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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetian_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Venetian diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetian_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian–Portuguese_"alliance"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian–Portuguese_"alliance""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Persian–Portuguese "alliance"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian–Portuguese_"alliance"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Red_Sea_campaign_(1513)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Red_Sea_campaign_(1513)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portuguese Red Sea campaign (1513)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Red_Sea_campaign_(1513)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Sea_campaigns_(1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Sea_campaigns_(1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Red Sea campaigns (1517)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Sea_campaigns_(1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب البحرية البرتغالية المملوكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب البحرية البرتغالية المملوكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mameluco-portuguesa" title="Guerra mameluco-portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra mameluco-portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_navale_luso-mamelucca" title="Guerra navale luso-mamelucca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra navale luso-mamelucca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب البحريه البرتغاليه المملوكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب البحريه البرتغاليه المملوكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ポルトガル・マムルーク海上戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル・マムルーク海上戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk-Portugaliya_dengiz_urushi" title="Mamluk-Portugaliya dengiz urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mamluk-Portugaliya dengiz urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitos_Luso-Mamelucos" title="Conflitos Luso-Mamelucos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflitos Luso-Mamelucos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Португало-египетская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португало-египетская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Португальсько-мамелюцька морська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальсько-мамелюцька морська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E2%80%94%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="马穆鲁克—葡萄牙冲突 – Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1505–1517 conflict in the Indian Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presence_in_Asia" title="Portuguese presence in Asia">Portuguese presence in Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diu_Map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Diu_Map.gif/300px-Diu_Map.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Diu_Map.gif/450px-Diu_Map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Diu_Map.gif 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="406" /></a></span><br />Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 16, 1505–January 26, 1517</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Indian Ocean</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Portuguese dominance of most of the Indian ocean secured.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas,_Michael_(1993)._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas,_Michael_(1993).-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Mamluk Sultanate becomes financially crippled.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Failed Portuguese invasion of the red sea.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fall of Mamluk Sultanate because of Ottoman invasion.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> The Portuguese assert dominance over most of the Indian ocean region and the spice trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas,_Michael_(1993)._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas,_Michael_(1993).-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameluke_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/22px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/33px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/44px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <br /> <b>Supported by:</b> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Calicut">Kingdom of Calicut</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Dom Francisco de Almeida</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameluke_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/22px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/33px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/44px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-Ghuri">Qansuh al-Ghuri</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameluke_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/22px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/33px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/44px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Husain_Al-Kurdi" title="Amir Husain Al-Kurdi">Amir Husain Al-Kurdi</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameluke_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/22px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/33px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/44px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alaa_el-Din_bin_el-Emam" title="Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam">Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mameluke_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">Pandarane (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul" title="Battle of Chaul">Chaul (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Diu (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jeddah (1517)">Jeddah (1517)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire"><span class="wrap">Portuguese colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ceuta" title="Portuguese conquest of Ceuta">Morocco (1415)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">Morocco (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">Morocco (1437)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Portuguese conquest of Ksar es-Seghir">Morocco (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tangier_(1463%E2%80%931464)" title="Siege of Tangier (1463–1464)">Morocco (1463–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfa_expedition_(1468)" title="Anfa expedition (1468)">Morocco (1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">Morocco (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_expedition" title="Chaouia expedition">Morocco (1487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graciosa_(1489)" title="Siege of Graciosa (1489)">Morocco (1489)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_expedition_(1490)" title="Targa expedition (1490)">Morocco (1490)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Luso-Malabarese_War" title="First Luso-Malabarese War">India (1500–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1501)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501)">Algeria (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">India (1504)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1505)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1505)">East Africa (1505)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Ocean (1505–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anjadiva_(1506)" title="Siege of Anjadiva (1506)">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore" title="Battle of Cannanore">India (1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barawa" title="Battle of Barawa">East Africa (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)" title="Siege of Cannanore (1507)">India (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra" title="Battle of Socotra">Socotra (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1507)" title="Capture of Muscat (1507)">Arabia (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1507–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dabul" title="Battle of Dabul">India (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">India (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">India (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Malaysia (1511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azemmour" title="Battle of Azemmour">Morocco (1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tednest" title="Battle of Tednest">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alcaides" title="Battle of the Alcaides">Morocco (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Marrakesh_(1515)" title="Raid of Marrakesh (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1515)" title="Battle of Mamora (1515)">Morocco (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Doukkala_(1516)" title="Portuguese expedition to Doukkala (1516)">Morocco (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeila" title="Battle of Zeila">East Africa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Goa (1517)">Goa (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pago" title="Battle of Pago">Malaysia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sri Lanka (1520–1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1521)" title="Battle of Aceh (1521)">Sumatra (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Bahrain (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Bintan_(1521)" title="Attack on Bintan (1521)">Insulindia (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">China (1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_expedition_(1522)" title="Pedir expedition (1522)">Sumatra (1522)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1523)" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1523)">Arabia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar_River" title="Battle of Muar River">Malaysia (1523)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Pasai" title="Acehnese conquest of Pasai">Sumatra (1523–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lingga" title="Battle of Lingga">Insulindia (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bintan" title="Siege of Bintan">Insulindia (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calicut_(1526)" title="Siege of Calicut (1526)">India (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sunda_Kelapa" title="Conquest of Sunda Kelapa">Java (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1528)" title="Battle of Aceh (1528)">Sumatra (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1528)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1528)">East Africa (1528)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain_(1529)" title="Siege of Bahrain (1529)">Persian Gulf (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternatean%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts">Moluccas (1530–1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">India (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Agadir_(1533)" title="Siege of Agadir (1533)">Morocco (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reishahr" title="Battle of Reishahr">Persian Gulf (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1534)" title="Battle of Malacca (1534)">Malaysia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana" title="Battle of Ugentana">Malaysia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana_(1536)" title="Battle of Ugentana (1536)">Malaysia (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tidore" title="Battle of Tidore">Moluccas (1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Brazil (1534–1536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beadala_(1538)" title="Battle of Beadala (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">India (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Indian Ocean (1538–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)" title="Battle of Suakin (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)" title="Attack on Jeddah (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor" title="Battle of El Tor">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)" title="Battle of Suez (1541)">Red Sea (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1541)" title="Battle of Massawa (1541)">Ethiopia (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir" title="Battle of Benadir">East Africa (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C3%A7ente" title="Battle of Baçente">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarte" title="Battle of Jarte">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hill_of_the_Jews" title="Battle of the Hill of the Jews">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Ethiopia (1542)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Ethiopia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Campar_(1543)" title="Siege of Campar (1543)">Malaysia (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Insulindia (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">India (1546)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bharuch" title="Battle of Bharuch">India (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River" title="Battle of Perlis River">Malaysia (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Shihr_(1548)" title="Battle of al-Shihr (1548)">Arabia (1548)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jailolo_(1550)" title="Siege of Jailolo (1550)">Jailolo (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)" title="Siege of Qatif (1551)">Persian Gulf (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1551)" title="Siege of Malacca (1551)">Malaysia (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Arabia (1552–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman (1554)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Thatta">Pakistan (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Sri Lanka (1557–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1558)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1558)">Brazil (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Daman" title="Portuguese conquest of Daman">India (1559)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">Jaffna (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moji" title="Siege of Moji">Japan (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Coast_(1562)" title="Battle of Cape Coast (1562)">Gold Coast (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1562)">Morocco (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay" title="Battle of Fukuda Bay">Japan (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1567)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1567)">Brazil (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa%27s_expedition_to_Brazil" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition to Brazil">Brazil (1569-73)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1569)" title="Battle of Aceh (1569)">Sumatra (1569)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gambia_River_(1570)" title="Battle of the Gambia River (1570)">Gambia (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goa_(1570%E2%80%931571)" title="Siege of Goa (1570–1571)">Goa (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaul_(1570%E2%80%931571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Chaul (1570–1571)">Chaul (1570–1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Honavar_(1571)" title="Siege of Honavar (1571)"> Honavar (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mangalore (1571)"> Mangalore (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaliyam" title="Siege of Chaliyam">Chale (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">India (1570–75)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1573)" title="Siege of Malacca (1573)">Malaysia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1574)" title="Siege of Malacca (1574)">Malaysia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1575)" title="Siege of Malacca (1575)">Malaysia (1575)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Morocco (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anzele" title="Siege of Anzele">Angola (1580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1581)" title="Siege of Daman (1581)">India (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Arabia (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talandongo" title="Battle of Talandongo">Angola (1583)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Indian Ocean (1586–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leitao_Coast" title="Battle of Leitao Coast">Persian Gulf (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johor_(1586)" title="Battle of Johor (1586)">Malaysia (1586)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Johor_(1587)" title="Siege of Johor (1587)">Malaysia (1587)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colombo_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="Siege of Colombo (1587–1588)">Sri Lanka (1587–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mombasa_(1589)" title="Battle of Mombasa (1589)">Mombasa (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal (1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">Jaffna (1591)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kottakkal" title="Siege of Kottakkal">India (1599–1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Java (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_expedition_(1606)" title="Aceh expedition (1606)">Sumatra (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Malaysia (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Seal_Ship_incident_(1609)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Seal Ship incident (1609)">China (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">India (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Portuguese conquest of Maranhão">Brazil (1612–1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambar%C3%A3o" title="Capture of Cambarão">Persian Gulf (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formoso_River" title="Battle of Formoso River">Malaysia (1615)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_attack_on_the_Catherine_(1618)" title="Portuguese attack on the Catherine (1618)">Gambia (1618)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies" title="Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies">Coromandel Coast (1619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Qeshm" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm">Persian Gulf (1621–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple" title="Conquest of Koneswaram Temple">Trincomalee (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz">Persian Gulf (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">China (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi" title="Battle of Mbumbi">Angola (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi" title="Battle of Mbanda Kasi">Angola (1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bahia" title="Capture of Bahia">Brazil (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Angola (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Gold Coast (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langat_River" title="Battle of Langat River">Malaysia (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duyon_River" title="Battle of Duyon River">Malacca (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Flensborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of the Flensborg">Cape of Good Hope (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Brazil (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_al-Hasan#Portuguese_expedition_to_Mombasa_1632" title="Yusuf ibn al-Hasan">East Africa (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Bengal (1632)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Julfar" title="Capture of Julfar">Arabia (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Sohar">Arabia (1633–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Gold Coast (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">India (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">India (1638–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">India (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush_(1640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan Ambush (1640)">Morocco (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malaysia (1640–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">Angola (1641–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mbororé">Brazil (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Angola (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Brazil (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1650)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Muscat (1650)">Arabia (1650)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)" title="Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)">Brazil (1652–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654" title="Action of 23 March 1654">1st Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Sri Lanka (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar">Malabar (1658–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marg%C3%A3o_(1659)" title="Battle of Margão (1659)">Margão (1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Angola (1665)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjuration_of_Our_Father" title="Conjuration of Our Father">Brazil (1666)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River" title="Battle of Mbidizi River">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo" title="Battle of Kitombo">Angola (1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pungo_Andongo" title="Battle of Pungo Andongo">Angola (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katole" title="Battle of Katole">Angola (1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Bassein_(1693)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of Bassein (1693)">India (1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)" title="Siege of Mombasa (1696–1698)">East Africa (1696–98)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surat_(1704)" title="Battle of Surat (1704)">India (1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1710)" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro (1710)">Brazil (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Battle of Rio de Janeiro">Brazil (1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Expedition" title="Cabinda Expedition">Angola (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732)">India (1729–32)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alorna" title="Siege of Alorna">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tiracol" title="Siege of Tiracol">India (1746)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1752)" title="Battle of Calicut (1752)">India (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Brazil (1756)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Brazil (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">Morocco (1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Ovimbundu_War" title="Portuguese–Ovimbundu War">Angola (1774–1778)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–77)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">French Guiana (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">China (1809–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental (1816–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazil (1821–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Faiti%C3%B5es" title="Revolt of the Faitiões">China (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal-Angoche_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal-Angoche conflict">Mozambique (1847–1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o_incident" title="Passaleão incident">China (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marracuene" title="Battle of Marracuene">Mozambique (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coolela" title="Battle of Coolela">Mozambique (1895)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902–04)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Angola (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_rebellion_of_1911%E2%80%931912" title="East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912">East Timor (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">Angola (1914–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolongongo_War" title="Kolongongo War"> Angola (1914–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">Mozambique (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barue_uprising" title="Barue uprising">Mozambique (1917-18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">India (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Africa (1961–74)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angola (1961–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambique (1964–74)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A number of armed engagements between the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in the Indian Ocean took place during the early part of the 16th century. The conflicts came following the expansion of the Portuguese after sailing around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1498, from 1505 to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a></div> <p>Following the Portuguese bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> in 1500–01 by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">2nd Portuguese India Armada</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Cabral</a>, the spice trade linking India to Egypt and then Venice was seriously diminished and prices shot up.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_290_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_290-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab shipping was also being attacked directly: in 1503, the first Egyptian ship was looted and sunk by the Portuguese as it was returning from India.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma_720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1504, 17 Arab ships were destroyed by the Portuguese in the Indian harbour of <a href="/wiki/Panane" class="mw-redirect" title="Panane">Panane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma_720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almeida_armada_of_1505_(Livro_das_Armadas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg/220px-Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg/330px-Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg/440px-Almeida_armada_of_1505_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/7th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Almeida,_1505)" title="7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)">7th Portuguese India Armada</a> battled in the Indian Ocean from 1505.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1504, the Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-Ghuri">Qansuh al-Ghuri</a> first sent an envoy to the Pope, in the person of the Grand Prior of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, warning that if the Pope did not stop the exactions of the Portuguese against Muslims, he would bring ruin to the Christian Holy Place in the Levant and to the Christians living in his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma_720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1504, the Venetians, who shared common interests with the Mamluks in the spice trade and desired to eliminate the Portuguese challenge if possible, sent envoy <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Teldi" title="Francesco Teldi">Francesco Teldi</a> to Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teldi tried to find a level of cooperation between the two realms, encouraging the Mamluks to block Portuguese navigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetians claimed they could not intervene directly, and encouraged the Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-Ghuri">Qansuh al-Ghuri</a> to take action by getting into contact with Indian princes at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cananor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cananor">Cananor</a> to entice them not to trade with the Portuguese, and the Sultans of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambay">Cambay</a> to fight against them.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sort of alliance was thus concluded between the Venetians and the Mamluks against the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were claims, voiced during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>, that the Venetians had supplied the Mamluks with weapons and skilled shipwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_290_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_290-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mamluks however had little inclination for naval operations: "The war against the Portuguese, being mainly a naval war, was entirely alien to the Mamluk and little to his taste. The navy and everything connected with it was despised by the land-minded Mamluk horsemen".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese however kept blockading the Red Sea, and arresting Muslim merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_expedition_(1505)"><span id="Mamluk_expedition_.281505.29"></span>Mamluk expedition (1505)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mamluk expedition (1505)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1505 the Mamluk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qansuh_al-Ghuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qansuh al-Ghuri">Qansuh al-Ghuri</a> ordered the first expedition against the Portuguese. The fleet was built with timber and weapons from the Ottoman Empire, and crews and shipwrights were recruited throughout the eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_290_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_290-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition, under <a href="/wiki/Amir_Husain_Al-Kurdi" title="Amir Husain Al-Kurdi">Amir Husain Al-Kurdi</a>, left Suez in November and travelled by sea to <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, where they fortified the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet then prepared itself to go to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with the dispatch of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Almeida,_1505)" title="7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)">7th Portuguese India Armada</a> into the Indian Ocean, under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>. </p><p>In 1506, another fleet under <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> started to raid the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, after defeating a Muslim fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-McGregor_20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGregor_20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1507, a fleet of about 20 Portuguese ships entered the Red Sea and raided Indian shipping there, bringing the Mamluk Indian trade to near collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese attempted to establish a base at <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> in 1507 in order to stop the Mamluk trade through the Red Sea, but the island proved too inhospitable and was ineffective in that role, so that the Portuguese left after a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt_87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August–September 1507, the Mamluk fleet of about 50 vessels was stationed at Aden, preparing to go to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_176_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Chaul_(1508)"><span id="Battle_of_Chaul_.281508.29"></span>Battle of Chaul (1508)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Chaul (1508)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul_(1508)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chaul (1508)">Battle of Chaul (1508)</a></div> <p>The fleet, again under Amir Husain Al-Kurdi, was sent to India in 1507.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluks allied themselves with the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a>, the first naval power of India at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_103_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet was warmly welcomed in <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, and Husain Al-Kurdi joined <a href="/wiki/Meliqueaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliqueaz">Meliqueaz</a>, a Mamluk admiral of Dalmatian origin serving <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, as leader of the Mamluk fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul" title="Battle of Chaul">battle of Chaul</a>, where they faced and defeated the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a>, son of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of India, D. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_103_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Diu_(1509)"><span id="Battle_of_Diu_.281509.29"></span>Battle of Diu (1509)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Diu (1509)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png/220px-Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png/330px-Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png/440px-Battle_of_Diu_1509_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Diu, 1509. Diagram.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu (1509)</a></div> <p>Following this battle, the Portuguese fiercely fought back led by the viceroy himself, who was seeking to avenge the death of his son and free the Portuguese prisoners made at Chaul in 1508. The Portuguese eventually succeeded in eliminating the Mamluk southern fleet in 1509 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">Battle of Diu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_69_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_69-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mamluk resistance prevented the Portuguese from blocking <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> trade completely.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, supply interruption was enough to force prices in Egypt to astronomical levels.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetian_diplomacy">Venetian diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Venetian diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bellini,_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4278" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>The Venetians under <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Loredano" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo Loredano">Leonardo Loredano</a> favoured the Mamluks and Ottomans against the Portuguese.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mamluks again attempted to secure the help of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> against the Portuguese, and they did intervene by pleading their case with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_103_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Venetians, who had been at peace with the Ottomans since the signature of the 1503 Peace Treaty by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)">Ottoman–Venetian War</a>, continued to secure peace with the Ottomans, and renewed their peace treaty in 1511, leading them to encourage the Ottomans to participate on the Mamluk side in the conflict against the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg/220px-Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg/330px-Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg/440px-Venetian_embassy_to_the_Mamluks_in_Damascus_in_1511_workshop_of_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Venetian embassy to the Mamluk Governor in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1511, workshop of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rapprochement was such that Venice authorized Ottoman provisioning in its Mediterranean ports such as <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venice also requested Ottoman support in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>, but in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Mamluk-Venetian commercial treaty was signed by the ambassador to Cairo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Trevisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Trevisan (page does not exist)">Domenico Trevisan</a> in 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that point however, and the reverses of the Mamluks and the Persians against the Ottomans, Venice increasingly favoured a rapprochement with the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian–Portuguese_"alliance""><span id="Persian.E2.80.93Portuguese_.22alliance.22"></span>Persian–Portuguese "alliance"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Persian–Portuguese "alliance""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo,_dated_1552-1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shah İsmail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Shah_Ismail_I._Inscribed_%22Ismael_Sophy_Rex_Pers%22._Painted_by_Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo%2C_dated_1552-1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Shah İsmail</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, the Portuguese, who feared a new expedition from the Mamluks, organized a rapprochement with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and endeavoured to establish an alliance, that could give bases for the Portuguese on the northern shores of the Indian Ocean and create an eastern threat for the Ottomans and the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque received an ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and returned a letter as well as an ambassador in the person of Rui Gomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the letter to Shah Ismail, Albuquerque proposed a joint attack against the Mamluks and the Ottomans: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if you desire to destroy the Sultan [Qansuh] by land, you can recount on great assistance from the Armada of the King my Lord by sea, and I believe that with small trouble you must gain the lordship of the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and all his kingdoms and dependencies, and thus my Lord can give you great help by sea against the Turks, and thus his fleets by sea and you with your great forces and cavalry by land can combine to inflict great injuries upon them</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter from Albuquerque to Shah Ismail.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_Red_Sea_campaign_(1513)"><span id="Portuguese_Red_Sea_campaign_.281513.29"></span>Portuguese Red Sea campaign (1513)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portuguese Red Sea campaign (1513)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assault_on_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/220px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/330px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/440px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>1513 Portuguese attack on Aden, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Correia" title="Gaspar Correia">Gaspar Correia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following their victory at the Battle of Diu and the elimination of rival Muslim fleets in the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese endeavoured to the systematic destruction of Muslim commercial shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-McGregor_20_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGregor_20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1513, Albuquerque led a campaign against the Red Sea in order to stop completely Mamluk trade with India, and defeat Mamluk plans to send a fleet to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteway_153_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteway_153-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 7, 1513, he left Goa with 1,700 Portuguese and 1,000 Indian men in 24 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiteway_153_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiteway_153-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque landed at <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> on 26 March 1513, at the entrance of the Red Sea and attempted to take the city, but he was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt_87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sailing into the Red Sea, he destroyed the port of <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a> (June and July 1513). He failed to sail to <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> due to contrary winds, and then withdrew to India after again bombarding Aden.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt_87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albuquerque thus failed to stop the spice trade through the Red Sea and to establish a trade monopoly for the Europe-India spice trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitt_87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This campaign however had been a major threat to the Mamluk harbour of <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and to the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, which put the Mamluk Sultan under tremendous pressure. The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh was thus forced to seek Ottoman assistance, although the Ottomans had been a traditional rival, in his resistance against the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_Sea_campaigns_(1517)"><span id="Red_Sea_campaigns_.281517.29"></span>Red Sea campaigns (1517)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Red Sea campaigns (1517)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/220px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/330px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg/440px-Portuguese_attack_on_Jiddah_1517.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The Mamluks and Ottomans under <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a> defended <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> against a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jeddah (1517)">Portuguese attack in 1517.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1514–16 <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a> cooperated with the Mamluks against the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_103_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selman Reis entered the service of the Mamluks, and led a group of 2,000 armed Levantines, against the wishes of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, and met with this force with the Sultan Qansuh at Suez in April 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-Casale_32_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casale_32-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artillery defenses were also established in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concentration on the Portuguese front had the ultimate effect however of weakening the Mamluk strengths that could be put against the Ottomans in the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investment was huge, as the fleet cost around 400,000 dinars to the Mamluk Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the disruption of the spice trade between India and Mamluk Egypt by the Portuguese, Selman Reis led a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> fleet of 19 ships into the Indian Ocean in 1515. He left <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> leading the fleet on 30 September 1515.<sup id="cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İnalcik_321-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet also included 3,000 men, 1,300 of whom were Turkish mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İnalcik_321-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet built a fortress in <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a>, but failed to take <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> on 17 September 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İnalcik_321-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined fleet was able to defend <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> against the Portuguese in 1517, but by then the war between the Ottomans and the Mamluks was already raging on.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_103_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence, the Portuguese were able to set up trading posts in the Indian subcontinent, and take-over the spice trade to Europe, which had been a major source of revenues for the Mamluk state.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_69_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_69-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/220px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/330px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg/440px-Banner_of_the_Order_of_Christ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese naval and war banner featuring the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_Cross" title="Order of Christ Cross">Cross of the Order of Christ</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Empire">Mamluk Empire</a> became financially crippled, and was finally vanquished by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, on land, in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> was captured by the Ottomans on January 26, 1517, leading to the disintegration of the Mamluk Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_69_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_69-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans, on the other hand, managed to establish a strong presence in the Indian Ocean, which they would further develop during the rest of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans took up the task of fighting the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, especially through their admiral <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a>, who in 1525 occupied the Aden and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> with a fleet of 18 ships and 299 cannons, forcing the Portuguese to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman failed however in the 1538 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Siege of Diu</a>. </p><p>Egypt, on the other hand, lost its status as a great power, and, deprived of the resources of the Indian Ocean trade, essentially faded into the background for the next three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi-Portuguese conflicts">Adil Shahi-Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1485%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–91)">Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali-Portuguese conflicts">Somali-Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socotra" title="Portuguese Socotra">Portuguese Socotra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Socotra" title="Battle of Socotra">Portuguese conquest of Socotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Hormuz" title="Portuguese conquest of Hormuz">Portuguese conquest of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adas,_Michael_(1993).-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adas,_Michael_(1993)._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adas,_Michael_(1993)._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mvzKWt50JsC&pg=PA113"><i>Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order</i></a> by Adas, Michael p.113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturnino Monteiro (2011), <i>Portuguese Sea Battles Volume I – The First World Sea Power</i> p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the first Global Empire</i> by Roger Crowley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jY2lyM8GMx4C&pg=PA67"><i>Trade and civilisation in the Indian Ocean</i></a> by K. N. Chaudhuri p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meloy, J. L. (2010). <i>Imperial power and Maritime Trade: Mecca and Cairo in the later Middle Ages</i>. Published by the Middle East Documentation Center on behalf of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago. 223, citing Gaspar Correa’s <i>Lendas da India</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane_290-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_290_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_290_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_290_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC&pg=PA290"><i>Venice, a maritime republic</i></a> by Frederic Chapin Lane p.290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma_720-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma_720_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA720"><i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936</i></a> by M. Th. Houtsma p.720<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_176-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_176_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA176"><i>Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land</i></a> by Francis E. Peters p.176<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brummet_34-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_34_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiJmVbrve5sC&pg=PA34"><i>Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery</i></a> by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.34<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"During the reign of el-Ghuri, a far-sighted policy led the Sultan to enter into an alliance with the Venetians to oppose the installation of the Portuguese in India. Unfortunately the Mamluk fleet carried insufficient fire-power" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YDFBXp39koC&pg=PA40"><i>Splendours of an Islamic world</i></a> by Henri Stierlin,Anne Stierlin p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdb6F1qVDhkC&pg=PA434">Ayalon, quoted in <i>Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land</i></a> by Francis E. Peters p.434 Note 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGregor_20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor_20_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor_20_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA20"><i>A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a> by Andrew James McGregor p.20<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt_87-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt_87_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpteLQcx6J4C&pg=PA87"><i>A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by M. D. D. Newitt p.87<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase_103-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_103_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_103_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_103_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_103_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_103_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&pg=PA103"><i>Firearms: a global history to 1700</i></a> by Kenneth Warren Chase p.103<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Mamluk fleet was warmly greeted at Diu by its governor, Malik Ayyaz, a Russian Mamluk who had found favor with the king of Gujarat. Gujarat, which traded mainly through the Red Sea and Egypt, continued to resist the Portuguese" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA20"><i>A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a> by Andrew James McGregor p.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walton_69-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walton_69_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walton_69_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walton_69_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C&pg=PA69"><i>Islam at war: a history</i></a> by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jY2lyM8GMx4C&pg=PA67"><i>Trade and civilisation in the Indian Ocean</i></a> by K. N. Chaudhuri p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brummett_45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummett_45_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTnK1csz0swC&pg=PA45"><i>Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery</i></a> by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.45<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiteway_153-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whiteway_153_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whiteway_153_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSz8lqqFckwC&pg=PA153"><i>Rise of Portuguese Power in India</i></a> by R.S. Whiteway p.153<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brummet_118-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brummet_118_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiJmVbrve5sC&pg=PA118"><i>Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery</i></a> by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casale_32-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casale_32_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&pg=PA32"><i>The Ottoman Age of Exploration</i></a> Giancarlo Casale p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-İnalcik_321-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-İnalcik_321_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA321"><i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</i>, Volume 1</a>, by Halil İnalcik p.321<i>ff</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1j-AtkBmn78C&pg=PA323"><i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a> by Halil İnalcik p.323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA22"><i>A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a> by Andrew James McGregor p.22</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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