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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flesch reading ease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flesch_reading_ease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flesch–Kincaid grade level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg/400px-Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg/600px-Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg/800px-Flesch_Kincaid_readability_tests.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Graphs of Flesch-Kincaid reading ease (red) and grade level (gray) scores against average syllables per word and average words per sentence</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Flesch–Kincaid readability tests</b> are <a href="/wiki/Readability_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Readability test">readability tests</a> designed to indicate how difficult a passage in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is to understand. There are two tests: the Flesch Reading-Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same core measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors. </p><p>The results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade-Level test. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch" title="Rudolf Flesch">Rudolf Flesch</a> devised the Reading Ease evaluation; somewhat later, he and <a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Kincaid" title="J. Peter Kincaid">J. Peter Kincaid</a> developed the Grade Level evaluation for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team.<sup id="cite_ref-kincaidetal1975_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kincaidetal1975-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information),<sup id="cite_ref-Kincaid1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincaid1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula,<sup id="cite_ref-McClure1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClure1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer aids for editing tests,<sup id="cite_ref-Kincaid1983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincaid1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrated formats to teach procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-Brabyetal1982_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brabyetal1982-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Computer Readability Editing System (CRES).<sup id="cite_ref-Kincaid1981_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincaid1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The F–K formula was first used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> for assessing the difficulty of technical manuals in 1978 and soon after became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">United States Military Standard</a>. Pennsylvania was the first U.S. state to require that <a href="/wiki/Automobile_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile insurance">automobile insurance</a> policies be written at no higher than a <a href="/wiki/Ninth_grade" title="Ninth grade">ninth-grade</a> level (14–15 years of age) of reading difficulty, as measured by the F–K formula. This is now a common requirement in many other states and for other legal documents such as insurance policies.<sup id="cite_ref-McClure1987_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClure1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flesch_reading_ease">Flesch reading ease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flesch reading ease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Flesch reading-ease test, higher scores indicate material that is easier to read; lower numbers mark passages that are more difficult to read. The formula for the Flesch reading-ease score (FRES) test is:<sup id="cite_ref-Flesch2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flesch2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 206.835-1.015\left({\frac {\text{total words}}{\text{total sentences}}}\right)-84.6\left({\frac {\text{total syllables}}{\text{total words}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>206.835</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1.015</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>total words</mtext> <mtext>total sentences</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>84.6</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>total syllables</mtext> <mtext>total words</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 206.835-1.015\left({\frac {\text{total words}}{\text{total sentences}}}\right)-84.6\left({\frac {\text{total syllables}}{\text{total words}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd4916e193d2f96fa3b74ee258aaa6fe242e110e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.685ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 206.835-1.015\left({\frac {\text{total words}}{\text{total sentences}}}\right)-84.6\left({\frac {\text{total syllables}}{\text{total words}}}\right)}"></span> </p><p>Scores can be interpreted as shown in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-Flesch2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flesch2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Score </th> <th>School level (<a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">US</a>) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>100.00–90.00 </td> <td>5th grade </td> <td>Very easy to read. Easily understood by an average 11-year-old student. </td></tr> <tr> <td>90.0–80.0 </td> <td>6th grade </td> <td>Easy to read. Conversational English for consumers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>80.0–70.0 </td> <td>7th grade </td> <td>Fairly easy to read. </td></tr> <tr> <td>70.0–60.0 </td> <td>8th & 9th grade </td> <td>Plain English. Easily understood by 13- to 15-year-old students. </td></tr> <tr> <td>60.0–50.0 </td> <td>10th to 12th grade </td> <td>Fairly difficult to read. </td></tr> <tr> <td>50.0–30.0 </td> <td>College </td> <td>Difficult to read. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30.0–10.0 </td> <td>College graduate </td> <td>Very difficult to read. Best understood by university graduates. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.0–0.0 </td> <td>Professional </td> <td>Extremely difficult to read. Best understood by university graduates. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> magazine has a readability index of about 65, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i> magazine scores about 52, an average grade six student's written assignment (age of 12) has a readability index of 60–70 (and a reading grade level of six to seven), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> has a general readability score in the low 30s. The highest (easiest) readability score possible is 121.22, but only if every sentence consists of only one-syllable words. "The cat sat on the mat." scores 116. The score does not have a theoretical lower bound; therefore, it is possible to make the score as low as wanted by arbitrarily including words with many syllables. The sentence "This sentence, taken as a reading passage unto itself, is being used to prove a point." has a readability of 69. The sentence "The Australian platypus is seemingly a hybrid of a mammal and reptilian creature." scores 37.5 as it has 24 syllables and 13 words. While <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> calculates the text of <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> as 57.9,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one particularly long sentence about sharks in chapter 64 has a readability score of −146.77.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One sentence in the beginning of Scott Moncrieff's English translation of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">Swann's Way</a></i>, by Marcel Proust, has a score of −515.1.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">The U.S. Department of Defense</a> uses the reading ease test as the standard test of readability for its documents and forms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida requires that insurance policies have a Flesch reading ease score of 45 or greater.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of this scale is so ubiquitous that it is bundled with popular <a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a> programs and services such as <a href="/wiki/KWord" title="KWord">KWord</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">IBM Lotus Symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office Word">Microsoft Office Word</a>, <a href="/wiki/WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Word Pro">WordPro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammarly" title="Grammarly">Grammarly</a>. </p><p>Polysyllabic words affect this score significantly more than they do the grade-level score. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level"><span id="Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid_grade_level"></span>Flesch–Kincaid grade level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flesch–Kincaid grade level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These readability tests are used extensively in the field of education. The "Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level Formula" presents a score as a <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States#School_grades" title="Education in the United States">U.S. grade level</a>, making it easier for teachers, parents, librarians, and others to judge the readability level of various books and texts. It can also mean the number of years of education generally required to understand this text, relevant when the formula results in a number greater than 10. The grade level is calculated with the following formula:<sup id="cite_ref-Kincaid1975_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincaid1975-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.39\left({\frac {\mbox{total words}}{\mbox{total sentences}}}\right)+11.8\left({\frac {\mbox{total syllables}}{\mbox{total words}}}\right)-15.59}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0.39</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>total words</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>total sentences</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>11.8</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>total syllables</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>total words</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15.59</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.39\left({\frac {\mbox{total words}}{\mbox{total sentences}}}\right)+11.8\left({\frac {\mbox{total syllables}}{\mbox{total words}}}\right)-15.59}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e68f5fc959d052d1123b85758065afecc4150c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:57.198ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.39\left({\frac {\mbox{total words}}{\mbox{total sentences}}}\right)+11.8\left({\frac {\mbox{total syllables}}{\mbox{total words}}}\right)-15.59}"></span> </p><p>The result is a number that corresponds with a U.S. grade level. The sentence, "The Australian platypus is seemingly a hybrid of a mammal and reptilian creature" is an 11.3 as it has 24 syllables and 13 words. The different weighting factors for words per sentence and syllables per word in each scoring system mean that the two schemes are not directly comparable and cannot be converted. The grade level formula emphasizes sentence length over word length. By creating one-word strings with hundreds of random characters, grade levels may be attained that are hundreds of times larger than <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> completion in the United States. Due to the formula's construction, the score does not have an upper bound. </p><p>The lowest grade level score in theory is −3.40 (belonging to the passage "Go. See. Stop. Rest." for example), but there are few real passages in which every sentence consists of a single one-syllable word. <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Eggs_and_Ham" title="Green Eggs and Ham">Green Eggs and Ham</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> comes close, averaging 5.7 words per sentence and 1.02 syllables per word, with a grade level of −1.3. (Most of the 50 used words are <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">monosyllabic</a>; "anywhere", which occurs eight times, is the only exception.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As readability formulas were developed for school books, they demonstrate weaknesses compared to directly testing usability with typical readers. They neglect between-reader differences and effects of content, layout and retrieval aids.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kincaidetal1975-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kincaidetal1975_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKincaidFishburneRogersChissom1975" class="citation report cs1">Kincaid, J.P.; Fishburne, R.P.; Rogers, R.L.; Chissom, B.S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA006655.pdf">Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count, and flesch reading ease formula) for Navy enlisted personnel</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Naval Air Station Memphis: Chief of Naval Technical Training. Research Branch Report 8–75<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Derivation+of+new+readability+formulas+%28automated+readability+index%2C+fog+count%2C+and+flesch+reading+ease+formula%29+for+Navy+enlisted+personnel&rft.place=Naval+Air+Station+Memphis&rft.pub=Chief+of+Naval+Technical+Training&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Fishburne%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Chissom%2C+B.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA006655.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincaid1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincaid1988_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidBrabyMears1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid JP, Braby R, Mears J (1988). "Electronic authoring and delivery of technical information". <i>Journal of Instructional Development</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 8–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02904998">10.1007/bf02904998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62551107">62551107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Instructional+Development&rft.atitle=Electronic+authoring+and+delivery+of+technical+information&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-13&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02904998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62551107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Braby%2C+R&rft.au=Mears%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClure1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClure1987_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClure1987_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure_G1987" class="citation journal cs1">McClure G (1987). "Readability formulas: Useful or useless. (an interview with J. Peter Kincaid.)". <i>IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication</i>. <b>30</b>: 12–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPC.1987.6449109">10.1109/TPC.1987.6449109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13157772">13157772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Professional+Communication&rft.atitle=Readability+formulas%3A+Useful+or+useless.+%28an+interview+with+J.+Peter+Kincaid.%29&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPC.1987.6449109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13157772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=McClure+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincaid1983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincaid1983_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidBrabyWulfeck_WH1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid JP, Braby R, Wulfeck WH II (1983). "Computer aids for editing tests". <i>Educational Technology</i>. <b>23</b>: 29–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Technology&rft.atitle=Computer+aids+for+editing+tests&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=29-33&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Braby%2C+R&rft.au=Wulfeck+WH%2C+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brabyetal1982-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brabyetal1982_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabyKincaidScottMcDaniel1982" class="citation journal cs1">Braby R, Kincaid JP, Scott P, McDaniel W (1982). "Illustrated formats to teach procedures". <i>IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 61–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPC.1982.6447756">10.1109/TPC.1982.6447756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30615819">30615819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Professional+Communication&rft.atitle=Illustrated+formats+to+teach+procedures&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-66&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPC.1982.6447756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30615819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Braby&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Kincaid%2C+JP&rft.au=Scott%2C+P&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincaid1981-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincaid1981_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidAagardO'HaraCottrell1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid JP, Aagard JA, O'Hara JW, Cottrell LK (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/957e73e1dd85b86ff096f0e050391b903b92dbe5">"Computer Readability Editing System"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 38–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPC.1981.6447821">10.1109/TPC.1981.6447821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39045053">39045053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Professional+Communication&rft.atitle=Computer+Readability+Editing+System&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-42&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPC.1981.6447821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39045053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Aagard%2C+JA&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+JW&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+LK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F957e73e1dd85b86ff096f0e050391b903b92dbe5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span> (also reported in Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 11, 1982, pp. 106–107.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flesch2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flesch2016_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flesch2016_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlesch" class="citation web cs1">Flesch, Rudolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712094308/http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide/writing/flesch.shtml">"How to Write Plain English"</a>. <i>University of Canterbury</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide/writing/flesch.shtml">the original</a> on July 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Canterbury&rft.atitle=How+to+Write+Plain+English&rft.aulast=Flesch&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mang.canterbury.ac.nz%2Fwriting_guide%2Fwriting%2Fflesch.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabash2011" class="citation web cs1">Habash, Gabe (July 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521073931/http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/PWxyz/2011/07/20/book-lies-readability-is-impossible-to-measure">"Book Lies: Readability is Impossible to Measure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.publishersweekly.com/blogs/PWxyz/2011/07/20/book-lies-readability-is-impossible-to-measure">the original</a> on May 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Lies%3A+Readability+is+Impossible+to+Measure&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.aulast=Habash&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.publishersweekly.com%2Fblogs%2FPWxyz%2F2011%2F07%2F20%2Fbook-lies-readability-is-impossible-to-measure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville, Herman</a> (1851). "Chapter 64: Stubb's Supper". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/42/moby-dick/745/chapter-64-stubbs-supper/"><i>Moby-Dick</i></a> (Lit2Go ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Though amid all the smoking horror and diabolism of a sea-fight, sharks will be seen longingly gazing up to the ship's decks, like hungry dogs round a table where red meat is being carved, ready to bolt down every killed man that is tossed to them; and though, while the valiant butchers over the deck-table are thus cannibally carving each other's live meat with carving-knives all gilded and tasselled, the sharks, also, with their jewel-hilted mouths, are quarrelsomely carving away under the table at the dead meat; and though, were you to turn the whole affair upside down, it would still be pretty much the same thing, that is to say, a shocking sharkish business enough for all parties; and though sharks also are the invariable outriders of all slave ships crossing the Atlantic, systematically trotting alongside, to be handy in case a parcel is to be carried anywhere, or a dead slave to be decently buried; and though one or two other like instances might be set down, touching the set terms, places, and occasions, when sharks do most socially congregate, and most hilariously feast; yet is there no conceivable time or occasion when you will find them in such countless numbers, and in gayer or more jovial spirits, than around a dead sperm whale, moored by night to a whaleship at sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+64%3A+Stubb%27s+Supper&rft.btitle=Moby-Dick&rft.edition=Lit2Go&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetc.usf.edu%2Flit2go%2F42%2Fmoby-dick%2F745%2Fchapter-64-stubbs-supper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span><br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProust2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust, Marcel</a> (2004) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7178"><i>In Search of Lost Time</i></a>. Vol. Swann's Way. Translated by Moncrieff, C.K. Scott<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2014</span>. <q>But I had seen first one and then another of the rooms in which I had slept during my life, and in the end I would revisit them all in the long course of my waking dream: rooms in winter, where on going to bed I would at once bury my head in a nest, built up out of the most diverse materials, the corner of my pillow, the top of my blankets, a piece of a shawl, the edge of my bed, and a copy of an evening paper, all of which things I would contrive, with the infinite patience of birds building their nests, to cement into one whole; rooms where, in a keen frost, I would feel the satisfaction of being shut in from the outer world (like the sea-swallow which builds at the end of a dark tunnel and is kept warm by the surrounding earth), and where, the fire keeping in all night, I would sleep wrapped up, as it were, in a great cloak of snug and savoury air, shot with the glow of the logs which would break out again in flame: in a sort of alcove without walls, a cave of warmth dug out of the heart of the room itself, a zone of heat whose boundaries were constantly shifting and altering in temperature as gusts of air ran across them to strike freshly upon my face, from the corners of the room, or from parts near the window or far from the fireplace which had therefore remained cold—or rooms in summer, where I would delight to feel myself a part of the warm evening, where the moonlight striking upon the half-opened shutters would throw down to the foot of my bed its enchanted ladder; where I would fall asleep, as it might be in the open air, like a titmouse which the breeze keeps poised in the focus of a sunbeam—or sometimes the Louis XVI room, so cheerful that I could never feel really unhappy, even on my first night in it: that room where the slender columns which lightly supported its ceiling would part, ever so gracefully, to indicate where the bed was and to keep it separate; sometimes again that little room with the high ceiling, hollowed in the form of a pyramid out of two separate storeys, and partly walled with mahogany, in which from the first moment my mind was drugged by the unfamiliar scent of flowering grasses, convinced of the hostility of the violet curtains and of the insolent indifference of a clock that chattered on at the top of its voice as though I were not there; while a strange and pitiless mirror with square feet, which stood across one corner of the room, cleared for itself a site I had not looked to find tenanted in the quiet surroundings of my normal field of vision: that room in which my mind, forcing itself for hours on end to leave its moorings, to elongate itself upwards so as to take on the exact shape of the room, and to reach to the summit of that monstrous funnel, had passed so many anxious nights while my body lay stretched out in bed, my eyes staring upwards, my ears straining, my nostrils sniffing uneasily, and my heart beating; until custom had changed the colour of the curtains, made the clock keep quiet, brought an expression of pity to the cruel, slanting face of the glass, disguised or even completely dispelled the scent of flowering grasses, and distinctly reduced the apparent loftiness of the ceiling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Lost+Time&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Proust&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F7178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuo_Si2001" class="citation conference cs1">Luo Si; et al. (November 5–10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~callan/Papers/cikm01b.ps"><i>A statistical model for scientific readability</i></a>. Atlanta, GA, USA: CIKM '01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+statistical+model+for+scientific+readability&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA%2C+USA&rft.pub=CIKM+%2701&rft.date=2001-11-05%2F2001-11-10&rft.au=Luo+Si&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~callan%2FPapers%2Fcikm01b.ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0600-0699/0627/Sections/0627.4145.html">"Florida Statute § 627.4145"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Statute+%C2%A7+627.4145&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3D%26URL%3D0600-0699%2F0627%2FSections%2F0627.4145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.onecle.com/florida/title-xxxvii/627.4145.html">"Readable Language In Insurance Policies. (Fla. Stat. § 627.4145)"</a>. <i>Florida Statutes Section 627.4145</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span> – via law.onecle.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Statutes+Section+627.4145&rft.atitle=Readable+Language+In+Insurance+Policies.+%28Fla.+Stat.+%C2%A7+627.4145%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.onecle.com%2Fflorida%2Ftitle-xxxvii%2F627.4145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincaid1975-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kincaid1975_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaidFishburneRogersChissom1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Kincaid" title="J. Peter Kincaid">Kincaid JP</a>, Fishburne RP Jr, Rogers RL, Chissom BS (February 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA006655.pdf">"Derivation of new readability formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy enlisted personnel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Branch Report 8-75, Millington, TN: Naval Technical Training, U. S. Naval Air Station, Memphis, TN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210212716/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA006655.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Branch+Report+8-75%2C+Millington%2C+TN%3A+Naval+Technical+Training%2C+U.+S.+Naval+Air+Station%2C+Memphis%2C+TN.&rft.atitle=Derivation+of+new+readability+formulas+%28Automated+Readability+Index%2C+Fog+Count+and+Flesch+Reading+Ease+Formula%29+for+Navy+enlisted+personnel&rft.date=1975-02&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Fishburne%2C+RP+Jr&rft.au=Rogers%2C+RL&rft.au=Chissom%2C+BS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA006655.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedish2000" class="citation journal cs1">Redish, Janice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220517614">"Readability formulas have even more limitations than Klare discusses"</a>. <i>ACM Journal of Computer Documentation</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 132–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F344599.344637">10.1145/344599.344637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Journal+of+Computer+Documentation&rft.atitle=Readability+formulas+have+even+more+limitations+than+Klare+discusses&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=132-137&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F344599.344637&rft.aulast=Redish&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F220517614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlesch_R1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch" title="Rudolf Flesch">Flesch R</a> (1948). "A new readability yardstick". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Psychology">Journal of Applied Psychology</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 221–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0057532">10.1037/h0057532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18867058">18867058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+new+readability+yardstick&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-233&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0057532&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18867058&rft.au=Flesch+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrJenkinsPaterson1951" class="citation journal cs1">Farr JN, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Jenkins" title="James J. Jenkins">Jenkins JJ</a>, Paterson DG (October 1951). "Simplification of Flesch Reading Ease Formula". <i>Journal of Applied Psychology</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 333–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0062427">10.1037/h0062427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Simplification+of+Flesch+Reading+Ease+Formula&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=333-337&rft.date=1951-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0062427&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+JJ&rft.au=Paterson%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlesch%E2%80%93Kincaid+readability+tests" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readability.mackayst.com/">readability.mackayst.com</a>, lists Flesch–Kincaid scores of Project Gutenberg books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oscarstories.com/calculator/">Calculate Flesch-Kincaid scores for a given text</a> at oscarstories.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Automated_readability_index" title="Automated readability index">Automated readability index</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Reader#ATOS" title="Accelerated Reader">ATOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman%E2%80%93Liau_index" title="Coleman–Liau index">Coleman–Liau index</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale%E2%80%93Chall_readability_formula" title="Dale–Chall readability formula">Dale–Chall readability formula</a> (1948)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flesch–Kincaid readability tests</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flesch_reading_ease">Flesch reading ease</a> [1975]</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level">Flesch–Kincaid grade level</a> [1975]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability#The_FORCAST_formula" title="Readability">FORCAST</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fry_readability_formula" title="Fry readability formula">Fry readability formula</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_fog_index" title="Gunning fog index">Gunning fog index</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexile" title="Lexile">Lexile</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsear_Write" title="Linsear Write">Linsear Write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raygor_readability_estimate" title="Raygor readability estimate">Raygor readability estimate</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMOG" title="SMOG">SMOG</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spache_readability_formula" title="Spache readability formula">Spache readability formula</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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