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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Becoming king</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_(1559–1560)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_(1559–1560)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign (1559–1560)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_(1559–1560)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign (1559–1560) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_(1559–1560)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_on_the_death_of_Henri_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_on_the_death_of_Henri_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Kingdom on the death of Henri II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_on_the_death_of_Henri_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guise_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guise_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Guise administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guise_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amboise_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amboise_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Amboise conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amboise_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amboise_in_the_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amboise_in_the_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Amboise in the provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amboise_in_the_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romorantin_and_the_Estates_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romorantin_and_the_Estates_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Romorantin and the Estates General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romorantin_and_the_Estates_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Loss of Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posterity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posterity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Posterity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posterity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis II of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسوا الثاني ملك فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسوا الثاني ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_II_de_Francia" title="Francisco II de Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francisco II de Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Fransisk" title="II Fransisk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Fransisk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی فرانسوای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی فرانسوای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_2-s%C3%A8" title="François 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="François 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA_II" title="Францыск II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыск II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_II" title="Франсоа II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсоа II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_II,_kralj_Francuske" title="Franjo II, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franjo II, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%C3%B1sez_II_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Frañsez II (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frañsez II (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_II_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francesc II de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francesc II de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_II._Francouzsk%C3%BD" title="František II. Francouzský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="František II. Francouzský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffransis_II,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Ffransis II, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffransis II, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_2._af_Frankrig" title="Frans 2. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frans 2. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_II._(Frankreich)" title="Franz II. (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franz II. (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II" title="François II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="François II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φραγκίσκος Β΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φραγκίσκος Β΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_II_de_Francia" title="Francisco II de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco II de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisko_la_2-a_(Francio)" title="Francisko la 2-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisko la 2-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzisko_II.a_Frantziakoa" title="Frantzisko II.a Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzisko II.a Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسوای دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسوای دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_(roi_de_France)" title="François II (roi de France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="François II (roi de France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsias_II_na_Fraince" title="Proinsias II na Fraince – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Proinsias II na Fraince" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_II_de_Francia" title="Francisco II de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francisco II de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_2%EC%84%B8" title="프랑수아 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑수아 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF_II" title="Ֆրանցիսկ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանցիսկ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE)" title="द्वितीय फ्रांसिस (फ्रांस का राजा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय फ्रांसिस (फ्रांस का राजा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_II.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Franjo II., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjo II., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_dari_Prancis" title="François II dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="François II dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_2._Frakkakonungur" title="Frans 2. Frakkakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frans 2. Frakkakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_di_Francia" title="Francesco II di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francesco II di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="פרנסואה השני, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסואה השני, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_II_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ფრანსუა II (საფრანგეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანსუა II (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="II Франсуа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="François II (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="François II (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_II_(rex_Francorum)" title="Franciscus II (rex Francorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus II (rex Francorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranci%C5%A1kus_II" title="Pranciškus II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranciškus II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ferenc_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Ferenc francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Ferenc francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_II" title="Франсоа II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франсоа II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्सचा दुसरा फ्रांस्वा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचा दुसरा फ्रांस्वा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسوا التانى ملك فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسوا التانى ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_dari_Perancis" title="François II dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="François II dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_II_van_Frankrijk" title="Frans II van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans II van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="フランソワ2世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランソワ2世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_II_av_Frankrike" title="Frans II av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frans II av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_II_av_Frankrike" title="Frans II av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frans II av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_II_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francés II de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés II de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_II_Walezjusz" title="Franciszek II Walezjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Franciszek II Walezjusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_II_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Francisco II de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco II de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_al_II-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Francisc al II-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisc al II-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_II" title="Франциск II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франциск II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_o_Fraunce" title="Francis II o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francis II o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francis II of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_II._(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="František II. (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="František II. (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_II._Francoski" title="Franc II. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Franc II. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_II_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Франсоа II Валоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсоа II Валоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_od_Francuske" title="François II od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="François II od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_II_(Ranska)" title="Frans II (Ranska) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frans II (Ranska)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_II_av_Frankrike" title="Frans II av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frans II av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าฟร็องซัวที่ 2 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าฟร็องซัวที่ 2 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Fran%C3%A7ois" title="II. François – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. François" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Франциск II (король Франції) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франциск II (король Франції)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="François II của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="François II của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%89" title="弗朗索瓦两世（法兰西） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗索瓦两世（法兰西）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_2k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Francis 2k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Francis 2k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="法蘭西二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法蘭西二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="弗朗索瓦二世 (法兰西) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗索瓦二世 (法兰西)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132548#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Francis II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg/220px-Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg/330px-Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg/440px-Portrait_du_roi_de_France_Fran%C3%A7ois_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="4225" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1558</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1559</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish consorts">King consort of Scotland</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">24 April 1558 – 5 December 1560</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1544<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1560<span style="display:none">(1560-12-05)</span> (aged 16)<br />Hôtel Groslot, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1560<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 April 1558">1558</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Valois-Angoulême">Valois-Angoulême</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis II's signature"><img alt="Francis II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg/125px-Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg/188px-Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg/250px-Francis_II_of_France_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francis II</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">François II</i>; 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a> from 1559 to 1560. He was also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish consorts">King of Scotland</a> as the husband of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, from 1558 until his death in 1560. </p><p>He ascended the throne of France at age 15 after the accidental death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, in 1559. His short reign was dominated by the first stirrings of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. </p><p>Although the royal <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> was 14, his mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, entrusted the reins of government to his wife Mary's uncles from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a>, staunch supporters of the Catholic cause. They were unable to help Catholics in Scotland against the progressing <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>, however, and the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> was dissolved. </p><p>After dying of an ear infection, Francis was succeeded by two of his brothers in turn, both of whom were also unable to reduce tensions between Protestants and Catholics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education_(1544–1559)"><span id="Childhood_and_education_.281544.E2.80.931559.29"></span>Childhood and education (1544–1559)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and education (1544–1559)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis was born 11 years after his parents' wedding. The long delay in producing an heir may have been due to his father's repudiation of his mother in favour of his mistress <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this repudiation was mitigated by Diane's insistence that Henry spend his nights with Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis was at first raised at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. He was baptised on 10 February 1544 at the Chapelle des Trinitaires in <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>. His godparents were Francis I (who knighted him during the ceremony), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>, and his great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a>. He became governor of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> in 1546 and <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> in 1547, when his grandfather Francis I died. </p><p>Francis's governor and governess were Jean d'Humières and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Humi%C3%A8res" title="Françoise d'Humières">Françoise d'Humières</a>, and his tutor was Pierre Danès, a Greek scholar originally from <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. He learned dancing from Virgilio Bracesco and fencing from Hector of Mantua. </p><p>King Henry II, his father, arranged a remarkable betrothal for his son to the five year old <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, in the Châtillon agreement of 27 January 1548, when Francis was only four years old. Mary had been crowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Queen of Scotland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> on 9 September 1543 at the age of nine months, following the death of her father <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a>. Mary was a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a>, a very influential figure at the court of France. Once the marriage agreement was formally ratified, the five-year-old Mary was sent to France to be raised at court until the marriage. She was tall for her age and eloquent, and Francis was unusually short and stuttered. Henry II said, "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 1558, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">Francis and Mary married</a> in <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> Cathedral in Paris. It was a union that could have given the future kings of France the throne of Scotland and also a claim to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> through Mary's great-grandfather, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>. As a result of the marriage, Francis became king consort in Scotland until his death. The marriage produced no children, and may never even have been consummated, possibly due to Francis's illnesses or <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">undescended testicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Becoming_king">Becoming king</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Becoming king"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A little over a year after his marriage, on 10 July 1559, Francis became king at age 15 upon the death of Henry II, who had been killed in a jousting accident. On 21 September 1559, Francis II was crowned king in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> by his wife's uncle <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a>. The crown was so heavy that nobles had to hold it in place for him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a> and the surrounding forests were the new king's home. Francis II took the sun for his emblem and for his mottoes <i>Spectanda fides</i> (This is how faith should be respected) and <i>Lumen rectis</i> (Light for the righteous). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II,_1559,_Rouen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg/220px-Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg/330px-Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg/440px-Double_henri_d%27or_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_II%2C_1559%2C_Rouen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Coinage under Francis II, with the bust of his father Henri II</figcaption></figure> <p>According to French law, Francis was an adult who did not need a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since he was young, inexperienced, and in fragile health, he delegated his power to his wife's uncles from the noble <a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>, and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, agreed to this delegation. On the first day of his reign, Francis II instructed his four ministers to take orders from his mother, but since she was still in mourning for her husband, she directed them to the House of Guise.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two eldest brothers of the House of Guise had already had major roles in the reign of Henry II. Francis, Duke of Guise, was one of the most famous military commanders in the royal army, and the Cardinal of Lorraine had participated in the most important negotiations and matters of the kingdom. After Francis II ascended the throne, the two brothers split the custody of the kingdom: Duke Francis became head of the army and Charles the head of finance, justice, and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the House of Guise worked to the detriment of its old rival, <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">Constable</a> of France. At the new king's suggestion, he left the court for his estates to get some rest. Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of the previous king, was asked not to appear at court. Her protégé Jean Bertrand had to surrender his title <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Seals_of_France" title="Keeper of the Seals of France">Keeper of the Seals of France</a> to chancellor François Olivier, whom Diane had removed from this position a few years earlier. It was a palace revolution. </p><p>The transition has been described as brutal, but while it no doubt caused the Constable considerable frustration, there were no confrontations or reprisals. Montmorency remained tied to power. As soon as the day after the death of the king, he was present at the council meeting and was also at the coronation. Later he supported the repression of the <a href="/wiki/Amboise_conspiracy" title="Amboise conspiracy">Amboise conspiracy</a> of 1560, notably by going to the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> to communicate to its members the measures taken by the king. In July 1560 he came back to court and to the council, although in a much less flamboyant manner than before.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guises were now the new masters of the court. The king granted them numerous favours and privileges,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jouanna_53_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanna_53-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most significant being the title of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_France" title="Grand Master of France">Grand Master of France</a>, a title until then held by the son of the Constable, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Montmorency">François de Montmorency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_(1559–1560)"><span id="Reign_.281559.E2.80.931560.29"></span>Reign (1559–1560)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign (1559–1560)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_on_the_death_of_Henri_II">Kingdom on the death of Henri II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom on the death of Henri II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis_(1559)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)"> peace of Cateau Cambresis</a> in 1559, the crown had been left on the cusp of bankruptcy. The public deficit stood at 40 million livres, of which 19 million was owed immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interest rates on these loans were not insignificant, as lenders had grown wary of the crown's inability to pay over the years and this lack of confidence would only be furthered with <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II's</a> death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henri's religious policy had also proved ineffective, his persecutory edicts failing to stop the growth of Calvinism in France.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious violence was increasing, with attacks in Paris, first in response to the loss at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Quentin_(1557)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint-Quentin (1557)">Battle of Saint-Quentin (1557)</a> and then around the <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Anne_du_Bourg" title="Trial and execution of Anne du Bourg">trial</a> of the heretic <i>parlementaire</i> <a href="/wiki/Anne_du_Bourg" title="Anne du Bourg">Anne du Bourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guise_administration">Guise administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guise administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg/240px-Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg/360px-Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg/480px-Francois-duc-de-guise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3974" data-file-height="5678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise</a>. Pencil portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning of their assumption of government, the Guises faced opposition from several factions. Their rise to dominance had come at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> who resented their total ascendency to varying degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political decisions of the government were also contested. To try and set about fixing the realm's finances, they embarked upon an aggressive campaign of cost cutting, scaling down the size of the army from its height in the wars, and deferring payments to the troops, who angrily protested against the Guises.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would not however be enough, so they were moved to raise forced loans from the provinces, such as 800,000 livres from Normandy, to cover shortfalls.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further suppressed <a href="/wiki/Venal_office" title="Venal office">Venal office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forced loans would continue into 1560, with 100,000 crowns being demanded of the Parlement and merchants of Paris in October 1560, shortly after the convoking of the estates had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In religion, the Guises initially continued the repression of Protestantism started by King Henry II. From July 1559 to February 1560 they would pass four more persecutory edicts, including such provisions as the razing of any house which a Protestant meeting occurred in, and the prosecution of landlords who knowingly harboured heretics as tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amboise_conspiracy">Amboise conspiracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amboise conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amboise_conspiracy" title="Amboise conspiracy">Amboise conspiracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg/280px-ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg/420px-ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg/560px-ExecutiondAmboiseHogenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>The execution of the conspirators at <a href="/wiki/Amboise" title="Amboise">Amboise</a>. Engraving by Jacques Tortorel and Jean Perrissin, 1569–1570</figcaption></figure> <p>Opposition to the Guise administration which had been bubbling under the surface during Francis II's reign, coalesced around two primary axes. Firstly there was religious opposition from Protestants such as La Roche Chandieu, secondly there was opposition from military men of the minor gentry, such as Castlenau; these groups came together under the leadership of the seigneur de la Renaudie to form a conspiracy to seize the king and arrest or kill the Cardinal de Lorraine and the Duke de Guise.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group planned to push for <a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a> to lead them, and become a 'regent' for Francis II.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he proved uninterested in their plot, they moved to the more dubious claim of his brother Condé. He was more receptive to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As details of the conspiracy were finalised and arms raised for the day, rumours began to leak out to the court of what was happening. Finally on 12 February while the court was travelling to Amboise, the Duke's secretary arrived, bringing a lawyer who had got cold feet about the direction of the conspiracy. The secretary revealed all the details to the Guise and Francis, including the name of the leader, La Renaudie.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this knowledge to hand, and suspecting the involvement of Condé, the Guise summoned much of the high nobility to Amboise, and began fortifying the castle in preparation. In March the court struck, arresting a band of the conspirators who had assembled to discuss the delivery of money for the operation. Several days later a larger host of soldiers were bloodily repulsed from Amboise.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March, Francis II made the duke of Guise the Lieutenant General of the kingdom, giving him final authority for all military matters. Realising the motley nature of the conspiracy, a mixture of fairly harmless heretics and hardened military men, an amnesty was declared on 17 March for those who laid down their arms and went home within 48 hours. Operations would continue as the court began to fan out troops into the countryside to mop up stragglers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court was left with a tricky situation as to how to deal with those captured alive. Interrogations began, attempting to prove a connection between Condé and the conspiracy. Condé denounced accusations thrown at him as the work of 'scum' and more pressingly for honour in aristocratic circles, propagated by 'liars.' The Queen Mother assured him that no one doubted his innocence. However, on 18 April his chambers were raided while he was attending the kings levée. Unable to find proof however, he was allowed to leave court.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2009_118_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2009_118-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condé hurried south, uniting with his brother Antoine in the south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the military conspirators who had remained under arms there would be little mercy, many would be executed in the following days, and hanged from the battlements as a warning. To the shock of members of the court, this included men of 'good birth' such as the Baron de Castlenau.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_2009_118_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2009_118-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the court was conscious its religious policy had been a failure, and as early as 8 March, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise_(1560)" title="Edict of Amboise (1560)">Edict of Amboise</a> was propagated, offering a retroactive amnesty for those convicted of heresy, on the condition they live as good Catholics. This began the distinction between the crimes of heresy and the crime of sedition, which had during the reign of Henri II been treated as a unified crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_1980_105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_1980_105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amboise_in_the_provinces">Amboise in the provinces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amboise in the provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst the rebellion outside the castle of Amboise may have been crushed, the situation was deteriorating in the provinces. Troops raised for the conspiracy in Dauphine, Provence, and the Lyonnais were left without central direction, creating the nucleus of guerrilla armies that caused chaos in their localities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the planned regional elements of Amboise, many Protestants began seizing churches independently, and engaging in acts of unauthorised iconoclasm, as in Rouen and Provence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer, this rebellious movement gained intensity; several cities in southern France were by now engulfed in revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climax of the regional disorder came in the early autumn, where on 4 September in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, a large stockpile of weapons was discovered in the city of Lyon by the authorities, after a brief firefight with a group of Protestants the weapons were seized, narrowly foiling a planned coup in the city by several days.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrow foiling of this conspiracy only further enraged the king and his administration who suspected the involvement of Condé in this affair. This was confirmed when an agent of his carrying papers that implicated him was intercepted.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king's reaction was fierce and determined: he mobilised his troops, sent the army to the rebellious areas to quell the sedition, and ordered governors to return to their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To isolate the renegade princes of the blood further the administration created two super-governorships giving one to <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon">Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon</a> and the other to <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Duke of Montpensier">Louis, Duke of Montpensier</a>, thus divorcing their interests from those of their cousins. Heavily outnumbered Condé and Navarre decided making a stand and fighting would be pointless, and they departed their southern regional powerbase at the kings request to attend the forthcoming Estates General.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romorantin_and_the_Estates_General">Romorantin and the Estates General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romorantin and the Estates General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg/240px-Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg/360px-Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, mother of Francis II</figcaption></figure> <p>This distinction between heresy and sedition, represented a new religious policy for the monarchy of France. While there was to be no allowance for heretical worship, it was hoped this would avoid needless bloodshed, and reunify the kingdom around the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_1980_105_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_1980_105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changing of the political winds was furthered when in April the former Guise client <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a> became <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chancellor of France">Lord Chancellor of France</a> replacing the ailing <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Olivier" title="François Olivier">François Olivier</a>. Hôpital was a humanist Catholic, little interested in the persecution that had defined the administration in the 1550s. In conjunction with Charles Cardinal of Lorraine, Catherine de Medici and Admiral Coligny, he began pushing this new religious policy further.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1560 a further edict was passed, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Romorantin" title="Edict of Romorantin">Edict of Romorantin</a>. This edict denounced the spread of heresy in the kingdom, but also noted the failure of the policies on the 1550s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict proposed that going forth trial for heresy would be handled by the ecclesiastical courts instead of the <a href="/wiki/Parlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlements">Parlement</a>. This was significant as the ecclesiastical courts lacked the ability to provide death sentences, and while they could technically still refer cases to the Parlements for sentencing, this acted as a de facto abolition of the death penalty for heresy. For more 'seditious' offences, such as heretical preaching, pamphlet producing and services, the <i>Présidaux</i> courts would have jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conscious that the financial and religious problems of the crown had not yet gone away, and desiring to create a more definitive solution, the Guise oversaw the calling of an <a href="/wiki/1560_Assembly_of_Notables" title="1560 Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a>. Conscious that they were liable to be arrested, Condé and Navarre were not among the leading nobility who attended. Lorraine intended to guide the assembly towards his proposed idea of a national religious council, to reunify the two faiths peacefully, this was however taken off course by Coligny, who presented a petition from the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> church seeking the right to establish temples. The duke of Guise was infuriated by this proposal, suggesting if two religions were tolerated 'his sword would not remain sheathed for long.' The assembly drew up a reform package of tax ideas, and closed by convening the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1560-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates General of 1560-1">Estates General</a> to whom this package would be presented.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially intended to host this at <a href="/wiki/Meaux" title="Meaux">Meaux</a> before a location change to <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> due to religious troubles at the former city.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afraid the proposed council might be highly <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallican</a>, the Pope decided to reopen the general <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">council of Trent</a>, but rejected the attendance of any Protestant, the demands of the French crown to scrap their proposed national council.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The calling of the Estates General presented an opportunity to bring Condé into line, and in October he was summoned to present himself at the Estates General. Upon arrival he and several associates were promptly arrested and put on trial.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After filibustering the proceedings Condé would eventually be found guilty, and given an indeterminate sentence, likely imprisonment at Loches.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In foreign policy, Francis II continued peace efforts Henry II had begun with the signing of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in April 1559, which ended <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars#Italian_War_of_1521–1526" title="Italian Wars">40 years of war</a> between France and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg empire</a>. At the expense of its influence in Europe, France continued to restore lands conquered over the previous 40 years. In this sense, Francis II's reign began the decline of French influence throughout Europe, to the benefit of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Spanish_Kingdoms_under_the_'Great'_Habsburgs_(16th_century)" title="History of Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Henry II died, the restitution of these territories was well under way. Francis II, aware of the kingdom's weaknesses, reassured Spain of its intention to fulfill the treaty just signed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Coss%C3%A9,_Count_of_Brissac" title="Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac">Maréchal de Brissac</a>, who displayed some unwillingness to evacuate Piedmont, was asked to change his behaviour and accelerate the withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the autumn of 1559, France had completely left Savoy, and Piedmont, except for the five locations agreed upon in the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. If these were returned to the Duke of Savoy <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Montferrat</a> would be returned to <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a>. Both were allies of Spain. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Valenza" title="Valenza">Valenza</a>, which Brissac was grumbling about releasing, was to be returned to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. On the Spanish side, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> showed some unwillingness to return four locations in the northeast of the kingdom as required by the treaty. Border disputes renewed tensions between the two nations, but after months of protests Francis II finally obtained these territories.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with restitution of territories, the government of Francis II had to negotiate, pay, or claim compensations for people whose properties were taken or destroyed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also had to reach an agreement with Spain about the prisoners of war held by both sides. Many noblemen were still prisoners and unable to pay their ransom. Common soldiers were consigned to use as rowers on the <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">royal galleys</a>. Even after a reciprocal release compromise was signed, Spain was not eager to lose its prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Francis II died, France withdrew from Scotland, Brazil, Corsica, Tuscany, Savoy and most of Piedmont. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_Scotland">Loss of Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loss of Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BnF,_NAL_83,_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/260px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/390px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg/520px-BnF%2C_NAL_83%2C_folio_154_v_-_Francis_II_and_Mary%2C_Queen_of_Scots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3848" /></a><figcaption>The king and his spouse <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots</a> (painted around 1558). (<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></span></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the marriage of Francis II and Mary Stuart, the future of Scotland was linked to that of France. A secret clause signed by the queen provided that Scotland would become part of France if the royal couple did not have children.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen's mother, <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of Guise">Marie of Guise</a>, was already regent for Scotland. </p><p>Because of French control over their country, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation#Lords_of_the_Congregation" title="Scottish Reformation">congregation of Scottish lords</a> organised an uprising and made the regent and her French councils leave the capital, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, in May 1559. Having taken refuge at the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>, Marie of Guise asked France for help. Francis II and Mary Stuart sent troops right away. By the end of 1559, France had regained control of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nothing seemed to stand in the way of French control of Scotland apart from English support for the Scottish nobles. Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> was still offended that Francis II and Mary Stuart had put on their coat of arms those of England, thus proclaiming Mary's claims on the throne of England.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1560, the English fleet blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, which French troops had turned into a military base. They were supported by the arrival in April of 6000 soldiers and 3000 horsemen, which began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">siege of the city</a>. </p><p>Just as English troops were not particularly successful, the French troops found themselves in a better strategic position. But the French government's poor financial situation and internal turmoil in the French kingdom prevented any military reinforcements from being sent.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Monluc" title="Jean de Monluc">Bishop of Valence</a> and Charles de La Rochefoucault, sieur of Randan, sent by the king to negotiate, arrived in Scotland, they were treated almost like prisoners. With Marie of Guise shut up in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, the two men were forced to negotiate a peace that was disadvantageous to France. On 6 July 1560, they signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a>, which ended French occupation of Scotland. Francis II and Mary Stuart had to withdraw French troops and stop displaying England's arms. </p><p>A few weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> established Protestantism as the state religion. When Francis II and Mary Stuart were presented with the Treaty of Edinburgh, they were outraged and refused to sign it; they also challenged the legitimacy of the Scottish parliament's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Groslot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hotel_Groslot.jpg/310px-Hotel_Groslot.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hotel_Groslot.jpg/465px-Hotel_Groslot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hotel_Groslot.jpg/620px-Hotel_Groslot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Francis II died in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, at the hôtel Groslot (above).</figcaption></figure> <p>The king's health deteriorated in November 1560. On 16 November he fainted. After only 17 months on the throne, Francis II died on 5 December 1560 in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, Loiret, from an ear condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson1999109_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson1999109-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple diseases have been suggested, such as <a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">mastoiditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Otitis" title="Otitis">otitis</a> exacerbated into an abscess. <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9" title="Ambroise Paré">Ambroise Paré</a>, the royal surgeon, considered performing a <a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanation</a>. Some suspected Protestants of having poisoned the king, a view held by Catholics as the tensions between them and Protestants were on the rise, but this has not been proven. </p><p>Francis II died childless, so his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles</a>, then ten years old, succeeded him. On 21 December, the council named <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, Regent of France. The Guises left the court, while Mary Stuart, Francis II's widow, returned to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Louis, Prince of Condé, who was jailed and awaiting execution, was freed after some negotiations with Catherine de Médici. </p><p>On 23 December 1560, Francis II's body was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon">Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posterity">Posterity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Posterity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis II had a brief reign. He became king as an inexperienced teenager, at a time when the kingdom was struggling with religious troubles. Historians agree that Francis II was fragile, both physically and psychologically, and his frail health led to his early death.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of whether his marriage was consummated or not remains unanswered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal arms of Francis, Dauphin and King consort of Scots"><img alt="Royal arms of Francis, Dauphin and King consort of Scots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg/103px-Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg/154px-Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg/206px-Arms_of_Francis%2C_Dauphin_of_France_and_King_consort_of_Scots.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal arms of Francis, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">King consort</a> of Scots</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_(1558-1559).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, impaled with those of Francis"><img alt="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, impaled with those of Francis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg/103px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg/154px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg/206px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281558-1559%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, impaled with those of Francis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal arms of Francis II"><img alt="Royal arms of Francis II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_France_1515-1578.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal arms of Francis II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_(1559-1560).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen consort of France"><img alt="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen consort of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg/103px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg/154px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg/206px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281559-1560%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a> of France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_(1560-1565).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen dowager of France"><img alt="Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen dowager of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg/103px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg/154px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg/206px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_%281560-1565%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal arms of Mary, Queen of Scots, <a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">Queen dowager</a> of France</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francis_II_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Francis is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Toby_Regbo" title="Toby Regbo">Toby Regbo</a> in the CW show <i><a href="/wiki/Reign_(2013_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign (2013 TV series)">Reign</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Richard Denning in <i><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1971_film)" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></i> (1971), by Sebastian Stragiotti-Axanciuc in <i><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(2013_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (2013 film)">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></i> (2013), and by George Jaques in the TV drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Queen" title="The Serpent Queen">The Serpent Queen</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Francis II of France</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Francis II of France</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas20037_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas20037-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhale191443-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Orsini" title="Alfonsina Orsini">Alfonsina Orsini</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas20037_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas20037-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="John III, Count of Auvergne">John III, Count of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhale191443-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhale191443-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon">Jeanne of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhale191443-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013200_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellman2013">Wellman 2013</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy (2004)</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarquhar2001">Farquhar (2001)</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuy2004">Guy (2004)</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouanna1998">Jouanna (1998)</a>, pp. 52–53, 1067</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 1, 3 and <a href="#CITEREFMariéjol1979">Mariéjol (1979)</a>, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCuisiat1998">Cuisiat (1998)</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCuisiat1998">Cuisiat (1998)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jouanna_53-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jouanna_53_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouanna1998">Jouanna (1998)</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert (2010). <i>The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598</i>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408228197" title="Special:BookSources/9781408228197"><bdi>9781408228197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781408228197&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiefendorf1991" class="citation book cs1">Diefendorf, Barbara (1991). <i>Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195070135" title="Special:BookSources/0195070135"><bdi>0195070135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Cross%3A+Catholics+and+Huguenots+in+Sixteenth-Century+Paris&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0195070135&rft.aulast=Diefendorf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiefendorf1991" class="citation book cs1">Diefendorf, Barbara (1991). <i>Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195070135" title="Special:BookSources/0195070135"><bdi>0195070135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Cross%3A+Catholics+and+Huguenots+in+Sixteenth+Century+Paris&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0195070135&rft.aulast=Diefendorf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert (2010). <i>The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598</i>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408228197" title="Special:BookSources/9781408228197"><bdi>9781408228197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781408228197&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1909" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, James (1909). <i>The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Phillip II</i>. Chicago University Press. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+France%2C+1559%E2%80%931576%3A+The+Huguenots%2C+Catherine+de+Medici+and+Phillip+II&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1979" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, J.H.M (1979). <i>Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Metheun & Co. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0416730507" title="Special:BookSources/0416730507"><bdi>0416730507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Crisis%3A+France+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Metheun+%26+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0416730507&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=J.H.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sutherland, Nicola (1962). "Calvinism and the Conspiracy of Amboise". <i>History</i>. 47 160: 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+the+Conspiracy+of+Amboise&rft.volume=47+160&rft.pages=119&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sutherland, Nicola (1962). "Calvinism and the Conspiracy of Amboise". <i>History</i>. 47 160: 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+the+Conspiracy+of+Amboise&rft.volume=47+160&rft.pages=127&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1909" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, James (1909). <i>The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II</i>. Chicago University Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+France%2C+1559%E2%80%931576%3A+The+Huguenots%2C+Catherine+de+Medici+and+Philip+II&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2009_118-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2009_118_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2009_118_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland_1980_105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_1980_105_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_1980_105_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1980" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Nicola (1980). <i>The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition. Yale University Press</i>. Yale University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300023286" title="Special:BookSources/0300023286"><bdi>0300023286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huguenot+Struggle+for+Recognition.+Yale+University+Press&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0300023286&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1880" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Henry (1880). <i>History of the Rise of the Huguenots in Two Volumes: Vol 1 of 2</i>. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Rise+of+the+Huguenots+in+Two+Volumes%3A+Vol+1+of+2&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristin1991">Christin (1991)</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Histoire générale de Languedoc</i>, vol. LIV, 1889</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1882">de Ruble (1882)</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2020" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Philip (2020). <i>Season of Conspiracy: Calvin, the French Reformed Churches and Protestation Plotting in the Reign of Francis II</i>. American Philosophical Society Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606180853" title="Special:BookSources/9781606180853"><bdi>9781606180853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Season+of+Conspiracy%3A+Calvin%2C+the+French+Reformed+Churches+and+Protestation+Plotting+in+the+Reign+of+Francis+II&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781606180853&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 233–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1880" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Henry (1880). <i>History of the Rise of the Huguenots in Two Volumes: Vol 1 of 2</i>. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Rise+of+the+Huguenots+in+Two+Volumes%3A+Vol+1+of+2&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1997" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David (1997). <i>The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333647998" title="Special:BookSources/0333647998"><bdi>0333647998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion%3A+Selected+Documents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0333647998&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1975" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, J.H.M (1975). <i>Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century</i>. Metheun & Co. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0416730507" title="Special:BookSources/0416730507"><bdi>0416730507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Crisis%3A+France+during+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Metheun+%26+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0416730507&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=J.H.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199596799" title="Special:BookSources/9780199596799"><bdi>9780199596799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199596799&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert (2010). <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598</i>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408228197" title="Special:BookSources/9781408228197"><bdi>9781408228197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781408228197&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 256–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1984" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Nicola (1984). <i>Princes, Politics and Religion 1547–1589</i>. Hambledon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes%2C+Politics+and+Religion+1547%E2%80%931589&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1909" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, James (1909). <i>The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II</i>. Chicago University Press. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Religion+in+France%2C+1559%E2%80%931576%3A+The+Huguenots%2C+Catherine+de+Medici+and+Philip+II&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCloulas1985">Cloulas (1985)</a>, pp. 572–573</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="#CITEREFRomier1974">Romier (1974)</a>, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1974">Romier (1974)</a>, pp. 424–429, 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1889">de Ruble (1889)</a>, pp. 34–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1974">Romier (1974)</a>, pp. 436–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchand1889">Marchand (1889)</a>, p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1882">de Ruble (1882)</a>, pp. 215–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahlenbeck1881">Rahlenbeck (1881)</a>, pp. 343–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCloulas1985">Cloulas (1985)</a>, p. 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1882">de Ruble (1882)</a>, pp. 203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCloulas1985">Cloulas (1985)</a>, pp. 579–581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1882">de Ruble (1882)</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <i>Négociations, lettres et pièces diverses relatives au règne de François II, tirées du portefeuille de Sébastien de l'Aubespine, éveque de Limoges</i>, Paris Louis, Paris, imprimerie royale, " Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France ", 1841, pp. 67–68, 132–136, 243–257, 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchein1998">Duchein (1998)</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques-Auguste de Thou, <i>Histoire universelle</i>, tome second, La Haye, 1742 pp. 742–746.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchein1985">Duchein (1985)</a>, pp. 576–581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomier1923">Romier (1923)</a>, pp. 93–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="#CITEREFde_Ruble1889">de Ruble (1889)</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuchein1998">Duchein (1998)</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson1999109-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson1999109_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryson1999">Bryson 1999</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2012" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Philip J. (8 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&q=francis+ii+of+france+frail+health&pg=PA224"><i>Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786491032" title="Special:BookSources/9780786491032"><bdi>9780786491032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs+of+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Lives+and+Reigns+of+42+European+Kings+and+Queens&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.isbn=9780786491032&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39hKrtqiDcIC%26q%3Dfrancis%2Bii%2Bof%2Bfrance%2Bfrail%2Bhealth%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/article/2013/05/09/cw-sci-fi-shows">"CW orders 3 new sci-fi shows"</a>. <i>Entertainment Weekly's EW.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly%27s+EW.com&rft.atitle=CW+orders+3+new+sci-fi+shows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F09%2Fcw-sci-fi-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme (1726)</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhale191443-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhale191443_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhale1914">Whale (1914)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme (1726)</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme (1726)</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas20037-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas20037_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas20037_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomas2003">Tomas (2003)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_II_of_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselme1726" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j/f149.image"><i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France</i></a> [<i>Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France</i>] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+et+chronologique+de+la+maison+royale+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=La+compagnie+des+libraires&rft.date=1726&rft.aulast=Anselme+de+Sainte-Marie&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k76026j%2Ff149.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson1999" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, David (1999). <i>Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Jeanne+and+the+Promised+Land%3A+Dynasty%2C+Homeland%2C+Religion+and+Violence+in+Sixteenth-Century+France&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristin1991" class="citation book cs1">Christin, Olivier (1991). <i>Une révolution symbolique : l'iconoclasme huguenot et la reconstruction catholique</i>. Le sens commun. Paris: Éditions de Minuit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782707313911" title="Special:BookSources/9782707313911"><bdi>9782707313911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+r%C3%A9volution+symbolique+%3A+l%27iconoclasme+huguenot+et+la+reconstruction+catholique&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Le+sens+commun&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+Minuit&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9782707313911&rft.aulast=Christin&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloulas1985" class="citation book cs1">Cloulas, Ivan (1985). <i>Henri II</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213013329" title="Special:BookSources/9782213013329"><bdi>9782213013329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+II&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9782213013329&rft.aulast=Cloulas&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuisiat1998" class="citation book cs1">Cuisiat, Daniel, ed. (1998). <i>Lettres du cardinal Charles de Lorraine (1524–1574)</i>. Travaux Humanisme Renaissance. Geneva: Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600002639" title="Special:BookSources/9782600002639"><bdi>9782600002639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres+du+cardinal+Charles+de+Lorraine+%281524%E2%80%931574%29&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=Travaux+Humanisme+Renaissance&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9782600002639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchein1998" class="citation book cs1">Duchein, Michel (1998). <i>Histoire de l'Écosse</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213602288" title="Special:BookSources/9782213602288"><bdi>9782213602288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89cosse&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9782213602288&rft.aulast=Duchein&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchein1985" class="citation book cs1">Duchein, Michel (1985). <i>Élisabeth I<sup>re</sup> d'Angleterre</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213639659" title="Special:BookSources/9782213639659"><bdi>9782213639659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89lisabeth+I%3Csup%3Ere%3C%2Fsup%3E+d%27Angleterre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9782213639659&rft.aulast=Duchein&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar2001" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Michael (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuryofroyals00farq"><i>A Treasure of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9"><bdi>0-7394-2025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasure+of+Royal+Scandals%3A+The+Shocking+True+Stories+History%27s+Wickedest%2C+Weirdest%2C+Most+Wanton+Kings%2C+Queens%2C+Tsars%2C+Popes%2C+and+Emperors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7394-2025-9&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasuryofroyals00farq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2004). <i>My Heart is My Own</i>. 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Robert Laffont.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+des+guerres+de+religion%2C+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchand1889" class="citation book cs1">Marchand, Charles (1889). <i>Charles Ier de Cossé, comte de Brissac et maréchal de France, 1507–1563</i>. Paris: E. Champion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Ier+de+Coss%C3%A9%2C+comte+de+Brissac+et+mar%C3%A9chal+de+France%2C+1507%E2%80%931563&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Champion&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Marchand&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariéjol1979" class="citation book cs1">Mariéjol, Jean-Hippolyte (1979) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catherinedemedic00mariuoft"><i>Catherine de Médicis</i></a>. Tallandier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+de+M%C3%A9dicis&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%A9jol&rft.aufirst=Jean-Hippolyte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatherinedemedic00mariuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahlenbeck1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rahlenbeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Rahlenbeck (page does not exist)">Rahlenbeck, Charles</a> (1881). <i>Metz et Thionville sous Charles-Quint</i>. 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Paris: Perrin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Conjuration+d%27Amboise.+L%27aurore+sanglante+de+la+libert%C3%A9+de+conscience%2C+le+r%C3%A8gne+et+la+mort+de+Fran%C3%A7ois+II&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Romier&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomier1974" class="citation book cs1">Romier, Lucien (1974) [1914]. <i>Les origines politiques des guerres de religion</i>. Vol. II. Geneva: Slatkine-Megariotis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+politiques+des+guerres+de+religion&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Slatkine-Megariotis&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Romier&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ruble1882" class="citation book cs1">de Ruble, Alphonse (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/antoinedebourbon02rubluoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret, suite de Le mariage de Jeanne d'Albret</i></a>. Vol. 2. Paris: Adolphe Labitte.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+de+Bourbon+et+Jeanne+d%27Albret%2C+suite+de+Le+mariage+de+Jeanne+d%27Albret&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Adolphe+Labitte&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=de+Ruble&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fantoinedebourbon02rubluoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ruble1889" class="citation book cs1">de Ruble, Alphonse (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letraitdecateau01rublgoog#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Le traité de Cateau-Cambrésis (2 et 3 avril 1559)</i></a>. Paris: Éditions Labitte & Émile-Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+trait%C3%A9+de+Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis+%282+et+3+avril+1559%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Labitte+%26+%C3%89mile-Paul&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=de+Ruble&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletraitdecateau01rublgoog%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, Natalie R. (2003). <i>The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence</i>. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1"><bdi>0-7546-0777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medici+Women%3A+Gender+and+Power+in+Renaissance+Florence.&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-0777-1&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Natalie+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman2013" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, Kathleen (2013). <i>Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+and+Mistresses+of+Renaissance+France&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhale1914" class="citation book cs1">Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/latrmoillefami00whalrich#page/n65"><i>The La Trémoille family</i></a>. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La+Tr%C3%A9moille+family&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Whale&rft.aufirst=Winifred+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flatrmoillefami00whalrich%23page%2Fn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancis+II+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Francis II of France </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois, Angoulême branch</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 19 January 1544</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 5 December 1560</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> </b><br />10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as queen consort </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish consorts">King consort of Scotland</a> </b><br />24 April 1558 – 5 December 1560 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> </b><br />31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_consort" title="Template:British consort"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_consort" title="Template talk:British consort"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_consort" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British consort"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts" title="List of Scottish royal consorts">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">British</a> royal consorts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham" title="Æthelflæd of Damerham">Æthelflæd of Damerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_(wife_of_Eadwig)" title="Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)">Ælfgifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_(wife_of_Edmund_Ironside)" title="Ealdgyth (wife of Edmund Ironside)">Ealdgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Mercia" title="Edith of Mercia">Edith of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeliza_of_Louvain" title="Adeliza of Louvain">Adeliza of Louvain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne">Matilda of Boulogne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Guildford Dudley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy" title="Sybilla of Normandy">Sybilla of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Maud, Countess of Huntingdon">Maud of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_de_Beaumont" title="Ermengarde de Beaumont">Ermengarde de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy" title="Marie de Coucy">Marie de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande de Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh" title="Elizabeth de Burgh">Elizabeth de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland">Margaret Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Royal_consorts_in_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160390"> <ul><li><b>Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_royal_consorts_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170763"> <ul><li><b>British royal consorts after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip of Greece and Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dauphins_of_France79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphins_of_France79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphins of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1386)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1386) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1392%E2%80%931401)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1392–1401) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Guyenne" title="Louis, Duke of Guyenne">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Touraine" title="John, Duke of Touraine">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Orlando,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France">Charles Orlando</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, <i>Le Grand Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, <i>Le Petit Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Catherine de' Medici (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (husband)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francis II of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_Valois" title="Claude of Valois">Claude, Duchess of Lorraine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Descendants of Henry II of France">Descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties/<br />Groups in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic Leagues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_de%27_Medici" title="Clarice de' Medici">Clarice de' Medici</a> (paternal aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Passerini" title="Silvio Passerini">Cardinal Silvio Passerini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis I, Prince of Condé">Louis I, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne III of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Gaspard de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence (1529–1530)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy" title="Colloquy of Poissy">Colloquy of Poissy (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain" title="Edict of Saint-Germain">Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy" title="Massacre of Vassy">Massacre of Vassy (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux" title="Surprise of Meaux">Surprise of Meaux (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau" title="Peace of Longjumeau">Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu (1576)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Palais du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Château of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron of the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_patronage_of_the_arts" title="Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_building_projects" title="Catherine de' Medici's building projects">Building projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">Court Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" class="extiw" title="commons:Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132548#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132548#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132548#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121428987">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88890888">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/283788/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJptYWMXtHFhyKwWpH7yh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119077647">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91031186">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351125v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351125v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="François II <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV028622">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p256951675">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdf65j2qw4fm3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648320005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007271814605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119077647.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119077647">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034531653">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h13n8d">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68237">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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