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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Opleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publicaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overige_carrière" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overige_carrière"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overige carrière</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overige_carrière-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economische_visie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economische_visie"> <div 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id="toc-Prijzen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Krugman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 75 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروغمان – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول كروغمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بول كروجمان – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول كروجمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kruqman" title="Paul Kruqman – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paul Kruqman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروقمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل کروقمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পল ক্রুগম্যান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল ক্রুগম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%89%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πωλ Κρούγκμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="پل کروگمن – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل کروگمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פול קרוגמן – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול קרוגמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रूगमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉल क्रूगमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փոլ Քրուգման – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Քրուգման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・クルーグマン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・クルーグマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პოლ კრუგმანი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ კრუგმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EA%B7%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="폴 크루그먼 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 크루그먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Krugman" title="Paulus Krugman – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Krugman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Krugmans" title="Pols Krugmans – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Krugmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Крюгман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пол Крюгман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="पॉल क्रुगमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉल क्रुगमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robin_Krugman" title="Paul Robin Krugman – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Robin Krugman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਕਰੂਗਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پال کرگمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال کرگمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кругман, Пол – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кругман, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Krugman" title="Pol Krugman – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pol Krugman" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பால் கிரக்மேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் கிரக்மேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Кругман – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пол Кругман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%87%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%86" title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاۋىل كرۇگمەنن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D2%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пол Круґман – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Круґман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پاول کرگمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول کرگمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="保罗·克鲁格曼 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·克鲁格曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Krugman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="保羅·克魯曼 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保羅·克魯曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%98%8E" title="克魯明 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克魯明" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijsmedaille"><img alt="Nobelprijsmedaille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-3.jpg/399px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-3.jpg/532px-Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2656" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Paul Krugman op een persconferentie (2008)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" title="Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie">Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>In </th> <td colspan="2">2008 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor zijn analyses van handelspatronen en de locatie van economische activiteiten." </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorgangers </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolgers </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Robin Krugman</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/28_februari" title="28 februari">28 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>) is een <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Amerikaans</a> <a href="/wiki/Neokeynesiaanse_economie" title="Neokeynesiaanse economie">neo-keynesiaans</a> <a href="/wiki/Econoom" title="Econoom">econoom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a> en <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicist</a>. Hij is sedert 2000 hoogleraar in de economie en internationale betrekkingen aan de <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opleiding">Opleiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Opleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Opleiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krugman groeide in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(New_York)" title="Long Island (New York)">Long Island</a> op in een Joods gezin dat tot de middenklasse behoorde. Hij behaalde in 1974 zijn <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">bachelor</a> in de economie aan de <a href="/wiki/Yale-universiteit" title="Yale-universiteit">Yale-universiteit</a> en hij <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">promoveerde</a> in 1977 aan het <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Krugman is sinds 2000 <a href="/wiki/Hoogleraar" title="Hoogleraar">hoogleraar</a> <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Internationale_betrekkingen" title="Internationale betrekkingen">internationale betrekkingen</a> aan de <a href="/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit">Princeton-universiteit</a>. Vóór zijn aanstelling aan Princeton heeft Krugman ook gedoceerd aan de Yale-universiteit, de <a href="/wiki/Stanford-universiteit" title="Stanford-universiteit">Stanford-universiteit</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Anno 2008 is hij ook verbonden aan de <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicaties">Publicaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Publicaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Publicaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krugman heeft ongeveer tweehonderd wetenschappelijke publicaties en een twintigtal boeken op zijn naam staan. Hij geniet daarnaast bekendheid door zijn columns voor <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, waar hij sinds 1999 twee keer per week een opiniebijdrage levert. Vanaf 2007 vult hij deze columns aan met een <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a>. </p><p>Ten tijde van de <a href="/wiki/Kredietcrisis" title="Kredietcrisis">kredietcrisis</a> betwistte Krugman fel een analyse van <a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a>, die stelde dat de <a href="/wiki/Economische_groei" title="Economische groei">economische groei</a> niet zomaar weer zou inzetten wanneer de <a href="/wiki/Recessie" title="Recessie">recessie</a> eenmaal voorbij zou zijn. De economie zou volgens Mankiw nog lang achterblijven, omdat die "meer dan evenredig" zou reageren op een krimp. Ook de <a href="/wiki/Werkloosheid" title="Werkloosheid">werkloosheid</a> zou hierdoor nog lang hoog blijven volgens Mankiw. Volgens Krugman daarentegen zou de weer toegenomen <a href="/wiki/Productiecapaciteit" title="Productiecapaciteit">productiecapaciteit</a> de achterstand compenseren.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overige_carrière"><span id="Overige_carri.C3.A8re"></span>Overige carrière</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overige carrière" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overige carrière"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na de verkiezing van <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> als Amerikaans president werd overwogen Krugman aan te stellen voor een beleidsbepalende functie in het <a href="/wiki/Witte_Huis_(Washington_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Witte Huis (Washington D.C.)">Witte Huis</a>. Na een bezoek aan Clinton in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_(staat)" title="Arkansas (staat)">Arkansas</a> werd hem geen functie aangeboden, naar verluidt vanwege zijn uitgesproken mening. Krugman heeft later in columns en interviews, onder meer in <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, zelf laten weten inderdaad ongeschikt te zijn voor een dergelijke politieke functie.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krugman werkte in 1999 als <a href="/wiki/Consultant" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultant">consultant</a> voor de Raad van Advies van het in 2001 ter ziele gegane concern <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a>. Deze functie verliet hij in 2000 toen hij voor The New York Times aan de slag ging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economische_visie">Economische visie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Economische visie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Economische visie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vrije_handel">Vrije handel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vrije handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vrije handel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds de jaren tachtig is Paul Krugman voorstander van vrijhandel in de Verenigde Staten en de Europese landen. Hij merkt op dat vrijhandel weliswaar industrieën, gemeenschappen en sommige werknemers heeft geschaad, maar dat het een win-winsysteem is dat beide partijen bij de overeenkomst verrijkt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Volgens hem doet het handelstekort er niet toe en zou het niet te wijten zijn aan het gebrek aan handelsbescherming maar aan het gebrek aan binnenlandse besparingen. Bovendien verminderen tarieven en handelsbeperkingen niet echt het totale handelstekort <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In 2000 schreef hij ook een boek met de titel "Globalization is Not Guilty: Virtues and Limits of Free Trade" (Globalisering is niet schuldig: Deugden en grenzen van vrijhandel), waarin hij vrijhandel bepleit en zegt dat vrijhandel economische vrede betekent omdat handel voor beide partijen voordelig is. </p><p>Toch neemt hij in sommige van deze artikelen tussen 2007 en 2016 tegengestelde standpunten in. In 2010 riep hij bijvoorbeeld op tot een tarief van 25% op de Chinese invoer in de Verenigde Staten<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>In 2010 adviseerde hij de Verenigde Staten, in tegenstelling tot wat hij in 2016 had geschreven, om protectionistische maatregelen tegen China te nemen. Hij vraagt om een heffing van 25 procent op Chinese producten. Paul Krugman schrijft dat China een mercantilistisch en roofzuchtig beleid voert, dat wil zeggen, het handhaaft zijn ondergewaardeerde munt om handelsoverschotten te accumuleren met behulp van kapitaalstroomcontrole. De Chinese overheid verkoopt renminbi en koopt vreemde valuta om de renminbi laag te houden, waardoor de Chinese productiesector een kostenvoordeel heeft ten opzichte van zijn concurrenten. De overschotten van China voeren de Amerikaanse vraag af en vertragen het economisch herstel in andere landen waarmee China handel drijft. Hij geeft dan ook toe dat handelstekorten de Verenigde Staten verarmen en een bedreiging vormen. Krugman schrijft: "Dit is het meest vervormde wisselkoersbeleid dat een groot land ooit heeft gevoerd". Hij merkt op dat de ondergewaardeerde renminbi neerkomt op het opleggen van hoge tarieven of het verlenen van exportsubsidies. Een goedkopere munt verbetert de werkgelegenheid en het concurrentievermogen omdat het de invoer duurder maakt en binnenlandse producten aantrekkelijker. Hij verwacht dat de Chinese overschotten tegen 2011 1,4 miljoen Amerikaanse banen zullen vernietigen. Hij stelt voor de producten van bepaalde landen te belasten als model om hen te dwingen hun munt aan te passen. Daarom vraagt hij om een algemeen tarief van 25% voor Chinese producten. Hij is daarom van mening dat tarieven en handelsbeperkingen het totale handelstekort effectief kunnen verminderen. En het handelstekort zou dus te wijten zijn aan het gebrek aan bescherming tegen China, dat zijn munt manipuleert, en niet aan het gebrek aan nationale besparingen<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hij voegt eraan toe, "we leven momenteel in een wereld waar het mercantilisme werkt". Het is dus geen win-win-systeem dat beide partijen bij de overeenkomst verrijkt, maar een systeem waarbij sommige landen zich verrijken ten koste van andere. Hij schrijft: "Wat China doet is een ernstig roofzuchtig handelsbeleid, het soort zaken dat door de dreiging van sancties zou moeten worden voorkomen..."... "Ik zeg dat we het probleem frontaal moeten aanpakken." Hij legde uit dat in een handelsconflict, met een depressieve wereldeconomie, het de overschotlanden zijn die veel te verliezen hebben, terwijl de tekortlanden kunnen winnen, zelfs als er vergeldingsmaatregelen en economische verstoringen zijn. "De slachtoffers van dit mercantilisme hebben weinig te verliezen van een commerciële confrontatie. "Hij stelt dat protectionisme niet slecht is als de werkloosheid hoog is of als de economische situatie niet goed is. Hij citeert Paul Samuelson: "Met een baan die minder dan vol is.... alle mercantilistische argumenten die zijn ontketend, zijn geldig". Daarnaast steunt hij het protectionisme van andere landen ten opzichte van China: "Andere landen nemen (bescheiden) protectionistische maatregelen, juist omdat China weigert zijn munt te laten stijgen. En andere dergelijke maatregelen zijn zeer geschikt"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>In 2007 merkte hij op dat in het vrijhandelssysteem de reële lonen van laagopgeleide werknemers dalen als gevolg van de concurrentie van laaggeprijsde importen. De lonen dalen namelijk meer dan de invoerprijzen en het probleem wordt steeds erger omdat de handel met lagelonenlanden steeds vaker voorkomt<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hij geeft ook toe dat vrijhandel een belangrijk effect heeft op de inkomensongelijkheid in ontwikkelde landen: "Dit alles betekent dat het niet langer veilig is om te zeggen, zoals we een tiental jaar geleden konden doen, dat de effecten van handel op de inkomensverdeling in rijke landen vrij gering zijn. Er zijn nu goede redenen om te zeggen dat ze groot genoeg zijn en steeds groter worden..." <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>In 2016 schreef hij dat protectionisme niet tot recessies leidt. Aangezien in een handelsoorlog de uitvoer en de invoer voor de hele wereld in gelijke mate zullen afnemen, zal het negatieve effect van een daling van de uitvoer worden gecompenseerd door het expansieve effect van een daling van de invoer. Volgens hem zijn "handelsoorlogen dus een wassen neus". Bovendien merkt hij op dat het Smoot-Hawley-tarief de grote depressie niet heeft veroorzaakt. De daling van de handel tussen 1929 en 1933 "was bijna geheel een gevolg van de depressie, niet een oorzaak". Handelsbelemmeringen waren een reactie op depressie, deels een gevolg van deflatie<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hij geeft ook toe dat het handelstekort nadelig is geweest voor de Amerikaanse industriesector: "Het lijdt geen twijfel dat de toegenomen invoer, met name uit China, de werkgelegenheid in de industriesector heeft doen afnemen...., de volledige eliminatie van het handelstekort van de VS in de sector van de industrieproducten zou de werkgelegenheid in deze sector met ongeveer twee miljoen banen doen toenemen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>In 2016 schrijft hij, in tegenstelling tot zijn advies voor vrije handel in de Verenigde Staten: "Het is ook waar dat een groot deel van de elite die de globalisering verdedigt fundamenteel oneerlijk is: valse beschuldigingen van onvermijdelijkheid, paniekzaaierij (protectionisme veroorzaakt depressies!), sterk overdreven beweringen over de voordelen van handelsliberalisering en de kosten van bescherming, waardoor we de grote verdelingseffecten vergeten die standaardmodellen in feite voorspellen. Ik hoop trouwens dat ik dat niet heb gedaan...Het argument van de elite voor steeds vrijere handel is dus grotendeels een oplichterij" <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tot slot kreeg Paul Krugman in 2008 de Nobelprijs voor het aantonen van een theorie dat het onmogelijk is om aan te tonen dat vrijhandel superieur is aan protectionisme. Integendeel, er kan worden aangetoond dat protectionisme in veel situaties beter is dan vrijhandel. Het argument van het strategisch handelsbeleid toont dus aan dat een regering, door haar bedrijven in de internationale concurrentiestrijd te steunen, in bepaalde omstandigheden het nationale welzijn kan verbeteren ten koste van een ander land," zegt hij: "Het argument van het strategisch handelsbeleid toont dus aan dat een regering, door haar bedrijven te steunen in de internationale concurrentie, het nationale welzijn kan verbeteren ten koste van een ander land"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prijzen">Prijzen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Prijzen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Prijzen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991 won Krugman de prestigieuze <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>, die elke twee jaar uitgereikt wordt door de <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Economic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Economic Association (de pagina bestaat niet)">American Economic Association</a>. Zeventien jaar later won hij in 2008 de <a href="/wiki/Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" title="Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie">Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie</a>, ook wel de Nobelprijs voor de Economie genoemd.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij won deze prijs van ongeveer 1,1 miljoen euro voor zijn analyse van handelspatronen en de plaatsbepaling van economische activiteiten. Zijn analyse had met name betrekking op schaalgrootte in internationale handel. Voorheen werd er vooral aandacht besteed aan handel tussen landen met grote verschillen, ditmaal werd de handel tussen gelijksoortige landen geanalyseerd (zoals de export van <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s naar Zweden en van <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Car_Corporation" title="Volvo Car Corporation">Volvo</a>'s naar Duitsland). Zijn werk werd in 1979 gepubliceerd in de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_International_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of International Economics (de pagina bestaat niet)">Journal of International Economics</a></i>. </p><p>2013: <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a> voor vrijheid van meningsuiting </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ewijk, C. van</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Teulings, C.</span>, <i>De grote recessie; het Centraal Planbureau over de kredietcrisis</i>, 2009, uitgeverij Balans</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Bronnen</b></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/paulkrugman/index.html">Columns in <i>The New York Times</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/">The Conscience of a Liberal</a>, Krugmans blog in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/KRUGMAN-BIO.html">Biografie Paul Krugman</a>, <i>The New York Times</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberales.be/boeken/krugmanend">End This Depression Now!</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liberales" title="Liberales">Liberales</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Referenties</b> </p> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewijk en Teulings, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/">2008 January - Paul Krugman - Op-Ed Columnist - New York Times Blog</a>. Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-10-13">13 oktober 2008</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/03/opinion/trump-trade-war.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/03/opinion/trump-trade-war.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2017/07/paul-krugman-oh-what-a-lovely-trade-war.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+EconomistsView+%28Economist%27s+View%29">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2017/07/paul-krugman-oh-what-a-lovely-trade-war.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+EconomistsView+%28Economist%27s+View%29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/from-tariff-man-to-deficit-man/">https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/from-tariff-man-to-deficit-man/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html?src=me">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html?src=me</a> Taking On China</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/09/paul-krugman-taking-on-china.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/09/paul-krugman-taking-on-china.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html?src=me">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/opinion/15krugman.html?src=me</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/macroeconomic-effects-of-chinese-mercantilism/">https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/macroeconomic-effects-of-chinese-mercantilism/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/opinion/01krugman.html?mtrref=blogs.worldbank.org&gwh=B3231576E9FD9BDAEC5EBD56EFDCC866&gwt=pay">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/opinion/01krugman.html?mtrref=blogs.worldbank.org&gwh=B3231576E9FD9BDAEC5EBD56EFDCC866&gwt=pay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/12/paul-krugman-chinese-new-year.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/12/paul-krugman-chinese-new-year.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25krugman.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=BC216C8BA8F1415F915F9DE7DFDFCCD14CA846&gwt=pay">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25krugman.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=BC216C8BA8F1415F915F9DE7DFDFCCD14CA846&gwt=pay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/06/paul-krugman-the-renminbi-runaround.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/06/paul-krugman-the-renminbi-runaround.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/13/opinion/13krugman.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=24A582538B90C0FDEA00892926110017&gwt=pay">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/13/opinion/13krugman.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=24A582538B90C0FDEA00892926110017&gwt=pay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/09/paul-krugman-china-japan-america.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2010/09/paul-krugman-china-japan-america.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/notes-on-514-column-divided-over-trade/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=F5067A4D1B25F775F7867558981E6D6C&gwt=pay">https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/notes-on-514-column-divided-over-trade/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=F5067A4D1B25F775F7867558981E6D6C&gwt=pay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://voxeu.org/article/trade-and-inequality-revisited">https://voxeu.org/article/trade-and-inequality-revisited</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/the-mitt-hawley-fallacy/">http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/the-mitt-hawley-fallacy/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/03/paul-krugman-when-fallacies-collide.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/03/paul-krugman-when-fallacies-collide.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/opinion/trump-trade-and-workers.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/opinion/trump-trade-and-workers.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/07/paul-krugman-trump-trade-and-workers.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/07/paul-krugman-trump-trade-and-workers.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/a-protectionist-moment/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=AE9774CD68C59F838412431E89C8423D&gwt=pay">https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/a-protectionist-moment/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=AE9774CD68C59F838412431E89C8423D&gwt=pay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/03/a-protectionist-moment.html">https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2016/03/a-protectionist-moment.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.1.2.2.131">https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.1.2.2.131</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFout:_ongeldige_tijd."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016050523/http://www.nu.nl/news/1787109/20/rss/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Economie_voor_Paul_Krugman.html">Nobelprijs voor de Economie voor Paul Krugman</a>. <a href="/wiki/NU.nl" title="NU.nl">NU.nl</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-10-13">13 oktober 2008</span>). Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-10-16">16 oktober 2008</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2008-10-13">13 oktober 2008</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud 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href="/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es_des_%C3%A9lites_suisses" title="Base de données des élites suisses">Base de données des élites suisses</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.unil.ch/elitessuisses/personne.php?id=81624">81624</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90258384">90258384</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137625">XX1137625</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12277570g">cb12277570g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12277570g">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" title="Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512898706706">981058512898706706</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00696630?l=en">DA00696630</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121368033">121368033</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000122839649">0000 0001 2283 9649</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84238684">n84238684</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Letland" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland">Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034017&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000034017</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/938a9688-826b-4a45-ac7b-0e7eac7b41f7">938a9688-826b-4a45-ac7b-0e7eac7b41f7</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=169788">169788</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheek_van_het_Japanse_parlement" title="Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement">Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469885">00469885</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2005270972&CON_LNG=ENG">vse2005270972</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_bibliotheek_van_Australi%C3%AB" title="Nationale bibliotheek van Australië">Nationale bibliotheek van Australië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35527760">35527760</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310902105171">987007310902105171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Polen" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen">Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002819059">a0000002819059</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_en_Universitaire_bibliotheek_Zagreb" title="Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb">Nationale en Universitaire bibliotheek Zagreb</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000251129&local_base=nsk10">000251129</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071314857">071314857</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%89RO" title="RÉRO">Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A003476355">02-A003476355</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/scheda_authority.jsp?bid=LO1V002770">LO1V002770</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/319316">319316</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rc7xns">w6rc7xns</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031590713">031590713</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/985412">985412</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108473482">108473482</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/108473482">108473482</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Krugman#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Krugman">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Krugman#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Winnaars_van_de_Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie winnaars van de Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" title="Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie">Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1970 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks_(econoom)" title="John Hicks (econoom)">Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovitsj" title="Leonid Kantorovitsj">Kantorovitsj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">Meade</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Simon" title="Herbert Simon">Simon</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Lewis" title="William Arthur Lewis">Lewis</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Klein</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">Tobin</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Debreu</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone_(econoom)" title="Richard Stone (econoom)">Stone</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Haavelmo</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Markowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Forsyth_Sharpe" title="William Forsyth Sharpe">Sharpe</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Fogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">North</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">Harsanyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_jr." title="John Forbes Nash jr.">Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Selten</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_jr." title="Robert Lucas jr.">Lucas</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">Mirrlees</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">Vickrey</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Merton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Scholes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Mundell</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">Heckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">McFadden</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">Akerlof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Kahneman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Smith</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Engle" title="Robert Engle">Engle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Granger</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_Kydland" title="Finn Kydland">Kydland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Prescott" title="Edward Prescott">Prescott</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Aumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Schelling</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Phelps</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Maskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Myerson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2008: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krugman</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Williamson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Diamond" title="Peter A. Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Mortensen" title="Dale Mortensen">Mortensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pissarides" title="Christopher Pissarides">Pissarides</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sims" title="Christopher Sims">Sims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sargent" title="Thomas Sargent">Sargent</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Roth" title="Alvin Roth">Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Shapley</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Fama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shiller" title="Robert Shiller">Shiller</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Deaton</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart" title="Oliver Hart">Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Holmström</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">Nordhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Romer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Duflo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Kremer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Milgrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Imbens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Angrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">Card</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Bernanke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dybvig" title="Philip Dybvig">Dybvig</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Goldin</a></span> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&oldid=66231337">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krugman&oldid=66231337</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_blogger" title="Categorie:Amerikaans blogger">Amerikaans blogger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_columnist" title="Categorie:Amerikaans columnist">Amerikaans columnist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_econoom" title="Categorie:Amerikaans econoom">Amerikaans econoom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_hoogleraar" title="Categorie:Amerikaans hoogleraar">Amerikaans hoogleraar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mondialisering" title="Categorie:Mondialisering">Mondialisering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Prijs_van_de_Zweedse_Rijksbank_voor_economie" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie">Winnaar van de Prijs van de Zweedse Rijksbank voor economie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_econoom" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws econoom">20e-eeuws econoom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_link" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link">Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 31 okt 2023 om 16:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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