов национального музея рт)"</a>. <i>Археология евразийских степей</i> (5): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2587-6112">2587-6112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4+%28%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%82%29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2587-6112&rft.aulast=%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.au=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fmonety-hana-pulada-vypuschennye-na-monetnom-dvore-bulgar-al-dzhadid-po-materialam-izmerievskogo-klada-iz-fondov-natsionalnogo-muzeya-rt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-translate.google.ru-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translate.google.ru_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-translate.google.ru_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFХУДЯКОВ" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ХУДЯКОВ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatarica.narod.ru/cult/library/book/kazanhanligi/chapter4.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Очерки по истории КАЗАНСКОГО ХАНСТВА</bdi></a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%90&rft.au=%D0%A5%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%AF%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftatarica.narod.ru%2Fcult%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fkazanhanligi%2Fchapter4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span><br />Google translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM.G._Khudyakov" class="citation web cs1">M.G. Khudyakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftatarica.narod.ru%2Fcult%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fkazanhanligi%2Fchapter4.htm">"Essays on the history of KAZAN HOSPITAL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+history+of+KAZAN+HOSPITAL&rft.au=M.G.+Khudyakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Dru%26sl%3Dru%26tl%3Den%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ftatarica.narod.ru%252Fcult%252Flibrary%252Fbook%252Fkazanhanligi%252Fchapter4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eu7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64"><i>Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience</i></a>. Hoover Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817983932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817983932"><bdi>978-0817983932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volga+Tatars%3A+A+Profile+in+National+Resilience&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0817983932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEu7WDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEke2005" class="citation news cs1">Eke, Steven (26 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4186204.stm">"Putin joins Tatarstan festivities"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Putin+joins+Tatarstan+festivities&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft.aulast=Eke&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4186204.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-tatarstan-kazan-school-shooting/31249036.html">"Nine Killed In Tatarstan School Shooting; Putin Calls For Weapons Clampdown"</a>. <i>rferl.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radio_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a>. 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=rferl.org&rft.atitle=Nine+Killed+In+Tatarstan+School+Shooting%3B+Putin+Calls+For+Weapons+Clampdown&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-tatarstan-kazan-school-shooting%2F31249036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/12/22/putin-vows-destruction-on-ukraine-after-kazan-drone-attack-a87423">"Putin Vows 'Destruction' on Ukraine After Kazan Drone Attack"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 22 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Vows+%27Destruction%27+on+Ukraine+After+Kazan+Drone+Attack&rft.date=2024-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2024%2F12%2F22%2Fputin-vows-destruction-on-ukraine-after-kazan-drone-attack-a87423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kazadmin.narod.ru/gerbs/gerbs.html">"Гербы Казаи и городов Казанской губерни"</a>. <i>kazadmin.narod.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kazadmin.narod.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkazadmin.narod.ru%2Fgerbs%2Fgerbs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geraldika.ru/symbols/376"><bdi lang="ru">Герб города Казань</bdi></a>. <i>Геральдика.ру</i> (in Russian). geraldika.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeraldika.ru%2Fsymbols%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/Main.htm"><bdi lang="ru">БГД</bdi></a>. <i>gks.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119115657/http://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_14t/Main.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gks.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%93%D0%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fbgd%2Fregl%2Fb08_14t%2FMain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКатаргин2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Катаргин, Дмитрий (26 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/51799"><bdi lang="ru">Казань побила рекорд по инвестициям</bdi></a>. <i>БИЗНЕС Online</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A1+Online&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-gazeta.ru%2Farticle%2F51799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arendator.ru/articles/1/art/34172/">"В строительство IT-парка вложили 3 миллиарда"</a>. <i>arendator.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826235129/http://www.arendator.ru/articles/1/art/34172">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arendator.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+IT-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+3+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arendator.ru%2Farticles%2F1%2Fart%2F34172%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202073236/http://www.tpidea.ru/index.php?nodeid=33">"Инновационный технопарк Идея"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpidea.ru/index.php?nodeid=33">the original</a> on 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpidea.ru%2Findex.php%3Fnodeid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://across.co.nz/qualityofliving.htm">"Worldwide Quality of Living Survey"</a>. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Quality+of+Living+Survey&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facross.co.nz%2Fqualityofliving.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="the previous information here was sourced to an unarchived dead link; Mercer have since changed their methodology to a "cost of living" survey, and their old data are not available on their website (June 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.ru/rating/30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa/2010">"30 лучших городов для бизнеса—2010"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (in Russian). 27 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810162947/http://www.forbes.ru/rating/30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa/2010">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=30+%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%E2%80%942010&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.ru%2Frating%2F30-luchshih-gorodov-dlya-biznesa%2F2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFСергей_АфанасьевВлас_Мысько2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Сергей Афанасьев; Влас Мысько (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/80587/"><bdi lang="ru">Казань оценили на "6 с плюсом"</bdi></a>. <i>БИЗНЕС Online</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810190508/http://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/80587/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A1+Online&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%226+%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%22&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-gazeta.ru%2Farticle%2F80587%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFГенриха_Клепацкого" class="citation web cs1">Генриха Клепацкого. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041224211727/http://kazantransport.by.ru/ek-bus1.htm">"Казань: первые автобусы и такси"</a>. <i>e-Kazan.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kazantransport.by.ru/ek-bus1.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(28 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302083822/http://www.evening-kazan.ru/article.asp?from=search&id=27698">"Навигацию на Волге открыла амфибия"</a>. Вечерняя Казань. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evening-kazan.ru/article.asp?from=search&id=27698">the original</a> on 2 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.date=2007-12-28&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evening-kazan.ru%2Farticle.asp%3Ffrom%3Dsearch%26id%3D27698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn%2F2020%2FTom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopCensus-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopCensus_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_State_Statistics_Service2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a> (21 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек</bdi></a> [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002]</bdi> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.au=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2F1_TOM_01_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1989-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1989_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php"><bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров</bdi></a> [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]</bdi> (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via <i>Demoscope Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%5BInstitute+of+Demography+at+the+National+Research+University%3A+Higher+School+of+Economics%5D&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus89_reg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ВПН-2020-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ВПН-2020_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://16.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%203.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%20%D0%B8%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Республике Татарстан<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F16.rosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2F%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25203.%2520%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9%2520%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%2520%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2520%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%2520%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%2520%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%2520%25D0%25B8%2520%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraney2007" class="citation journal cs1">Graney, Kate (2007). "Making Russia Multicultural Kazan at Its Millennium and Beyond". <i>Problems of Post-Communism</i>. <b>54</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2Fppc1075-8216540602">10.2753/ppc1075-8216540602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153485503">153485503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Post-Communism&rft.atitle=Making+Russia+Multicultural+Kazan+at+Its+Millennium+and+Beyond&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2Fppc1075-8216540602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153485503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Graney&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kazan-weather-history/tatarstan/ru.aspx">"Kazan Historical Weather"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazan+Historical+Weather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldweatheronline.com%2Fkazan-weather-history%2Ftatarstan%2Fru.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27595.htm">"Climate Kazan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Pogoda.ru.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Kazan%27&rft.pub=Pogoda.ru.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27595.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/Kazan_27595.csv">"KAZAN' 1991–2020"</a>. NOAA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KAZAN%27+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FRussianFederation%2FCSV%2FKazan_27595.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090146/http://www.cbs-kazan.ru/izdania-progulki-baumana3.htm"><bdi lang="ru">ИЗДАНИЯ ЦБС "Прогулки по городу"</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs-kazan.ru/izdania-progulki-baumana3.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%97%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A6%D0%91%D0%A1+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs-kazan.ru%2Fizdania-progulki-baumana3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130417224555/http://info.tatcenter.ru/photo/29350.htm"><bdi lang="ru">До тысячелетия Казани осталось 36 дней. Гостиница "Совет"</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.tatcenter.ru/photo/29350.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+36+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%22%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.tatcenter.ru%2Fphoto%2F29350.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportacadem.ru/en/">"Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism -- Главная"</a>. <i>www.sportacadem.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sportacadem.ru&rft.atitle=Volga+Region+State+Academy+of+Physical+Culture%2C+Sport+and+Tourism+--+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportacadem.ru%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054424/http://www.antat.ru/index.shtml?=151">"Структура АНРТ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antat.ru/index.shtml?=151">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A0%D0%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antat.ru%2Findex.shtml%3F%3D151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130958/http://old.kzn.ru/page21569.htm">"ORIGINAL COPY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.kzn.ru/page21569.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORIGINAL+COPY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.kzn.ru%2Fpage21569.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127014041/http://prov.nag.ru/prov/root/region69/settlement75/services/service5/">"IP телефония (VoIP) (Казань)"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prov.nag.ru/prov/root/region69/settlement75/services/service5/">the original</a> on 27 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IP+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28VoIP%29+%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprov.nag.ru%2Fprov%2Froot%2Fregion69%2Fsettlement75%2Fservices%2Fservice5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001055111/http://prov.nag.ru/prov/root/region69/settlement75/providers/"><bdi lang="ru">Провайдеры – Подключить интернет вы можете, оставив заявку одному из провайдеров своего города в нашем каталоге</bdi></a> (in Russian). prov.nag.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prov.nag.ru/prov/root/region69/settlement75/providers/">the original</a> on 1 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5&rft.pub=prov.nag.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprov.nag.ru%2Fprov%2Froot%2Fregion69%2Fsettlement75%2Fproviders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2010/08/30/234368/"><bdi lang="ru">Самый быстрый мобильный Интернет в мире запущен в Казани</bdi></a> (in Russian). tatar-inform.ru. 30 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.pub=tatar-inform.ru&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatar-inform.ru%2Fnews%2F2010%2F08%2F30%2F234368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.embassybel.ru/departments/"><bdi lang="ru">Посольство Беларуси в России – Отделения</bdi></a>. <i>embassybel.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002162158/http://www.embassybel.ru/departments/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=embassybel.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.embassybel.ru%2Fdepartments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatar.ru/?DNSID=9d0d8baff3b2c7435a6c5a1324cb77dd&node_id=1261">Offices in Kazan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924214549/http://www.tatar.ru/?DNSID=96525b60e5d8ed29efcd257b3cb3195e&node_id=1261">Archived</a> 24 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prczn-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prczn_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716015644/http://kazan.china-consulate.gov.cn/">"Chinese Consulate General in Kazan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kazan.china-consulate.gov.cn/">the original</a> on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Consulate+General+in+Kazan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkazan.china-consulate.gov.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkmmfa-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tkmmfa_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/63">"DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND CONSULAR OFFICES OF TURKMENISTAN ABROAD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIPLOMATIC+MISSIONS+AND+CONSULAR+OFFICES+OF+TURKMENISTAN+ABROAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tm%2Fen%2Farticles%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italyvms.ru/it/content/117.htm">Visa Management Service. Filiali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805063913/http://www.italyvms.ru/it/content/117.htm">Archived</a> 5 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finland.org.ru/public/default.aspx?contentid=222961&nodeid=36881&contentlan=15&culture=ru-RU">Embassy of Finland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004123837/http://www.finland.org.ru/public/default.aspx?contentid=222961&nodeid=36881&contentlan=15&culture=ru-RU">Archived</a> 4 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Официальный портал Казани</bdi></a>. <i>kzn.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416154119/http://www.kzn.ru/page12827.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kzn.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzn.ru%2Fpage12827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braunschweig_twinnings-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braunschweig_twinnings_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201122754/http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/partner_freundschaftsstaedte.html">"Braunschweigs Partner und Freundschaftsstädte"</a> [Braunschweig – Partner and Friendship Cities]. <i>Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig]</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/partnerstaedte/index.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadt+Braunschweig+%5BCity+of+Braunschweig%5D&rft.atitle=Braunschweigs+Partner+und+Freundschaftsst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunschweig.de%2Fkultur_tourismus%2Fstadtportraet%2Fpartnerstaedte%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amcorners.ru/ac104/">"American Corners and Centers in Russia"</a>. Amcorners.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707112143/http://amcorners.ru/ac104/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Corners+and+Centers+in+Russia&rft.pub=Amcorners.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famcorners.ru%2Fac104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pravo.tatarstan.ru">http://pravo.tatarstan.ru</a>), 27 февраля 2014 г.</span></span> (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 <i>On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan</i>, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015 <i>On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan"</i>. ).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №46-ЗРТ от 15 сентября 2004 г. «О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани», в ред. Закона №132-ЗРТ от 26 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении границ территорий отдельных муниципальных образований и внесении изменений в Законы Республики Татарстан "О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани" и "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Лаишевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №191, 21 сентября 2004 г.</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan">State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan</a>. Law #46-ZRT of September 15, 2004 <i>On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan</i>, as amended by the Law #132-ZRT of December 26, 2014 <i>On Changing the Borders of the Territories of Various Municipal Formations and on Amending the Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan" and "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Laishevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises"</i>. Effective as of the official publication date.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_Veinguer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Álvarez Veinguer, Aurora (July 2007). "(Re)Presenting Identities: National Archipelagos in Kazan". <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990701368704">10.1080/00905990701368704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154024631">154024631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=%28Re%29Presenting+Identities%3A+National+Archipelagos+in+Kazan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990701368704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154024631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+Veinguer&rft.aufirst=Aurora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kazañ (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kaza%C3%B1_(town)">"Kazañ (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 704.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaza%C3%B1+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=704&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Peter2016" class="citation cs2">Smith-Peter, Susan (2016), "Enlightenment from the East: Early Nineteenth Century Russian Views of the East from Kazan University", <i>Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie</i>, <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">318–</span>338, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17805%2Fzpu.2016.1.29">10.17805/zpu.2016.1.29</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Znanie.+Ponimanie.+Umenie&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+from+the+East%3A+Early+Nineteenth+Century+Russian+Views+of+the+East+from+Kazan+University&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17805%2Fzpu.2016.1.29&rft.aulast=Smith-Peter&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Edward Tracy Turnerelli, Kazan, the Ancient Capital of the Tartar Khans, 1854.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazan&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="c:Казань">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kazan" class="extiw" title="voy:Kazan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900" class="extiw" title="d:Q900">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzn.ru/">Official website of Kazan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Tatarstan254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Template:Republic of Tatarstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Template talk:Republic of Tatarstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republic of Tatarstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Tatarstan254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tatarstan">Administrative divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazan</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Tatarstan" title="List of rural localities in Tatarstan">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Tatarstan"><img alt="Coat of arms of Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agryzsky_District" title="Agryzsky District">Agryzsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksubayevsky_District" title="Aksubayevsky District">Aksubayevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktanyshsky_District" title="Aktanyshsky District">Aktanyshsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexeyevsky_District,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Alexeyevsky District, Republic of Tatarstan">Alexeyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkeyevsky_District" title="Alkeyevsky District">Alkeyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almetyevsky_District" title="Almetyevsky District">Almetyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apastovsky_District" title="Apastovsky District">Apastovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsky_District" title="Arsky District">Arsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atninsky_District" title="Atninsky District">Atninsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aznakayevsky_District" title="Aznakayevsky District">Aznakayevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasinsky_District" title="Baltasinsky District">Baltasinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavlinsky_District" title="Bavlinsky District">Bavlinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugulminsky_District" title="Bugulminsky District">Bugulminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buinsky_District" title="Buinsky District">Buinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheremshansky_District" title="Cheremshansky District">Cheremshansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chistopolsky_District" title="Chistopolsky District">Chistopolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drozhzhanovsky_District" title="Drozhzhanovsky District">Drozhzhanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsko-Ustyinsky_District" title="Kamsko-Ustyinsky District">Kamsko-Ustyinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaybitsky_District" title="Kaybitsky District">Kaybitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmorsky_District" title="Kukmorsky District">Kukmorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laishevsky_District" title="Laishevsky District">Laishevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninogorsky_District" title="Leninogorsky District">Leninogorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadyshsky_District" title="Mamadyshsky District">Mamadyshsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleyevsky_District" title="Mendeleyevsky District">Mendeleyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzelinsky_District" title="Menzelinsky District">Menzelinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslyumovsky_District" title="Muslyumovsky District">Muslyumovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnekamsky_District" title="Nizhnekamsky District">Nizhnekamsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosheshminsky_District" title="Novosheshminsky District">Novosheshminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurlatsky_District,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Nurlatsky District, Republic of Tatarstan">Nurlatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestrechinsky_District" title="Pestrechinsky District">Pestrechinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybno-Slobodsky_District" title="Rybno-Slobodsky District">Rybno-Slobodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinsky_District" title="Sabinsky District">Sabinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmanovsky_District" title="Sarmanovsky District">Sarmanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spassky_District,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan">Spassky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetyushsky_District" title="Tetyushsky District">Tetyushsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukayevsky_District" title="Tukayevsky District">Tukayevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyulyachinsky_District" title="Tyulyachinsky District">Tyulyachinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhneuslonsky_District" title="Verkhneuslonsky District">Verkhneuslonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysokogorsky_District" title="Vysokogorsky District">Vysokogorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelabuzhsky_District" title="Yelabuzhsky District">Yelabuzhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutazinsky_District" title="Yutazinsky District">Yutazinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainsky_District" title="Zainsky District">Zainsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenodolsky_District" title="Zelenodolsky District">Zelenodolsky</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tatarstan"><img alt="Flag of Tatarstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agryz" title="Agryz">Agryz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almetyevsk" title="Almetyevsk">Almetyevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsk" title="Arsk">Arsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aznakayevo" title="Aznakayevo">Aznakayevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavly" title="Bavly">Bavly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgar,_Spassky_District,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan">Bolgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugulma" title="Bugulma">Bugulma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buinsk,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan">Buinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chistopol" title="Chistopol">Chistopol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laishevo" title="Laishevo">Laishevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninogorsk,_Russia" title="Leninogorsk, Russia">Leninogorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadysh" title="Mamadysh">Mamadysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleyevsk" title="Mendeleyevsk">Mendeleyevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzelinsk" title="Menzelinsk">Menzelinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naberezhnye_Chelny" title="Naberezhnye Chelny">Naberezhnye Chelny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnekamsk" title="Nizhnekamsk">Nizhnekamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurlat" title="Nurlat">Nurlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetyushi,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan">Tetyushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelabuga" title="Yelabuga">Yelabuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainsk" title="Zainsk">Zainsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenodolsk,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan">Zelenodolsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksubayevo" title="Aksubayevo">Aksubayevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktyubinsky,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Aktyubinsky, Republic of Tatarstan">Aktyubinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexeyevskoye,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Alexeyevskoye, Republic of Tatarstan">Alexeyevskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apastovo" title="Apastovo">Apastovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasi" title="Baltasi">Baltasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogatye_Saby" title="Bogatye Saby">Bogatye Saby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhalil_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Dzhalil (urban-type settlement)">Dzhalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamskiye_Polyany" title="Kamskiye Polyany">Kamskiye Polyany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamskoye_Ustye" title="Kamskoye Ustye">Kamskoye Ustye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabash,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Karabash, Republic of Tatarstan">Karabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmor" title="Kukmor">Kukmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuybyshevsky_Zaton" title="Kuybyshevsky Zaton">Kuybyshevsky Zaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhniye_Vyazovye" title="Nizhniye Vyazovye">Nizhniye Vyazovye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhnyaya_Maktama" title="Nizhnyaya Maktama">Nizhnyaya Maktama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnaya_Sloboda" title="Rybnaya Sloboda">Rybnaya Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenishevo,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Tenishevo, Republic of Tatarstan">Tenishevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urussu" title="Urussu">Urussu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilyevo,_Zelenodolsky_District,_Republic_of_Tatarstan" title="Vasilyevo, Zelenodolsky District, Republic of Tatarstan">Vasilyevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_republics_of_Russia164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Template:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Template talk:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_republics_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian republics capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_republics_of_Russia164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Altaysk" title="Gorno-Altaysk">Gorno-Altaysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and internationally recognized as part of Ukraine</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_Capitals_of_Culture,_Tourism,_Youth,_Agriculture_&amp;_Digital233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Turkic Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Turkic_Capital_of_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Turkic Capital of Culture (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_Capitals_of_Culture,_Tourism,_Youth,_Agriculture_&amp;_Digital233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World">Turkic Capitals of Culture</a>, Tourism, Youth, Agriculture & Digital</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> (2013)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Shaki</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu" title="Kastamonu">Kastamonu</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> (2020-21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> (2023)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a> (2024)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamakhi" title="Shamakhi">Shamakhi</a> (2023)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a> (2024)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad" title="Jalal-Abad">Jalal-Abad</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (2023)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a> (2024)</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a> (2024)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a> (spiritual)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (Turkic civilization)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148930774">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212753/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029844-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035861">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145292132">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145292132">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kazaň (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge260035&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5402210">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554892605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/05cd175a-0e3a-4bd6-a27e-86fad1a654f4">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/204471532">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kazan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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