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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Sword dance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তৰোৱাল নৃত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৰোৱাল নৃত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_d%27espases" title="Ball d'espases – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ball d'espases" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerttanz" title="Schwerttanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwerttanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_las_espadas" title="Danza de las espadas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza de las espadas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="رقص شمشیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقص شمشیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_avec_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Danse avec épée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danse avec épée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EC%B6%A4" title="칼춤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼춤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Devni_plesovi" title="Mačevni plesovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mačevni plesovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_della_spada" title="Danza della spada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danza della spada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of dance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Sword_Dancer_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword Dancer (horse)">Sword Dancer (horse)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg/300px-Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg/450px-Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg/600px-Roger_Pic._Danses_de_G%C3%A9orgie._1965._p.48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8841" data-file-height="5808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> mock-battle ensemble with <a href="/wiki/Short_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Short sword">short swords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckler" title="Buckler">bucklers</a>, Paris 1965</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joanovitch_Paul_(1859%E2%80%931957)_The_Sword_Dance,_Private_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/240px-Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/360px-Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg/480px-Joanovitch_Paul_%281859%E2%80%931957%29_The_Sword_Dance%2C_Private_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sword Dance</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Paja Jovanović">Paja Jovanović</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Weapon_dance" title="Weapon dance">Weapon dances</a> incorporating <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> or similar weapons are recorded throughout world history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various traditions of <a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">solo</a> and mock-battle (<a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrrhic dance">Pyrrhic</a>) sword dances in Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asia<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions use sticks or clubs in place of bladed weapons, while most modern performers employ dulled <a href="/wiki/Sword_replica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword replica">replications</a> to avoid injury. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General types of sword dance include: </p> <ul><li>solo dancers around swords – such as the traditional <a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dances" title="Scottish sword dances">Scottish sword dances</a>. This general form also encompasses non-sword dances such as the bacca pipes jig in Cotswold <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">morris dance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>mock-battle dances, including many stick dances from non-sword traditions, and such common continental dances as Bouffons or Mattachins as described by Thoinot Arbeau in 1588.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>hilt-and-point sword dances – where the dancers are linked together by their swords in a chain. These form the basis for <a href="/wiki/Rapper_sword" title="Rapper sword">rapper sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">long sword</a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China_and_Vietnam">China and Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: China and Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_(%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_%28%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98%29_2.jpg/220px-%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_%28%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_%28%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98%29_2.jpg/330px-%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_%28%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/%E7%95%AB%E9%BA%97%E7%8F%A0%E8%90%83%E7%A7%80_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_%28%E5%94%90%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A8%98%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Lady Gongsun of the Tang dynasty, who was known for her elegant sword dancing, as depicted in <i>Gathering Gems of Beauty</i> (畫麗珠萃秀)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sword dances in China and Vietnam, known as <i>jian wu</i> or <i>múa kiếm</i>, began as a military training exercise with swords and spears which evolved into an elaborate acrobatic dance.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">Jian</a> wu was one of four classical dances that were used in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese opera">Vietnamese opera</a>. Each of these dances was very meaningful within the opera performances and they often were used for plot descriptions and characterization.<sup id="cite_ref-gale_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gale-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sword dancing also found a use in Chinese and Vietnamese cultures through communicating with the supernatural; sword dancing was done in an effort to communicate feelings to the dead spirits that may be disrupting a household.<sup id="cite_ref-guido_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guido-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are quite a few styles within the actual art of sword dancing. The first style focuses on relaxation and flexibility while the other style focuses on speed and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also different types of swords and weapons used during each dance. A long sword is usually wielded with slower dramatic movements during a solo performance while shorter scimitars are used at a very high pace during a sword dance between two or more people.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each style requires certain movements that require the dancer to be highly agile and athletic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mer_Dandiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mer_Dandiya.jpg/300px-Mer_Dandiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mer_Dandiya.jpg/450px-Mer_Dandiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mer_Dandiya.jpg/600px-Mer_Dandiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="Gujarati-language text"><i lang="gu">Mer Dandiya</i></span></i>, a sword dance performed by the communities of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Many sword-dances in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> originated with the martial traditions of the region, the paragon of which exemplified in the long-established <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">Gatka</a> tradition, arising from the tenet of monolithic, theosophical militarization found within <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">paika akhada</a> which were previously used to train <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissan</a> warriors now perform weapon dances in the streets during festivals. Other dances like the <i>mer dandiya</i> are simply theatrical depictions of battle, while some like the <a href="/wiki/Chholiya_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chholiya dance">choliya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon region</a> were used to ward off evil spirits. Sword dances are still commonly performed for weddings and other occasions in the Indian subcontinent today. </p><p>In the Indian subcontinent, the chhau sword dance,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Firkal_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Firkal dance">Firkal</a> sword dance,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khasi tribal sword dance,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhotiya tribe sword dance,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakharu-li sword dance, Khaijama-Phanai sword dance, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> sword dance and the <a href="/wiki/Khattak_dance" title="Khattak dance">Khattak</a> sword dance are performed on festive occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg/220px-Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg/330px-Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg/440px-Bedouin_sword_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> woman performing a sword dance, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Arab sword dances (<i>raqs al-saïf</i>) evolved out of sword fighting between men, in both Egypt and Turkey. There was even a time when sword dancing was banned by the sultan during Ottoman rule, as it was believed that dancers, who took swords from soldiers and pretended to "kill" them at the end of the performances, collected the swords to begin a resistance against the army. These swords were never returned. Female sword dancing was not widespread in West Asia. Men in Egypt performed a dance called <i>el ard</i>, a martial dance involving upraised swords, but women were not widely known to use swords as props during their dancing in public. However, paintings and engravings by French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme (who visited Egypt in the 18th century) show sword dancers balancing sabers on their heads. The Turkish Kılıç Kalkan dance of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> is performed exclusively by men with a sword and shield, and represents the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the city. The performers wear early <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman</a> battle dress and dance to the sound of clashing swords and shields without music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilt-and-point sword dances are, or were, performed all over Europe. These are particularly concentrated in an area corresponding to the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> at around 1400–1500, and many of these traditional dances are still performed in England,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, North Italy, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, with a particular concentration in <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_sword_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian sword dances">Sword dances</a> are also performed by <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Into the late 1400s Albanian sword dances were imitaded by Italian <a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">tarantellas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sword dances performed by the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> of Smiths and Cutlers in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> are recorded from 1350. 16th century records of sword dances survive from all over Germany. Depictions of dances survive from <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (1578) and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (1600). In Scotland a dance was recorded as being performed in 1285, but this was found in a document from 1440. </p><p>An important concentration of traditional sword dances can be found on the Italian side of the western Alps. Main sites are <a href="/wiki/Giaglione" title="Giaglione">Giaglione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venaus" title="Venaus">Venaus</a> and S. Giorio in the <a href="/wiki/Susa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Susa valley">Susa valley</a>, where the so-called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spadonari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spadonari (page does not exist)">Spadonari</a>" (sword-holders) dance is still performed between the end of January and the beginning of February. This dance is also connected with the rebirth of nature and vegetation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, in a dance called <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Căluș">Căluș</a>, a sword dance similar to a Morris Dance, is part of a more complex ritualistic dance involving elements of fertility ritual and horse worship. </p><p>Hilt-and-point sword dances traditional to England include <a href="/wiki/Rapper_sword" title="Rapper sword">rapper sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">long sword</a>, although both of these are now also performed by revival teams outside their traditional areas, including teams in most of the English-speaking world. English sword dancing has also been brought to the New World, initially as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">morris revival</a>" of the 1970s and 1980s. Teams are now extant in most major metropolitan areas in North America. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> Sword Ale is an annual gathering over <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents' Day (United States)">Presidents' Day</a> weekend that brings together over a dozen sword teams form the east coast and around the world. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rugova_war_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugova war dance">Rugova war dance</a><sup id="cite_ref-Daubeny1952_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daubeny1952-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Vallja me shpata e Rugovës</i> or <i>Loja Luftarake e Rugovës</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Albanian_war_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian war dance">Albanian war dance</a> named after the <a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova region</a><sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. The dance is considered a relic of the <a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">war dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">valle luftarake</i>), the remnants of pantomimic dances performed in the re-enactment or preparation of battles.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance is performed by two male dancers who fight a mock battle for the hand of a girl (a "maiden's dance"<sup id="cite_ref-Tomašević1968_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomašević1968-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markina4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Markina sword dancers (Basque Country)"><img alt="Markina sword dancers (Basque Country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Markina4.jpg/106px-Markina4.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Markina4.jpg/160px-Markina4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Markina4.jpg/213px-Markina4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Markina" class="mw-redirect" title="Markina">Markina</a> sword dancers (Basque Country)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traunstein Sword Dance (Germany, Bavaria)"><img alt="Traunstein Sword Dance (Germany, Bavaria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg/213px-SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg/320px-SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg/426px-SchwerttanzTraunsteinSchwertertanzsworddance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Traunstein" title="Traunstein">Traunstein</a> Sword Dance (Germany, Bavaria)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oni_Kenbai_1,_Kitakami,_Iwate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oni Kenbai (Devils Sword Dance) of Kitakami, Iwate, Japan"><img alt="Oni Kenbai (Devils Sword Dance) of Kitakami, Iwate, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg/220px-Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg/330px-Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg/440px-Oni_Kenbai_1%2C_Kitakami%2C_Iwate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oni Kenbai (Devils Sword Dance) of <a href="/wiki/Kitakami,_Iwate" title="Kitakami, Iwate">Kitakami, Iwate</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:05_Bel_002_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A young Highland dancer demonstrates a Scottish sword dance at the 2005 Bellingham (Washington) Highland Games"><img alt="A young Highland dancer demonstrates a Scottish sword dance at the 2005 Bellingham (Washington) Highland Games" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/05_Bel_002_crop.jpg/151px-05_Bel_002_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/05_Bel_002_crop.jpg/227px-05_Bel_002_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/05_Bel_002_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A young <a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Highland dancer</a> demonstrates a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish sword dance">Scottish sword dance</a> at the 2005 Bellingham (Washington) Highland Games</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_(4779191092).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Gipsy Underground performance near Anchorage, Alaska, 2010."><img alt="A Gipsy Underground performance near Anchorage, Alaska, 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg/215px-Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg/322px-Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg/430px-Amy_and_Malea_doing_the_sword_dance_%284779191092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Gipsy Underground performance near <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancing together holding with two swords, depicting two Kisaeng performing together in Korea sometime after 1805. from Hyewon pungsokdo, held by the Gansong Art Museum in Seoul"><img alt="Dancing together holding with two swords, depicting two Kisaeng performing together in Korea sometime after 1805. from Hyewon pungsokdo, held by the Gansong Art Museum in Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg/201px-Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg/302px-Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg/402px-Hyewon-Ssanggeum.daemu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dancing together holding with two swords</i>, depicting two <a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">Kisaeng</a> performing together in Korea sometime after 1805. from <a href="/wiki/Hyewon_pungsokdo" title="Hyewon pungsokdo">Hyewon pungsokdo</a>, held by the <a href="/wiki/Gansong_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansong Art Museum">Gansong Art Museum</a> in Seoul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace,_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Donald Trump dance the Najdi ardah at the Murabba Palace in Riyadh."><img alt="King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Donald Trump dance the Najdi ardah at the Murabba Palace in Riyadh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_with_ceremonial_swordsmen_on_his_arrival_to_Murabba_Palace%2C_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a> and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> dance the Najdi <i><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">ardah</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danza_de_tijeras" title="Danza de tijeras">Danza de tijeras (scissors dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geommu" title="Geommu">Geommu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Scottish_Dances" title="Four Scottish Dances">Four Scottish Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_dance_(African-American)" title="Stick dance (African-American)">Stick dance (African-American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stephen D Corrsin, <i>Sword Dancing in Europe: A History</i>, London: Hisarlik Press (1997).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toeandheel.com/celticspiritdance/dances/swords.htm">"Dance History - The Sword Dance (Ghillie Callum)"</a>. <i>www.toeandheel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007092009/http://www.toeandheel.com/celticspiritdance/dances/swords.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toeandheel.com&rft.atitle=Dance+History+-+The+Sword+Dance+%28Ghillie+Callum%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toeandheel.com%2Fcelticspiritdance%2Fdances%2Fswords.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1862" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Bayard (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajourneytocentr02taylgoog"><i>A Journey to Central Africa: Or, Life and Landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the White Nile</i></a>. G.P. Putnam and Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajourneytocentr02taylgoog/page/n209">199</a>. <q>sword dances, africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Central+Africa%3A+Or%2C+Life+and+Landscapes+from+Egypt+to+the+Negro+Kingdoms+of+the+White+Nile&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam+and+Son&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Bayard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajourneytocentr02taylgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ket.org/education/resources/dances-of-asia/">"Dances of Asia"</a>. <i>KET Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129160156/https://education.ket.org/resources/dances-of-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KET+Education&rft.atitle=Dances+of+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ket.org%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fdances-of-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/sword-dance">"Sword dance"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608034141/https://www.britannica.com/art/sword-dance">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=DANZAS+DE+ESPADAS+Y+TOQUES+DE+TAMBORIL+EN+LA+SIERRA+Y+EL+AND%C3%89VALO+ONUBENSES+%28PDF+Download+Available%29&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Gallardo&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Arredondo%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F302588608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442257498" title="Special:BookSources/9781442257498"><bdi>9781442257498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442257498&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daubeny1952-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daubeny1952_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaubeny1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daubeny" title="Peter Daubeny">Daubeny, Peter</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_o1AQAAIAAJ"><i>Stage by stage</i></a>. J. Murray. p. 141. <q>THE WARRIOR DANCE OF RUGOVO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stage+by+stage&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Daubeny&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_o1AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalimi1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halimi, Kadri (1971). <i>Vendi i Lojës së Rugovës në Vallet Luftarake Shqiptare [The place of the Rugova Dance in Albanian War Dances]</i> (in Albanian). Pristina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vendi+i+Loj%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+Rugov%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+Vallet+Luftarake+Shqiptare+%5BThe+place+of+the+Rugova+Dance+in+Albanian+War+Dances%5D&rft.place=Pristina&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Halimi&rft.aufirst=Kadri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEf0AAAAMAAJ"><i>UCLA Journal of Dance Ethnology</i></a>. Vol. 13. UCLA Department of Dance. 1989. pp. 34–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UCLA+Journal+of+Dance+Ethnology&rft.pages=34-39&rft.pub=UCLA+Department+of+Dance&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEf0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomašević1968-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomašević1968_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebojša_Tomašević1968" class="citation book cs1">Nebojša Tomašević (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqYrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Yugoslavia in Colour</i></a>. "Review," Yugoslav Illustrated Monthly. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+in+Colour&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=%22Review%2C%22+Yugoslav+Illustrated+Monthly&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Neboj%C5%A1a+Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqYrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njXYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council</i></a>. Published with the assistance of the International Music Council, under the auspices of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation for the International Folk Music Council by W. Heffer. 1951. <q>A dance by two men of the Albanian minority from Rugova (Pec) represents a mock battle to obtain possession of a young girl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+International+Folk+Music+Council&rft.pub=Published+with+the+assistance+of+the+International+Music+Council%2C+under+the+auspices+of+United+Nations+Educational+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organisation+for+the+International+Folk+Music+Council+by+W.+Heffer&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjXYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sword_dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sword_dance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sword dance">Sword dance</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapper.org.uk/">Rapper Online</a> - information on the rapper sword dance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapper.org.uk/relations/">Overview of hilt-and-point sword dances</a> (from Rapper Online; includes photos, videos and links)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VToHTFQ_Yv4">Feature Bavarian Sword Dance</a> (Schwerttanz Traunstein, YouTube)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestre.net/archiv/tpop2.htm">Giaglione, Italy, sword dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starofswords.wordpress.com">Star Of Swords</a> -Firsthand accounts on European Sword Dance from France, Italy, Spain, Basque Country and England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macevni-plesovi.org/">Sword dances in Croatia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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