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</button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin's_ideology_in_What_Is_to_Be_Done?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vladimir_Lenin's_ideology_in_What_Is_to_Be_Done?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vladimir Lenin's ideology in <i>What Is to Be Done?</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vladimir_Lenin's_ideology_in_What_Is_to_Be_Done?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Party_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Party_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second Party Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Party_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_of_Bolshevik_and_Menshevik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_of_Bolshevik_and_Menshevik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Etymology of <i>Bolshevik</i> and <i>Menshevik</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_of_Bolshevik_and_Menshevik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_the_two_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_the_two_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Demographics of the two factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_the_two_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_1905_Revolution_(1903–05)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_1905_Revolution_(1903–05)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Beginning of the 1905 Revolution (1903–05)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_1905_Revolution_(1903–05)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mensheviks_(1906–07)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mensheviks_(1906–07)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mensheviks (1906–07)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mensheviks_(1906–07)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_between_Lenin_and_Bogdanov_(1908–10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_between_Lenin_and_Bogdanov_(1908–10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Split between Lenin and Bogdanov (1908–10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_between_Lenin_and_Bogdanov_(1908–10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_attempt_at_party_unity_(1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_attempt_at_party_unity_(1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Final attempt at party unity (1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_attempt_at_party_unity_(1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forming_a_separate_party_(1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forming_a_separate_party_(1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Forming a separate party (1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forming_a_separate_party_(1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Russian/Soviet_political_groups_having_used_the_name_"Bolshevik"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Russian/Soviet_political_groups_having_used_the_name_"Bolshevik""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Non-Russian/Soviet political groups having used the name "Bolshevik"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Russian/Soviet_political_groups_having_used_the_name_"Bolshevik"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derogatory_usage_of_"Bolshevik"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derogatory_usage_of_"Bolshevik""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Derogatory usage of "Bolshevik"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derogatory_usage_of_"Bolshevik"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolsheviks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjewis" title="Bolsjewis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bolsjewis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بلشفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلشفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolxevique" title="Bolxevique – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bolxevique" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Fevikl%C9%99r" title="Bolşeviklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bolşeviklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بولشوویک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولشوویک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="বলশেভিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলশেভিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бальшавікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бальшавікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бальшавікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бальшавікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Болшевизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Болшевизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolschewist" title="Bolschewist – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bolschewist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolj%C5%A1evizam" title="Boljševizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boljševizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolchevik" title="Bolchevik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bolchevik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Большевигүүд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Большевигүүд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolxevisme" title="Bolxevisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bolxevisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%A1evici" title="Bolševici – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bolševici" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsiefic" title="Bolsiefic – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bolsiefic" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjevik" title="Bolsjevik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bolsjevik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolschewiki" title="Bolschewiki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bolschewiki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%A1evikud" title="Bolševikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bolševikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μπολσεβίκοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπολσεβίκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolchevique" title="Bolchevique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bolchevique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Deviko" title="Bolŝeviko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolŝeviko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltxebike" title="Boltxebike – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boltxebike" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بلشویک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلشویک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolcheviks" title="Bolcheviks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bolcheviks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boils%C3%A9ivigh" title="Boilséivigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boilséivigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolxevique" title="Bolxevique – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bolxevique" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EC%85%B0%EB%B9%84%ED%82%A4" title="볼셰비키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼셰비키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B7%D6%87%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բոլշևիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոլշևիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="बोलशेविक पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोलशेविक पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolj%C5%A1evizam" title="Boljševizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boljševizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviki" title="Bolsheviki – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bolsheviki" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Большевиктæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Большевиктæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bols%C3%A9vikar" title="Bolsévikar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bolsévikar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="בולשביזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בולשביזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბოლშევიკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოლშევიკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Few%C3%AEk" title="Bolşewîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bolşewîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Большевиктер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Большевиктер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsevici" title="Bolsevici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bolsevici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%BC%C5%A1eviki" title="Boļševiki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boļševiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%A1evikai" title="Bolševikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bolševikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsevikok" title="Bolsevikok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bolsevikok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Болшевици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Болшевици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ബോൾഷെവിക് പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോൾഷെവിക് പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%87" title="بلاشفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاشفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Большевик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Большевик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjewiek" title="Bolsjewiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bolsjewiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD" title="ボリシェヴィキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリシェヴィキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjevik" title="Bolsjevik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bolsjevik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjevik" title="Bolsjevik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bolsjevik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolchevics" title="Bolchevics – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bolchevics" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviklar" title="Bolsheviklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolsheviklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بالشویک گوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بالشویک گوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolszewicy" title="Bolszewicy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bolszewicy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolchevique" title="Bolchevique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bolchevique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C8%99evic" title="Bolșevic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bolșevic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Большевики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большевики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik%C3%ABt" title="Bolshevikët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bolshevikët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%BE%C5%A1evik" title="Boľševik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boľševik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolj%C5%A1eviki" title="Boljševiki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boljševiki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8E%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بۆلشێڤیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆلشێڤیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бољшевици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бољшевици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolj%C5%A1evici" title="Boljševici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boljševici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%A1evikit" title="Bolševikit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bolševikit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjevik" title="Bolsjevik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bolsjevik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="போல்செவிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போல்செவிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84" title="บอลเชวิค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอลเชวิค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Fevikler" title="Bolşevikler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bolşevikler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Більшовики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Більшовики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بالشویک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالشویک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bolshevik" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布尔什维克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3lsh%C3%A9f%C3%ACk" title="Bólshéfìk – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bólshéfìk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" title="布爾什維克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布爾什維克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布尔什维克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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title="Bolshevik (disambiguation)">Bolshevik (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bolsheviks</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Большевики</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/260px-Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/390px-Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/520px-Presidium_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="584" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bolshevik Party meeting, 1920: sitting (from left to right) are <a href="/wiki/Avel_Yenukidze" title="Avel Yenukidze">Yenukidze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Kalinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Tomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lashevich" title="Mikhail Lashevich">Lashevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Preobrazhensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Serebryakov" title="Leonid Serebryakov">Serebryakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a> in front</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1903<span class="noprint">; 122 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1903</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> (newspaper)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Vladimir Lenin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bolsheviks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">большевики</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">bol'sheviki</i></span>; from большинство, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">bol'shinstvo</i></span>, 'majority'), led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, were a radical <a href="/wiki/Faction_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faction (political)">faction</a> of the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (RSDLP) which split with the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Second Party Congress</a> in 1903. The Bolshevik party, formally established in 1912, seized power in Russia in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, and was later renamed the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. Its ideology, based on <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> principles, became known as <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>. </p><p>The origin of the RSDLP split was Lenin's support for a smaller party of professional revolutionaries, as opposed to the Menshevik desire for a broad party membership. The influence of the factions fluctuated in the years up to 1912, when the RSDLP formally split in two. The political philosophy of the Bolsheviks was based on the Leninist principles of <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguardism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>. Lenin was also more willing to use illegal means such as robbery to fund the party's activities. Influenced by the experience of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, by 1917 he had concluded that the chain of world capitalism could "break at its weakest link" in Russia before it had reached the level of the advanced countries, contrary to theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a>. Lenin had also come to view poorer peasants as potential allies of the relatively small Russian <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia and issued his <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a>, which called for "no support for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>" and "all power to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>". During the summer of 1917, which saw events including the <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a>, large numbers of radicalized workers joined the Bolsheviks, which planned the October Revolution that overthrew the government. The Bolsheviks initially governed in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>, but increasingly centralized power and suppressed opposition during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, and after 1921 became the sole legal party in <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Leninism" title="Category:Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0px;background:#B60000; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal; color:#B60000"><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism"><span style="background-color: #B60000; color:white;">Leninism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;padding-top:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_portrait.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/75px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/113px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/150px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidationism" title="Liquidationism">Liquidationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_defeatism" title="Revolutionary defeatism">Revolutionary defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_situation" title="Revolutionary situation">Revolutionary situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bubnov" title="Andrei Bubnov">Andrei Bubnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Capitalism_in_Russia" title="The Development of Capitalism in Russia">The Development of Capitalism in Russia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Proletarian_Revolution_and_the_Renegade_Kautsky" title="The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky">The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leninism:_Introduction_to_the_Study_of_Leninism" title="Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism">Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">Prague Conference</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolsheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Early_years_(1898–1924)" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RSDLP (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">History of Soviet Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Death and funeral of Lenin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 Baku Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism#Left-wing_criticism" title="Leninism">Anti-Leninist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Leninization" title="De-Leninization">De-Leninization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1989–1990)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Legislative election</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Soviet Constitution">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a></i></th></tr><tr><td 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">Kosygin reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Repression</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vladimir_Lenin's_ideology_in_What_Is_to_Be_Done?"><span id="Vladimir_Lenin.27s_ideology_in_What_Is_to_Be_Done.3F"></span>Vladimir Lenin's ideology in <i>What Is to Be Done?</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/220px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/330px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/440px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><i>Bolshevik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Lenin's political pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></i>, written in 1901, helped to precipitate the Bolsheviks' split from the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>. In <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, the book was published in 1902, but in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, strict censorship outlawed its publication and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main points of Lenin's writing was that a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> can only be achieved by a strong, professional leadership with deep dedication to Marxist theoretical principles and an organization that spanned through the whole of Russia, abandoning what Lenin called "artisanal work" towards a more organized revolutionary work. After the proposed revolution had successfully overthrown the Russian autocracy, this strong leadership would relinquish power and allow a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> party to fully develop within the principles of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>. Lenin said that if <a href="/wiki/Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">professional revolutionaries</a> did not maintain influence over the fight of the workers, then that fight would steer away from the party's objective and carry on under the influence of opposing beliefs or even away from revolution entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pamphlet also showed that Lenin's view of a socialist <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia#Bolshevik_perspective" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> was in line with <a href="/wiki/Marxist_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist Theory">Marxist theory</a>. For example, Lenin agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> ideal of social classes ceasing to be and for the eventual "<a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">withering away of the state</a>". Most party members considered unequal treatment of workers immoral and were loyal to the idea of a completely <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a>. This pamphlet also showed that Lenin opposed another group of reformers, known as "<a href="/wiki/Economism" title="Economism">Economists</a>", who were for economic reform while leaving the government relatively unchanged and who, in Lenin's view, failed to recognize the importance of uniting the working population behind the party's cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199521–30_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199521–30-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Party_Congress">Second Party Congress</h3></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd Congress of the RSDLP</a>, which was held in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and then <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> during August 1903, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a> disagreed over the party membership rules. Lenin, who was supported by <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgy Plekhanov</a>, wanted to limit membership to those who supported the party full-time and worked in complete obedience to the elected party leadership. Martov wanted to extend membership to anyone "who recognises the Party Programme and supports it by material means and by regular personal assistance under the direction of one of the party's organisations."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin believed his plan would develop a core group of professional revolutionaries who would devote their full time and energy towards developing the party into an organization capable of leading a successful <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The base of active and experienced members would be the recruiting ground for this professional core. Sympathizers would be left outside and the party would be organised based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>. Martov, until then a close friend of Lenin, agreed with him that the core of the party should consist of professional revolutionaries, but he argued that party membership should be open to sympathizers, revolutionary workers, and other fellow travellers. The two had disagreed on the issue as early as March–May 1903, but it was not until the Congress that their differences became irreconcilable and split the party.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the disagreement appeared to be minor and inspired by personal conflicts. For example, Lenin's insistence on dropping less active editorial board members from <i><a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a></i> or Martov's support for the Organizing Committee of the Congress which Lenin opposed. The differences grew and the split became irreparable. </p><p>Internal unrest also arose over the political structure that was best suited for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet power">Soviet power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As discussed in <i>What Is To Be Done?</i>, Lenin firmly believed that a rigid political structure was needed to effectively initiate a formal revolution. This idea was met with opposition from once close allies, including Martov, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Zasulich" title="Vera Zasulich">Vera Zasulich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Axelrod" title="Pavel Axelrod">Pavel Axelrod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1975_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1975-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Plekhanov and Lenin's major dispute arose addressing the topic of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalizing</a> land or leaving it for private use. Lenin wanted to nationalize to aid in <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a> thought worker motivation would remain higher if individuals were able to maintain their own property. Those who opposed Lenin and wanted to continue on the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> path towards complete <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and disagreed with his strict party membership guidelines became known as "softs" while Lenin supporters became known as "hards".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1975xxxviii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1975xxxviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the factionalism could be attributed to Lenin's steadfast belief in his own opinion and what was described by Plekhanov as Lenin's inability to "bear opinions which were contrary to his own" and loyalty to his own self-envisioned <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub197676_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub197676-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin was seen even by fellow party members as being so narrow-minded and unable to accept criticism that he believed that anyone who did not follow him was his enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995104_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, one of Lenin's fellow revolutionaries, compared Lenin in 1904 to the French revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995104_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_of_Bolshevik_and_Menshevik">Etymology of <i>Bolshevik</i> and <i>Menshevik</i></h3></div> <p>The two factions of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (RSDLP) were originally known as <i>hard</i> (Lenin supporters) and <i>soft</i> (Martov supporters). In the 2nd Congress vote, Lenin's faction won votes on the majority of important issues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShub197681_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShub197681-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon came to be known as <i>Bolsheviks</i>, from the Russian <i>bolshinstvo</i>, 'majority'. Likewise, Martov's group came to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></i>, from <i>menshinstvo</i>, 'minority'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Martov's supporters won the vote concerning the question of party membership, and neither Lenin nor Martov had a firm majority throughout the Congress as delegates left or switched sides. In the end, the Congress was evenly split between the two factions. </p><p>Starting in 1907, English-language articles sometimes used the term <i>Maximalist</i> for "Bolshevik" and <i>Minimalist</i> for "Menshevik", which proved to be confusing as there was also a "Maximalist" faction within the Russian <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> in 1904–1906 (which, after 1906, formed a separate <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Socialists-Revolutionaries_Maximalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists">Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists</a>) and then again after 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bolsheviks ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks, or <i>Reds</i>, came to power in Russia during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> phase of the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR). With the Reds defeating the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a> and others during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1922, the RSFSR became the chief constituent of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) in December 1922. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_of_the_two_factions">Demographics of the two factions</h3></div> <p>The average party member was very young: in 1907, 22% of Bolsheviks were under 20 years of age; 37% were 20–24 years of age; and 16% were 25–29 years of age. By 1905, 62% of the members were <a href="/wiki/Industrial_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial workers">industrial workers</a> (3% of the population in 1897).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-two percent of Bolsheviks were <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> (1.7% of the total population) and 38% were uprooted <a href="/wiki/Russian_peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian peasants">peasants</a>; compared with 19% and 26% for the Mensheviks. In 1907, 78% of the Bolsheviks were <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> and 10% were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jewish</a>; compared to 34% and 20% for the Mensheviks. Total Bolshevik membership was 8,400 in 1905, 13,000 in 1906, and 46,100 by 1907; compared to 8,400, 18,000 and 38,200 for the Mensheviks. By 1910, both factions together had fewer than 100,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_the_1905_Revolution_(1903–05)"><span id="Beginning_of_the_1905_Revolution_.281903.E2.80.9305.29"></span>Beginning of the 1905 Revolution (1903–05)</h3></div> <p>Between 1903 and 1904, the two factions were in a state of flux, with many members changing sides. Plekhanov, the founder of Russian Marxism, who at first allied himself with Lenin and the Bolsheviks, had parted ways with them by 1904. Trotsky at first supported the Mensheviks, but left them in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. He remained a self-described "non-factional <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrat</a>" until August 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he joined Lenin and the Bolsheviks, as their positions resembled his and he came to believe that Lenin was correct on the issue of the party. </p><p>All but one member of the RSDLP Central Committee were arrested in Moscow in early 1905. The remaining member, with the power of appointing a new committee, was won over by the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks hardened in April 1905 when the Bolsheviks held a Bolsheviks-only meeting in London, which they called the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd Party Congress</a>. The Mensheviks organised a rival conference and the split was thus finalized. </p><p>The Bolsheviks played a relatively minor role in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Revolution</a> and were a minority in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a> of Workers' Deputies led by Trotsky. However, the less significant <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Soviet">Moscow Soviet</a> was dominated by the Bolsheviks. These <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> became the model for those formed in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mensheviks_(1906–07)"><span id="Mensheviks_.281906.E2.80.9307.29"></span>Mensheviks (1906–07)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bolsheviks" title="Special:EditPage/Bolsheviks">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the Russian Revolution of 1905 progressed, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and smaller non-Russian social democratic parties operating within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> attempted to reunify at the <a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th Congress of the RSDLP</a> held in April 1906 at <a href="/wiki/Folkets_hus" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkets hus">Folkets hus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norra_Bantorget" title="Norra Bantorget">Norra Bantorget</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. When the Mensheviks made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">Jewish Bund</a>, the Bolsheviks found themselves in a minority. </p><p>However, all factions retained their respective factional structure and the Bolsheviks formed the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Centre" title="Bolshevik Centre">Bolshevik Centre</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> governing body of the Bolshevik faction within the RSDLP. At the <a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th Congress</a> held in London in May 1907, the Bolsheviks were in the majority, but the two factions continued functioning mostly independently of each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_between_Lenin_and_Bogdanov_(1908–10)"><span id="Split_between_Lenin_and_Bogdanov_.281908.E2.80.9310.29"></span>Split between Lenin and Bogdanov (1908–10)</h3></div> <p>Tensions had existed between Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> from as early as 1904. Lenin had fallen out with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Valentinov" title="Nikolai Valentinov">Nikolai Valentinov</a> after Valentinov had introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Empiriocriticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiriocriticism">Empiriocriticism</a>, a viewpoint that Bogdanov had been exploring and developing as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov#Bolshevism" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Empiriomonism</a>. Having worked as co-editor with Plekhanov, on <i>Zarya</i>, Lenin had come to agree with the Valentinov's rejection of Bogdanov's Empiriomonism.<sup id="cite_ref-Left-Bol_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Left-Bol-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the defeat of the revolution in mid-1907 and the adoption of a new, highly restrictive election law, the Bolsheviks began debating whether to boycott the new parliament known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Duma">Third Duma</a>. Lenin, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, and others argued for participating in the Duma while Bogdanov, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pokrovsky" title="Mikhail Pokrovsky">Mikhail Pokrovsky</a>, and others argued that the social democratic faction in the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a> should be recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter became known as "<a href="/wiki/Recallists" class="mw-redirect" title="Recallists">recallists</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i>otzovists</i>). A smaller group within the Bolshevik faction demanded that the RSDLP Central Committee should give its sometimes unruly Duma faction an ultimatum, demanding complete subordination to all party decisions. This group became known as "<a href="/wiki/Ultimatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimatists">ultimatists</a>" and was generally allied with the recallists. </p><p>With most Bolshevik leaders either supporting Bogdanov or undecided by mid-1908 when the differences became irreconcilable, Lenin concentrated on undermining Bogdanov's reputation as a philosopher. In 1909, he published a scathing book of criticism entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i> (1909),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assaulting Bogdanov's position and accusing him of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical idealism">philosophical idealism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1909, Bogdanov proposed the formation of Party Schools as Proletarian Universities at a Bolshevik mini-conference in Paris organised by the editorial board of the Bolshevik magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Proletary" title="Proletary">Proletary</a></i>. However, this proposal was not adopted and Lenin tried to expel Bogdanov from the Bolshevik faction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bogdanov was then involved with setting up <a href="/wiki/Vpered" title="Vpered">Vpered</a>, which ran the <a href="/wiki/Capri_Party_School" title="Capri Party School">Capri Party School</a> from August to December 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_attempt_at_party_unity_(1910)"><span id="Final_attempt_at_party_unity_.281910.29"></span>Final attempt at party unity (1910)</h3></div> <p>With both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks weakened by splits within their ranks and by Tsarist repression, the two factions were tempted to try to reunite the party. In January 1910, Leninists, recallists, and various Menshevik factions held a meeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea; but under pressure from conciliatory Bolsheviks like <a href="/wiki/Victor_Nogin" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Nogin">Victor Nogin</a>, they were willing to give it a try. </p><p>One of the underlying reasons that prevented any reunification of the party was the Russian police. The police were able to infiltrate both parties' inner circles by sending in spies who then reported on the opposing party's intentions and hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995109_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995109-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the tensions to remain high between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks and helped prevent their uniting. </p><p>Lenin was firmly opposed to any reunification but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meeting reached a tentative agreement, and one of its provisions was to make Trotsky's Vienna-based <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>, a party-financed central organ. Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law who was with the Bolsheviks, was added to the editorial board; but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual <a href="/wiki/Recrimination" title="Recrimination">recriminations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forming_a_separate_party_(1912)"><span id="Forming_a_separate_party_.281912.29"></span>Forming a separate party (1912)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trotsky,_Lenin,_Kamenev_(1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/220px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/330px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg/440px-Trotsky%2C_Lenin%2C_Kamenev_%281919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The factions permanently broke relations in January 1912 after the Bolsheviks organised a Bolsheviks-only <a href="/wiki/Prague_Party_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Party Conference">Prague Party Conference</a> and formally expelled Mensheviks and recallists from the party. As a result, they ceased to be a faction in the RSDLP and instead declared themselves an independent party, called <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)</a> – or RSDLP(b). Unofficially, the party has been referred to as the Bolshevik Party. Throughout the 20th century, the party adopted a number of different names. In 1918, RSDLP(b) became All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and remained so until 1925. From 1925 to 1952, the name was All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and from 1952 to 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. </p><p>As the party split became permanent, further divisions became evident. One of the most notable differences was how each faction decided to fund its revolution. The Mensheviks decided to fund their revolution through membership dues while Lenin often resorted to more drastic measures since he required a higher budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the common methods the Bolsheviks used was committing bank robberies, one of which, in 1907, resulted in the party getting over 250,000 roubles, which is the equivalent of about $125,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolsheviks were in constant need of money because Lenin practised his beliefs, expressed in his writings, that revolutions must be led by individuals who devote their entire lives to the cause. As compensation, he rewarded them with salaries for their sacrifice and dedication. This measure was taken to help ensure that the revolutionaries stayed focused on their duties and motivated them to perform their jobs. Lenin also used the party money to print and copy pamphlets which were distributed in cities and at political rallies in an attempt to expand their operations. Both factions received funds through donations from wealthy supporters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/220px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/330px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/440px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The elections to the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> took place in November 1917 in which the Bolsheviks came second with 23.9% of the vote and dissolved the Assembly in January 1918<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Further differences in party agendas became evident as the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> loomed near. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was especially eager for the start of the war, hoping that it would turn into a <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">war between classes</a> or essentially a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This desire for war was fuelled by Lenin's vision that the workers and peasants would resist joining the war effort and therefore be more compelled to join the socialist movement. Through the increase in support, Russia would then be forced to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a> in order to resolve her internal conflict. Unfortunately for the Bolsheviks, Lenin's assumptions were incorrect. Despite his and the party's attempts to push for a civil war through involvement in two conferences in 1915 and 1916 in Switzerland, the Bolsheviks were in the minority in calling for a ceasefire by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Bolshevik leadership had decided to form a separate party, convincing pro-Bolshevik workers within Russia to follow suit proved difficult. When the first meeting of the Fourth Duma was convened in late 1912, only one out of six Bolshevik deputies, <a href="/wiki/Matvei_Muranov" title="Matvei Muranov">Matvei Muranov</a> (another one, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Malinovsky" title="Roman Malinovsky">Roman Malinovsky</a>, was later exposed as an <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> agent), voted on 15 December 1912 to break from the Menshevik faction within the Duma.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolshevik leadership eventually prevailed, and the Bolsheviks formed their own Duma faction in September 1913. </p><p>One final difference between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks was how ferocious and tenacious the Bolshevik party was in order to achieve its goals, although Lenin was open minded to retreating from political ideals if he saw the guarantee of long-term gains benefiting the party. This practice was seen in the party's trying to recruit peasants and uneducated workers by promising them how glorious life would be after the revolution and granting them temporary concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bolshevik figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> considered that Lenin's influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky's, not to Lenin's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, the party renamed itself the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) at Lenin's suggestion. In 1925, this was changed to All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). At the <a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Party Congress</a> in 1952 the Party was renamed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at Stalin's suggestion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Russian/Soviet_political_groups_having_used_the_name_"Bolshevik""><span id="Non-Russian.2FSoviet_political_groups_having_used_the_name_.22Bolshevik.22"></span>Non-Russian/Soviet political groups having used the name "Bolshevik"</h2></div> <ul><li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Maoist_Bolshevik_Reorganisation_Movement_of_the_Purba_Banglar_Sarbahara_Party" title="Maoist Bolshevik Reorganisation Movement of the Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party">Maoist Bolshevik Reorganisation Movement of the Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso: <a href="/wiki/Burkinab%C3%A9_Bolshevik_Party" title="Burkinabé Bolshevik Party">Burkinabé Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party_of_India" title="Bolshevik Party of India">Bolshevik Party of India</a></li> <li>India/Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik-Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Bolshevik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Communist_Party" title="Bolshevik Communist Party">Bolshevik Communist Party</a></li> <li>Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Nuclei" title="Bolshevik Nuclei">Bolshevik Nuclei</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Bolsheviks Party of South Africa">Bolsheviks Party of South Africa</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Samasamaja_Party" title="Bolshevik Samasamaja Party">Bolshevik Samasamaja Party</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party_(North_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Turkey)" title="Bolshevik Party (North Kurdistan – Turkey)">Bolshevik Party (North Kurdistan – Turkey)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derogatory_usage_of_"Bolshevik""><span id="Derogatory_usage_of_.22Bolshevik.22"></span>Derogatory usage of "Bolshevik"</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben,_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg/330px-Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg/500px-Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg/960px-Nieder_mit_dem_Bolschewismus._Bolschewismus_bringt_Krieg_und_Verderben%2C_Hunger_und_Tod_LCCN2004665807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>"Down with Bolshevism. Bolshevism brings war and destruction, hunger and death", <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_propaganda" title="Anti-Bolshevik propaganda">anti-Bolshevik German propaganda</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bolo</b> was a derogatory expression for Bolsheviks used by British service personnel in the <a href="/wiki/North_Russian_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Russian Expeditionary Force">North Russian Expeditionary Force</a> which intervened against the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the Russian Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a> used it in reference to the worldwide political movement coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade union</a> leaders and other <a href="/wiki/British_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="British Left">leftists</a> were sometimes derisively described as <b>Bolshies</b>. The usage is roughly equivalent to the term "<a href="/wiki/Commie" class="mw-redirect" title="Commie">commie</a>", "Red", or "<a href="/wiki/Pinko" title="Pinko">pinko</a>" in the United States during the same period. The term <i>Bolshie</i> later became a slang term for anyone who was rebellious, aggressive, or truculent.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabochaya_Molva" title="Rabochaya Molva">Rabochaya Molva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Revolutionary_Communists_(Bolsheviks)" title="Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)">Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from <i>men'shinstvó</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">меньшинство́</span></span>), "minority", which comes from <i>mén'she</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ме́ньше</span></span>), "less".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the split, the Bolshevik party was designated as RSDLP(b) (Russian: РСДРП(б)), where "b" stands for "Bolsheviks". Shortly after coming to power in November 1917, the party changed its name to the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (РКП(б)) and was generally known as the Communist Party after that point. However, it was not until 1952 that the party formally dropped the word "Bolshevik" from its name. See <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> article for the timeline of name changes.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995106_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199521–30-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199521–30_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, pp. 21–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFService2010" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2010). <i>Lenin : a biography</i>. London: Pan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33051838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-33051838-3"><bdi>978-0-33051838-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+%3A+a+biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-33051838-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1990). "Chapter 9: Lenin and the Origins of Bolshevism". <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. New York: Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Lenin+and+the+Origins+of+Bolshevism&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiges2014" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2014). "1: The Start". <i>Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991: A History</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Start&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Russia%2C+1891%E2%80%931991%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGetzler2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Getzler" title="Israel Getzler">Getzler, Israel</a> (2003) [1967], <i>Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 78, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52602-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52602-7"><bdi>0-521-52602-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martov%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+a+Russian+Social+Democrat&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-52602-7&rft.aulast=Getzler&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStalin" class="citation web cs1">Stalin, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm">"History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715121504/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1993), <i>A Documentary History of Communism in Russia</i>, UPNE, p. 33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87451-616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87451-616-1"><bdi>0-87451-616-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87451-616-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarot1990" class="citation journal cs1">Marot, John Eric (July 1990). "Alexander Bogdanov, Vpered, and the Role of the Intellectual in the Workers' Movement". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>49</b> (3 (Special Issue on Alexander Bogdanov)). Blackwell: <span class="nowrap">241–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130152">10.2307/130152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130152">130152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Alexander+Bogdanov%2C+Vpered%2C+and+the+Role+of+the+Intellectual+in+the+Workers%27+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3+%28Special+Issue+on+Alexander+Bogdanov%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marot&rft.aufirst=John+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995109-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995109_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995108_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFORT-Ginzburg2003" class="citation web cs1">ORT-Ginzburg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewhistory.ort.spb.ru/eng/main/sprav.php?id=1374">"The Constituent Assembly"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg's Jews: Three Centuries of History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510185232/http://www.jewhistory.ort.spb.ru/eng/main/sprav.php?id=1374">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg%27s+Jews%3A+Three+Centuries+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Constituent+Assembly&rft.date=2003&rft.au=ORT-Ginzburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewhistory.ort.spb.ru%2Feng%2Fmain%2Fsprav.php%3Fid%3D1374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1995111_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKean1990" class="citation cs2">McKean, Robert B (1990), <i>St. Petersburg Between the Revolutions: workers and revolutionaries, June 1907 – February 1917</i>, New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>141</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg+Between+the+Revolutions%3A+workers+and+revolutionaries%2C+June+1907+%E2%80%93+February+1917&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=McKean&rft.aufirst=Robert+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet"><i>The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 1283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1283&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW1z05NorthRussia.htm">"North Russian Expeditionary Force 1919, Scrapbook Diary, Photographs, Mementoes"</a>, <i>Naval History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Russian+Expeditionary+Force+1919%2C+Scrapbook+Diary%2C+Photographs%2C+Mementoes&rft.btitle=Naval+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FWW1z05NorthRussia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins Mini Dictionary</i>, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bolshie">"bolshie"</a>. <i>The free dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308163049/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bolshie">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+free+dictionary&rft.atitle=bolshie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbolshie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1995), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00pipe"><i>A Concise History of the Russian Revolution</i></a></span>, New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42277-8"><bdi>978-0-679-42277-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42277-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00pipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShub1976" class="citation cs2">Shub, David (1976), <i>Lenin: A Biography</i> (rev. ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14020809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14020809-2"><bdi>978-0-14020809-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-14020809-2&rft.aulast=Shub&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Tucker" title="Robert C. Tucker">Tucker, Robert</a> (1975), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninanthology00leni"><i>The Lenin Anthology</i></a></span>, New York: WW Norton & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09236-3"><bdi>978-0-393-09236-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lenin+Anthology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09236-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleninanthology00leni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bolshevism" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoods1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(political_theorist)" title="Alan Woods (political theorist)">Woods, Alan</a> (6 May 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/bolshevism/"><i>Bolshevism, the Road to Revolution</i></a>, Marxist</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolshevism%2C+the+Road+to+Revolution&rft.pub=Marxist&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fbolshevism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127163528/http://www.datesofhistory.com/Bolshevik-Party-Russia.general.html">"Chronology of the Bolshevik Party World History Database"</a>, <i>Dates of History</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datesofhistory.com/Bolshevik-Party-Russia.general.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Bolshevik+Party+World+History+Database&rft.btitle=Dates+of+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datesofhistory.com%2FBolshevik-Party-Russia.general.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrinton" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Brinton, Maurice</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/the-bolsheviks-and-workers-control-solidarity-group"><i>The Bolsheviks and Workers Control</i></a>, Libcom</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+and+Workers+Control&rft.pub=Libcom&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fthe-bolsheviks-and-workers-control-solidarity-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17350">The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, November 1920.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBobrovskaya" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bobrovskaya" title="Cecilia Bobrovskaya">Bobrovskaya, Cecilia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030225053206/http://www.marxists.org/history/archive/bobrovskaya/twenty-years/"><i>Twenty Years in Underground Russia: Memoirs of a Rank-and-File Bolshevik</i></a>, Marxists, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/archive/bobrovskaya/twenty-years/">the original</a> on 25 February 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+in+Underground+Russia%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Rank-and-File+Bolshevik&rft.pub=Marxists&rft.aulast=Bobrovskaya&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Farchive%2Fbobrovskaya%2Ftwenty-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchulman2017" class="citation cs2">Schulman, Jason (28 December 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2017/12/lenin-russian-revolution-bolsheviks-democracy">"Bolshevism, Real and Imagined"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Bolshevism%2C+Real+and+Imagined&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F12%2Flenin-russian-revolution-bolsheviks-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossoviet" title="Mossoviet">Mossoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee">Petrograd MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee">Moscow MRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxism–Leninism413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marxism–Leninism413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developed_socialism" title="Developed socialism">Developed socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labour aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">People's democratic dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democratic state">People's democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="National-democratic state">National-democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_of_the_whole_people" title="Socialist state of the whole people">Socialist state of the whole people</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">Civilian control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest organ of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_role_of_the_party" title="Leading role of the party">Leading role of the party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_belt" title="Transmission belt">Transmission belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuban</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimjongunism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimjongunism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalism" title="Naxalism">Naxalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Soilih#Revolutionary_program" title="Ali Soilih">Islamic Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantherism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantherism">Pantherism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">New Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion#Mulelism" title="Kwilu rebellion">Mulelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot#Political_ideology" title="Pol Pot">Pol Potism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelism" title="Machelism">Machelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Marcyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Dubčekism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachariadism">Zachariadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taistoism" title="Taistoism">Taistoism</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajani_Palme_Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajani Palme Dutt">Rajani Palme Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Willie Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">Britain's Road to Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia#Democratic_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge_era)_(1975–79)" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Czech_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Czech Republic (1990–1992)">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovakia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">Communist Party of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Communist Party of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (<a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">Militarized Communist Party of Peru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/17px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/26px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, 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