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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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id="toc-Histoire_de_sa_découverte,_dénomination_et_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Isotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gisement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gisement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gisement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gisement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Applications</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Électronique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Électronique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Électronique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Électronique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Optique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Présence_alimentaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Présence_alimentaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Présence alimentaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Présence_alimentaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 144 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ጀርማኒየም – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርማኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chermanio" title="Chermanio – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chermanio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جيرمانيوم – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جيرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermaniu" title="Xermaniu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xermaniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="ژرمانیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرمانیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rmanium" title="Gérmanium – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gérmanium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaniyo" title="Hermaniyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hermaniyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Германій – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဇျာမေနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇျာမေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="জার্মেনিয়াম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মেনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མི་ནིམ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniom" title="Germaniom – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Germaniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="جێرمانیۆم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێرمانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniwm" title="Germaniwm – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germaniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γερμάνιο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumo" title="Germaniumo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germaniumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ژرمانیم – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمانیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermani" title="Gjermani – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermani" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1iniam" title="Gearmáiniam – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gearmáiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmainium" title="Gearmainium – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmainium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermanio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="જર્મેનિયમ – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium" title="Germaanium – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גרמניום – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8many%C3%B2m" title="Jèmanyòm – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jèmanyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nium" title="Germánium – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germánium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գերմանիում – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ゲルマニウム – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotyjinme" title="dotyjinme – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniyum" title="Germaniyum – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Germaniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიუმი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%9Br%C9%A9man%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜರ್ಮೇನಿಯಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%84" title="저마늄 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저마늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%C3%BBm" title="Germanyûm – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Germanyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniom" title="Germaniom – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Germaniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nio" title="Germànio – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germànio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanis" title="Germanis – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C4%81nijs" title="Germānijs – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Germānijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermani%C3%B4ma" title="Zermaniôma – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zermaniôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германиум – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ജെർമേനിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെർമേനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျာမေနီယမ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜਰਮੇਨੀਅਮ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_(element)" title="Germani (element) – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Germani (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جرمینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="جرمانيوم – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمانيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nio" title="Germânio – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhirmanyu" title="Qhirmanyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qhirmanyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Germaniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्मेनियम – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0niu" title="Germàniu – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germàniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmaniu" title="Girmaniu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmaniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanijum" title="Germanijum – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nium" title="Germánium – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germánium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanij" title="Germanij – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germanij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaaniyaam" title="Jermaaniyaam – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jermaaniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumi" title="Germaniumi – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Germaniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rmanium" title="Gérmanium – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gérmanium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerimani" title="Gerimani – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gerimani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செருமேனியம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமேனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="జెర్మేనియం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెర్మేనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เจอร์เมเนียม – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจอร์เมเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanyo" title="Hermanyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hermanyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyum" title="Germanyum – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germanyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="گېرمانىي – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Германій – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="جرمانیئم – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمانیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniy" title="Germaniy – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanii_(himine_element)" title="Germanii (himine element) – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Germanii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyo" title="Germanyo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Germanyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Германион – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Германион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גערמאניום – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גערמאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rm%C3%A1n%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%C3%B9" title="Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" title="鍺 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鍺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Germanium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" title="鍺 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鍺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmGwangaza" title="UmGwangaza – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmGwangaza" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Germanium" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germanium"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germanium"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Germanium" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Germanium" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=214903362" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Germanium&id=214903362&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermanium"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermanium"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Germanium"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germanium&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Germanium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#CC9;color:black;">Germanium </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Germanium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/220px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/330px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/440px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span> <br />Germanium polycristallin. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table class="nocellpadding" style="border-spacing:0; width:100%; background:#f9f9f9"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> ← <b>Germanium</b> → <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a></td><td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate; width:248px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:7px; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Structure_diamant" title="Structure diamant"><img alt="Structure cristalline cubique diamant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/44px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/66px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/88px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none; width:7px; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none; text-align:center; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt; border:none; padding:0; line-height:1em; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <br />32</td> <td style="font-size:16pt; border:none; padding:0; line-height:1em; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><b>Ge</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium" title="Béryllium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bore" title="Bore"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9on" title="Néon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphore" title="Phosphore"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Chlore" title="Chlore"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titane" title="Titane"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Chrome" title="Chrome"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8se" title="Manganèse"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Fer" title="Fer"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 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line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mend%C3%A9l%C3%A9vium" title="Mendélévium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nob%C3%A9lium" title="Nobélium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Meitn%C3%A9rium" title="Meitnérium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A9rovium" title="Flérovium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Tennesse" title="Tennesse"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" title="Unbiunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbibium" title="Unbibium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" title="Unbitrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" title="Unbiquadium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" title="Unbipentium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" title="Unbihexium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" title="Unbiseptium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" title="Unbioctium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" title="Unbiennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" title="Untrinilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriunium" title="Untriunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untribium" title="Untribium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untritrium" title="Untritrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" title="Untriquadium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untripentium" title="Untripentium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" title="Untrihexium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" title="Untriseptium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" title="Untrioctium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriennium" title="Untriennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" title="Unquadnilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" title="Unquadunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" title="Unquadbium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;">↑</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Ge</b></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;">↓</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tain" title="Étain">Sn</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">Tableau complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_%C3%A9tendu" title="Tableau périodique étendu">Tableau étendu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000">Position dans le <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">tableau périodique</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Symbole_chimique" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbole chimique">Symbole</a> </th> <td>Ge </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nom_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Nom des éléments chimiques">Nom</a> </th> <td>Germanium </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">Numéro atomique</a> </th> <td>32 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe du tableau périodique">Groupe</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Groupe_14_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique">14</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période du tableau périodique">Période</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 4 du tableau périodique">4</a><sup>e</sup> période </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc du tableau périodique">Bloc</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloc_p_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc p du tableau périodique">Bloc p</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Famille_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Famille d'éléments chimiques">Famille d'éléments</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallo%C3%AFde" title="Métalloïde">Métalloïde</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Configuration_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Configuration électronique">Configuration électronique</a> </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3<a href="/wiki/Orbitale-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitale-d">d</a><sup>10</sup> 4<a href="/wiki/Orbitale-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitale-s">s</a><sup>2</sup> 4<a href="/wiki/Orbitale-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitale-p">p</a><sup>2</sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">Électrons</a> par <a href="/wiki/Niveau_d%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Niveau d'énergie">niveau d’énergie</a> </th> <td>2, 8, 18, 4 </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000">Propriétés atomiques de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse_atomique" title="Masse atomique">Masse atomique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">72,64</span> ± 0,02 <span title="Unité de masse atomique">u</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rayon_atomique" title="Rayon atomique">Rayon atomique</a> <small>(calc)</small> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="1,25 Å">125</span> <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="1,25 Å">125</span> <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span>) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rayon_de_covalence" title="Rayon de covalence">Rayon de covalence</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="1,2 Å">120</span> ± 4 <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nombre_d%27oxydation" title="Nombre d'oxydation">État d’oxydation</a> </th> <td>4, 2 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron%C3%A9gativit%C3%A9" title="Électronégativité">Électronégativité</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Pauling" title="Échelle de Pauling">Pauling</a>)</small> </th> <td>2,01 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oxyde" title="Oxyde">Oxyde</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ampholyte" title="Ampholyte">amphotère</a> </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_d%27ionisation" title="Énergie d'ionisation">Énergies d’ionisation</a><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,265 628 1E−18 J ou 762,178 9 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 157 nm">7,899 43</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="2,553 005 7E−18 J ou 1 537,455 7 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 77,8 nm">15,934 61</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="5,483 304 8E−18 J ou 3 302,122 8 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 36,2 nm">34,224 1</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="7,324 045 4E−18 J ou 4 410,642 5 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 27,1 nm">45,713 1</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,498 035 02E−17 J ou 9 021,376 2 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 13,3 nm">93,5</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_du_germanium" title="Isotopes du germanium">Isotopes les plus stables</a></th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"><table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Iso</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abondance_naturelle" title="Abondance naturelle">AN</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive" title="Période radioactive">Période</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mode_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Mode de désintégration">MD</a></th><th> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Énergie de désintégration">Ed</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Produit_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Produit de désintégration">PD</a></th></tr><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"><th> <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a></th></tr><tr><td><sup>70</sup>Ge</td><td><span class="nowrap"><span title="212 300 ppm">21,23</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a> avec 38 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td></tr><tr><td><sup>72</sup>Ge</td><td><span class="nowrap"><span title="276 600 ppm">27,66</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a> avec 40 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td></tr><tr><td><sup>73</sup>Ge</td><td><span class="nowrap"><span title="77 600 ppm">7,76</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a> avec 41 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td></tr><tr><td><sup>74</sup>Ge</td><td><b><span class="nowrap"><span title="359 400 ppm">35,94</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></b></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a> avec 42 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td></tr><tr><td><sup>76</sup>Ge</td><td><span class="nowrap"><span title="76 100 ppm">7,61</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></td><td>~<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span title="k = 0 a⁻¹ ; 31 536 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 s">1</span>×10<sup class="exposant">21</sup> <span title="Année">a</span></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Double_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_b%C3%AAta" title="Double désintégration bêta">2β</a>-</td><td></td><td><sup>76</sup><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9l%C3%A9nium" title="Sélénium">Se</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000">Propriétés physiques du <a href="/wiki/Corps_simple" title="Corps simple">corps simple</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(thermodynamique)" title="Phase (thermodynamique)">État ordinaire</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">Solide</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamagn%C3%A9tisme" title="Diamagnétisme">diamagnétique</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">Allotrope</a> à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_standard" title="État standard">état standard</a> </th> <td>Germanium α (<a href="/wiki/Structure_diamant" title="Structure diamant">cubique diamant</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">Autres allotropes</a> </th> <td>Germanium β (<a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin_t%C3%A9tragonal" title="Système cristallin tétragonal">tétragonal</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse_volumique" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="5 323 kg⋅m⁻³ ou 117,76 °Baumé">5,323</span> <span title="Gramme">g</span>·<span title="centimètre">cm</span><sup>-3</sup></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="77 °F ou 298,2 K">25</span> <span title="Degré Celsius">°C</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin" title="Système cristallin">Système cristallin</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Structure_diamant" title="Structure diamant">Cubique diamant</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Duret%C3%A9_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Dureté (matériau)">Dureté</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Mohs" title="Échelle de Mohs">Mohs</a>)</small> </th> <td>6 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur">Couleur</a> </th> <td>gris blanc </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion">Point de fusion</a> </th> <td><span title="1 720,9 °F ou 1 211,4 K">938,25 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Point_d%27%C3%A9bullition" title="Point d'ébullition">Point d’ébullition</a> </th> <td><span title="5 131,4 °F ou 3 106,2 K">2 833 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_fusion" class="mw-disambig" title="Énergie de fusion">Énergie de fusion</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="0,382 856 220 792 25 eV ou 8 828,87 cal(th)·mol⁻¹">36,94</span> <span title="kilojoule">kJ</span>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_vaporisation" title="Énergie de vaporisation">Énergie de vaporisation</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="3,461 666 966 556 9 eV ou 79 827,92 cal(th)·mol⁻¹">334</span> <span title="kilojoule">kJ</span>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="101,325 kPa ou 1,013 25 bar">1</span> <span title="atmosphère normale">atm</span></span>, <span title="5 131,4 °F ou 3 106,2 K">2 833 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Volume_molaire" title="Volume molaire">Volume molaire</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">13,63</span>×10<sup class="exposant">-6</sup> <span title="mètre">m</span><sup>3</sup>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pression_de_vapeur" title="Pression de vapeur">Pression de vapeur</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="7,46E−10 bar ou 7,362 447 569 701 5E−10 atm">74,6</span>×10<sup class="exposant">-6</sup> <span title="pascal">Pa</span></span> <br /> à <span title="1 718,3 °F ou 1 210 K ou 2,505 880 476E−20 J">936,85 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitesse_du_son" title="Vitesse du son">Vitesse du son</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="19 440 km·h⁻¹ ou 12 079,46 mph">5 400</span> <span title="mètre">m</span>·<span title="Seconde">s</span><sup>-1</sup></span> à <span class="nowrap"><span title="68 °F ou 293,2 K">20</span> <span title="Degré Celsius">°C</span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique" title="Capacité thermique massique">Chaleur massique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">320</span> <span title="joule">J</span>·<span title="Kilogramme">kg</span><sup>-1</sup>·<span title="Kelvin">K</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Conductivité électrique">Conductivité électrique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">1,45</span> <span title="Siemens">S</span>·<span title="mètre">m</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique" title="Conductivité thermique">Conductivité thermique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">59,9</span> <span title="Watt">W</span>·<span title="mètre">m</span><sup>-1</sup>·<span title="Kelvin">K</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000">Divers</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CAS" title="Numéro CAS"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> CAS</a> </th> <td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/cas.php?cas=7440-56-4&language=fr&title=Germanium">7440-56-4</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <a href="/wiki/Agence_europ%C3%A9enne_des_produits_chimiques" title="Agence européenne des produits chimiques"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> ECHA</a> </th> <td><span class="plainlinks"><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.331">100.028.331</a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CE" title="Numéro CE"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> CE</a> </th> <td>231-164-3 </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000">Précautions</th></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_harmonis%C3%A9_de_classification_et_d%27%C3%A9tiquetage_des_produits_chimiques" title="Système général harmonisé de classification et d'étiquetage des produits chimiques">SGH</a><sup id="cite_ref-sa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poudre" title="Poudre">État pulvérulent</a> :<div style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SGH02 : Inflammable"><img alt="SGH02 : Inflammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />Danger</div><span title="Matière solide inflammable">H228</span> et <span title="Tenir à l’écart de la chaleur/des étincelles/des flammes nues/des surfaces chaudes. — Ne pas fumer.">P210</span><div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[–]" style="border:none; padding : 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b>H228</b> : Matière solide inflammable<br /><b>P210</b> : Tenir à l’écart de la chaleur/des étincelles/des flammes nues/des surfaces chaudes. — Ne pas fumer.<br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CC9; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Accord_europ%C3%A9en_relatif_au_transport_international_des_marchandises_dangereuses_par_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route">Transport</a><sup id="cite_ref-sa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poudre" title="Poudre">État pulvérulent</a> :<table class="wikitable centre" style="width:33px margin:0px; background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">-</div></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">   <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU"><span style="color: black;" title="numéro ONU">3089</span></a>   </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[–]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_ONU" title="Numéro ONU">Numéro ONU</a> :</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU">3089</a></b> : POUDRE MÉTALLIQUE INFLAMMABLE, N.S.A.<br /><b>Classe :</b><br />4.1<br /><b>Étiquette :</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:ADR_4.1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="pictogramme ADR 4.1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ADR_4.1.svg/75px-ADR_4.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ADR_4.1.svg/113px-ADR_4.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ADR_4.1.svg/150px-ADR_4.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="716" /></a></span><br /><b>4.1</b> : Matières solides inflammables, matières autoréactives, matières solides explosibles désensibilisées et matières qui polymérisent<br /><b>Emballage :</b><br />Groupe d'emballage <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> : matières moyennement dangereuses ;<br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; background-color:#CC9;" /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><small><i>Unités du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international_d%27unit%C3%A9s" title="Système international d'unités">SI</a> & <a href="/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression">CNTP</a>, sauf indication contraire.</i></small></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #CC9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_%C3%89l%C3%A9ment/Germanium" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>germanium</b> est l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a> de <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> 32, de <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Liste des éléments chimiques">symbole</a> Ge. Il possède cinq <a href="/wiki/Isotope_naturel" title="Isotope naturel">isotopes naturels</a>, dont <sup>76</sup>Ge, faiblement <a href="/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité">radioactif</a>. Au moins 27 <abbr class="abbr" title="radioisotopes"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a></abbr> ont été synthétisés. </p><p>Le germanium appartient au <a href="/wiki/Groupe_14_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique">groupe 14 du tableau périodique</a>, c'est un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallo%C3%AFde" title="Métalloïde">métalloïde</a>. À l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">état solide</a> il est <a href="/wiki/Semi-conducteur" title="Semi-conducteur">semi-conducteur</a> et cristallise avec la même structure que le <a href="/wiki/Structure_diamant" title="Structure diamant">diamant</a>, tout comme le <a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium">silicium</a>. </p><p>La quasi-totalité du germanium est récupérée dans les <a href="/wiki/Fonderie" title="Fonderie">fonderies</a> de <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sous-produit" title="Sous-produit">sous-produit</a> de <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(physique)" title="Fusion (physique)">fusion</a>). </p><p>Les premiers <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> avaient comme <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(%C3%A9lectronique)" title="Substrat (électronique)">substrat</a> le germanium. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire_de_sa_découverte,_dénomination_et_production"><span id="Histoire_de_sa_d.C3.A9couverte.2C_d.C3.A9nomination_et_production"></span>Histoire de sa découverte, dénomination et production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire de sa découverte, dénomination et production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire de sa découverte, dénomination et production"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Argyrodite-154922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Argyrodite-154922.jpg/220px-Argyrodite-154922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Argyrodite-154922.jpg/330px-Argyrodite-154922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Argyrodite-154922.jpg/440px-Argyrodite-154922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Argyrodite - Mine Himmelsfürst, <a href="/wiki/Brand-Erbisdorf" title="Brand-Erbisdorf">Brand-Erbisdorf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Le savant <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">allemand</a> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Winkler" title="Clemens Winkler">Clemens Winkler</a> a découvert le germanium le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1886-02-06" data-sort-value="1886-02-06">6 février 1886</time>. Winkler l'a isolé et identifié à partir du <a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral">minéral</a> <a href="/wiki/Argyrodite" title="Argyrodite">argyrodite</a> provenant de la <a href="/wiki/Mine_(gisement)" title="Mine (gisement)">mine</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a> Himmelsfürst près de <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a> (Saxe). </p><p>En 1871, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendele%C3%AFev" title="Dmitri Mendeleïev">Dmitri Mendeleïev</a> avait prévu son existence<sup id="cite_ref-FC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (il appela cet élément inconnu « ékasilicium <i>Es</i> »<sup id="cite_ref-DM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DM-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) et quelques-unes de ses propriétés en se fondant sur sa position sur son <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">tableau périodique</a>. </p><p>Winkler a nommé le nouvel élément du nom de sa patrie, par analogie avec le nom de <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> (dérivé de <a href="/wiki/Gaule" title="Gaule">Gaule</a>) choisi par le savant <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">français</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>. Mais l'origine du nom du gallium est controversée. Il pourrait en effet dériver, non du pays, mais de la forme latinisée du nom de son découvreur <i><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/gallus" class="extiw" title="la:gallus">gallus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Coq" title="Coq">coq</a>, en latin) ; Winkler aurait alors été victime d'une méprise <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9mantique" title="Sémantique">sémantique</a><sup id="cite_ref-DM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DM-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette théorie est pourtant en opposition avec l'affirmation même de Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran dans son article sur sa découverte où il affirme avoir donné ce nom à l'élément <span class="citation">« en l'honneur de la France »</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_mini%C3%A8re_et_m%C3%A9tallurgique_de_Pe%C3%B1arroya" title="Société minière et métallurgique de Peñarroya">Société minière et métallurgique de Peñarroya</a> a été l'un des premiers producteurs mondiaux de germanium durant toute la durée de vie de la mine de <a href="/wiki/Saint-Salvy-de-la-Balme" title="Saint-Salvy-de-la-Balme">Saint-Salvy-de-la-Balme</a><sup id="cite_ref-annales_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annales-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="clear" style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Isotopes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Isotopes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_du_germanium" title="Isotopes du germanium">Isotopes du germanium</a>.</div></div> <p>Le germanium possède 32 isotopes connus, de <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_masse" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> variant de 58 à 89, ainsi que 13 <a href="/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Isomérie nucléaire">isomères nucléaires</a>. Cinq de ces isotopes sont présents dans la nature <sup>70</sup>Ge, <sup>72</sup>Ge, <sup>73</sup>Ge, <sup>74</sup>Ge et <sup>76</sup>Ge, ce dernier étant très légèrement radioactif, se désintégrant par <a href="/wiki/Double_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_b%C3%AAta" title="Double désintégration bêta">double désintégration bêta</a> en <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_du_s%C3%A9l%C3%A9nium" title="Isotopes du sélénium">sélénium 76</a> avec une <a href="/wiki/Demi-vie" title="Demi-vie">demi-vie</a> de 1,78 × 10<sup>21</sup> années<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (130 milliards de fois l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_l%27univers" class="mw-redirect" title="Âge de l'univers">âge de l'univers</a>). L'isotope stable <sup>74</sup>Ge est le plus commun, avec une <a href="/wiki/Abondance_naturelle" title="Abondance naturelle">abondance naturelle</a> d'environ 36 %, le moins commun étant <sup>76</sup>Ge (environ 7 %) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gisement">Gisement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Gisement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Gisement"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le germanium peut être trouvé en beaucoup d'endroits. Actuellement, il est récupéré comme sous-produit à partir de <a href="/wiki/Minerai_(roche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerai (roche)">minerais</a> de zinc <i><a href="/wiki/Sphal%C3%A9rite" title="Sphalérite">sphalérite</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentation_des_mol%C3%A9cules" title="Représentation des molécules">formule chimique</a> du minéral : <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a><a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin_cubique" title="Système cristallin cubique">cubique</a>). </p><p>Il est présent dans la <i><a href="/wiki/Germanite" title="Germanite">germanite</a></i> (qui en contient jusqu'à 9 %, cubique), la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reni%C3%A9rite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reniérite (page inexistante)">reniérite</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin_t%C3%A9tragonal" title="Système cristallin tétragonal">tétragonale</a>), l'<i>argyrodite</i> (4<a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Ag</a><sub>2</sub>S · GeS<sub>2</sub>, soit Ag<sub>8</sub>GeS<sub>6</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin_orthorhombique" title="Système cristallin orthorhombique">orthorhombique</a>) et dans d'autres minerais<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui ne sont pas exploités. </p><p>C'est un élément rare, sa teneur dans la <a href="/wiki/Cro%C3%BBte_terrestre" title="Croûte terrestre">croûte terrestre</a> est très faible, environ 1,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par million">ppm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On le trouve à l'état de traces dans les cendres de certains types de <a href="/wiki/Charbon" title="Charbon">charbon</a> (nommés « <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrain" class="extiw" title="en:Vitrain">vitrain</a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr>) après affinage de ceux-ci. En France, il est aussi présent dans des filons <a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb">Pb</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>. </p><p>La production mondiale, en 2004, était estimée à 40 <abbr class="abbr" title="tonne">t</abbr> (Chine, USA, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-FC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Chine produisait en 2006 grâce à sa production de <a href="/wiki/Charbon" title="Charbon">charbon</a>, 79 % de l'approvisionnement mondial<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trachlorure_de_germanium" title="Tétrachlorure de germanium">tétrachlorure de germanium</a> (un liquide volatil qui bout à <span title="186,8 °F ou 359,2 K">86 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et peut être <a href="/wiki/Distillation_fractionn%C3%A9e" title="Distillation fractionnée">distillé</a>) est un intermédiaire pour la purification du germanium métal ou de son <a href="/wiki/Oxyde" title="Oxyde">oxyde</a>, GeO<sub>2</sub>. La technique permet la production de germanium d'ultra-haute <a href="/wiki/Puret%C3%A9_chimique" title="Pureté chimique">pureté</a>. Des techniques d'<a href="/wiki/Affinage_des_m%C3%A9taux" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinage des métaux">affinage</a> de zone ont conduit à la production de germanium cristallin pour semi-conducteur de pureté 10<sup>−9</sup> : 99,999 999 99 <abbr class="abbr" title="pourcent">%</abbr> (seulement 0,1 <a href="/wiki/Partie_par_milliard" title="Partie par milliard">ppb</a> d'impureté)<sup id="cite_ref-FC_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Applications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Applications"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 2007, les applications principales étaient la fabrication de <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optique" title="Fibre optique">fibres optiques</a> (35 %), l'optique dans le domaine de l'infrarouge (20 %), les catalyseurs (20 %)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'électronique (15 %) et certains types de cellules photovoltaïques. </p><p><br /> Dans les années 1980, le germanium était considéré comme l'une des huit <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_premi%C3%A8re" title="Matière première">matières premières</a> <a href="/wiki/Strat%C3%A9gie" title="Stratégie">stratégiques</a> indispensables en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Électronique"><span id=".C3.89lectronique"></span>Électronique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Électronique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Électronique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:GermaniumUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/220px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/330px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GermaniumUSGOV.jpg/440px-GermaniumUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Bol en germanium</figcaption></figure> <p>L'effet <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> a été observé en <a href="/wiki/1948_en_science" title="1948 en science">1948</a> dans du germanium<sup id="cite_ref-FC_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il a servi de substrat semi-conducteur jusqu'à ce que le silicium prenne sa place, vers les <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a>. Des transistors au germanium sont encore employés dans les années 2020 comme composants principaux de certaines <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9dale_d%27effet" title="Pédale d'effet">pédales d'effet</a> pour guitare électrique, en particulier les <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_(effet_audio)" title="Fuzz (effet audio)">fuzz</a>, pour leur sonorité supposée particulière et qui serait appréciée des amateurs de sons « années 1960 ». Aujourd'hui, il est plus utilisé dans le domaine des <a href="/wiki/Haute_fr%C3%A9quence" title="Haute fréquence">hautes fréquences</a>, pour la réalisation de <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a> à faible chute (0,3 <abbr class="abbr" title="volt">V</abbr> environ, application en détection) du <a href="/wiki/Poste_%C3%A0_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Poste à diode">poste à diode</a> et dans les <a href="/wiki/Cellule_photovolta%C3%AFque" title="Cellule photovoltaïque">cellules photovoltaïques</a> multi-jonction pour utilisations spatiale et terrestre après concentration. On le trouve également à l'état d'alliage ou de multicouches avec le silicium (<a href="/wiki/Silicium-germanium" title="Silicium-germanium">SiGe</a>). À l'origine, les motivations de son dépôt en alternance avec le Si reposaient sur la possibilité de rendre la <a href="/wiki/Bande_interdite" title="Bande interdite">bande interdite</a> du Si et du Ge <a href="/wiki/Gap_direct_et_gap_indirect" title="Gap direct et gap indirect">directe</a> (cette propriété étant importante pour les applications <a href="/wiki/Opto-%C3%A9lectronique" title="Opto-électronique">opto-électroniques</a>). Cette technique est aussi utilisée pour introduire des contraintes qui améliorent la mobilité des porteurs dans les transistors à effet de champ. Les transistors SiGe sont des transistors bipolaires à <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9rojonction" title="Hétérojonction">hétérojonction</a> qui sont couramment utilisés dans le domaine des <a href="/wiki/Micro-onde" title="Micro-onde">hyperfréquences</a> en amplification faibles signaux (<a href="/wiki/Facteur_de_bruit" title="Facteur de bruit">facteur de bruit</a> faible). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optique">Optique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Optique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Optique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le germanium est utilisé pour la réalisation de composants optiques du fait de sa bonne transmission de 1,6 <abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr> à 18 <abbr class="abbr" title="micromètre">µm</abbr> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a>, par contre la matière n'est pas transparente dans le <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">spectre visible</a>. Ayant un <a href="/wiki/Indice_de_r%C3%A9fraction" title="Indice de réfraction">indice de réfraction</a> élevé de 4 <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> les <a href="/wiki/Lentille_optique" title="Lentille optique">lentilles</a> en germanium permettent une <a href="/wiki/Ouverture_num%C3%A9rique" title="Ouverture numérique">ouverture numérique</a> élevée. La structure du germanium ne peut être détruite par le <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_neutronique" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayonnement neutronique">rayonnement neutronique</a>, comme pour l'<a href="/wiki/Acier" title="Acier">acier</a>. Par contre, l'irradiation aux neutrons rapides introduit des <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9faut_ponctuel" title="Défaut ponctuel">défauts ponctuels</a> qui recuisent vers <span title="392 °F ou 473,2 K">200 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>. En outre les qualités optiques du germanium se détériorent dès <span title="212 °F ou 373,2 K">100 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> et sont inutilisables aux hautes températures. Les composants optiques en germanium sont couramment renforcés sur leur surface extérieure avec un traitement DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) créant une couche de protection cristalline à base de carbone ayant une dureté proche de celle du diamant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Présence_alimentaire"><span id="Pr.C3.A9sence_alimentaire"></span>Présence alimentaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Présence alimentaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Présence alimentaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_des_centres_de_lutte_contre_le_cancer" title="Fédération nationale des centres de lutte contre le cancer">FNCLCC</a> rappelle pour sa part que « […] le germanium a des effets toxiques graves sur les nerfs et surtout les reins, certains ayant entraîné la mort par insuffisance rénale. C’est donc un produit inactif et toxique. »<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il est principalement contenu dans l'<a href="/wiki/Ail_cultiv%C3%A9" title="Ail cultivé">ail</a> (754 <abbr class="abbr" title="milligramme par kilogramme">mg kg<sup>−1</sup></abbr>), les grosses racines de <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a> de Corée (jusqu'à 4 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="milligramme par kilogramme">mg kg<sup>−1</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), les <a href="/wiki/Champignon" title="Champignon">champignons</a> du genre <i>Ganoderma</i> (<i>Ling Shing</i>) qui en contiennent jusqu'à 2,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="milligramme par kilogramme">mg kg<sup>−1</sup></abbr>, l'algue <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a></i> et dans la boisson traditionnelle <a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">kombucha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-4">e</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_1-5">f</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lide2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_R._Lide2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David R. Lide, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, CRC Press Inc., <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatre-vingt-dixième">90<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2804 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, Relié <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-420-09084-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-420-09084-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-420-09084-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+Press+Inc.&rft.edition=90&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=2804&rft.isbn=978-1-420-09084-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beatriz_Cordero,_Verónica_Gómez,_Ana_E._Platero-Prats,_Marc_Revés,_Jorge_Echeverría,_Eduard_Cremades,_Flavia_Barragán_et_Santiago_Alvarez2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Beatriz Cordero, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán et Santiago Alvarez</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Covalent radii revisited</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dalton Transactions</span></i>,‎ <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">2832 - 2838</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b801115j">10.1039/b801115j</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Covalent+radii+revisited&rft.jtitle=Dalton+Transactions&rft.aulast=Beatriz+Cordero%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica+G%C3%B3mez%2C+Ana+E.+Platero-Prats%2C+Marc+Rev%C3%A9s%2C+Jorge+Echeverr%C3%ADa%2C+Eduard+Cremades%2C+Flavia+Barrag%C3%A1n+et+Santiago+Alvarez&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=2832+-+2838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb801115j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Base de données Chemical Abstracts interrogée via SciFinder Web le 15 décembre 2009 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SciFinder_elements_Darmstadtium-Lawrencium.pdf">résultats de la recherche</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sa_4-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-sa_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Fiche <a href="/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a> du composé <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/ALDRICH/327395?context=bbe">Germanium powder, −100 mesh, ≥99.999% trace metals basis</a></i>, consultée le 23 août 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FC_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_5-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-FC_5-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cardarelli2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Cardarelli2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> François <span class="nom_auteur">Cardarelli</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Materials Handbook : A Concise Desktop Reference</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 1340 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84628-668-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84628-668-1"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84628-668-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&pg=PA469&dq=germanium+world+annual+production">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 469<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.edition=2&rft.stitle=A+Concise+Desktop+Reference&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=469&rft.tpages=1340&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-668-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DM_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-DM_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dagognet2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Dagognet2002"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dagognet" title="François Dagognet">François <span class="nom_auteur">Dagognet</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Tableaux et langages de la chimie : Essai sur la représentation</cite>, Seyssel, Champ Vallon, <time>2002</time>, 210 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-87673-343-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-87673-343-9"><span class="nowrap">2-87673-343-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=E0WEufYmLFAC&pg=PA95&dq=Lecoq+Winkler+m%C3%A9prise+s%C3%A9mantique">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 95<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tableaux+et+langages+de+la+chimie&rft.place=Seyssel&rft.pub=Champ+Vallon&rft.stitle=Essai+sur+la+repr%C3%A9sentation&rft.aulast=Dagognet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=95&rft.tpages=210&rft.isbn=2-87673-343-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k348509/f103.image">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annales-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-annales_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Gilbert Troly, « La Société minière et métallurgique de Peñarroya » dans <i>La France et les mines d'Outre-mer</i>, août 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annales.org/ri/2008/ri-aout-2008/Troly.pdf">lire en ligne</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Bakalyarov,_A._Ya._Balysh,_S._T._Belyaev,_V._I._Lebedev,_S._V._Zhukov2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="A._M._Bakalyarov,_A._Ya._Balysh,_S._T._Belyaev,_V._I._Lebedev,_S._V._Zhukov2003">A. M. Bakalyarov, A. Ya. Balysh, S. T. Belyaev, V. I. Lebedev, S. V. Zhukov, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay</cite> », <i>Phys.Part.Nucl.Lett.  ; Pisma Fiz.Elem.Chast.Atom.Yadra 1-8</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">77–81</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003hep.ex....9016B">2003hep.ex....9016B</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0309016">hep-ex/0309016</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+experiment+on+investigation+of+Germanium-76+double+beta+decay&rft.jtitle=Phys.Part.Nucl.Lett.+++%3B+Pisma+++Fiz.Elem.Chast.Atom.Yadra+++1-8&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Bakalyarov%2C+A.+Ya.+Balysh%2C+S.+T.+Belyaev%2C+V.+I.+Lebedev%2C+S.+V.+Zhukov&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=77%E2%80%9381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nommée d'après le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ologue" title="Géologue">géologue</a> belge Armand Renier, Directeur du <i>Belgian Geological Survey</i>, qui l'a découverte en 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_Stuart_Brady,_Henry_R._Clauser,_John_A._Vaccari2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">George Stuart Brady, Henry R. Clauser, John A. Vaccari</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Materials Handbook</cite>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill</a>, <time>2002</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quinzième">15<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 1244 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-07-136076-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-07-136076-X"><span class="nowrap">0-07-136076-X</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA437&dq=germanium+rare+symbol+Ge">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 79, 437<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Handbook&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.edition=15&rft.aulast=George+Stuart+Brady%2C+Henry+R.+Clauser%2C+John+A.+Vaccari&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=79%2C+437&rft.tpages=1244&rft.isbn=0-07-136076-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AyresHellier1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._C._AyresD._G._Hellier1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. C. Ayres et D. G. Hellier, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dictionary of Environmentally Important Chemicals</cite>, Londres, Blackie Academic and Professional, <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 332 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7514-0256-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7514-0256-7"><span class="nowrap">0-7514-0256-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=UTKWehimCkEC&pg=PA154&dq=Rare+element+1.5+ppm">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 154<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Environmentally+Important+Chemicals&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Blackie+Academic+and+Professional&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=D.+G.+Hellier&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=154&rft.tpages=332&rft.isbn=0-7514-0256-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Arnaud de la Grange, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/matieres-premieres/2010/10/22/04012-20101022ARTFIG00714-pekin-joue-de-l-arme-des-terres-rares.php">Pékin joue de l'arme des « terres rares »</a> », Le Figaro, le 25 octobre 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="UCLouvain2022"><span class="nom_auteur">UCLouvain</span>, <cite class="italique">Prof. Eric Pirard</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-11" data-sort-value="2022-04-11">11 avril 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podcastics.com/podcast/episode/prof-eric-pirard-128256/">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prof.+Eric+Pirard&rft.aulast=UCLouvain&rft.date=2022-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le dioxyde de germanium est très employé comme catalyseur de polymérisation pour la production de <a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne_t%C3%A9r%C3%A9phtalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyéthylène téréphtalate">PET</a> : fibres textiles, <a href="/wiki/Bouteille_en_plastique" title="Bouteille en plastique">bouteilles en plastique</a>, films, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Avec le <a href="/wiki/Titane" title="Titane">titane</a> (sous-marins de chasse, alliage extrêmement résistant) ; <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium">magnésium</a> (explosifs) ; <a href="/wiki/Platine" title="Platine">platine</a> (contacts aussi conducteurs que l'or pour l'aviation, circuits avec contacts rapides) ; <a href="/wiki/Mercure_(chimie)" title="Mercure (chimie)">mercure</a> (chimie nucléaire, instruments de mesure) ; <a href="/wiki/Molybd%C3%A8ne" title="Molybdène">molybdène</a> (acier) ; <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (chimie nucléaire) ; <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">colombium</a> (alliages spéciaux extrêmement rares). (<a href="/wiki/Christine_Ockrent" title="Christine Ockrent">Christine Ockrent</a> et <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Marenches" title="Alexandre de Marenches">comte de Marenches</a>, <i>Dans le secret des princes</i>, éd. Stock, 1986, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 193)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base-documentaire/materiaux-th11/elaboration-et-recyclage-des-metaux-non-ferreux-42370210/metallurgie-du-germanium-m2372/principales-utilisations-du-germanium-m2372niv10004.html">https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base-documentaire/materiaux-th11/elaboration-et-recyclage-des-metaux-non-ferreux-42370210/metallurgie-du-germanium-m2372/principales-utilisations-du-germanium-m2372niv10004.html</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sinoptix.eu/fr/2021/09/13/optiques-germanium-guide-achat/">https://sinoptix.eu/fr/2021/09/13/optiques-germanium-guide-achat/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Simon Schraub, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fnclcc.fr/fr/patients/dico/definition.php?id_definition=642"><i>Germanium</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_des_centres_de_lutte_contre_le_cancer" title="Fédération nationale des centres de lutte contre le cancer">FNCLCC</a> - Le dictionnaire des cancers de A à Z, 16/5/2002, mis à jour le 15/12/2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gary_Stephan_Bañuelos,_Zhi-Qing_Lin2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Gary Stephan Bañuelos, Zhi-Qing Lin</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Development and Uses of Biofortified Agricultural Products</cite>, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>, <time>2009</time>, 297 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4200-6005-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4200-6005-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4200-6005-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=n89nrVZF0GIC&pg=PA273&dq=concentration+4%2C000+observed+Ginseng">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 273<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Uses+of+Biofortified+Agricultural+Products&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.aulast=Gary+Stephan+Ba%C3%B1uelos%2C+Zhi-Qing+Lin&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=273&rft.tpages=297&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-6005-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGermanium"></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanium?uselang=fr">Germanium</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/germanium" class="extiw" title="wikt:germanium">germanium</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanate_de_bismuth" title="Germanate de bismuth">Germanate de bismuth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_recherches_g%C3%A9ologiques_et_mini%C3%A8res" title="Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières">BRGM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-60584-FR.pdf">Panorama du marché 2010 du germanium, décembre 2011</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodictable.com/Elements/032/data.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Technical data for Germanium</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-08-15" data-sort-value="2016-08-15">15 août 2016</time>)</small></span>, avec en sous-pages les données connues pour chaque isotope</li></ul> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><p><br /> </p><table style="background:none; padding:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td width="15">  </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_1_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 1 du tableau périodique">1</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_2_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 2 du tableau périodique">2</a> </td> <td width="10">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_3_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 3 du tableau périodique">3</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 4 du tableau périodique">4</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 5 du tableau périodique">5</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_6_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 6 du tableau périodique">6</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_7_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 7 du tableau périodique">7</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_8_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 8 du tableau périodique">8</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_9_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 9 du tableau périodique">9</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_10_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 10 du tableau périodique">10</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_11_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 11 du tableau périodique">11</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_12_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 12 du tableau périodique">12</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_13_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 13 du tableau périodique">13</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_14_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique">14</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Pnictog%C3%A8ne" title="Pnictogène">15</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Chalcog%C3%A8ne" title="Chalcogène">16</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_17_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 17 du tableau périodique">17</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_18_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 18 du tableau périodique">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_1_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 1 du tableau périodique">1</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène"> H </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="30">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium"> He </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_2_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 2 du tableau périodique">2</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"> Li </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium" title="Béryllium"> Be </a> </td> <td colspan="25">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bore" title="Bore"> B </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone"> C </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote"> N </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène"> O </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"> F </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9on" title="Néon"> Ne </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_3_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 3 du tableau périodique">3</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"> Na </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium"> Mg </a> </td> <td colspan="25">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"> Al </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium"> Si </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphore" title="Phosphore"> P </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre"> S </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Chlore" title="Chlore"> Cl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"> Ar </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 4 du tableau périodique">4</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"> K </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"> Ca </a> </td> <td colspan="15">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"> Sc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Titane" title="Titane"> Ti </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"> V </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Chrome" title="Chrome"> Cr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8se" title="Manganèse"> Mn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fer" title="Fer"> Fe </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"> Co </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"> Ni </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre"> Cu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"> Zn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"> Ga </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:2px solid dimgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Ge </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"> As </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9l%C3%A9nium" title="Sélénium"> Se </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Brome" title="Brome"> Br </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"> Kr </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 5 du tableau périodique">5</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"> Rb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"> Sr </a> </td> <td colspan="15">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"> Y </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"> Zr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"> Nb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Molybd%C3%A8ne" title="Molybdène"> Mo </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Techn%C3%A9tium" title="Technétium"> Tc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium"> Ru </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"> Rh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"> Pd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent"> Ag </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"> Cd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"> In </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tain" title="Étain"> Sn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Antimoine" title="Antimoine"> Sb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tellure" title="Tellure"> Te </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Iode" title="Iode"> I </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9non" title="Xénon"> Xe </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_6_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 6 du tableau périodique">6</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sium" title="Césium"> Cs </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Baryum" title="Baryum"> Ba </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lanthane" title="Lanthane"> La </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rium" title="Cérium"> Ce </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Pras%C3%A9odyme" title="Praséodyme"> Pr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9odyme" title="Néodyme"> Nd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium" title="Prométhium"> Pm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"> Sm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"> Eu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"> Gd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"> Tb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"> Dy </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"> Ho </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"> Er </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"> Tm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"> Yb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A9cium" title="Lutécium"> Lu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"> Hf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tantale_(chimie)" title="Tantale (chimie)"> Ta </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8ne" title="Tungstène"> W </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9nium" title="Rhénium"> Re </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"> Os </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"> Ir </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Platine" title="Platine"> Pt </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Or" title="Or"> Au </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mercure_(chimie)" title="Mercure (chimie)"> Hg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"> Tl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb"> Pb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"> Bi </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"> Po </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Astate" title="Astate"> At </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"> Rn </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_7_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 7 du tableau périodique">7</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"> Fr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"> Ra </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"> Ac </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"> Th </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"> Pa </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"> U </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"> Np </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"> Pu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9ricium" title="Américium"> Am </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"> Cm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium"> Bk </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"> Cf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"> Es </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"> Fm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mend%C3%A9l%C3%A9vium" title="Mendélévium"> Md </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nob%C3%A9lium" title="Nobélium"> No </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"> Lr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"> Rf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"> Db </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"> Sg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"> Bh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"> Hs </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Meitn%C3%A9rium" title="Meitnérium"> Mt </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"> Ds </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"> Rg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"> Cn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"> Nh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A9rovium" title="Flérovium"> Fl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"> Mc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"> Lv </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tennesse" title="Tennesse"> Ts </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"> Og </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_8_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 8 du tableau périodique">8</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium"> 119 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium"> 120 </a> </td> <td>* </td> <td colspan="22">  </td> <td colspan="8">  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>* </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" title="Unbiunium"> 121 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbibium" title="Unbibium"> 122 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" title="Unbitrium"> 123 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" title="Unbiquadium"> 124 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" title="Unbipentium"> 125 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" title="Unbihexium"> 126 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" title="Unbiseptium"> 127 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" title="Unbioctium"> 128 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" title="Unbiennium"> 129 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" title="Untrinilium"> 130 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriunium" title="Untriunium"> 131 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untribium" title="Untribium"> 132 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untritrium" title="Untritrium"> 133 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" title="Untriquadium"> 134 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untripentium" title="Untripentium"> 135 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" title="Untrihexium"> 136 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" title="Untriseptium"> 137 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" title="Untrioctium"> 138 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriennium" title="Untriennium"> 139 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" title="Unquadnilium"> 140 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" title="Unquadunium"> 141 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" title="Unquadbium"> 142 </a> </td> <td colspan="8">  </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="1" style="margin:2px auto;font-size:85%;line-heignt:normal;background:none;border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F66"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalin" title="Métal alcalin">Métaux alcalins</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F6CFA1"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalino-terreux" title="Métal alcalino-terreux">Métaux alcalino-terreux</a> </td> <td style="padding:1px .25em;width:72px;text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#FFC0C0"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_de_transition" title="Métal de transition">Métaux de transition</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#CCC"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_pauvre" title="Métal pauvre">Métaux pauvres</a> </td> <td 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