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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Main offices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_offices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main offices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Development_(OPAD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Development_(OPAD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Development_(OPAD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_International_Affairs_(OIA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Telecommunications_and_Information_Applications_(OTIA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_Spectrum_Management_(OSM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Spectrum_Management_(OSM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Spectrum_Management_(OSM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadband_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadband_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Broadband USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadband_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22">"National Telecommunications and Information Administration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg/140px-US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg/210px-US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg/280px-US-NationalTelecommunicationsAndInformationAdministration-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1978<span class="noprint">; 46 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1978</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a><br />1401 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest, Washington, D.C.">NW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&params=38_53_39.48_N_77_1_58.08_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′39.48″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°1′58.08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.8943000°N 77.0328000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.8943000; -77.0328000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">US$34 million (2009)<br />US$40 million (est. 2010)<br />US$46 million (est. 2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Alan_B._Davidson" title="Alan B. Davidson">Alan B. Davidson</a>, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Sarah Morris (acting)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Grace Abuhamad, Chief of Staff</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntia.doc.gov">ntia<wbr />.doc<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Telecommunications and Information Administration</b> (<b>NTIA</b>) is an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> that serves as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>'s principal adviser on <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications policy of the United States">telecommunications policies</a> pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' economic and technological advancement and to regulation of the telecommunications industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agency_goals">Agency goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Agency goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among its stated goals are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (October 2019)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Working to ensure that all Americans have affordable <a href="/wiki/Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone">phone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> service.</li> <li>Helping to bring the benefits of advanced telecommunications technologies to millions of Americans in rural and underserved urban areas through its information infrastructure grants.</li> <li>Providing the hardware that enables public <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasters to extend and maintain the reach of their programming.</li> <li>Advocating competition and liberalization of telecommunications policies around the world.</li> <li>Participating in international government-to-government negotiations to open markets for U.S. companies.</li> <li>Negotiating with foreign governments to ensure adequate <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a> for national defense, public safety, and U.S. business needs.</li> <li>Promoting efficient use of federal radio spectrum and encouraging the development and implementation of new and emerging telecommunications technologies.</li> <li>Performing long-term research to explore uses of higher frequency spectrum.</li> <li>Working with Federal, state, and local public safety agencies to address future spectrum requirements.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_license.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lava_license.jpg/400px-Lava_license.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lava_license.jpg/600px-Lava_license.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lava_license.jpg/800px-Lava_license.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A Park Service radio license.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_offices">Main offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Development_(OPAD)"><span id="Office_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Development_.28OPAD.29"></span>Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD) is the domestic policy division of the NTIA.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OPAD is responsible for executing and managing research and analysis and preparing policy recommendations for the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive Branch</a>. The domestic policy office is responsible for creating policies that promote innovation and growth, both politically and economically, that provide for American businesses and consumers, alike. </p><p>These policies affect how Americans use and gain access to the <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> services like the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telephone service</a> and video programming. Issues the OPAD deals with include making sure all Americans have access to integrated broadband services, content is regulated to keep children safe on the Internet, competition in the telecommunication and information industries are cooperative and that users privacy is protected.<sup id="cite_ref-opad_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, OPAD carries out research, files reports, letters and formal comments, and proposes and responds to federal legislation for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) and other regulatory committees.<sup id="cite_ref-opad_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_International_Affairs_(OIA)"><span id="Office_of_International_Affairs_.28OIA.29"></span>Office of International Affairs (OIA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Office of International Affairs (OIA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of International Affairs (OIA) is responsible for developing and the implementation of policies to strengthen U.S. companies' ability to compete worldwide in both the <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">Communications</a> sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2019)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In consultation with other U.S. agencies and the U.S. private sector, OIA partakes in both international and regional conferences and conventions to advocate for policies that open <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communication technology</a> (ICT) markets and boost competition. </p><p>The two main goals of the OIA are to:<sup id="cite_ref-oia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Formulate international ICT policy, goals, and strategies: <ul><li>By leveraging the knowledge of the Office of Spectrum Management, Office of Policy Analysis and Development, Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications, and the Institute for Telecommunications Sciences, the OIA can provide important policy and technical breakdowns to the U.S. negotiators and interagency consignments.</li> <li>The OIA also provides long-lasting advice to the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Branch">Executive Branch</a> contemplating the management of the Internet's domain name and numbering system (DNS), which is critical to the overall infrastructure.</li></ul></li> <li>Advocate U.S. policy interests <ul><li>The goal of the OIA here is to foster <i>pro-competitive</i> and <i>flexible policy environments</i> that:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Carry the profits of ICTs to the global community</li> <li>Open up foreign market opportunities for U.S. Telecommunications and Information Technology companies</li> <li>Observe the esteemed role of all stakeholders in the production and facilitation of the Internet as well as telecommunications policy issues occurring in the ICT community</li></ul></dd></dl></li></ol> <p>The OIA staff helps to participate in U.S. delegations of many different meetings in which global telecommunications and information policy is discussed and developed by providing the negotiators critical policy and expertise advice.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_for_Telecommunication_Sciences_(ITS)"><span id="Institute_for_Telecommunication_Sciences_.28ITS.29"></span>Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Davidson,_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg/220px-Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg/330px-Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg/440px-Alan_Davidson%2C_DOC_Director_of_Digital_Economy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_B._Davidson" title="Alan B. Davidson">Alan B. Davidson</a>, administrator of the NTIA since 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) is the research and engineering laboratory of the NTIA.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ITS provides technical support to NTIA by further advancing <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and information infrastructure development, strengthening domestic competition, enhancing U.S. telecommunications trade deals, as well as promoting a more effective use of the radio <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>. Additionally, ITS serves as a key federal appliance in investigating the current telecommunications’ challenges of other federal agencies, state and local governments, private corporations and associations, and international organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Telecommunications_and_Information_Applications_(OTIA)"><span id="Office_of_Telecommunications_and_Information_Applications_.28OTIA.29"></span>Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA) collaborates public and non-profit entities in productively using telecommunications and information technologies to complete national goals in addition to adequately providing public services.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OTIA is also currently administering programs that are helping people switch to digital television, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadband_Technology_Opportunity_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadband Technology Opportunity Program (page does not exist)">Broadband Technology Opportunity Program</a> (BTOP), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Safety_Interoperable_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Safety Interoperable Communications (page does not exist)">Public Safety Interoperable Communications</a> (PSIC) Grant Program. </p><p>Additionally, the OTIA is involved with the Public Telecommunications Facilities Program (PTFP), a competitive grant program that assists public broadcasting stations, state and local governments, Indian tribes, and non-profit organizations construct facilities to bring educational and cultural programs to the American public using telecommunication broadcast technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funds are allocated to support the Pan-Pacific Educational and Cultural Experiments by Satellite (PEACESAT) project, which provides satellite-delivered education, medical, and environmental emergency telecommunications to numerous small-island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OTIA is also involved with the New York City 9/11 Program<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Technology Opportunities Program (TOP).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NYC 9/11 Program provided the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Television_Alliance" title="Metropolitan Television Alliance">Metropolitan Television Alliance</a> (MTVA) with $29.5 million for the creation and classification costs of the temporary digital television broadcast system in the NYC area until a more permanent facility is finished atop the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Tower">Freedom Tower</a>. The TOP program, which was last awarded grants in 2004, plays a significant role in understanding the vision of an information society by providing logical applications of innovative telecommunications and information technologies in both the public and non-profit sectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Spectrum_Management_(OSM)"><span id="Office_of_Spectrum_Management_.28OSM.29"></span>Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="NTIA_Manual_of_Regulations_and_Procedures_for_Federal_Radio_Frequency_Management"></span> The NTIA's Office of Spectrum Management<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in charge of regulating use of spectrum allocated to the federal government. It serves in a manner equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> for this purpose. </p><p>The OSM carries out the responsibilities of managing the radio frequency spectrum by:<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Establishing and issuing policy overlooking allocations and administrations governing the Federal spectrum use</li> <li>Assigning plans for both peacetime and wartime use of the spectrum</li> <li>Preparing for, participating in, and establishing the results of international radio conferences</li> <li>Maintaining spectrum use databases</li> <li>Participating in all aspects of the federal government’s communications regarding emergency readiness activities and automated information security systems</li></ul> <p>The <i>NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management</i>, also known as the "<i>Red Book</i>," is a publication of the OSM, and is the official source for all technical regulations relating to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic frequency spectrum">electromagnetic frequency spectrum</a>. The NTIA is the regulating agency for all Federal spectrum use.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadband_USA">Broadband USA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Broadband USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, including a $7.2 billion grant to the NTIA and U.S. Department of Agriculture's <a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a> to bolster <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> access across the United States. Of the grant, $4.7 billion was allocated to provide for the implementation of broadband infrastructure, develop and amplify public computer centers, encourage reasonable adoption of broadband service, and create and sustain a nationwide map of broadband proficiency and availability. </p><p>This project, known as the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program is being administered by the NTIA in three levels. The secondary purpose of this project is to reduce the digital gap between the various generation demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-btop-sbi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btop-sbi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comprehensive Community Infrastructure is the first of three projects in the BTOP. It aims to develop and unfold new or improved broadband internet facilities as well as to network with schools, libraries, hospitals, public safety facilities and other community anchor institutions. </p><p>The BTOP will also focus on Public Computer centers and will create new public computer facilities or enhance existing facilities that already offer broadband services to the general public or specific vulnerable populations.<sup id="cite_ref-btop-sbi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btop-sbi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third project that the BTOP plans to address<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> is Sustainable Broadband Adoption. This project will center in on increasing broadband internet usage, specifically in areas where broadband technology has been unavailable or underutilized. This includes digital literacy training and outreach campaigns to educate the general public on the importance and relevance of broadband in everyday life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, the NTIA also launched the State Broadband Data and Development Program to carry out the missions of both the Recovery Act and the Broadband Data Improvement Act to establish an encompassing project that sustains the integration of broadband technology into the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the program commenced,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> NTIA allocated $293 million to 56 grantees, which include one from each state, five territories and the District of Columbia. Grantees are responsible for funding the creation, expansion and maintenance, as well as supporting and encouraging the use of, broadband technology. These efforts are made to aid small businesses and community institutions in the efficient and effective use of technology as well as to conduct research as to the boundaries in broadband expansion and innovation of broadband technology in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Broadband_Map">National Broadband Map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National Broadband Map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Broadband_mapping_in_the_United_States" title="Broadband mapping in the United States">Broadband mapping in the United States</a></div> <p>These programs collected data used by the NTIA to refurbish a public interactive National Broadband Map that was released in February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The map was authorized by Congress with the 2008 Broadband Data Improvement Act<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was funded through the 2009 economic stimulus bill.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The map will continue to be updated every six months with help from grantees and the general public. </p><p>The National Broadband Map<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the foundation for efforts to expand and improve <a href="/wiki/Broadband_internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband internet access">broadband internet access</a> around the United States in under-equipped communities as well as assisting businesses and consumers to educate them on broadband internet options. The NTIA's findings show that while strides were made in broadband development and implementation, many people and institutions lack the broadband availability and capability needed for full internet engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last year, broadband access in households has increased nearly five percent and the number of people not using the internet is down over three percent. Yet, lower demographic groups continue to lack behind in internet capability. </p><p>The NTIA also found that many community anchor institutions are generally underserved in broadband connectivity. The data showed that two-thirds of the surveyed schools were signed up for broadband service that provide less than half the speed that educational technology studies recommend and only four percent of libraries subscribe to recommended broadband speeds. </p><p>Along with the continuous update of the National Broadband Map, the NTIA will sustain its state-driven efforts to increase broadband implementation and will move to expand its collaboration efforts to serve as an expansive network to empower broadband developers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020_data_breach">2020 data breach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2020 data breach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the NTIA <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Treasury_and_Department_of_Commerce_data_breach" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Treasury and Department of Commerce data breach">suffered a data breach</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattack</a> likely conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">nation state adversary</a>, possibly Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">White Spaces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/office/office-assistant-secretary-oas">"Office of the Assistant Secretary (OAS)"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Assistant+Secretary+%28OAS%29&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Foffice%2Foffice-assistant-secretary-oas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/page/about-ntia">"About NTIA"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NTIA&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Fpage%2Fabout-ntia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opad-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opad_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opad_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/office/office-policy-analysis-and-development-opad">"Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD)"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Policy+Analysis+and+Development+%28OPAD%29&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Foffice%2Foffice-policy-analysis-and-development-opad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/office/office-international-affairs-oia">"Office of International Affairs (OIA)"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+International+Affairs+%28OIA%29&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Foffice%2Foffice-international-affairs-oia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/office/its-nation-s-spectrum-and-communications-lab">"ITS: The Nation's Spectrum and Communications Lab"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITS%3A+The+Nation%27s+Spectrum+and+Communications+Lab&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Foffice%2Fits-nation-s-spectrum-and-communications-lab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntia.gov/office/office-spectrum-management-osm">"Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)"</a>. National Telecommunications and Information Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Spectrum+Management+%28OSM%29&rft.pub=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntia.gov%2Foffice%2Foffice-spectrum-management-osm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/otiahome/ptfp/index.html">"Public Telecommunications Facilities Program"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russian-government-spies-are-behind-a-broad-hacking-campaign-that-has-breached-us-agencies-and-a-top-cyber-firm/2020/12/13/d5a53b88-3d7d-11eb-9453-fc36ba051781_story.html">the original</a> on 2020-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="CITEREFBing2020" class="citation news cs1">Bing, Christopher (December 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cyber-treasury-exclsuive-idUSKBN28N0PG">"Suspected Russian hackers spied on U.S. Treasury emails - sources"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Suspected+Russian+hackers+spied+on+U.S.+Treasury+emails+-+sources&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-cyber-treasury-exclsuive-idUSKBN28N0PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/">National Telecommunications and Information Administration official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ntia.doc.gov/">NTIA's BTOP website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-telecommunications-and-information-administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaspending.gov/federal_account/013-0562">Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program</a> account on <a href="/wiki/USAspending.gov" title="USAspending.gov">USAspending.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaspending.gov/federal_account/013-0560">Broadband Connectivity Fund</a> account on USAspending.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/">FCC Broadband Map</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005040606/http://www.broadbandmap.gov/">NTIA's National Broadband Map</a> is no longer available)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Graves" title="Don Graves">Don Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce">Deputy Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration" title="Economic Development Administration">Economic Development Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service" title="National Technical Information Service">National Technical Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Development Agency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Industry_and_Security" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security">Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Intellectual_Property" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property">Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade">Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Administration" title="International Trade Administration">International Trade Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">Commercial Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Oceans_and_Atmosphere" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere">Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Marine_and_Aviation_Operations" title="Office of Marine and Aviation Operations">Marine & Aviation Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic & Atmospheric Research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Commerce_for_Standards_and_Technology" title="Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology">Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6978888#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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