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Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Previous attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mental illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Substance misuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-harm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-harm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Self-harm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-harm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Medical conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Psychosocial factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Occupational factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_exposures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_exposures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Environmental exposures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_exposures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Other factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Rational </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_mental_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_mental_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Treatment of mental illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_mental_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caring_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caring_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Caring letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caring_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sex_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sex and gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Social and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism_and_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism_and_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 Hinduism and Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism_and_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ainu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ainu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.5 Ainu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ainu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Adverse attitudes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Advocacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Suicide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfmoord" title="Selfmoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfmoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انتحار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتحار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আত্মহত্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আত্মহত্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidiu" title="Suicidiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suicidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejukaha" title="Jejukaha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jejukaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntihar" title="İntihar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İntihar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اینتیحار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینتیحار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আত্মহত্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আত্মহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-sat" title="Chū-sat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99-%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B5%D2%A3%D3%99_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Үҙ-үҙеңә ҡул һалыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙ-үҙеңә ҡул һалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Самагубства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самагубства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Самагубства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самагубства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghugot" title="Paghugot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paghugot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубийство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоубийство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freidoud" title="Freidoud – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Freidoud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རང་ཤི་རྒྱབ་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་ཤི་རྒྱབ་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoubistvo" title="Samoubistvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samoubistvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlazh" title="Emlazh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emlazh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Амяа хорлолто – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амяа хорлолто" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%AFcidi" title="Suïcidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suïcidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebevra%C5%BEda" title="Sebevražda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sebevražda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzipha" title="Kudzipha – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kudzipha" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanladdiad" title="Hunanladdiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunanladdiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvmord" title="Selvmord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Selvmord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نتيحار – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نتيحار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesetapp" title="Enesetapp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enesetapp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκτονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκτονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinmortigo" title="Sinmortigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinmortigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizidio" title="Suizidio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suizidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خودکشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودکشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lvmor%C3%B0" title="Sjálvmorð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjálvmorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsmoard" title="Selsmoard – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Selsmoard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9inmhar%C3%BA" title="Féinmharú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féinmharú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8in-mhurt" title="Fèin-mhurt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fèin-mhurt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5_%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ше ше вер – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ше ше вер" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="આત્મહત્યા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આત્મહત્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%82%B4" title="자살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan_kai" title="Kisan kai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kisan kai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինքնասպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoubojstvo" title="Samoubojstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samoubojstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ocido" title="Su-ocido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Su-ocido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagpakamatay" title="Panagpakamatay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panagpakamatay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunuh_diri" title="Bunuh diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidie" title="Suicidie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Suicidie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lfsmor%C3%B0" title="Sjálfsmorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjálfsmorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidio" title="Suicidio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suicidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התאבדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התאבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nglalu" title="Nglalu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nglalu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಆತ್ಮಹತ್ಯೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆತ್ಮಹತ್ಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თვითმკვლელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვითმკვლელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%84%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خۄدکشی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خۄدکشی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD-%D3%A9%D0%B7%D1%96_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Өзін-өзі өлтіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзін-өзі өлтіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omladhans" title="Omladhans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Omladhans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiyahura" title="Kwiyahura – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Kwiyahura" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujiua" title="Kujiua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kujiua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisid" title="Swisid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Swisid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousid" title="Sousid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sousid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xweku%C5%9Ftin" title="Xwekuştin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwekuştin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BD%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%83" title="Өзүнүн жанын кыюу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өзүнүн жанын кыюу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_voluntaria" title="Mors voluntaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors voluntaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1n%C4%81v%C4%ABba" title="Pašnāvība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pašnāvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizid" title="Suizid – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Suizid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вичи-вич кьин – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вичи-вич кьин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C5%BEudyb%C4%97" title="Savižudybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savižudybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfmaord" title="Zelfmaord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zelfmaord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suizzidi" title="Suizzidi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Suizzidi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ngyilkoss%C3%A1g" title="Öngyilkosság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Öngyilkosság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубиство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самоубиство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ആത്മഹത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആത്മഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="დუდიშ ჸვილუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ჸვილუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انتحار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتحار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunuh_diri" title="Bunuh diri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunuh diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Амиа егүүтгэх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амиа егүүтгэх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိမိကိုယ်ကို သတ်သေခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိမိကိုယ်ကို သတ်သေခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfmoord" title="Zelfmoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfmoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6lfmoord" title="Zölfmoord – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zölfmoord" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्महत्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आत्महत्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0-%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ша-шен дер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ша-шен дер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiduas" title="Freiduas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Freiduas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvmord" title="Selvmord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selvmord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8lvmord" title="Sjølvmord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjølvmord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidi" title="Suicidi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Suicidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆତ୍ମହତ୍ୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆତ୍ମହତ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBzini_o%CA%BBldirish" title="Oʻzini oʻldirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻzini oʻldirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خودکشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خودکشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځانوژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځانوژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisaid" title="Suisaid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suisaid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClvstmoord" title="Sülvstmoord – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sülvstmoord" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samob%C3%B3jstwo" title="Samobójstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samobójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suic%C3%ADdio" title="Suicídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suicídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinucidere" title="Sinucidere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinucidere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipikuy" title="Sipikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sipikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубийство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самоубийство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бэйэҕэ тиийинии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэйэҕэ тиийинии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱞᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitz%C3%ACdiu" title="Suitzìdiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Suitzìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABvrasja" title="Vetëvrasja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetëvrasja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="සියදිවි නසාගැනීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සියදිවි නසාගැනීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suicide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آپگهات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آپگهات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samovra%C5%BEda" title="Samovražda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samovražda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samomor" title="Samomor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samomor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismiidaamin" title="Ismiidaamin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ismiidaamin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86" title="خۆکوشتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆکوشتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самоубиство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самоубиство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicid" title="Suicid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Suicid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A9han_man%C3%A9h" title="Maéhan manéh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Maéhan manéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsemurha" title="Itsemurha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsemurha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvmord" title="Självmord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Självmord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatiwakal" title="Pagpapatiwakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapatiwakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தற்கொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்கொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7-%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Үз-үзенә кул салу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үз-үзенә кул салу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="ఆత్మహత్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆత్మహత్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การฆ่าตัวตาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าตัวตาย" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intentional act of causing one's own death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For information on prevention, see <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Suicide (disambiguation)">Suicide (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Suicide</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_(ca._1877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/275px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/413px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/550px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1445" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Le_Suicid%C3%A9" title="Le Suicidé">Le Suicidé</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1877</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">clinical social work</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">15–30 and 70+ years old<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autism2014-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">12 per 100,000 per year<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2019Epi-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2020-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suicide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Social aspects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">ACEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">Emotional isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_performance" title="Identity performance">Identity performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Crisis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">methods</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">Cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_suicide_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet suicide pact">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoner suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide" title="Epidemiology of suicide">Epidemiology</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates" title="Seasonal effects on suicide rates">Seasonal effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_person" title="Suicidal person">Suicidal person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">List of suicides in the 21st century</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">In warfare</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_mission" title="Suicide mission">Suicide mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_loss" title="Animal loss">Animal loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_depression" title="Biology of depression">Biology of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_depression" title="Epigenetics of depression">Epigenetics of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders" title="Causes of mental disorders">Causes of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">Chronic condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_planning" title="Coping planning">Coping planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">suicide bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">Locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_first_aid" title="Mental health first aid">Mental health first aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-suicidal_self-injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-suicidal self-injury">Non-suicidal self-injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Psychological stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">Self-hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ambivalence" title="Suicidal ambivalence">Suicidal ambivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_trauma" title="Suicide and trauma">Suicide and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Suicide awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">Suicide in colleges in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Suicide terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs of suicide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By country</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sted2006-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_disorder" title="Physical disorder">physical disorders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> are common risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autism2014-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dod2017-10">[10]</a> Some suicides are <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsive</a> acts driven by <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> (such as from financial or <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">academic difficulties</a>), <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationship</a> problems (such as <a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">breakups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorces</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a> Effective <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a> efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and substance abuse; careful <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> reporting about suicide; improving economic conditions;<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behaviour_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical behaviour therapy">dialectical behaviour therapy</a> (DBT).<a href="#cite_note-pmid30661567-14">[14]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">crisis hotlines</a>, like <a href="/wiki/988_(telephone_number)" title="988 (telephone number)">988</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(crisis_support_service)" title="Lifeline (crisis support service)">13 11 14</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, are common resources, their effectiveness has not been well studied.<a href="#cite_note-Sak2011-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> Suicide is the 10th <a href="/wiki/Leading_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading cause of death">leading cause of death</a> worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> accounting for approximately 1.5% of total deaths.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2020-8">[8]</a> In a given year, this is roughly 12 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> Though suicides resulted in 828,000 deaths globally in 2015, an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990, the age-standardized death rate decreased by 23.3%.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">By gender</a>, suicide rates are generally <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health#Suicide" title="Men's health">higher among men</a> than women, ranging from 1.5 times higher in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing World">developing world</a> to 3.5 times higher in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed World">developed world</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, non-fatal <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">suicide attempts</a> are more common among young people and women.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Suicide is generally most common among those over the age of 70; however, in certain countries, those aged between 15 and 30 are at the highest risk.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">[1]</a> Europe had the highest rates of suicide by region in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Non-fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long-term disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> The most commonly adopted <a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">method of suicide</a> varies from country to country and is partly related to the availability of effective means.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion, honor, and the meaning of life.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> traditionally consider suicide as an <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">offense towards God</a> due to belief in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctity_of_life" title="Sanctity of life">sanctity of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> era in Japan, a form of suicide known as <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> (腹切り, harakiri) was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Similarly, a ritual fast unto death, known as <a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: வடக்கிருத்தல், Vaṭakkiruttal, 'fasting facing north'), was a <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> ritual suicide in ancient India during the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam age">Sangam age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Suicide and attempted suicide, while previously illegal, are no longer so in most Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-White2010-28">[28]</a> It <a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">remains a criminal offense in some countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicide has been used on rare occasions <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation#Political_protest" title="Self-immolation">as a form of protest</a>; it has also been committed <a href="/wiki/Murder-suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder-suicide">while or after murdering others</a>, a tactic that has been used <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide attacks">both militarily and by terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Suicide is often seen as a major catastrophe, causing <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">significant grief</a> to the deceased's relatives, friends and community members, and it is viewed negatively almost everywhere around the world;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide#Statistics_on_assisted_suicide_programs" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a> is legal in many countries and increasing in numbers.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Suicide terminology</a></div> Suicide, derived from Latin suicidium, is "the act of taking one's own life".<a href="#cite_note-Sted2006-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Attempted suicide</a>, or non-fatal suicidal behavior, amounts to <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-injury</a> with at least some desire to end one's life that does not result in death.<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> occurs when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly by providing either advice or the means to the end.<a href="#cite_note-Gullota2002-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a>, more specifically <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia</a>, is where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person's death.<a href="#cite_note-Gullota2002-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a> is thoughts of ending one's life but not taking any active efforts to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-36">[36]</a> It may or may not involve exact planning or intent.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Suicidality is defined as "the risk of suicide, usually indicated by suicidal ideation or intent, especially as evident in the presence of a well-elaborated suicidal plan."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">murder–suicide</a> (or homicide–suicide), the individual aims at taking the lives of others at the same time. A special case of this is extended suicide, where the murder is motivated by seeing the murdered persons as an extension of their self.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Suicide in which the reason is that the person feels that they are not part of society is known as <a href="/wiki/Suicide_(Durkheim_book)#Egoistic_suicide" title="Suicide (Durkheim book)">egoistic suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Centre for Suicide Prevention in Canada found that the normal verb in scholarly research and journalism for the act of suicide was commit, and argued for <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">destigmatizing</a> terminology related to suicide; in 2011, they published an article calling for changing the language used around suicide entitled "Suicide and language: Why we shouldn't use the 'C' word".<a href="#cite_note-Olsen_2011-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beaton_2013-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> lists "committed suicide" as a term to avoid because it "<a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">frame</a>[s] suicide as a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Some advocacy groups recommend using the terms took his/her own life, died by suicide, or killed him/herself instead of committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Beck_1974-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIMH_2001-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time_To_Change_2008-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_Stylebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press Stylebook">Associated Press Stylebook</a> recommends avoiding "committed suicide" except in direct quotes from authorities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">Observer</a> style guides <a href="/wiki/Deprecate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecate">deprecate</a> the use of "committed",<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> as does <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Opponents of commit argue that it implies that suicide is criminal, <a href="/wiki/Sinful" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinful">sinful</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Morally" class="mw-redirect" title="Morally">morally</a> wrong.<a href="#cite_note-Ball_2005-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BDNF_NT4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BDNF_NT4.png/170px-BDNF_NT4.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BDNF_NT4.png/255px-BDNF_NT4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BDNF_NT4.png/340px-BDNF_NT4.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6600" /></a><figcaption>BDNF - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (violet) and NT-4 heterodimer (blue).</figcaption></figure> There is no known unifying underlying <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> for suicide;<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> it is believed to result from an interplay of behavioral, socio-economic and psychological factors.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> Low levels of <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a> (BDNF) are both directly associated with suicide<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and indirectly associated through its role in major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Post-mortem</a> studies have found reduced levels of BDNF in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, in those with and without psychiatric conditions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a>, a brain <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, is believed to be low in those who die by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This is partly based on evidence of increased levels of <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A receptors</a> found after death.<a href="#cite_note-Dwi2012-56">[56]</a> Other evidence includes reduced levels of a breakdown product of serotonin, <a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_spinal_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral spinal fluid">cerebral spinal fluid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> However, direct evidence is hard to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-Dwi2012-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a>, the study of changes in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic expression">genetic expression</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factors</a> which do not alter the underlying <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, is also believed to play a role in determining suicide risk.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:500px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Precipitating circumstances in the US, 2017<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Categories</td> <td style="width:180px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Diagnosed mental problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:50%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">50%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Recent or upcoming crisis</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Intimate partner problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:27%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Physical health problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightblue; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Alcohol problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Substance abuse (excluding alcohol)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Argument</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:16%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Family problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Job problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Financial problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Legal problem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:fuchsia; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Death of loved one</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Suicide is multi-factorial. Multiple precipitating circumstances and risk factors can apply to the same person.</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Factors that affect the risk of suicide include mental disorders, drug misuse, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological state">psychological states</a>, cultural, family and social situations, genetics, experiences of trauma or loss, and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> Mental disorders and substance misuse frequently co-exist.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> Other risk factors include having previously attempted suicide,<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> the ready availability of a means to take one's life, a family history of suicide, or the presence of <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> For example, suicide rates have been found to be greater in households with firearms than those without them.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_393–408-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">Socio-economic</a> problems such as unemployment, poverty, homelessness, and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> may trigger suicidal thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Suicide might be rarer in societies with high <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> and moral objections against suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Genetics appears to account for between 38% and 55% of suicidal behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Brent2008-67">[67]</a> Suicides may also occur as a local <a href="/wiki/Clustering_(demographics)" title="Clustering (demographics)">cluster</a> of cases.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Risk-68">[68]</a> Most research does not distinguish between risk factors that lead to thinking about suicide and risk factors that lead to suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Risks for suicide attempt, rather than just thoughts of suicide, include a high <a href="/wiki/Pain_tolerance" title="Pain tolerance">pain tolerance</a> and a reduced <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of death">fear of death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_attempts">Previous attempts</h3></div> A 2002 review of about analyzing about 90 suicide related study concluded that the risk of suicide following a previous attempt or self-harm is hundreds of time larger than in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:sar3-72">[72]</a> A more recent study estimated that individuals with a history of suicide attempts are approximately 25 times more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:sar0-73">[73]</a> These findings makes a suicide attempt one of the strongest predictors of eventual completed attempt.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Among the population that completed the suicide attempt, it is estimated that between 25% (after one year)<a href="#cite_note-:sar3-72">[72]</a> to 40% <a href="#cite_note-:sar2-74">[74]</a> tried to commit suicide before. The likelihood of completion of the subsequent attempt depends on the means used, the age of the person and their gender.<a href="#cite_note-:sar2-74">[74]</a> Other risk factors such as substance use and mental health <a href="#cite_note-:sar0-73">[73]</a> impact likelihood of completed attempt after an attempt. High suicidal intent during previous attempts is another strong predictor.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Time passing since an attempt also plays critical role. The first and the second year have the highest risk of completed attempt.<a href="#cite_note-:sar3-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:sar0-73">[73]</a> It is estimated that 1% die by suicide within a year of the first attempt<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> It is estimated that about 90% of suicide survivors will not die of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-:sar1-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_illness">Mental illness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></div> Mental illness is present at the time of suicide 27% to more than 90% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Manchester_Centre_for_Mental_Health_and_Risk-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Of those who have been hospitalized for suicidal behavior, the lifetime risk of suicide is 8.6%.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bos2000-81">[81]</a> Comparatively, non-suicidal people hospitalized for affective disorders have a 4% lifetime risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Bos2000-81">[81]</a> Half of all people who die by suicide may have <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>; having this or one of the other <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> increases the risk of suicide 20-fold.<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-82">[82]</a> Other conditions implicated include <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> (14%), <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a> (8%),<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Those with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> also attempt and consider suicide more frequently.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Others estimate that about half of people who die by suicide could be diagnosed with a personality disorder, with <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a> being the most common.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> About 5% of people with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> die of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet09-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a> are another high risk condition.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> Around 22% to 50% of people with <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> have attempted suicide, however this greatly varies by region.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Among approximately 80% of suicides, the individual has seen a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> within the year before their death,<a href="#cite_note-Pir1998-94">[94]</a> including 45% within the prior month.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Approximately 25–40% of those who died by suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Manchester_Centre_for_Mental_Health_and_Risk-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pir1998-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a> class appear to increase the frequency of suicide among children and young persons.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> An unwillingness to get help for mental health problems also increases the risk.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Risk-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance_misuse">Substance misuse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/300px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/450px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg/600px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="3905" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/The_Drunkard%27s_Progress" title="The Drunkard's Progress">The Drunkard's Progress</a>", 1846 demonstrating how alcoholism can lead to poverty, crime, and eventually suicide</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Substance_misuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance misuse">Substance misuse</a> is the second most common risk factor for suicide after major depression and bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Both chronic substance misuse as well as <a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">acute intoxication</a> are associated.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fadem2004-98">[98]</a> When combined with personal grief, such as <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">bereavement</a>, the risk is further increased.<a href="#cite_note-Fadem2004-98">[98]</a> Substance misuse is also associated with mental health disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> Most people are under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative-hypnotic drugs</a> (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) when they die by suicide,<a href="#cite_note-Youssef2008-99">[99]</a> with alcoholism present in between 15% and 61% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> Use of prescribed <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> is associated with an increased rate of suicide and attempted suicide. The pro-suicidal effects of benzodiazepines are suspected to be due to a psychiatric disturbance caused by side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a>, or withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Dod2017-10">[10]</a> Countries that have higher rates of alcohol use and a greater density of bars generally also have higher rates of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-ETOH2006-100">[100]</a> About 2.2–3.4% of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their life die by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-ETOH2006-100">[100]</a> Alcoholics who attempt suicide are usually male, older, and have tried to take their own lives in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> Between 3 and 35% of deaths among those who use <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> are due to suicide (approximately fourteenfold greater than those who do not use).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In adolescents who misuse alcohol, neurological and psychological dysfunctions may contribute to the increased risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17458319-102">[102]</a> The misuse of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> has a high correlation with suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In those who use cocaine, the risk is greatest during the <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine withdrawal">withdrawal phase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Those who used <a href="/wiki/Inhalant_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalant abuse">inhalants</a> are also at significant risk with around 20% attempting suicide at some point and more than 65% considering it.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> Smoking cigarettes is associated with risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2008-105">[105]</a> There is little evidence as to why this association exists; however, it has been hypothesized that those who are predisposed to smoking are also predisposed to suicide, that smoking causes health problems which subsequently make people want to end their life, and that smoking affects brain chemistry causing a propensity for suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2008-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a>, however, does not appear to independently increase the risk.<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-harm">Self-harm</h3></div> Non-suicidal self-harm is common with 18% of people engaging in self-harm over the course of their life.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>: 1  Acts of self-harm are not usually suicide attempts and most who self-harm are not at high risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Grey2009-107">[107]</a> Some who self-harm, however, do still end their life by suicide, and risk for self-harm and suicide may overlap.<a href="#cite_note-Grey2009-107">[107]</a> Individuals who have been identified as self-harming after being admitted to hospital are 68% (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>38–105%) more likely to die by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>: 279  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3></div> There is an association between suicidality and physical health problems such as<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> chronic pain,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> traumatic brain injury,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> cancer,<a href="#cite_note-Ang2012-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> kidney failure (requiring <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a>), <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> The diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> approximately doubles the subsequent frequency of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Ang2012-111">[111]</a> The prevalence of increased suicidality persisted after adjusting for depressive illness and alcohol abuse. Among people with more than one medical condition the frequency was particularly high. In Japan, health problems are listed as the primary justification for suicide.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Sleep disturbances, such as <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, are risk factors for depression and suicide. In some instances, the sleep disturbances may be a risk factor independent of depression.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A number of other medical conditions may present with symptoms similar to mood disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, systemic lupus erythematosus, and adverse effects from a number of medications (such as <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial_factors">Psychosocial factors</h3></div> A number of psychological factors increase the risk of suicide including: hopelessness, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">loss of pleasure in life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, anxiousness, agitation, rigid thinking, <a href="/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)" title="Rumination (psychology)">rumination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">thought suppression</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping</a> skills.<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A poor ability to solve problems, the loss of abilities one used to have, and poor <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control">impulse control</a> also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joiner2005-118">[118]</a> In older adults, the perception of being a burden to others is important.<a href="#cite_note-Van2011-119">[119]</a> Those who have never married are also at greater risk.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Recent life <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stresses</a>, such as a loss of a family member or friend or the loss of a job, might be a contributing factor.<a href="#cite_note-Che2012-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Risk-68">[68]</a> Certain personality factors, especially high levels of <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Introverted" class="mw-redirect" title="Introverted">introvertedness</a>, have been associated with suicide. This might lead to people who are isolated and <a href="/wiki/Distress_tolerance" title="Distress tolerance">sensitive to distress</a> to be more likely to attempt suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a> has been shown to have a protective effect.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> Other psychological risk factors include having few reasons for living and feeling trapped in a stressful situation.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> Changes to the stress response system in the brain might be altered during suicidal states.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Specifically, changes in the <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamine</a> system<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a> and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> has been associated with an increased risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a> is also a factor,<a href="#cite_note-Stark2011-122">[122]</a> with heightened relative poverty compared to those around a person increasing suicide risk.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Over 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers in India have died by suicide</a> since 1997, partly due to issues of debt.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In China, suicide is three times as likely in rural regions as urban ones, partly, it is believed, due to financial difficulties in this area of the country.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Being religious may reduce one's risk of suicide while beliefs that suicide is noble may increase it.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2009-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Risk-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> This has been attributed to the negative stance many religions take against suicide and to the greater connectedness religion may give.<a href="#cite_note-Religion2009-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, among religious people, appear to have a lower rate of suicide; however, the data supporting this is not strong.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> There does not appear to be a difference in rates of attempted suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> Young women in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> may have higher rates.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_factors">Occupational factors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Suicide in the military</a></div> Certain occupations carry an elevated risk of self-harm and suicide, such as military careers. Research in several countries has found that the rate of suicide among former armed forces personnel in particular,<a href="#cite_note-AIHW-2021-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-DND-2022-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simkus-2020-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Veterans_USDVA-2021-132">[132]</a> and young veterans especially,<a href="#cite_note-Kapur-2009-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIHW-2021-129">[129]</a> is markedly higher than that found in the general population. War veterans have a higher risk of suicide due in part to higher rates of mental illness, such as <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, and physical health problems related to war.<a href="#cite_note-Martyr2009-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat suicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg/300px-Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg/450px-Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg/600px-Lotte_an_Werthers_Grabmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">The Sorrows of Young Werther</a>, the title character kills himself due to a love triangle involving Charlotte (pictured at his grave). Some admirers of the story were triggered into <a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">copycat suicide</a>, known as the "Werther effect".</figcaption></figure> The media, including the Internet, plays an important role.<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> Certain depictions of suicide may increase its occurrence, with high-volume, prominent, repetitive coverage glorifying or romanticizing suicide having the most impact.<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-136">[136]</a> For example, about 15–40% of people leave a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">suicide note</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and media are discouraged from reporting the contents of that message. When detailed descriptions of how to kill oneself by a specific means are portrayed, this method of suicide can be imitated in vulnerable people.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> This phenomenon has been observed in several cases after press coverage.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In a bid to reduce the adverse effect of media portrayals concerning suicide report, one of the effective methods is to educate journalists on how to report suicide news in a manner that might reduce that possibility of imitation and encourage those at risk to seek for help. When journalists follow certain reporting guidelines the risk of suicides can be decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-136">[136]</a> Getting buy-in from the media industry, however, can be difficult, especially in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-Boh2012-136">[136]</a> This trigger of suicide contagion or <a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">copycat suicide</a> is known as the "Werther effect", named after the protagonist in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther" title="The Sorrows of Young Werther">The Sorrows of Young Werther</a> who killed himself and then was emulated by many admirers of the book.<a href="#cite_note-Sia2012-140">[140]</a> This risk is greater in adolescents who may romanticize death.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> It appears that while news media has a significant effect, that of the entertainment media is equivocal.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> It is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The opposite of the Werther effect is the proposed "Papageno effect", in which coverage of effective coping mechanisms may have a protective effect. The term is based upon a character in <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a>—fearing the loss of a loved one, he had planned to kill himself until his friends helped him out.<a href="#cite_note-Sia2012-140">[140]</a> As a consequence, fictional portrayals of suicide, showing alternative consequences or negative consequences, might have a preventive effect,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> for instance fiction might normalize mental health problems and encourage help-seeking.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_exposures">Environmental exposures</h3></div> Some environmental exposures, including <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunlight intensity">intense sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunlight duration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">hot weather</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high altitude</a>, are associated with suicide.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> There is a possible association between short-term <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM10</a> exposure and suicide.<a href="#cite_note-pm2024-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31850801-149">[149]</a> These factors might affect certain high-risk individuals more than others.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> The time of year may also affect suicide rates. There appears to be a decrease around Christmas,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> but an increase in rates during spring and summer, which might be related to exposure to sunshine.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Another study found that the risk may be greater for males on their birthday.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Genetics might influence rates of suicide. A family history of suicide, especially in the mother, affects children more than adolescents or adults.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> Adoption studies have shown that this is the case for biological relatives, but not adopted relatives. This makes familial risk factors unlikely to be due to <a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Once mental disorders are accounted for, the estimated <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritability</a> rate is 36% for suicidal ideation and 17% for suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary</a> explanation for suicide is that it may improve <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">inclusive fitness</a>. This may occur if the person dying by suicide cannot have more children and takes resources away from relatives by staying alive. An objection to this explanation is that deaths by healthy adolescents likely do not increase inclusive fitness. <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a> to a very different ancestral environment may be maladaptive in the current one.<a href="#cite_note-Joiner2005-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h3></div> Trauma is a risk factor for suicidality in both children<a href="#cite_note-Port2017-153">[153]</a> and adults.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> Some may take their own lives to escape <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cox2012-154">[154]</a> A history of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood sexual abuse">childhood sexual abuse</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and time spent in <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a> are also risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Sexual abuse is believed to contribute to approximately 20% of the overall risk.<a href="#cite_note-Brent2008-67">[67]</a> Significant adversity early in life has a negative effect on problem-solving skills and memory, both of which are implicated in suicidality.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> According to a 2022 study, adverse childhood experiences maybe "associated with a two-fold higher odds" of anxiety disorders, depression and suicidality."<a href="#cite_note-Sahel-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Problem gambling</a> is associated with increased suicidal ideation and attempts compared to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Between 12 and 24% of pathological gamblers attempt suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Oliv2008-159">[159]</a> The rate of suicide among their spouses is three times greater than that of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Oliv2008-159">[159]</a> Other factors that increase the risk in problem gamblers include concomitant mental illness, alcohol, and drug misuse.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Infection by the parasite <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a>, more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">toxoplasmosis</a>, has been linked with suicide risk. One explanation states that this is caused by altered <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> activity due to the immunological response.<a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational">Rational</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg/180px-72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg/270px-72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg/360px-72nd_Shinbu_1945_Kamikaze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Teenage recruits for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> suicide pilots in May 1945</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rational_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational suicide">Rational suicide</a> is the reasoned taking of one's own life.<a href="#cite_note-Loue2008-161">[161]</a> However, some consider suicide as never being rational.<a href="#cite_note-Loue2008-161">[161]</a> Euthanasia and assisted suicide are accepted practices in a number of countries among those who have a poor quality of life without the possibility of getting better.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-163">[163]</a> They are supported by the legal arguments for a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2016-163">[163]</a> The act of taking one's life for the benefit of others is known as <a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">altruistic suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moody2010-164">[164]</a> An example of this is an elder ending his or her life to leave greater amounts of food for the younger people in the community.<a href="#cite_note-Moody2010-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inuit#Suicide,_murder,_and_death" title="Inuit">Suicide in some Inuit cultures</a> has been seen as an act of respect, courage, or wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-Hales2012-165">[165]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attack</a> is a political or religious action where an attacker carries out violence against others which they understand will result in their own death.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Some suicide bombers are motivated by a desire to obtain <a href="/wiki/Martyrdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdoms">martyrdoms</a> or are religiously motivated.<a href="#cite_note-Martyr2009-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> missions were carried out as a duty to a higher cause or moral obligation.<a href="#cite_note-Hales2012-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a> is an act of <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> followed within a week by suicide of the person who carried out the act.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass suicides</a> are often performed under <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">social pressure</a> where members give up <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> to a leader (see Notable cases below).<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Mass suicides can take place with as few as two people, often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">suicide pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In extenuating situations where continuing to live would be intolerable, some people use suicide as a means of escape.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Some inmates in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> are known to have killed themselves during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> by deliberately touching the electrified fences.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:436px;max-width:436px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg/214px-Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg/321px-Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg/428px-Suicide_prevention_sign_on_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2844" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/214px-Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/321px-Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg/428px-Crisis_Counseling_at_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">As a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">suicide prevention</a> initiative, these signs on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a> promote a special telephone that connects to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.</div></div></div></div> Suicide prevention is a term used for the collective efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide through preventive measures. Protective factors for suicide include support, and access to therapy.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-61">[61]</a> About 60% of people with suicidal thoughts do not seek help.<a href="#cite_note-Bruffaerts-2011-173">[173]</a> Reasons for not doing so include low perceived need, and wanting to deal with the problem alone.<a href="#cite_note-Bruffaerts-2011-173">[173]</a> Despite these high rates, there are few established treatments available for suicidal behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention#Lethal_means_reduction" title="Suicide prevention">Reducing access to certain methods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">access to firearms</a> or toxins such as <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a> and pesticides, can reduce risk of suicide by that method.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tur2016-37">[37]</a> Reducing access to easily-accessible methods of suicide may make <a href="/wiki/Impulsive_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulsive (behavior)">impulsive</a> attempts less likely to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Other measures include reducing access to charcoal (for burning) and adding barriers on bridges and subway platforms.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, depression, and those who have attempted suicide in the past, may also be effective.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> Some have proposed reducing access to alcohol as a preventive strategy (such as reducing the number of bars).<a href="#cite_note-Drug2011-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Troms%C3%B8brua_suicide_prevention_fence_2008-06-28_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2869" /></a><figcaption>A suicide prevention fence on a bridge</figcaption></figure> In young adults who have recently thought about suicide, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> appears to improve outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocon2014-116">[116]</a> School-based programs that increase <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_literacy" title="Mental health literacy">mental health literacy</a> and train staff have shown mixed results on suicide rates.<a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> through its ability to reduce poverty may be able to decrease suicide rates.<a href="#cite_note-Stark2011-122">[122]</a> Efforts to increase <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">social connection</a>, especially in elderly males, may be effective.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In people who have attempted suicide, following up on them might prevent repeat attempts.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">crisis hotlines</a> are common, there is little evidence to support or refute their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Sak2011-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zal2016-16">[16]</a> Preventing childhood trauma provides an opportunity for suicide prevention.<a href="#cite_note-Port2017-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Suicide_Prevention_Day" title="World Suicide Prevention Day">World Suicide Prevention Day</a> is observed annually on 10 September with the support of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Suicide_Prevention" title="International Association for Suicide Prevention">International Association for Suicide Prevention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> About 50% of people who die of suicide have a <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorder</a> such as major depression.<a href="#cite_note-Barlow_Durand_2005_p.-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Sleep and diet may play a role in depression (<a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>), and interventions in these areas may be an effective add-on to conventional methods.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Vitamin B2, B6 and B12 deficiency may cause depression in females.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Risk of depression may be reduced with a healthy diet "high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes; moderate amounts of poultry, eggs, and dairy products; and only occasional red meat".<a href="#cite_note-healthdirect_j246-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A balanced diet and the consumption of lots of water is essential for mental health. Consuming <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a> may also help as they contain <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> fats. Consuming too much refined carbohydrates (e.g., snack foods) may increase the risk of depression symptoms. The mechanism on how diet improves or worsens mental health is still not fully understood. <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose level">Blood glucose levels</a> alterations, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, or effects on the <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut microbiome">gut microbiome</a> have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-healthdirect_j246-185">[185]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:436px;max-width:436px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg/214px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg/321px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg/428px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Asakusa_International_breakfast_buffet_20160503-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5440" data-file-height="3627" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg/214px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg/321px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg/428px-Richmond_Hotel_Premier_Tokyo_Oshiage_5F_Sizzler_breakfast_buffet_20160221-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="3220" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">Examples of <a href="/wiki/Balanced_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced diet">balanced diets</a>, proven essential for maintaining mental health.<a href="#cite_note-healthdirect_j246-185">[185]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">IS PATH WARM [...] is an acronym [...] to assess [...] a potentially suicidal individual, (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">ideation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">purposelessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, feeling trapped, <a href="/wiki/Beck_Hopelessness_Scale" title="Beck Hopelessness Scale">hopelessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(psychology)" title="Recklessness (psychology)">recklessness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>).<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>American Association of Suicidology (2019)</cite></div></blockquote> There is little data on the effects of screening the general population on the ultimate rate of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Screening those who come to the emergency departments with injuries from self-harm have been shown to help identify suicide ideation and suicide intention. <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric tests">Psychometric tests</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Beck_Depression_Inventory" title="Beck Depression Inventory">Beck Depression Inventory</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Geriatric_Depression_Scale" title="Geriatric Depression Scale">Geriatric Depression Scale</a> for older people are being used.<a href="#cite_note-Meier_2008_169-190">[190]</a> As there is a high rate of people who test positive via these tools that are not at risk of suicide, there are concerns that screening may significantly increase mental health care resource utilization.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Assessing those at high risk, though, is recommended for.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Asking about suicidality does not appear to increase the risk.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_mental_illness">Treatment of mental illness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></div> In those with mental health problems, a number of treatments may reduce the risk of suicide. Those who are actively suicidal may be admitted to psychiatric care either voluntarily or involuntarily.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Possessions that may be used to harm oneself are typically removed.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> Some clinicians get patients to sign <a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">suicide prevention contracts</a> where they agree to not harm themselves if released.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> However, evidence does not support a significant effect from this practice.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> If a person is at low risk, outpatient mental health treatment may be arranged.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> Short-term hospitalization has not been found to be more effective than community care for improving outcomes in those with borderline personality disorder who are chronically suicidal.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> There is tentative evidence that <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behaviour_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical behaviour therapy">dialectical behaviour therapy</a>, reduces suicidality in adolescents<a href="#cite_note-Can2010-194">[194]</a> as well as in those with borderline personality disorder.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> It may also be useful in decreasing suicide attempts in adults at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> There is controversy around the benefit-versus-harm of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-60">[60]</a> In young persons, some antidepressants, such as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a>, appear to increase the risk of suicidality from 25 per 1000 to 40 per 1000.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In older persons, however, they may decrease the risk.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> appears effective at lowering the risk in those with bipolar disorder and major depression to nearly the same levels as that of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a> may decrease the thoughts of suicide in some people with schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative anaesthetic">dissociative anaesthetic</a>, seems to lower the rate of suicidal ideation.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In the United States, health professionals are legally required to take reasonable steps to try to prevent suicide.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caring_letters">Caring letters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caringletter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Caringletter.jpg/300px-Caringletter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Caringletter.jpg/450px-Caringletter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Caringletter.jpg/600px-Caringletter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>A caring letter sent by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Motto" title="Jerome Motto">Jerome Motto</a> to his patient</figcaption></figure> The "Caring Letters" model of suicide prevention<a href="#cite_note-Luxton_2014-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nock_2014-205">[205]</a> involved mailing short letters that expressed the researchers' interest in the recipients without pressuring them to take any action. The <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(counseling)" title="Intervention (counseling)">intervention</a> reduced deaths by suicide, as proven through a <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cherkis_2018-206">[206]</a> The technique involves letters sent from a researcher who had spoken at length with the recipient during a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">suicidal crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nock_2014-205">[205]</a> The typewritten form letters were brief – sometimes as short as two sentences – personally signed by the researcher, and expressed interest in the recipient without making any demands.<a href="#cite_note-Nock_2014-205">[205]</a> They were initially sent monthly, eventually decreasing in frequency to quarterly letters; if the recipient wrote back, then an additional personal letter was mailed.<a href="#cite_note-Nock_2014-205">[205]</a> Caring letters are inexpensive and either the only,<a href="#cite_note-Nock_2014-205">[205]</a> or one of very few,<a href="#cite_note-Luxton_2014-204">[204]</a> approaches to suicide prevention that has been scientifically proven to work during the first years after a suicide attempt that resulted in hospitalization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png/280px-2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png/420px-2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png/560px-2010_suicide_rates_-_gun_versus_non-gun_-_high-income_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Deaths by gun-related suicide versus non-gun-related suicide rates per 100,000 in high-income countries in 2010<a href="#cite_note-AJM201603-207">[207]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></div> The leading method of suicide varies among countries. The leading methods in different regions include <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">hanging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_poisoning" title="Pesticide poisoning">pesticide poisoning</a>, and firearms.<a href="#cite_note-Aj2008-208">[208]</a> These differences are believed to be in part due to availability of the different methods.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> A review of 56 countries found that hanging was the most common method in most of the countries,<a href="#cite_note-Aj2008-208">[208]</a> accounting for 53% of male suicides and 39% of female suicides.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Worldwide, 30% of suicides are estimated to occur from pesticide poisoning, most of which occur in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a> The use of this method varies markedly from 4% in Europe to more than 50% in the Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> It is also common in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> due to the ease of access within the farming populations.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> In many countries, drug overdoses account for approximately 60% of suicides among women and 30% among men.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Many are unplanned and occur during an acute period of <a href="/wiki/Ambivalence" title="Ambivalence">ambivalence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> The death rate varies by method: firearms 80–90%, drowning 65–80%, hanging 60–85%, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">jumping</a> 35–60%, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">charcoal burning</a> 40–50%, pesticides 60–75%, and medication overdose 1.5–4.0%.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> The most common attempted methods of suicide differ from the most common methods of completion; up to 85% of attempts are via drug overdose in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-Tint2010-77">[77]</a> In China, the consumption of pesticides is the most common method.<a href="#cite_note-WRVp196-212">[212]</a> In Japan, self-disembowelment known as <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> (harakiri) still occurs;<a href="#cite_note-WRVp196-212">[212]</a> however, hanging and jumping are the most common.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Jumping to one's death is common in both Hong Kong and Singapore at 50% and 80% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> In Switzerland, firearms are the most frequent suicide method in young males, although this method has decreased since guns have become less common.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In the United States, 50% of suicides involve the use of firearms, with this method being somewhat more common in men (56%) than women (31%).<a href="#cite_note-NIMH-2019-216">[216]</a> The next most common cause was hanging in males (28%) and self-poisoning in females (31%).<a href="#cite_note-NIMH-2019-216">[216]</a> Together, hanging and poisoning constituted about 42% of U.S. suicides (as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NIMH-2019-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide" title="Epidemiology of suicide">Epidemiology of suicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates" title="Seasonal effects on suicide rates">Seasonal effects on suicide rates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg/300px-2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg/450px-2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg/600px-2019_Gun_suicides_per_capita_-_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The US has had the largest number of gun-related suicides in the world every year from 1990 through at least 2019.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_20211126-217">[217]</a> With 4% of the world's population, the US had 44% of global gun suicides in 2019, and the highest rate per capita.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_20211126-217">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> Approximately 1.4% of people die by suicide, a mortality rate of 11.6 per 100,000 persons per year.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Suicide resulted in 842,000 deaths in 2013 up from 712,000 deaths in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-18">[18]</a> Rates of suicide have increased by 60% from the 1960s to 2012, with these increases seen primarily in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-3">[3]</a> Globally, as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide&action=edit">[update]</a>/2009, suicide is the tenth leading cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2009-3">[3]</a> For every suicide that results in death there are between 10 and 40 attempted suicides.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> Suicide rates differ significantly between countries and over time.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> As a percentage of deaths in 2008 it was: Africa 0.5%, South-East Asia 1.9%, Americas 1.2% and Europe 1.4%.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> Rates per 100,000 were: Australia 8.6, Canada 11.1, China 12.7, India 23.2, United Kingdom 7.6, United States 11.4 and South Korea 28.9.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> It was ranked as the 10th leading cause of death in the United States in 2016 with about 45,000 cases that year.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Epi-220">[220]</a> Rates have <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">increased in the United States</a> in the last few years,<a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Epi-220">[220]</a> with about 49,500 people dying by suicide in 2022, the highest number ever recorded.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In the United States, about 650,000 people are seen in emergency departments yearly due to attempting suicide.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> The United States rate among men in their 50s rose by nearly half in the decade 1999–2010.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Greenland, Lithuania, Japan, and Hungary have the highest rates of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> Around 75% of suicides occur in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2">[2]</a> The countries with the greatest absolute numbers of suicides are China and India, partly due to their large population size, accounting for over half the total.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> In China, suicide is the 5th leading cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-China2009-223">[223]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_rate_from_suicides_(IHME_(1990_to_2016)),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Death rate from suicide per 100,000 as of 2017[224]"><img alt="Death rate from suicide per 100,000 as of 2017[224]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg/312px-Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="312" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg/468px-Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg/624px-Death_rate_from_suicides_%28IHME_%281990_to_2016%29%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Death rate from suicide per 100,000 as of 2017<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 355px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_deaths_from_suicide,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Share of deaths from suicide, 2017[225]"><img alt="Share of deaths from suicide, 2017[225]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg/312px-Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="312" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg/468px-Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg/624px-Share_of_deaths_from_suicide%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Share of deaths from suicide, 2017<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></div> </li> </ul> An unofficial report estimated 5,000 suicides in Iran in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_and_gender">Sex and gender</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences in suicide</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:508px;max-width:508px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_suicide_rates_2015_(crude).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/250px-Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/375px-Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/500px-Male_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="231" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_suicide_rates_2015_(crude).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/250px-Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/375px-Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg/500px-Female_suicide_rates_2015_%28crude%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Suicide rates per 100,000 males (left) and females (right). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0 – 5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5 – 10</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10 – 15</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  15 – 25</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25 – 35</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Above 35</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div> Globally as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide&action=edit">[update]</a>, death by suicide occurs about 1.8 times more often in males than females.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Sue2012-228">[228]</a> Suicide attempts and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among females.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Researchers have attributed the difference between suicide and attempted suicide among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Sue2012-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-232">[232]</a> However, separating intentional suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-harm is not currently done in places like the United States when gathering statistics at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men (ratio of 0.9).<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-China2009-223">[223]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high rates in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">South-East Asia</a> and the Western Pacific generally.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Among transgender persons, rates of attempted suicide are about 40% compared to a general population rate of 5%.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> This is believed to in part be due to <a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">social stigmatisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suicide_rates_by_age,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Suicide_rates_by_age%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Suicide rates by age<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></figcaption></figure> In many countries, the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-240">[240]</a> or elderly.<a href="#cite_note-Yip2012-22">[22]</a> The absolute number of suicides, however, is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018Age-241">[241]</a> Suicidality is rare in children, but increases during the transition to adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In the United States, the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide.<a href="#cite_note-EB2011-19">[19]</a> It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents<a href="#cite_note-Hawton2012-60">[60]</a> and in young males is second only to accidental death.<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-240">[240]</a> In young males in the developed world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-240">[240]</a> In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pit2012-240">[240]</a> In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females.<a href="#cite_note-Var2012-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History of suicide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps,_Roma,_Lazio,_00186,_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_(Ludovisi_Gaul)_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="10710" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Gaul" title="Ludovisi Gaul">Ludovisi Gaul</a> killing himself and his wife, Roman copy after the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> original, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Terme">Palazzo Massimo alle Terme</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">ancient Athens</a>, a person who died by suicide without the approval of the state was denied the honors of a normal burial. The person would be buried alone, on the outskirts of the city, without a headstone or marker.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> It was also common for the hand to be cut off the body and buried separately<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> - the hand (and the instrument used) being considered the perpetrator.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> However, it was deemed to be an acceptable method to deal with military defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Maris2000-246">[246]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, while suicide was initially permitted, it was later deemed a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against the state">crime against the state</a> due to its economic costs.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> condemned all forms of suicide while <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> was ambivalent.<a href="#cite_note-Minois_Hist_Suic-248">[248]</a> In Rome, some reasons for suicide included volunteering death in a <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> combat, guilt over murdering someone, to save the life of another, as a result of mourning, from shame from being raped, and as an escape from intolerable situations like physical suffering, military defeat, or criminal pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-Minois_Hist_Suic-248">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_mort_de_seneque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/La_mort_de_seneque.jpg/300px-La_mort_de_seneque.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/La_mort_de_seneque.jpg/450px-La_mort_de_seneque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/La_mort_de_seneque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>The Death of Seneca (1684), painting by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a>, depicting the suicide of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></figcaption></figure> Suicide came to be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a> and was condemned at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(452)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (452)">Council of Arles (452)</a> as the work of the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Church had drawn-out discussions as to when the desire for <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> was suicidal, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">martyrs of Córdoba</a>. Despite these disputes and occasional official rulings, Catholic doctrine was not entirely settled on the subject of suicide until the later 17th century. A criminal ordinance issued by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> in 1670 was extremely severe, even for the times: the dead person's body was drawn through the streets, face down, and then hung or thrown on a garbage heap. Additionally, all of the person's property was confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maris540-250">[250]</a> Attitudes towards suicide slowly began to shift during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>'s work <a href="/wiki/Biathanatos" title="Biathanatos">Biathanatos</a> contained one of the first modern defences of suicide, bringing proof from the conduct of Biblical figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, and presenting arguments on grounds of reason and nature to sanction suicide in certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Stanf-251">[251]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of society that began during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> questioned traditional religious attitudes (such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_suicide" title="Christian views on suicide">Christian views on suicide</a>) toward suicide and brought a more modern perspective to the issue. <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> denied that suicide was a crime as it affected no one and was potentially to the advantage of the individual. In his 1777 Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul he rhetorically asked, "Why should I prolong a miserable existence, because of some frivolous advantage which the public may perhaps receive from me?"<a href="#cite_note-Stanf-251">[251]</a> Hume's analysis was criticized by philosopher Philip Reed as being "uncharacteristically (for him) bad", since Hume took an unusually narrow conception of duty and his conclusion depended upon the suicide producing no harm to others – including causing no grief, feelings of guilt, or emotional pain to any surviving friends and family – which is almost never the case.<a href="#cite_note-Reed-2020-252">[252]</a> A shift in public opinion at large can also be discerned; <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in 1786 initiated a spirited debate on the motion "Is suicide an act of courage?".<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> By the 19th century, the act of suicide had shifted from being viewed as caused by sin to being caused by <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Maris540-250">[250]</a> Although suicide remained illegal during this period, it increasingly became the target of satirical comments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic opera</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a>, which satirized the idea of executing someone who had already killed himself. By 1879, English law began to distinguish between suicide and homicide, although suicide still resulted in forfeiture of estate.<a href="#cite_note-Dost-254">[254]</a> In 1882, the deceased were permitted daylight burial in England<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and by the middle of the 20th century, suicide had become legal in much of the Western world. The term suicide first emerged shortly before 1700 to replace expressions on self-death which were often characterized as a form of self-murder in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Minois_Hist_Suic-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_culture">Social and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Suicide legislation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/220px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/330px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/440px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a> knife prepared for <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>-cutting)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/220px-Seppuku-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/330px-Seppuku-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/440px-Seppuku-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> about to perform seppuku</figcaption></figure> Suicide is a crime in some parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> No country in Europe currently considers suicide or attempted suicide to be a crime.<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-257">[257]</a> It was, however, in most Western European countries from the Middle Ages until at least the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dost-254">[254]</a> The Netherlands was the first country to legalize both physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, which took effect in 2002, although only doctors are allowed to assist in either of them, and have to follow a protocol <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">prescribed by Dutch law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> If such protocol is not followed, it is an offence punishable by law. In Germany, active euthanasia is illegal and anyone present during suicide may be prosecuted for failure to render aid in an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Switzerland has taken steps to legalize assisted suicide for the chronically mentally ill. The high court in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, in a 2006 ruling, granted an anonymous individual with longstanding psychiatric difficulties the right to end his own life.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17649899-260">[260]</a> England and Wales decriminalized suicide via the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_Act_1961" title="Suicide Act 1961">Suicide Act 1961</a> and the Republic of Ireland in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-257">[257]</a> The word "commit" was used in reference to its being illegal, but many organisations have stopped it because of the negative connotation.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_style-262">[262]</a> In the United States, suicide is not illegal, but may be associated with penalties for those who attempt it.<a href="#cite_note-McL2007-257">[257]</a> Physician-assisted suicide is legal in the state of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> for people with terminal diseases.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, people with terminal diseases may request medications to help end their life.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Canadians who have attempted suicide may be barred from entering the United States. U.S. laws allow border guards to deny access to people who have a mental illness, including those with previous suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In Australia, suicide is not a crime.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> However, it is a crime to counsel, incite, or <a href="/wiki/Aid_and_abet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aid and abet">aid and abet</a> another in attempting to die by suicide, and the law explicitly allows any person to use "such force as may reasonably be necessary" to prevent another from taking their own life.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> of Australia briefly had legal physician-assisted suicide from 1996 to 1997.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In India, suicide was illegal until 2014, and surviving family members used to face legal difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> It remains a criminal offense in most Muslim-majority nations.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, suicide per se is not a crime; however, attempted suicide is. Under Section 309 of the Penal Code, a person convicted of attempting suicide can be punished with imprisonment of up to one year, fined, or both. There are ongoing efforts to decriminalise attempted suicide, although rights groups and non-governmental organisations such as the local chapter of <a href="/wiki/Befrienders" class="mw-redirect" title="Befrienders">Befrienders</a> say that progress has been slow.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Proponents of decriminalisation argue that suicide legislation may deter people from seeking help, and may even strengthen the resolve of would-be suicides to end their lives to avoid prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> The first reading of a bill to repeal Section 309 of the Penal Code was tabled in Parliament in April 2023, bringing Malaysia one step closer towards decriminalising attempted suicide.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Suicide became a trending crisis in North Korea in 2023; a secret order criminalized suicide as treason against the socialist state.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views on suicide</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_suicide" title="Christian views on suicide">Christian views on suicide</a></div> Most forms of Christianity consider suicide sinful, based mainly on the writings of influential Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>, but suicide was not considered a sin under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">code of Justinian</a>, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> and Orthodox doctrine, suicide is considered to be murder, violating the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">commandment</a> "Thou shalt not kill," and historically neither church would even hold a burial service for a member that died by suicide, deeming it an act that condemned the person to hell, since they died in a state of mortal sin.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The basic idea being that life is a gift given by God which should not be spurned, and that suicide is against the "natural order" and thus interferes with God's master plan for the world.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> However, it is believed that mental illness or grave fear of suffering diminishes the responsibility of the one completing suicide.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_suicide" title="Jewish views on suicide">Jewish views on suicide</a></div> Judaism focuses on the importance of valuing this life, and as such, suicide is tantamount to denying God's goodness in the world. Despite this, under extreme circumstances when there has seemed no choice but to either be killed or forced to betray their religion, there are several accounts of Jews having died by suicide, either individually or in groups (see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France#Persecutions_(987–1137)" title="History of the Jews in France">First French persecution of the Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">York Castle</a> for examples), and as a grim reminder there is even a prayer in the Jewish liturgy for "when the knife is at the throat", for those dying "to sanctify God's Name" (see <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">Martyrdom</a>). These acts have received mixed responses by Jewish authorities, regarded by some as examples of heroic martyrdom, while others state that it was wrong for them to take their own lives in anticipation of martyrdom.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> Islamic religious views are against suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> Suiciding is Haram in Islam. The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> forbids it by stating "do not kill or destroy yourself".<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gear2009-284">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> also state individual suicide to be unlawful and a sin.<a href="#cite_note-Islam2006-29">[29]</a> Stigma is often associated with suicide in Islamic countries.<a href="#cite_note-Gear2009-284">[284]</a> One who suicides and succeeds, he\she shall never enter Paradise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism_and_Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/220px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/330px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg/440px-A_Hindoo_Widow_Burning_Herself_with_the_Corpse_of_her_Husband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> widow <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">burning herself</a> with her husband's corpse, 1820s</figcaption></figure> In Hinduism, suicide is generally disdained and is considered equally sinful as murdering another in contemporary Hindu society. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu Scriptures</a> state that one who dies by suicide will become part of the spirit world, wandering earth until the time one would have otherwise died, had one not taken one's own life.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> However, Hinduism accepts a man's right to end one's life through the non-violent practice of fasting to death, termed <a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a>;<a href="#cite_note-hindu-286">[286]</a> but Prayopavesa is strictly restricted to people who have no desire or ambition left, and no responsibilities remaining in this life.<a href="#cite_note-hindu-286">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> has a similar practice named <a href="/wiki/Santhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhara">Santhara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">self-immolation</a> by widows, is a rare and illegal practice in Hindu society.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ainu">Ainu</h4></div> Within the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu religion</a>, someone who dies by suicide is believed to become a <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> (tukap) who would haunt the living,<a href="#cite_note-yamada-288">[288]</a> to come to fulfillment from which they were excluded during life.<a href="#cite_note-adami-289">[289]</a> Also, someone who insults another so they kill themselves is regarded as co-responsible for their death.<a href="#cite_note-adami-2-290">[290]</a> According to Norbert Richard Adami, this ethic exists due to the case that solidarity within the community is much more important to Ainu culture than it is to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adami-2-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></div> A number of questions are raised within the philosophy of suicide, including what constitutes suicide, whether or not suicide can be a rational choice, and the moral permissibility of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-291">[291]</a> Arguments as to acceptability of suicide in moral or social terms range from the position that the act is inherently immoral and unacceptable under any circumstances, to a regard for suicide as a sacrosanct right of anyone who believes they have rationally and conscientiously come to the decision to end their own lives, even if they are young and healthy. Opponents to suicide include philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-291">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> and, arguably, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> – Mill's focus on the importance of liberty and autonomy meant that he rejected choices which would prevent a person from making future autonomous decisions.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Others view suicide as a legitimate matter of personal choice. Supporters of this position maintain that no one should be forced to suffer against their will, particularly from conditions such as incurable disease, mental illness, and old age, with no possibility of improvement. They reject the belief that suicide is always irrational, arguing instead that it can be a valid last resort for those enduring major pain or trauma.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> A stronger stance would argue that people should be allowed to autonomously choose to die regardless of whether they are suffering. Notable supporters of this <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">school of thought</a> include Scottish empiricist <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>,<a href="#cite_note-StanfordSuicide-291">[291]</a> who accepted suicide so long as it did not harm or violate a duty to God, other people, or the self,<a href="#cite_note-Reed-2020-252">[252]</a> and American bioethicist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob Appel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17649899-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverse_attitudes">Adverse attitudes</h3></div> Society may have negative attitudes towards suicide, which can lead to suicidal people experiencing discrimination, stigmatization, exclusion, pathologization, and incarceration. They may be hospitalized and/or drugged without their consent, and have difficulties in finding jobs or housing, and have their parental rights revoked. Suicide is not seen as a positive human right, and/or a logical decision given circumstances. Suicidal people are not seen as having potentially valuable messages to convey.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy of suicide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/220px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/330px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg/440px-Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_-_The_Suicide_-_Walters_3742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>In this painting by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps" title="Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps">Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps</a>, the palette, pistol, and note lying on the floor suggest that the event has just taken place; an artist has taken his own life.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></figcaption></figure> Advocacy of suicide has occurred in many cultures and <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a>. The Japanese military during World War II encouraged and glorified kamikaze attacks, which were suicide attacks by military aviators from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> against <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> naval vessels in the closing stages of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Theater (World War II)">Pacific Theater</a> of World War II. Japanese society as a whole has been described as "suicide-tolerant"<a href="#cite_note-ozawa-desilva-300">[300]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Suicide in Japan</a>). <a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Internet searches for information on suicide</a> return webpages that, in a 2008 study, about 50% of the time provide information on suicide methods. A similar study found that 11% of sites encouraged suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> There is some concern that such sites may push those predisposed over the edge. Some people form suicide pacts online, either with pre-existing friends or people they have recently encountered in chat rooms or <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">message boards</a>. The Internet, however, may also help prevent suicide by providing a social group for those who are isolated.<a href="#cite_note-Dur2011-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">List of suicide sites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicides_at_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge">Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge</a></div> Some landmarks have become known for high levels of suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2012-303">[303]</a> These include China's <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge" title="Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge">Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a>, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Aokigahara" title="Aokigahara">Aokigahara Forest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> England's <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2012-303">[303]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bloor_Street_Viaduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloor Street Viaduct">Bloor Street Viaduct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis2008-306">[306]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Golden Gate Bridge has had more than 1,300 suicides by jumping since its construction in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-McDougall2010-307">[307]</a> Many locations where suicide is common have constructed barriers to prevent it;<a href="#cite_note-Bateson2008-308">[308]</a> this includes the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_Veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminous Veil">Luminous Veil</a> in Toronto,<a href="#cite_note-Dennis2008-306">[306]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge" title="West Gate Bridge">West Gate Bridge</a> in Melbourne, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Bateson2008-308">[308]</a> They generally appear to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-Miller2011-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a></div> An example of <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a> is the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Jonestown_mass_murder/suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonestown mass murder/suicide">Jonestown mass murder/suicide</a> in which 909 members of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones" title="Jim Jones">Jim Jones</a>, ended their lives by drinking grape <a href="/wiki/Flavor_Aid" title="Flavor Aid">Flavor Aid</a> laced with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">cyanide</a> and various prescription drugs.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-tape-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Thousands of Japanese civilians took their own lives in the last days of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a> in 1944, some jumping from "<a href="/wiki/Suicide_Cliff" title="Suicide Cliff">Suicide Cliff</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Banzai_Cliff" title="Banzai Cliff">Banzai Cliff</a>".<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strikes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a>, resulted in 10 deaths. The cause of death was recorded by the coroner as "starvation, self-imposed" rather than suicide; this was modified to simply "starvation" on the death certificates after protest from the dead strikers' families.<a href="#cite_note-Philosophy59OKeeffe-314">[314]</a> During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> was found to have foreknowledge of the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> on Hitler's life; he was threatened with <a href="/wiki/Public_trial" title="Public trial">public trial</a>, execution, and reprisals on his family unless he killed himself.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_species">Other species</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></div> As suicide requires a willful attempt to die, some feel it therefore cannot be said to occur in non-human animals.<a href="#cite_note-Maris2000-246">[246]</a> Suicidal behavior has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> seeking to overcome competing bacteria by triggering an <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> response against them.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Suicidal defenses by workers are also seen in the Brazilian ant <a href="/wiki/Forelius_pusillus" title="Forelius pusillus">Forelius pusillus</a>, where a small group of ants leaves the security of the nest after sealing the entrance from the outside each evening.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pea_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pea aphid">Pea aphids</a>, when threatened by a <a href="/wiki/Ladybug" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladybug">ladybug</a>, can explode themselves, scattering and protecting their brethren and sometimes even killing the ladybug; this form of suicidal <a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">altruism</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Autothysis" title="Autothysis">autothysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Globitermes_sulphureus" title="Globitermes sulphureus">Globitermes sulphureus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Bordereau-1997-319">[319]</a> have soldiers that explode, covering their enemies with sticky goo.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bordereau-1997-319">[319]</a> There have been anecdotal reports of dogs, horses, and dolphins killing themselves,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> but little scientific study of animal suicide.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9616791-322">[322]</a> Animal suicide is usually put down to romantic human interpretation and is not generally thought to be intentional. Some of the reasons animals are thought to unintentionally kill themselves include: psychological stress, infection by certain parasites or fungi, or disruption of a long-held social tie, such as the ending of a long association with an owner and thus not accepting food from another individual.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">List of suicide crisis lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoner suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth suicide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO2014Pre-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014Pre_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014Pre_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014. pp. 7, 20, 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156477-9"><bdi>978-92-4-156477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preventing+suicide%3A+a+global+imperative&rft.pages=7%2C+20%2C+40&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156477-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2016-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/">"Suicide Fact sheet N°398"</a>. 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Even though crisis centers and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behavior is lacking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+current+evidence+base+for+the+clinical+care+of+suicidal+patients%3A+strengths+and+weaknesses&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6+Suppl+1&rft.pages=7S-20S&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17824349&rft.aulast=Sakinofsky&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zal2016-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zal2016_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalsmanHawtonWassermanvan_Heeringen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. 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Psychiatry. 3 (7): 646–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2816%2930030-X">10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8509936">1854/LU-8509936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27289303">27289303</a>. <q>Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Suicide+prevention+strategies+revisited%3A+10-year+systematic+review&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=646-59&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8509936&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27289303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2816%2930030-X&rft.aulast=Zalsman&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Hawton%2C+K&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+D&rft.au=van+Heeringen%2C+K&rft.au=Arensman%2C+E&rft.au=Sarchiapone%2C+M&rft.au=Carli%2C+V&rft.au=H%C3%B6schl%2C+C&rft.au=Barzilay%2C+R&rft.au=Balazs%2C+J&rft.au=Purebl%2C+G&rft.au=Kahn%2C+JP&rft.au=S%C3%A1iz%2C+PA&rft.au=Lipsicas%2C+CB&rft.au=Bobes%2C+J&rft.au=Cozman%2C+D&rft.au=Hegerl%2C+U&rft.au=Zohar%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-17"><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangNaghaviAllenBarber2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">5388903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281">27733281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+M&rft.au=Allen%2C+C&rft.au=Barber%2C+RM&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+ZA&rft.au=Carter%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988">. For the number 828,000, see Table 5, line "Self-harm", second column (year 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-GDB2013-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDB2013_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDB2013_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaghaviWangLozanoDavis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340604">"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"</a>. 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For the number 712,000, see Table 2, line "Self-harm", first column (year 1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2011-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB2011_19-21">v</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangGitlinPatel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R (September 2011). 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Psychology Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67690-1"><bdi>978-1-136-67690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Existential+and+Spiritual+Issues+in+Death+Attitudes&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-67690-1&rft.aulast=Tomer&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJTruwsicuoC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzerStepnisky2011" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer G, Stepnisky J, eds. 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In Psych. 35 (1): 30–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815173633/http://www.psychology.org.au/Content.aspx?ID=5048">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Psych&rft.atitle=Suicide+and+Language%3A+Why+we+Shouldn%27t+Use+the+%27C%27+Word&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-31&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Forster%2C+P&rft.au=Maple%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychology.org.au%2FContent.aspx%3FID%3D5048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/about/apa/equity-diversity-inclusion/language-guidelines.pdf">Inclusive Language Guidelines</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aihw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Serving+and+ex-serving+Australian+Defence+Force+members+who+have+served+since+1985%3A+suicide+monitoring+2001+to+2019&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.au=Australian+Institute+of+Health+and+Welfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihw.gov.au%2Fgetmedia%2Fc0338ed6-a0da-4f5a-b503-41abde024230%2Faihw-phe-290.pdf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DND-2022-130"><a href="#cite_ref-DND-2022_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_National_Defence2022" class="citation web cs1">Department of National Defence (11 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/health/2021-report-on-suicide-mortality-in-the-caf-1995-to-2020.html">"2021 Report on Suicide Mortality in the Canadian Armed Forces (1995 to 2020)"</a>. www.canada.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830091042/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/health/2021-report-on-suicide-mortality-in-the-caf-1995-to-2020.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+Suicide+Mortality+in+the+Canadian+Armed+Forces+%281995+to+2020%29&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft.au=Department+of+National+Defence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fdepartment-national-defence%2Fcorporate%2Freports-publications%2Fhealth%2F2021-report-on-suicide-mortality-in-the-caf-1995-to-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkus-2020-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Simkus-2020_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkusHallHeberVanTil2020" class="citation web cs1">Simkus K, Hall A, Heber A, VanTil L (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/about-vac/research/research-directorate/publications/reports/veteran-suicide-mortality-study-2019">"Veteran Suicide Mortality Study: Follow-up period from 1976 to 2014"</a>. 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Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0581-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-0581-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003161655/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6uUDBBGqF4C&pg=PA301">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+mental+health+sociocultural+influences%2C+theory%2C+and+practice&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0581-4&rft.aulast=Eshun&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gurung%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6uUDBBGqF4C%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIMH-2019-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIMH-2019_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIMH-2019_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIMH-2019_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml">"Suicide – Mental Health Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221215124/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/26/world/us-gun-culture-world-comparison-intl-cmd/index.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+US+gun+culture+stacks+up+with+the+world&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft.au=Shveda%2C+Krystina&rft.au=Croker%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Chacon%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2Fus-gun-culture-world-comparison-intl-cmd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> Article updated October 26, 2023. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 589. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32899-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32899-9"><bdi>978-0-323-32899-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914014509/https://books.google.com/books?id=y5nTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA589">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+General+Hospital+Comprehensive+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.pages=589&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-323-32899-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Fava%2C+M&rft.au=Wilens%2C+TE&rft.au=Rosenbaum%2C+JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5nTBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrug2002" class="citation book cs1">Krug EG (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA191">World Report on Violence and Health</a>. 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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsuicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed-2020-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reed-2020_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed-2020_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2020" class="citation book cs1">Reed P (30 December 2020). "Suicide and its Discontents". In Timmerman T, Cholbi M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOcJEAAAQBAJ">Exploring the Philosophy of Death and Dying: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-21674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-21674-5"><bdi>978-1-000-21674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suicide+and+its+Discontents&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Philosophy+of+Death+and+Dying%3A+Classical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-21674-5&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOcJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackscheiderIngrassia2008" class="citation book cs1">Backscheider PR, Ingrassia C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWTcejAzQ8kC">A Companion to the Eighteenth-Century English Novel and Culture</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5450-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-5450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Eighteenth-Century+English+Novel+and+Culture&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5450-5&rft.aulast=Backscheider&rft.aufirst=PR&rft.au=Ingrassia%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWTcejAzQ8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dost-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dost_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dost_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaperno1997" class="citation book cs1">Paperno I (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC&pg=PA60">Suicide as a cultural institution in Dostoevsky's Russia</a>. Ithaca: Cornell university press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8425-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-8425-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928063739/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+as+a+cultural+institution+in+Dostoevsky%27s+Russia&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cornell+university+press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8425-4&rft.aulast=Paperno&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3pqf8f-6bMC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_John-Stevas2002" class="citation book cs1">St John-Stevas N (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S60656aS4PAC">Life, Death and the Law: Law and Christian Morals in England and the United States</a>. Beard Books. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58798-113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58798-113-5"><bdi>978-1-58798-113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+Death+and+the+Law%3A+Law+and+Christian+Morals+in+England+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58798-113-5&rft.aulast=St+John-Stevas&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS60656aS4PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithHoganOrmerodOrmerod2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith JC, Hogan B, Ormerod DC, Ormerod D (2011). Smith & Hogan's criminal law (13th ed.). 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Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51241-8"><bdi>978-0-470-51241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide-related+behaviour+understanding%2C+caring+and+therapeutic+responses&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-51241-8&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2FJRbekdC8C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1269682.stm">"Dutch 'mercy killing law' passed"</a>. 11 April 2001. 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Discovery News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725200146/http://news.discovery.com/animals/animal-suicide-behavior.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Animal+Suicide+Sheds+Light+on+Human+Behavior&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fanimals%2Fanimal-suicide-behavior.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordereau-1997-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bordereau-1997_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bordereau-1997_319-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordereauRobertVan_TuyenPeppuy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bordereau C, Robert A, Van Tuyen V, Peppuy A (1 August 1997). "Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)". Insectes Sociaux. 44 (3): 289–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000400050049">10.1007/s000400050049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-9098">1420-9098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19770804">19770804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insectes+Sociaux&rft.atitle=Suicidal+defensive+behaviour+by+frontal+gland+dehiscence+in+Globitermes+sulphureus+Haviland+soldiers+%28Isoptera%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-97&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19770804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1420-9098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs000400050049&rft.aulast=Bordereau&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Robert%2C+A&rft.au=Van+Tuyen%2C+V&rft.au=Peppuy%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/10_october/20/life_horrors.shtml">"Life In The Undergrowth"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+In+The+Undergrowth&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2005%2F10_october%2F20%2Flife_horrors.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobel2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Nobel J (19 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322192029/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html">"Do Animals Commit Suicide? A Scientific Debate"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Do+Animals+Commit+Suicide%3F+A+Scientific+Debate&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=Nobel&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1973486%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9616791-322"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9616791_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoffMann1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stoff DM, Mann JJ (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230754">"Suicide research. Overview and introduction"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 836 (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.836....1S">1997NYASA.836....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9616791">9616791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31876340">31876340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Suicide+research.+Overview+and+introduction&rft.volume=836&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31876340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9616791&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997NYASA.836....1S&rft.aulast=Stoff&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Mann%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogenboom2016" class="citation web cs1">Hogenboom M (6 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160705-many-animals-seem-to-kill-themselves-but-it-is-not-suicide">"Many animals seem to kill themselves, but it is not suicide"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226233605/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160705-many-animals-seem-to-kill-themselves-but-it-is-not-suicide">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Many+animals+seem+to+kill+themselves%2C+but+it+is+not+suicide&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Hogenboom&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fearth%2Fstory%2F20160705-many-animals-seem-to-kill-themselves-but-it-is-not-suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Suicide <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Suicide">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Suicide&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambotto2004" class="citation book cs1">Gambotto A (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Eclipse:_A_Memoir_of_Suicide" title="The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide">The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide</a>. Australia: Broken Ankle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751075-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751075-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9751075-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eclipse%3A+A+Memoir+of+Suicide&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Broken+Ankle+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9751075-1-5&rft.aulast=Gambotto&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeschel2009" class="citation book cs1">Goeschel C (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIjccRg7_UYC">Suicide in Nazi Germany</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953256-8"><bdi>978-0-19-953256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953256-8&rft.aulast=Goeschel&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIjccRg7_UYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/131056/9789241564779_eng.pdf?sequence=1">Preventing suicide: a global imperative</a> (PDF). WHO. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156477-9"><bdi>978-92-4-156477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preventing+suicide%3A+a+global+imperative.&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156477-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F131056%2F9789241564779_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuicide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freakonomics" title="Freakonomics">Freakonomics</a> <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freakonomics.com/podcast/new-freakonomics-radio-podcast-the-suicide-paradox/">The Suicide Paradox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10737" class="extiw" title="d:Q10737">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/X60-X84">X60-X84</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=E950">E950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013405">D013405</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12641.htm">12641</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001554.htm">001554</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288598-overview">article/288598</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suicide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_navbox" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suicide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Suicide crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Suicide intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_theory_of_suicide" title="Interpersonal theory of suicide">Interpersonal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" title="Suicide in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_attributed_to_bullying" title="List of suicides attributed to bullying">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">Charcoal-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide" title="Multiple gunshot suicide">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping from height</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">By train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_on_the_London_Underground" title="Suicide on the London Underground">London Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">By cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">By pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">Suicide pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_suicide" title="Vehicular suicide">Vehicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives" title="List of heads of state and government who took their own lives">heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">Suicide prevention contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">LGBTQ youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Belarus" title="Suicide in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" title="Suicide in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greece" title="Suicide in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" title="Suicide in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong" title="Suicide in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_suicides_in_Hong_Kong" title="Student suicides in Hong Kong">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide_in_India" title="Youth suicide in India">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" title="Suicide in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mexico" title="Suicide in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" title="Suicide in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nigeria" title="Suicide in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBT_youth" title="Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBT youth">LGBT youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_veteran_suicide" title="United States military veteran suicide">military veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage suicide in the United States">teenage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Uruguay" title="Suicide in Uruguay"> Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death in absentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 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class="sister-bar-header">Suicide at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Suicide" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Suicide">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suicide" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Suicide">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Suicide" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Suicide">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Suicide" class="extiw" title="q:Suicide">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Suicide" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Suicide">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Suicide" class="extiw" title="b:Suicide">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Suicide" class="extiw" title="v:Suicide">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054423-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129742">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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