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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Usurper_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usurper_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Usurper emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usurper_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_5th_and_6th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_5th_and_6th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 5th and 6th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_5th_and_6th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 5th and 6th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_5th_and_6th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zeno:_474–491" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeno:_474–491"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Zeno: 474–491</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeno:_474–491-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anastasius_I:_491–518" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anastasius_I:_491–518"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anastasius I: 491–518</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anastasius_I:_491–518-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justin_I:_518–527" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justin_I:_518–527"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Justin I: 518–527</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justin_I:_518–527-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justinian_I:_527–565" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justinian_I:_527–565"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Justinian I: 527–565</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justinian_I:_527–565-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_7th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_7th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 7th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_7th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 7th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_7th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heraclius:_610–641" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraclius:_610–641"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Heraclius: 610–641</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraclius:_610–641-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constans_II:_641–668" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constans_II:_641–668"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Constans II: 641–668</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constans_II:_641–668-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_IV:_668–685" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_IV:_668–685"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Constantine IV: 668–685</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_IV:_668–685-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_8th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_8th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 8th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_8th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 8th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_8th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justinian_II:_685–695_and_705–711" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justinian_II:_685–695_and_705–711"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Justinian II: 685–695 and 705–711</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justinian_II:_685–695_and_705–711-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_III:_717–741" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_III:_717–741"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Leo III: 717–741</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_III:_717–741-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_V:_741–775" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_V:_741–775"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Constantine V: 741–775</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_V:_741–775-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_IV_the_Khazar:_775–780" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_IV_the_Khazar:_775–780"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Leo IV the Khazar: 775–780</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_IV_the_Khazar:_775–780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_VI:_780–797" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_VI:_780–797"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Constantine VI: 780–797</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_VI:_780–797-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irene:_797–802" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irene:_797–802"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Irene: 797–802</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irene:_797–802-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_9th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_9th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 9th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_9th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 9th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_9th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nikephoros_I:_802–811" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikephoros_I:_802–811"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nikephoros I: 802–811</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikephoros_I:_802–811-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_I_Rangabe:_811–813" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_I_Rangabe:_811–813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Michael I Rangabe: 811–813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_I_Rangabe:_811–813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_II:_820–829" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_II:_820–829"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Michael II: 820–829</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_II:_820–829-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theophilos:_829–842" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theophilos:_829–842"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Theophilos: 829–842</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theophilos:_829–842-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_III:_842–867" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_III:_842–867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Michael III: 842–867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_III:_842–867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basil_I:_867–886" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basil_I:_867–886"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Basil I: 867–886</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basil_I:_867–886-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_10th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_10th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 10th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_10th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 10th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_10th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leo_VI_the_Wise:_886–912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_VI_the_Wise:_886–912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leo VI the Wise: 886–912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_VI_the_Wise:_886–912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_VII:_913–959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_VII:_913–959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Constantine VII: 913–959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_VII:_913–959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanos_II:_959–963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanos_II:_959–963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Romanos II: 959–963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanos_II:_959–963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikephoros_II:_963–969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikephoros_II:_963–969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Nikephoros II: 963–969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikephoros_II:_963–969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_I_Tzimiskes:_969–976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_I_Tzimiskes:_969–976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>John I Tzimiskes: 969–976</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_I_Tzimiskes:_969–976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basil_II:_976–1025" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basil_II:_976–1025"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Basil II: 976–1025</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basil_II:_976–1025-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 11th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_11th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 11th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constantine_VIII:_1025–1028" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_VIII:_1025–1028"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Constantine VIII: 1025–1028</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_VIII:_1025–1028-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanos_III_Argyros:_1028–1034" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanos_III_Argyros:_1028–1034"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Romanos III Argyros: 1028–1034</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanos_III_Argyros:_1028–1034-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian:_1034–1041" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian:_1034–1041"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Michael IV the Paphlagonian: 1034–1041</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian:_1034–1041-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_IX:_1042–1055" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_IX:_1042–1055"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Constantine IX: 1042–1055</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_IX:_1042–1055-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodora:_1055–1056" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodora:_1055–1056"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Theodora: 1055–1056</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodora:_1055–1056-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_VI_Stratiotikos:_1056–1057" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_VI_Stratiotikos:_1056–1057"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Michael VI Stratiotikos: 1056–1057</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_VI_Stratiotikos:_1056–1057-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_VII_Doukas:_1071–1078" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_VII_Doukas:_1071–1078"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Michael VII Doukas: 1071–1078</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_VII_Doukas:_1071–1078-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates:_1078–1081" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates:_1078–1081"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Nikephoros III Botaneiates: 1078–1081</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates:_1078–1081-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexios_I_Komnenos:_1081–1118" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexios_I_Komnenos:_1081–1118"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Alexios I Komnenos: 1081–1118</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexios_I_Komnenos:_1081–1118-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 12th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_12th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 12th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_II_Komnenos:_1118–1143" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_II_Komnenos:_1118–1143"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>John II Komnenos: 1118–1143</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_II_Komnenos:_1118–1143-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_I_Komnenos:_1143–1180" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_I_Komnenos:_1143–1180"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Manuel I Komnenos: 1143–1180</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_I_Komnenos:_1143–1180-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexios_II_Komnenos:_1180–1183" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexios_II_Komnenos:_1180–1183"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Alexios II Komnenos: 1180–1183</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexios_II_Komnenos:_1180–1183-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andronikos_I_Komnenos:_1183–1185" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andronikos_I_Komnenos:_1183–1185"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Andronikos I Komnenos: 1183–1185</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andronikos_I_Komnenos:_1183–1185-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaac_II_Angelos:_1185–1195" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaac_II_Angelos:_1185–1195"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Isaac II Angelos: 1185–1195</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaac_II_Angelos:_1185–1195-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexios_III_Angelos:_1195–1203" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexios_III_Angelos:_1195–1203"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Alexios III Angelos: 1195–1203</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexios_III_Angelos:_1195–1203-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 13th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_13th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 13th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alexios_IV_Angelos:_1203–1204" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexios_IV_Angelos:_1203–1204"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Alexios IV Angelos: 1203–1204</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexios_IV_Angelos:_1203–1204-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodore_I_Laskaris:_1204/5–1221" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodore_I_Laskaris:_1204/5–1221"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Theodore I Laskaris: 1204/5–1221</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodore_I_Laskaris:_1204/5–1221-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes:_1221–1254" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes:_1221–1254"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>John III Doukas Vatatzes: 1221–1254</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes:_1221–1254-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos:_1259–1282" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_VIII_Palaiologos:_1259–1282"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Michael VIII Palaiologos: 1259–1282</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_VIII_Palaiologos:_1259–1282-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andronikos_II_Palaiologos:_1282–1328" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andronikos_II_Palaiologos:_1282–1328"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Andronikos II Palaiologos: 1282–1328</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andronikos_II_Palaiologos:_1282–1328-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_14th_and_15th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_14th_and_15th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unsuccessful usurpers in the 14th and 15th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unsuccessful usurpers in the 14th and 15th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_14th_and_15th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andronikos_III_Palaiologos:_1328–1341" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andronikos_III_Palaiologos:_1328–1341"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Andronikos III Palaiologos: 1328–1341</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andronikos_III_Palaiologos:_1328–1341-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_V_Palaiologos:_1341–1391" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_V_Palaiologos:_1341–1391"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>John V Palaiologos: 1341–1391</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_V_Palaiologos:_1341–1391-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_II_Palaiologos:_1391–1425" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_II_Palaiologos:_1391–1425"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Manuel II Palaiologos: 1391–1425</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_II_Palaiologos:_1391–1425-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_VIII_Palaiologos:_1425–1448" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_VIII_Palaiologos:_1425–1448"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>John VIII Palaiologos: 1425–1448</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_VIII_Palaiologos:_1425–1448-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κατάλογος Βυζαντινών σφετεριστών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος Βυζαντινών σφετεριστών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Usurpadores_bizantinos" title="Anexo:Usurpadores bizantinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Usurpadores bizantinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_usurpateurs_byzantins" title="Liste des usurpateurs byzantins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des usurpateurs byzantins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Список византийских узурпаторов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список византийских узурпаторов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The following is a <b>list of usurpers in the Eastern Roman Empire or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b>, from the start of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> in 395 to the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usurper_emperors">Usurper emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usurper emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a listing of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> who rose to the throne due to their own initiative through a revolt or coup d'état. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (r. 475–476)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> (r. 602–610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (r. 610–641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a> (r. 695–698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a> (r. 698–705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a> (r. 711–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a> (r. 713–715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a> (r. 715–717)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> (r. 717–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> (r. 802–811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V the Armenian</a> (r. 813–820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> (r. 820–829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (r. 867–886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> (r. 969–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a> (r. 1057–1059)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a> (r. 1078–1081)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (r. 1081–1118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (r. 1183–1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a> (r. 1185–1195 and 1203–1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a> (r. 1195–1203)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a> (r. 1203–1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a> (r. 1204)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> (r. 1328–1341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (r. 1341–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a> (r. 1376–1379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (r. 1390 and 1403-1408)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_5th_and_6th_centuries">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 5th and 6th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 5th and 6th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of would-be emperors eventually defeated by the ruling sovereign, listed by reign. The noted date is the attempted usurpation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeno:_474–491"><span id="Zeno:_474.E2.80.93491"></span><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>: 474–491</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zeno: 474–491"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcian_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcian (usurper)">Marcian</a> (479) – <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I</a>'s son–in–law, who resented the accession of Zeno. Captured the imperial palace but was in turn captured. Spent the rest of his life imprisoned in a fortress in <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius_(usurper)" title="Leontius (usurper)">Leontius</a> (484–488) – An Isaurian commander who was called on to put down the rebel <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a> but declared himself emperor instead. He died after a four-year siege of the fortress of Papurius.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anastasius_I:_491–518"><span id="Anastasius_I:_491.E2.80.93518"></span><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a>: 491–518</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anastasius I: 491–518"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areobindus_Dagalaiphus_Areobindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus">Areobindus</a> (512) – Proclaimed emperor during a riot at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, but refused to accept the nomination.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justin_I:_518–527"><span id="Justin_I:_518.E2.80.93527"></span><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>: 518–527</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Justin I: 518–527"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theocritus_(comes_domesticorum)" title="Theocritus (comes domesticorum)">Theocritus</a> (518) – The <a href="/wiki/Comes_domesticorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes domesticorum">comes domesticorum</a> who attempted to buy support for the throne on the death of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justinian_I:_527–565"><span id="Justinian_I:_527.E2.80.93565"></span><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>: 527–565</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Justinian I: 527–565"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julianus_ben_Sabar" title="Julianus ben Sabar">Julianus ben Sabar</a> (529–531) – Leader of a Samaritan revolt, proclaimed "King of Israel". Managed to control the entire <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> before being defeated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatius_(consul_500)" title="Hypatius (consul 500)">Hypatius</a> (532) – A nephew of <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a> who was acclaimed emperor during the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotzas" title="Stotzas">Stotzas</a> (536–545) – A <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> soldier who was elected the leader of rebel troops in the recently conquered Vandal Kingdom of Africa. Aiming to establish a new kingdom, he was defeated on a number of occasions before finally being defeated and mortally wounded in 545.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cottistis" title="John Cottistis">John Cottistis</a> (537) – Usurper in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, he was an infantry soldier who was acclaimed emperor by his troops, but was killed after four days by imperial forces at <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_7th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 7th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraclius:_610–641"><span id="Heraclius:_610.E2.80.93641"></span><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>: 610–641</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heraclius: 610–641"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comentiolus_(brother_of_Phocas)" title="Comentiolus (brother of Phocas)">Comentiolus</a> (610–611) – the brother of <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a>, he refused to acknowledge Heraclius' accession and planned to enforce his claim to the throne. He was eventually assassinated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Conza" title="John of Conza">John of Conza</a> (617) – described as a <i>tyrannus</i> (a term meaning usurper), he captured <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> but was defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_(exarch)" title="Eleutherius (exarch)">Eleutherius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_(exarch)" title="Eleutherius (exarch)">Eleutherius</a> (619) – the Exarch of Ravenna, he was a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> who set up his capital at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, but was murdered by his own troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Athalarichos" title="John Athalarichos">John Athalarichos</a> (635) – The illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, he plotted to overthrow his father, but the scheme was uncovered prior to execution. He was <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">mutilated</a> and exiled.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constans_II:_641–668"><span id="Constans_II:_641.E2.80.93668"></span><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(Byzantine_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (Byzantine Empire)">Constans II</a>: 641–668</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constans II: 641–668"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurikios_Chartoularios" title="Maurikios Chartoularios">Maurikios Chartoularios</a> (642) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Rome</a>, he attempted to establish an independent state in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Executed by the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(usurper)" title="Valentinus (usurper)">Valentinus</a> (644) – the father–in–law of Constans II, he appeared at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> with a contingent of troops, and demanded to be crowned emperor. He was overwhelmed by a hostile crowd and murdered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Patrician" title="Gregory the Patrician">Gregory</a> (646–647) – the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarchate of Carthage">Exarch of Carthage</a>, his support of <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> orthodoxy pushed him into conflict with Constans. Killed in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympius_(exarch)" title="Olympius (exarch)">Olympius</a> (650–652) – the Exarch of Ravenna, he supported the Pope against Constans' religious policies. Marching into <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, he died of plague.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pasagnathes" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Pasagnathes">Theodoros Pasagnathes</a> (651–652) – a <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> who rebelled in <a href="/wiki/Armeniacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeniacs">Armenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherios_the_Younger" title="Eleutherios the Younger">Eleutherios</a> (665–666) – the leader of a local rebellion that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_(7th_century)" title="Gennadius (7th century)">Gennadius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saborios" title="Saborios">Saborios</a> (667–668) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armeniacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeniacs">Armeniacs</a>, he raised a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, but died when his out of control horse smashed his head against a city gate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_IV:_668–685"><span id="Constantine_IV:_668.E2.80.93685"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>: 668–685</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Constantine IV: 668–685"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizizios" title="Mizizios">Mizizios</a> (668–669) – Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a>, he was chosen by the court at <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to replace the murdered <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a>. He was eventually executed by forces loyal to Constantine IV.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_8th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 8th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 8th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justinian_II:_685–695_and_705–711"><span id="Justinian_II:_685.E2.80.93695_and_705.E2.80.93711"></span><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a>: 685–695 and 705–711</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Justinian II: 685–695 and 705–711"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgius_(Ravenna)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgius (Ravenna) (page does not exist)">Giorgius</a> (710–711) – after the murder of the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch</a> <a href="/wiki/John_III_Rizocopo" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Rizocopo">John III Rizocopo</a>, Giorgius usurped imperial authority in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_III:_717–741"><span id="Leo_III:_717.E2.80.93741"></span><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>: 717–741</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leo III: 717–741"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Onomagoulos" title="Basil Onomagoulos">Basil Onomagoulos</a> (718) – elevated as emperor in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> after hearing false news of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. Was surrendered to imperial officers when they arrived and then beheaded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_(usurper)" title="Cosmas (usurper)">Cosmas</a> (727) – a commander of the army stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of Hellas, he was elevated in opposition to Leo's <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> policies. Defeated while approaching <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, Cosmas was captured and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Petasius" title="Tiberius Petasius">Tiberius Petasius</a> (729–730) – claimed imperial power in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in response to the iconoclasm controversy. Defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Eutychius_(exarch)" title="Eutychius (exarch)">Eutychius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_V:_741–775"><span id="Constantine_V:_741.E2.80.93775"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>: 741–775</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Constantine V: 741–775"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> and Nikephoros (742–743) – count of the <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a> theme and the brother–in–law of Constantine V, Artabasdos usurped the throne while Constantine was in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. His son Nikephoros was made co–emperor with him at the same time. He reversed Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> policies, but his armies were defeated. He was blinded and banished to a monastery.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_IV_the_Khazar:_775–780"><span id="Leo_IV_the_Khazar:_775.E2.80.93780"></span><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV the Khazar</a>: 775–780</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leo IV the Khazar: 775–780"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> (776) – Leo IV's half–brother, he attempted to usurp the throne, but was stripped of his rank when it was uncovered.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_VI:_780–797"><span id="Constantine_VI:_780.E2.80.93797"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a>: 780–797</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Constantine VI: 780–797"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> (780 and 792) – The eldest of Constantine V's surviving sons, Nikephoros was the focus of several pro-iconoclastic plots: in 780 he attempted to mount the throne after the death of Leo IV, but was prevented by <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a>, and he was <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> a priest. Then in 792, some of the imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagmata</a></i> proclaimed Nikephoros as emperor. He was captured by Constantine VI and blinded before being imprisoned in a monastery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpidius_(rebel)" title="Elpidius (rebel)">Elpidios</a> (782) – appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, he was accused of disloyalty and refused to return to the capital, holding out against imperial forces sent to bring him back.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irene:_797–802"><span id="Irene:_797.E2.80.93802"></span><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a>: 797–802</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Irene: 797–802"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> (797 and 799) – Although blinded, Nikephoros was still involved in imperial conspiracies. In 797, he materialized in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, hoping to inspire the populace to support his bid for the throne. It failed and he was banished to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. Then in 799, local troops planned to proclaim him emperor, but again it failed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a> (799–800) – a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> who served Irene, he planned to usurp the throne after falling from favor, launching a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. He died before the revolt was suppressed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_9th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 9th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 9th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikephoros_I:_802–811"><span id="Nikephoros_I:_802.E2.80.93811"></span><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a>: 802–811</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nikephoros I: 802–811"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardanes_Tourkos" title="Bardanes Tourkos">Bardanes Tourkos</a> (803) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Monostrategos" class="mw-redirect" title="Monostrategos">monostrategos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, he used the army's discontent over Nikephoros' financial policies to declare himself emperor. Deserted by his commanders, and unable to obtain support in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> he surrendered and was blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaber" title="Arsaber">Arsaber</a> (808) – a group of secular and ecclesiastic officials, who were dissatisfied with Nikephoros formed a conspiracy and acclaimed Arsaber, a nobleman holding the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i>, as emperor. The plot was discovered and Arsaber was <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> and exiled to a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_I_Rangabe:_811–813"><span id="Michael_I_Rangabe:_811.E2.80.93813"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a>: 811–813</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Michael I Rangabe: 811–813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> (812) – for the sixth time, Nikephoros was involved in a plot for the imperial throne, this time with a group of disgruntled soldiers who tried to proclaim him emperor. The soldiers were disbanded and Nikephoros was moved to the island of Aphousia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_II:_820–829"><span id="Michael_II:_820.E2.80.93829"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a>: 820–829</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Michael II: 820–829"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav" title="Thomas the Slav">Thomas the Slav</a> (821–823) – a bitter rival of Michael II, Thomas assumed the identity of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> and gathered an army. He besieged <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, but was forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Arkadiopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkadiopolis">Arkadiopolis</a> where he surrendered. He was later executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemius_(Sicily)" title="Euphemius (Sicily)">Euphemius</a> (826–827) – a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> admiral who killed the governor in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and proclaimed himself emperor, forming an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. He died after a skirmish with imperial troops.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theophilos:_829–842"><span id="Theophilos:_829.E2.80.93842"></span><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a>: 829–842</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theophilos: 829–842"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophobos" title="Theophobos">Theophobos</a> (838–839) – a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> commander in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> army, his men acclaimed him emperor after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Battle of Anzen</a>. Although he agreed to surrender, he was later executed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_III:_842–867"><span id="Michael_III:_842.E2.80.93867"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>: 842–867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Michael III: 842–867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karbeas" title="Karbeas">Karbeas</a> (843–863) – a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> army officer, he established an independent <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulician</a> state centered around <a href="/wiki/Tephrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Tephrike">Tephrike</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basil_I:_867–886"><span id="Basil_I:_867.E2.80.93886"></span><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>: 867–886</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Basil I: 867–886"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocheir" title="Chrysocheir">Chrysocheir</a> (863–872) – the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Karbeas" title="Karbeas">Karbeas</a>, he succeeded his uncle but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Battle of Bathys Ryax</a> and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas_(9th_century)" title="John Kourkouas (9th century)">John Kourkouas</a> (886) – leader of a wide-ranging conspiracy against Basil I, the plot was betrayed by his chamberlain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_10th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 10th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_VI_the_Wise:_886–912"><span id="Leo_VI_the_Wise:_886.E2.80.93912"></span><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a>: 886–912</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Leo VI the Wise: 886–912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(general_under_Leo_VI)" title="Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)">Andronikos Doukas</a> (906–907) – the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a>, he disobeyed Leo's orders to join a military expedition and seized the fortress of Kaballa, near <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a>. Besieged, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> help where he was later killed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_VII:_913–959"><span id="Constantine_VII:_913.E2.80.93959"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>: 913–959</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Constantine VII: 913–959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(usurper)" title="Constantine Doukas (usurper)">Constantine Doukas</a> (913) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(general_under_Leo_VI)" title="Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)">Andronikos Doukas</a>, he was approached by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> to take the throne to prevent the regency of <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a>. He died during the attempt, thrown from his horse and killed by the imperial guards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Leo Phokas the Elder">Leo Phokas the Elder</a> (919) – a former <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a>, he attempted to prevent the accession of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a>, but was outmaneuvered and his revolt ended in failure. He was captured and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardas_Boilas" title="Bardas Boilas">Bardas Boilas</a> (923) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>, he rose in revolt against <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Copper_Hand" title="Basil the Copper Hand">Basil the Copper Hand</a> (932) – claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(usurper)" title="Constantine Doukas (usurper)">Constantine Doukas</a>, he launched a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> but was captured and had his right hand amputated. He replaced his hand with a copper one and launched a second revolt, but it too failed. He was burned alive in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Amastrianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Amastrianum">Forum Amastrianum</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanos_II:_959–963"><span id="Romanos_II:_959.E2.80.93963"></span><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a>: 959–963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Romanos II: 959–963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Peteinos" title="Basil Peteinos">Basil Peteinos</a> (961) – a senior official under Constantine VII, whom he had helped to secure his throne against the Lekapenoi, Peteinos led a conspiracy involving several high-ranking members of the court, aiming to kill Romanos II and usurp the throne.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikephoros_II:_963–969"><span id="Nikephoros_II:_963.E2.80.93969"></span><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a>: 963–969</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nikephoros II: 963–969"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalokyros" title="Kalokyros">Kalokyros</a> (968–971) – a <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrician</a> who was dispatched to the court of <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav I of Kiev</a> in order to persuade him to launch an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, with which Byzantium was at war. Sviatoslav agreed to support Kalokyros in his ambition of gaining the imperial throne, but Kalokyros was captured and executed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_I_Tzimiskes:_969–976"><span id="John_I_Tzimiskes:_969.E2.80.93976"></span><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a>: 969–976</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: John I Tzimiskes: 969–976"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas the Younger</a> (970) – The brother of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a>, he attempted to exert his claim to the throne in 970, but was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basil_II:_976–1025"><span id="Basil_II:_976.E2.80.931025"></span><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>: 976–1025</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Basil II: 976–1025"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas the Younger</a> (971 and 987–989) – Son of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas the Younger</a>, he launched a rebellion in 971 but was captured by <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Skleros" title="Bardas Skleros">Bardas Skleros</a>. He was released from captivity to deal with Skleros, who had also rebelled, whom he defeated in 979. Returned to imperial favor, he was made <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, but rebelled against Basil II after the emperor's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gates_of_Trajan" title="Battle of the Gates of Trajan">Battle of the Gates of Trajan</a>. He died while charging at Basil in battle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardas_Skleros" title="Bardas Skleros">Bardas Skleros</a> (976–979 and 987–990) – the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a> in the East, he rebelled after the death of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a>, but was defeated in 979 by <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas the Younger</a>. He fled to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and returned after Basil's humiliation at <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Trajan" title="Gate of Trajan">Trajan's Gate</a>. Seeking an accommodation with Bardas Phokas, he was captured but then released after Phokas' death. He surrendered himself to Basil II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_Barytrachelos" title="Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos">Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos</a> (1022) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas the Younger</a>, rose in revolt with the support of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Xiphias" title="Nikephoros Xiphias">Nikephoros Xiphias</a>. The two men had a strained relationship, however, and the revolt quickly collapsed after Xiphias murdered Phokas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_11th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 11th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_VIII:_1025–1028"><span id="Constantine_VIII:_1025.E2.80.931028"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a>: 1025–1028</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Constantine VIII: 1025–1028"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Bourtzes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Bourtzes (page does not exist)">Constantine Bourtzes</a> (1025) – was accused by the emperor of a conspiracy against his life and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Komnenos" title="Nikephoros Komnenos">Nikephoros Komnenos</a> (1025) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a>, he was accused of plotting to overthrow Constantine and was blinded.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bardas_Phokas_(11th_century)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bardas Phokas (11th century) (page does not exist)">Bardas Phokas</a> (1026) – the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas the Younger</a>, he was accused by the palace eunuchs of conspiracy and blinded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanos_III_Argyros:_1028–1034"><span id="Romanos_III_Argyros:_1028.E2.80.931034"></span><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a>: 1028–1034</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Romanos III Argyros: 1028–1034"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Diogenes" title="Constantine Diogenes">Constantine Diogenes</a> (1029 and 1032) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, he was accused of conspiring against Romanos III, imprisoned and blinded. Then in 1032 he planned to take advantage of Romanos' absence on campaign in the East to escape to the Balkans and make a new bid to topple Romanos. The plot was discovered and Constantine committed suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Skleros" title="Basil Skleros">Basil Skleros</a> (1033) – Brother-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a>, he plotted against him and was exiled with his wife.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian:_1034–1041"><span id="Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian:_1034.E2.80.931041"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV the Paphlagonian</a>: 1034–1041</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Michael IV the Paphlagonian: 1034–1041"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpidios_Brachamios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpidios Brachamios (page does not exist)">Elpidios Brachamios</a> (1034) – led a popular revolt at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, which led to the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Dalassenos_(duke_of_Antioch)" title="Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)">Constantine Dalassenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine Monomachos</a> (1034 and 1038) – was twice accused of conspiracy against Michael IV, resulting in his exile to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_of_Duklja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vojislav of Duklja">Vojislav of Duklja</a> (1034 and 1040–1052) – organized a rebellion against Byzantine rule in 1034, but was captured and imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Upon his release he rebelled again, defeating a number of Byzantine armies and overthrowing imperial rule around the city of <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Dioklea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_Synadenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Synadenos (page does not exist)">Basil Synadenos</a> (1040) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a>, he attempted to crush the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Delyan">Peter Delyan</a> but was accused by one of his army commanders of conspiracy against Michael IV and was arrested.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael Keroularios</a> (1040) – led an insurrection against Michael IV, but the plot was uncovered, and Michael became a monk to save his life.</li> <li>Gregory Taronites (1040) – a <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i>, he instigated a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, but was captured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenulf,_brother_of_Pandulf_III_of_Benevento" title="Atenulf, brother of Pandulf III of Benevento">Atenulf</a> (1040–1042) – led a <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> rebellion against Byzantine authority in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>. Was bribed by the Byzantines and replaced as leader of the rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Argyrus_(Catepan_of_Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyrus (Catepan of Italy)">Argyrus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Delyan">Peter Delyan</a> (1040–1041) – the leader of a local <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarian</a> uprising against Byzantine rule, he was blinded by his cousin before being defeated by the Byzantines. He was taken to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and executed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_IX:_1042–1055"><span id="Constantine_IX:_1042.E2.80.931055"></span><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine IX</a>: 1042–1055</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Constantine IX: 1042–1055"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyrus_(Catepan_of_Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyrus (Catepan of Italy)">Argyrus</a> (1042) – led the continuing <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> revolt in southern Italy, but he too defected to the Byzantines, after being offered the position of <a href="/wiki/Catepan_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catepan of Italy">Catepan of Italy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Erotikos" title="Theophilos Erotikos">Theophilos Erotikos</a> (1042) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, he took advantage of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a> to launch a rebellion. He was arrested and had his goods confiscated before being released.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> (1042–1043) – the <a href="/wiki/Catepan_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catepan of Italy">Catepan of Italy</a>, he was systematically reclaiming territory in Southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> when he was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Furious, he rebelled, and although he destroyed an army sent to capture him, he was wounded during the battle and died.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanos_Pergamenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanos Pergamenos (page does not exist)">Stephanos Pergamenos</a> (1043) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastophoros" title="Sebastophoros">sebastophoros</a></i>, he rebelled in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tornikios" title="Leo Tornikios">Leo Tornikios</a> (1047) – Constantine IX's nephew and the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Iberia</a>, he proclaimed himself emperor at <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> and almost took the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Forced to retreat, he was captured and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_Kampanares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros Kampanares (page does not exist)">Nikephoros Kampanares</a> (1050) – a thematic judge and <i>eparchos</i>, he was banished by the emperor on suspicion of plotting to overthrow him, but was later recalled.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_Boilas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos Boilas (page does not exist)">Romanos Boilas</a> (1051) – a senator and commander of the imperial bodyguard, he was a favourite of the emperor. He attempted to assassinate Constantine IX because he was in love with Constantine's mistress. The emperor pardoned him.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Barys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Barys (page does not exist)">Constantine Barys</a> (1052) – He was exiled by Constantine IX for suspicion of plotting to take the throne. Whilst in exile he prepared to rebel against the emperor, and sought the advice of Saint Lazaros. The plot was discovered and he ended up losing his tongue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodora:_1055–1056"><span id="Theodora:_1055.E2.80.931056"></span><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (11th century)">Theodora</a>: 1055–1056</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Theodora: 1055–1056"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Proteuon" title="Nikephoros Proteuon">Nikephoros Proteuon</a> (1055) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of Bulgaria, he was selected by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine IX</a> to succeed him as he lay dying, but his elevation was pre-empted by Theodora, who banished him.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_VI_Stratiotikos:_1056–1057"><span id="Michael_VI_Stratiotikos:_1056.E2.80.931057"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Stratiotikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VI Stratiotikos">Michael VI Stratiotikos</a>: 1056–1057</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Michael VI Stratiotikos: 1056–1057"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosios_Monomachos" title="Theodosios Monomachos">Theodosios Monomachos</a> (1056) – another of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a>' nephews, he claimed the throne after the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (11th century)">Theodora</a>, but his revolt in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was easily suppressed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Bryennios_(ethnarch)" title="Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)">Nikephoros Bryennios</a> (1057) – a Byzantine general. Furious at his treatment at the hands of Michael VI, he planned to launch a revolt, but he was arrested and blinded by officers loyal to the emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Frankopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervé Frankopoulos">Hervé Frankopoulos</a> (1057) – a <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> mercenary general, he attempted to establish his own state in eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> but was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahlat" title="Ahlat">Ahlat</a>, Abu Nasr.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_VII_Doukas:_1071–1078"><span id="Michael_VII_Doukas:_1071.E2.80.931078"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a>: 1071–1078</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Michael VII Doukas: 1071–1078"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios" title="Philaretos Brachamios">Philaretos Brachamios</a> (1071–1078) – On the death of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a>, he was acclaimed emperor by his troops and established an independent realm in <a href="/wiki/Germanicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanicia">Germanicia</a>. He abandoned his imperial claims in 1078 in exchange for the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Bodin" title="Constantine Bodin">Constantine Bodin</a> (1072) – Leader of a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, he was crowned <i>Emperor of the Bulgarians</i> under the name Peter III. He was captured and taken prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> before being moved to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussel_de_Bailleul" title="Roussel de Bailleul">Roussel de Bailleul</a> (1073 –1074) – Frankish or Norman mercenary who was given command of 3,000 Frankish and Norman heavy cavalry. He used his cavalry to capture territory in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, declared independence in 1073, sacked <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar#Chrysopolis" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a>, and defeated and army under <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(Caesar)" title="John Doukas (Caesar)">John Doukas</a>, before being defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(Caesar)" title="John Doukas (Caesar)">John Doukas</a> (1074) – Michael VII's uncle, he was sent to deal with the rebellion of some <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> mercenaries, but was defeated and captured. The Normans convinced him to become emperor, forcing Michael VII to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> for aid. They defeated John Doukas and captured him.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_(Usurper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestor (Usurper) (page does not exist)">Nestor</a> (1076–1078) – A former slave of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine X">Constantine X</a>, he had been promoted to become the <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paristrion" title="Paristrion">Paristrion</a>, on the region bordering the Danube. Having had much of his property and wealth confiscated by the minister <a href="/wiki/Nikephoritzes" title="Nikephoritzes">Nikephoritzes</a>, he rebelled in around 1076, placing himself at the head of the garrisons under his command, which were already in a state of mutiny due to arrears in their pay. The troops were eager to plunder the Bulgarians, and he obtained the assistance of one of the chiefs of the Patzinaks before marching onto <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The rebels demanded the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoritzes" title="Nikephoritzes">Nikephoritzes</a>, but discovering that he did not have the numbers to attack the capital, his troops separated into smaller parties, and proceeded to plunder Thrace. Defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a> in 1078, Nestor remained with the Patzinaks, and retreated with them back to <a href="/wiki/Paristrion" title="Paristrion">Paristrion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levon_Davatanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levon Davatanos (page does not exist)">Levon Davatanos</a> (1077–1078) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, he launched an unsuccessful rebellion in the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Bryennios_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder">Nikephoros Bryennios</a> (1077–1078) – a Byzantine general. News that Michael's chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Nikephoritzes" title="Nikephoritzes">Nikephoritzes</a>, had listed him for assassination, encouraged him to make his bid for the throne. He was beaten to the throne by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a> and defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalavrye" title="Battle of Kalavrye">Kalavrye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates:_1078–1081"><span id="Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates:_1078.E2.80.931081"></span><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a>: 1078–1081</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nikephoros III Botaneiates: 1078–1081"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios Doukas</a> (1078) – younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a>, he tried to assert his claim to the throne, but was handed over by the supporters of Nikephoros III, who banished him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Basilakes" title="Nikephoros Basilakes">Nikephoros Basilakes</a> (1078) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a>, he proclaimed himself emperor before he too was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a> and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a> (1080–1081) – a Byzantine general, he opposed the elevation of Nikephoros Botaneiates, and promised more territory to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Turks">Seljuq Turks</a> in exchange for their support. He abandoned his claim to the throne once <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios Komnenos</a> was proclaimed emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben I, Prince of Armenia">Ruben</a> (1080–1095) – an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> general, he declared himself the independent ruler of the province of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexios_I_Komnenos:_1081–1118"><span id="Alexios_I_Komnenos:_1081.E2.80.931118"></span><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>: 1081–1118</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alexios I Komnenos: 1081–1118"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raiktor" title="Raiktor">Raiktor</a> (1081) – an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> monk who assumed the identity of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VII">Michael VII</a>, and was used by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> to justify an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Humbertopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Humbertopoulos (page does not exist)">Constantine Humbertopoulos</a> (1091) – of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> descent, he was a mercenary captain whose decision to support Alexios, secured him the throne. He was promoted before conspiring against Alexios with an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> called Ariebes and was banished.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Tzachas_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Tzachas of Smyrna">Emir Tzachas of Smyrna</a> (1092) – a <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turk">Seljuk Turkish</a> emir based in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> who claimed the imperial title.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(governor_of_Dyrrhachium)" title="John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium)">John Komnenos</a> (1092) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a>, he was accused by <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophylact of Bulgaria">Theophylact of Bulgaria</a> of plotting against the Emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karykes" title="Karykes">Karykes</a> (1093) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, he launched a simultaneous revolt with <a href="/wiki/Rhapsomates" title="Rhapsomates">Rhapsomates</a> against Alexios. News of the imperial fleet's approach caused a counter-coup that overthrew him, during which he was murdered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsomates" title="Rhapsomates">Rhapsomates</a> (1093) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, he also rebelled against Alexios I. He defended Cyprus, but desertions in his ranks saw him attempt to flee, whereupon he was captured after seeking refuge in a church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Taronites" title="Michael Taronites">Michael Taronites</a> (1094) – Alexios' brother-in-law, he was convicted of conspiring against Alexios and banished.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Constantine_Diogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Constantine Diogenes">Pseudo-Constantine Diogenes</a> (1094) – A pretender who claimed to be the dead son of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a>, Constantine led the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> who crossed the Balkan mountains and raided into eastern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. He was killed at <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros Diogenes</a> (1094) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> and a former co-emperor, he had been made governor of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> by Alexios I. He attempted to murder Alexios twice, but both times he failed, the second time he was caught red-handed with the sword. He was blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gabras" title="Theodore Gabras">Theodore Gabras</a> (1096–1098) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>, achieved a level of semi-autonomy before Alexios I managed to reclaim some imperial control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Taronites_(governor_of_Chaldia)" title="Gregory Taronites (governor of Chaldia)">Gregory Taronites</a> (1104) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>, he tried to take advantage of his province's relative isolation by trying to make himself an independent ruler. Was defeated and captured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Anemas">Michael Anemas</a> (1105) – Along with his brothers and a senator named Salomon, he plotted against Alexios I, but the conspiracy was uncovered, resulting in Michael's imprisonment.</li> <li>Aron (1107) – The illegitimate descendant of a Bulgarian prince, he formed a plot to murder Alexios as he was encamped near <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, but the presence of the empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene</a> and her attendants made this difficult. In an attempt to have her return to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the conspirators produced pamphlets that mocked and slandered the empress, and left them in her tent. A search for the author of the publications uncovered the whole plot, resulting in Aron's banishment.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Leo_Diogenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudo-Leo Diogenes (page does not exist)">Pseudo-Leo Diogenes</a> (1116) – Another pretender claiming to be a son of Romanos IV Diogenes, he was the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II Monomakh</a>, and attempted to overthrow Byzantine authority in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_12th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 12th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_II_Komnenos:_1118–1143"><span id="John_II_Komnenos:_1118.E2.80.931143"></span><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a>: 1118–1143</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: John II Komnenos: 1118–1143"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassianus_(Byzantine_Rebel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassianus (Byzantine Rebel) (page does not exist)">Cassianus</a> (1126–1130) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>, he rebelled at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Gabras" title="Constantine Gabras">Constantine Gabras</a>. Frightened by John II's impending preparations to retake the rebellious provinces along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, he ceded the province to <a href="/wiki/Gazi_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtigin" title="Gazi Gümüshtigin">Gazi Gümüshtigin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Danishmends" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmends">Danishmend</a> state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Gabras" title="Constantine Gabras">Constantine Gabras</a> (1126–1140) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>, he ruled his province as a virtually autonomous state before John II managed to bring it back under direct imperial control.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuel_I_Komnenos:_1143–1180"><span id="Manuel_I_Komnenos:_1143.E2.80.931180"></span><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>: 1143–1180</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Manuel I Komnenos: 1143–1180"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoros_II,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoros II, Prince of Armenia">Thoros</a> (1145–1169) – a usurper in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, he escaped from imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and re-established an independent <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>, which had been brought back under imperial control by <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a>. He successfully repulsed a number of military expeditions launched by Manuel I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a> (1154) – a cousin of Manuel I, he plotted to overthrow Manuel with the support of King <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II of Hungary</a> who invaded the empire. Andonikos was arrested and confined by the emperor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Axouch" title="Alexios Axouch">Alexios Axouch</a> (1167) – the grand-nephew of Manuel I and governor of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, he was accused of conspiring against the emperor and was confined to a monastery for the rest of his life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexios_II_Komnenos:_1180–1183"><span id="Alexios_II_Komnenos:_1180.E2.80.931183"></span><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a>: 1180–1183</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Alexios II Komnenos: 1180–1183"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Kontostephanos" title="Andronikos Kontostephanos">Andronikos Kontostephanos</a> (1182) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">megas doux</a></i> and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy, he was a key supporter of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a>, but began plotting against him once his tyrannical nature became apparent. He was captured and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_Angelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronikos Doukas Angelos">Andronikos Doukas Angelos</a> (1183) – the father of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a>, he was a Byzantine general who had been sent to quell the rebellion of Andronikos I, but ended up joining the rebellion after being defeated in battle. Once Andronikos I became regent however, Andronikos Angelos entered into a conspiracy with the megas doux <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Kontostephanos" title="Andronikos Kontostephanos">Andronikos Kontostephanos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">postal logothete</a> and a number of other officials. He fled to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> when Andronikos I uncovered the plot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_Vatatzes" title="John Komnenos Vatatzes">John Komnenos Vatatzes</a> (1183) – governor of the <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracesian theme">Thracesian theme</a>, he objected to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a>. He rebelled at <a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a> and defeated the forces of Andronikos and Alexios II led by <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Lampardas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronikos Lampardas">Andronikos Lampardas</a> but died a few days later of natural causes.</li> <li>Theodore Angelos (1183–1184) - the son of <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_Angelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronikos Doukas Angelos">Andronikos Doukas Angelos</a>, he and his brother <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac Angelos</a> returned from <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and launched a rebellion at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a> against the regent Andronikos, prompting him to become co-emperor alongside Alexios II. In early 1184, Andronikos I captured Nicaea after Isaac surrendered the city to him. Andronikos then captured Theodore in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Prusa</a>, and had him blinded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andronikos_I_Komnenos:_1183–1185"><span id="Andronikos_I_Komnenos:_1183.E2.80.931185"></span><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>: 1183–1185</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Andronikos I Komnenos: 1183–1185"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Lampardas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronikos Lampardas">Andronikos Lampardas</a> (1183) – a Byzantine general, he rebelled when he heard news of Andronikos I's usurpation and murder of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a>. Attempting to raise forces in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, he was captured by officials loyal to Andronikos I and was blinded and soon afterwards killed.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Kantakouzenos_(Governor_of_Prussa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Kantakouzenos (Governor of Prussa) (page does not exist)">Theodore Kantakouzenos</a> (1184) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Prussa</a>, he attempted to assassinate Andronikos, but his horse stumbled during the attempt, throwing Theodore to the ground. He was beheaded by Andronikos' guard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_of_Cyprus" title="Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus">Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus</a> (1184–1191) – a minor member of the Komnenos family, he hired a troop of mercenaries and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> with falsified letters commanding Byzantine officials to obey him. He was crowned emperor and brutally terrorised the island. He was eventually overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>, who captured Cyprus on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Komnenos_(grand-nephew_of_Manuel_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios Komnenos (grand-nephew of Manuel I) (page does not exist)">Alexios Komnenos</a> (1185) – the grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> and his cup-bearer, he was banished by Andronikos Komnenos, but fled to the court of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a>. There, he obtained William's support for his claim to the throne, and William used this to launch a <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> invasion of the empire, culminating in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Komnenos_(died_1188)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios Komnenos (died 1188) (page does not exist)">Alexios Komnenos</a> (1185) – the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> (as well as being Andronikos' son-in-law), he was promoted as emperor by the Sebastianus brothers, but Alexios was taken and blinded. He was later accused of conspiring with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Komnenos_(grandson_of_Nikephoros_Bryennios)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos Komnenos (grandson of Nikephoros Bryennios) (page does not exist)">Andronikos Komnenos</a> and forced to take <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaac_II_Angelos:_1185–1195"><span id="Isaac_II_Angelos:_1185.E2.80.931195"></span><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a>: 1185–1195</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Isaac II Angelos: 1185–1195"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Komnenos_(grandson_of_Nikephoros_Bryennios)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos Komnenos (grandson of Nikephoros Bryennios) (page does not exist)">Andronikos Bryennios</a> (1186) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, he was accused of conspiring with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Komnenos_(d._1188)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios Komnenos (d. 1188) (page does not exist)">Alexios Komnenos</a> to usurp the throne. He demanded the opportunity to refute the charges, but was blinded without a trial.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Branas" title="Alexios Branas">Alexios Branas</a> (1187) – a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> general raised to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Protosebastos" title="Protosebastos">protosebastos</a></i>, he had defeated the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and had been sent to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Vlach-Bulgarian_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion">Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion</a> when he rebelled. He was defeated in battle by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>, Isaac II's brother-in-law and beheaded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Mangaphas" title="Theodore Mangaphas">Theodore Mangaphas</a> (1188–1189 and 1204–1206) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a>, he declared himself emperor in 1188, forcing Isaac II to march out against him. Theodore agreed to relinquish the imperial title in exchange for retaining his position at Philadelphia. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1204, he again claimed the imperial title, only to be overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Tatikios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Tatikios (page does not exist)">Constantine Tatikios</a> (1190) – achieved the support of 500 influential people to overthrow Isaac II, but was discovered, arrested and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_Chotzas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil Chotzas (page does not exist)">Basil Chotzas</a> (1190–1204) – launched a rebellion and established a semi-autonomous state centred at Tarsia in north-western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Aspietes" title="Constantine Aspietes">Constantine Aspietes</a> (1190/91) – a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> general, he objected to the way the war against the <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlach</a> was proceeding and attempted to obtain support from the army. He was removed from command and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Komnenos_(nephew_of_Andronikos_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Komnenos (nephew of Andronikos I) (page does not exist)">Isaac Komnenos</a> (1191) – incarcerated when his uncle <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> was overthrown, he escaped from prison and made a bid for the throne at <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. He was captured and tortured, dying the next day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Alexios_II" title="Pseudo-Alexios II">Pseudo-Alexios II</a> (1192) – a pretender claiming to be the dead son of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, he obtained support from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a> and attacked <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. He was assassinated by a priest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Alexios_II" title="Pseudo-Alexios II">Pseudo-Alexios II</a> (1192) – another royal pretender, he arose in <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>, but was defeated in battle by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Choumnos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Choumnos (page does not exist)">Theodore Choumnos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chartularius" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartularius">chartularius</a>, who captured and then put him to death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Angelos_Doukas" title="Constantine Angelos Doukas">Constantine Angelos Doukas</a> (1193) – Isaac II's cousin, success in the Bulgarian War saw him declare himself emperor. He was handed over to Isaac by his fellow officers and was blinded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexios_III_Angelos:_1195–1203"><span id="Alexios_III_Angelos:_1195.E2.80.931203"></span><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a>: 1195–1203</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Alexios III Angelos: 1195–1203"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_Kontostephanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios Kontostephanos (page does not exist)">Alexios Kontostephanos</a> (1195 and 1200) – the former governor of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, after Isaac II's overthrow he was acclaimed emperor by the mob who declared their desire never to be ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Komnenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenoi">Komnenoi</a> again. He was captured and imprisoned. He tried again in 1200, but was again unsuccessful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Alexios_II" title="Pseudo-Alexios II">Pseudo-Alexios II</a> (1196) – another pretender claiming to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, he rose up at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> but was captured and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanko_(boyar)" title="Ivanko (boyar)">Ivanko</a> (1198–1200) – after marrying <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Angelina_(daughter_of_Isaac_Komnenos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora Angelina (daughter of Isaac Komnenos)">Theodora Angelina</a> and thus entering the imperial family, Ivanko rebelled in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, capturing the general <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Kamytzes" title="Manuel Kamytzes">Manuel Kamytzes</a> in 1198. He was taken prisoner during a meeting with the emperor's representative, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Palaiologos_(Despot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexios Palaiologos (Despot)">Alexios Palaiologos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobromir_Chrysos" title="Dobromir Chrysos">Dobromir Chrysos</a> (1198–1202) – emerging in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, he also was offered marriage to <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Angelina_(daughter_of_Isaac_Komnenos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora Angelina (daughter of Isaac Komnenos)">Theodora Angelina</a> to gain his allegiance. He fought against the emperor with the help of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Camytzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Camytzes">Manuel Camytzes</a>, but was at last conquered by the Bulgarian emperor <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Kantakouzenos_(Usurper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Kantakouzenos (Usurper) (page does not exist)">Michael Kantakouzenos</a> (1199) – arrested by Alexios III in 1195, he unsuccessfully declared himself emperor in 1199.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_the_Fat" title="John Komnenos the Fat">John Komnenos the Fat</a> (1201) – a relatively unimportant Byzantine noble, he had himself crowned emperor by a monk in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and took control of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a>. Alexios III struck back during the night, his forces recapturing the palace and beheading John Komnenos.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Chamaretos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Chamaretos (page does not exist)">Leo Chamaretos</a> (1200–1206) – The <i><a href="/wiki/Proedros" title="Proedros">proedros</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Laconia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconia (ancient region)">Lacedaemonia</a>, he established a breakaway regime in <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>. He was eventually thrown out by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael Komnenos Doukas</a> (1200–1201) – The governor of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mylasa_and_Melanoudion" title="Mylasa and Melanoudion">Mylasa and Melanoudion</a> in Asia Minor, he rebelled but was defeated by Alexios III and forced to flee to the Seljuks. He eventually became the founder and first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> from 1205 until his death in 1215.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sgouros" title="Leo Sgouros">Leo Sgouros</a> (1201–1208) – governor of the area of <a href="/wiki/Nauplia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplia">Nauplia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a>, he rebelled against Alexios III and established himself as an independent ruler. He expanded his territory throughout central Greece until confronted by the armies of the Franks. After a siege of five years he apparently committed suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spyridonakes" title="John Spyridonakes">John Spyridonakes</a> (1201) – revolted against Alexios in southern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_13th_century">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexios_IV_Angelos:_1203–1204"><span id="Alexios_IV_Angelos:_1203.E2.80.931204"></span><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a>: 1203–1204</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Alexios IV Angelos: 1203–1204"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Gabalas" title="Leo Gabalas">Leo Gabalas</a> (1203–1239) – governor of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, he established an independent principality on the island claiming the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>. He submitted to the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> in 1226, but remained in charge of the island until his death. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/John_Gabalas" title="John Gabalas">John Gabalas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Kanabos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaos Kanabos">Nikolaos Kanabos</a> (1204) – proclaimed emperor by the people during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, he refused to leave the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. He was killed by <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a> soon after.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodore_I_Laskaris:_1204/5–1221"><span id="Theodore_I_Laskaris:_1204.2F5.E2.80.931221"></span><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a>: 1204/5–1221</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Theodore I Laskaris: 1204/5–1221"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Maurozomes" title="Manuel Maurozomes">Manuel Maurozomes</a> (1204–1206) – the illegitimate grandson of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, he tried to establish a separate principality in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> with the support of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_I" title="Kaykhusraw I">Kaykhusraw I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabas_Asidenos" title="Sabas Asidenos">Sabas Asidenos</a> (1204–1206) – a powerful local magnate who seized control of <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Sampson</a> and the lower valley of the <a href="/wiki/Maeander_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeander River">Maeander River</a>. He eventually acknowledged the authority of Theodore Laskaris and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gabras" title="Theodore Gabras">Theodore Gabras</a> (1204–1208) – the independent <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Amisos" class="mw-redirect" title="Amisos">Amisos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, his territory was soon incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a>, who appointed him as governor of the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a> (1204–1207) – the brother of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I of Trebizond</a>, he took possession of territory in <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, but was under pressure from Theodore I Laskaris, forcing him in 1207 to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>'s authority over his territory.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kantakouzenos_(13th_Century)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kantakouzenos (13th Century) (page does not exist)">John Kantakouzenos</a> (1205–1209) – the <i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methone</a>, he established a breakaway regime at <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Aspietes" title="Alexios Aspietes">Alexios Aspietes</a> (1205) – the ruler (<i>dynastes</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a>, he was proclaimed the leader of the town after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">defeat of the Latin armies</a> in the summer of 1205, and given the task of organizing the defences of the city against the advancing forces of <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan of Bulgaria</a>, who took the town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Branas" title="Theodore Branas">Theodore Branas</a> (1205–1206) – the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a>, he established a breakaway state but was forced to accept the overlordship of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> to protect the city from the ambitions of the Bulgarian emperor, <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a> (1215–1230) – the son of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i> <a href="/wiki/John_Doukas_(sebastokrator)" title="John Doukas (sebastokrator)">John Doukas</a> and of Zoe Doukaina, he was the half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a> and succeeded him in <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> on his death. After his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> in 1224, he <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">declared himself</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>. He was defeated and captured by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria</a> who blinded him.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes:_1221–1254"><span id="John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes:_1221.E2.80.931254"></span><a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a>: 1221–1254</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: John III Doukas Vatatzes: 1221–1254"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Laskaris" title="Isaac Laskaris">Isaac Laskaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Laskaris" title="Alexios Laskaris">Alexios Laskaris</a> (1224) – the younger brothers of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore Laskaris</a>, they resented the accession of John III and offered their services to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Emperor</a>. With the help of the Latins, they attempted to overthrow John III but were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poimanenon" title="Battle of Poimanenon">defeated in battle</a>, taken captive and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_Nestongos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos Nestongos (page does not exist)">Andronikos Nestongos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Nestongos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Nestongos (page does not exist)">Isaac Nestongos</a> (1224) – the cousins of John III, they attempted to overthrow the emperor and place Andronikos as emperor with the support of a significant number of Byzantine nobles. The plot was uncovered, but Andronikos managed to escape to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komnenos_Doukas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Komnenos Doukas">Manuel Komnenos Doukas</a> (1230–1237) – the brother of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a>, he took over the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a> after the capture of his brother, although <i>de facto</i> a powerless Bulgarian vassal. He was overthrown when his brother returned from captivity and fled to the east. He returned in 1239 and set himself up as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> until his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_Doukas" title="John Komnenos Doukas">John Komnenos Doukas</a> (1237–1242) – son of Theodore Komnenos Doukas, installed by him as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Thessalonica">Emperor of Thessalonica</a> after he overthrew his brother Manuel in 1237. In 1242 he was forced to renounce the title of Emperor for that of <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despot</a> by Vatatzes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gabalas" title="John Gabalas">John Gabalas</a> (1239–1250) – the brother of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Gabalas" title="Leo Gabalas">Leo Gabalas</a>, he took over rule of the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> on his brother's death, but by 1250 had submitted to the authority of the emperor at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_VIII_Palaiologos:_1259–1282"><span id="Michael_VIII_Palaiologos:_1259.E2.80.931282"></span><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>: 1259–1282</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Michael VIII Palaiologos: 1259–1282"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-John_IV_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudo-John IV Laskaris (page does not exist)">Pseudo-John IV Laskaris</a> (1262) – the treatment of <a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a> by Michael VIII saw an uprising occur at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a> under a pretender who claimed he was the boy, forcing Michael to drag out the real John IV to disprove the pretender's claims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John Doukas</a> (1280) – the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Thessaly">Ruler of Thessaly</a>, he was appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i> by Michael VIII, but the alliance between the two was always uneasy. He became the champion of the anti-union forces, and in 1280 he nominated himself as the Orthodox emperor of the empire, but Michael was able to hold on to power.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andronikos_II_Palaiologos:_1282–1328"><span id="Andronikos_II_Palaiologos:_1282.E2.80.931328"></span><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a>: 1282–1328</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Andronikos II Palaiologos: 1282–1328"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Palaiologos_(son_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Constantine Palaiologos (son of Michael VIII)">Constantine Palaiologos</a> (1292) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, his status as <i><a href="/wiki/Porphyrogennetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrogennetos">porphyrogennetos</a></i> saw him attempt to assert a claim to the throne in 1292.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Philanthropenos" title="Alexios Philanthropenos">Alexios Philanthropenos</a> (1295) – a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> general, he was the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a>. His troops proclaimed him emperor after achieving some victories over the Turks. He was eventually taken prisoner during negotiations with Andronikos II and blinded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Drimys" title="John Drimys">John Drimys</a> (1305) – a would-be priest from <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, he claimed to be descended from the Laskarid emperors, and tried to overthrow Andronikos II. He was arrested.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Komnenos_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Komnenos Palaiologos (page does not exist)">John Komnenos Palaiologos</a> (1326–1327) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Palaiologos_(son_of_Michael_VIII)" title="Constantine Palaiologos (son of Michael VIII)">Constantine Palaiologos</a>, he was the governor of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> when he decided to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">civil war</a> raging between Andronikos II and <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> by declaring the independence of his province. He died soon afterwards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_usurpers_in_the_14th_and_15th_centuries">Unsuccessful usurpers in the 14th and 15th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful usurpers in the 14th and 15th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andronikos_III_Palaiologos:_1328–1341"><span id="Andronikos_III_Palaiologos:_1328.E2.80.931341"></span><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a>: 1328–1341</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Andronikos III Palaiologos: 1328–1341"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos" title="Syrgiannes Palaiologos">Syrgiannes Palaiologos</a> (1333–1334) – the governor of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, he was suspected of plotting for the throne when he was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Maria</a>, the mother of Andronikos III in 1333. He fled to the court of the Serbian king, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Dušan</a>, who gave him a large Serbian army. He invaded the empire but was eventually murdered.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_V_Palaiologos:_1341–1391"><span id="John_V_Palaiologos:_1341.E2.80.931391"></span><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a>: 1341–1391</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: John V Palaiologos: 1341–1391"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a> (1339–1340 and 1356–1359) – refused the position of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> vassal in <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>, Nikephoros attempted to rule in Epirus with the help of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois_(1303%E2%80%931346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Valois (1303–1346)">Catherine of Valois</a>, the titular <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He was defeated and persuaded to surrender by <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John Kantakouzenos</a>. After the fall of John Kantakouzenos, with whom he was allied, he set himself up in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, taking advantage of the death of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia</a>. He died while fighting the Albanians.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gabrielopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Gabrielopoulos (page does not exist)">Michael Gabrielopoulos</a> (1342) – related to the former <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gabrielopoulos" title="Stephen Gabrielopoulos">Stephen Gabrielopoulos</a>, he claimed to be the hereditary lord of the area around <a href="/wiki/Trikala" title="Trikala">Trikala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, but was ousted by a governor sent by <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Uroš IV</a> (1346–1355) – the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, he claimed the title of <i>Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbs and Romans</i> in 1346 until his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew Kantakouzenos</a> (1354–1357) – the son of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, he fought with John V after the abdication of his father for the throne. He was eventually captured and was forced to move to the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_V_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš V of Serbia">Stephen Uroš V</a> (1355–1371) – the son of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Uroš IV</a>, he too claimed the title of Emperor, although much of his territory was lost to various nobles and the Turks.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Limpidarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Limpidarios (page does not exist)">John Limpidarios</a> (1356) – the captain of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros Orsini</a>'s fleet, he took advantage of Nikephoros' absence to attack <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a>, and gained control of the city. He was eventually thrown out of the city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a> (1356–1370) – appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia</a>, he was thrown out by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a>, after which he declared himself <i>Emperor of the Serbs and Romans</i> in 1356. He established himself in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> which he controlled till his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_Preljubovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas II Preljubović">Thomas Preljubović</a> (1366–1382) – he attempted to usurp authority in <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>, forcing <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a> to recognise him as the ruler in exchange for Thomas recognising Simeon as his suzerain. He was recognised in 1382 by John V with the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Despotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotes">despotes</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos Palaiologos</a> (1373 and 1384) – the son of John V, he plotted to murder his father in 1373, but it was uncovered, resulting in Andronikos losing one of his eyes. He again rebelled in 1384, and was driven into exile at <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuel_II_Palaiologos:_1391–1425"><span id="Manuel_II_Palaiologos:_1391.E2.80.931425"></span><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a>: 1391–1425</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Manuel II Palaiologos: 1391–1425"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodosios_Kyprios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodosios Kyprios (page does not exist)">Theodosios Kyprios</a> (fl. c. 1414) – alleged to harbor imperial ambitions by the writer Mazaris ("even in his dreams he wears the white imperial robes").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_VIII_Palaiologos:_1425–1448"><span id="John_VIII_Palaiologos:_1425.E2.80.931448"></span><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>: 1425–1448</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: John VIII Palaiologos: 1425–1448"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a> (1442 and 1448) – the brother of John VIII, he claimed the throne in 1442 based on his status as a <i><a href="/wiki/Porphyrogennetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrogennetos">porphyrogennetos</a></i>. Although he attempted to harness the anti-Catholic opposition to John, he was abandoned by his army and exiled at <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a>. He again attempted to usurp the throne in 1448 once John VIII died, but was opposed by his mother, who supported the claim of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/40px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/60px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine civil wars">List of Byzantine civil wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_usurpers&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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