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id="toc-Power_struggle_with_the_Provisional_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_struggle_with_the_Provisional_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Power struggle with the Provisional Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_struggle_with_the_Provisional_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Bolsheviks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Bolsheviks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise of the Bolsheviks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Bolsheviks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_days_of_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эшсе һәм һалдат депутаттарының Петроград Советы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эшсе һәм һалдат депутаттарының Петроград Советы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_de_Petrograd" title="Soviet de Petrograd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soviet de Petrograd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohradsk%C3%BD_sov%C4%9Bt_d%C4%9Blnick%C3%BDch_a_vojensk%C3%BDch_deleg%C3%A1t%C5%AF" title="Petrohradský sovět dělnických a vojenských delegátů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petrohradský sovět dělnických a vojenských delegátů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograder_Sowjet" title="Petrograder Sowjet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petrograder Sowjet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrogradi_T%C3%B6%C3%B6liste_ja_Soldatite_Saadikute_N%C3%B5ukogu" title="Petrogradi Tööliste ja Soldatite Saadikute Nõukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petrogradi Tööliste ja Soldatite Saadikute Nõukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Σοβιέτ του Πέτρογκραντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοβιέτ του Πέτρογκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3viet_de_Petrogrado" title="Sóviet de Petrogrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sóviet de Petrogrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograda_Soveto" title="Petrograda Soveto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petrograda Soveto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شورای پتروگراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای پتروگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_de_Petrograd" title="Soviet de Petrograd – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soviet de Petrograd" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_de_Petrogrado" title="Soviet de Petrogrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Soviet de Petrogrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Petrograd" title="Soviet Petrograd – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Soviet Petrograd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="סובייט פטרוגרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סובייט פטרוגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Петроградски совет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Петроградски совет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%8A%B4%E5%85%B5%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88" title="ペトログラード労兵ソビエト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペトログラード労兵ソビエト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrogrodzka_Rada_Delegat%C3%B3w_Robotniczych_i_%C5%BBo%C5%82nierskich" title="Piotrogrodzka Rada Delegatów Robotniczych i Żołnierskich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotrogrodzka Rada Delegatów Robotniczych i Żołnierskich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviete_de_Petrogrado" title="Soviete de Petrogrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soviete de Petrogrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietul_din_Petrograd" title="Sovietul din Petrograd – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sovietul din Petrograd" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Petrograd Soviet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohradsk%C3%A1_rada_pracuj%C3%BAcich_a_arm%C3%A1dnych_poslancov" title="Petrohradská rada pracujúcich a armádnych poslancov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Petrohradská rada pracujúcich a armádnych poslancov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietarin_neuvosto" title="Pietarin neuvosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietarin neuvosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd_Sovyeti" title="Petrograd Sovyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrograd Sovyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Петроградська рада робітничих і солдатських депутатів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Петроградська рада робітничих і солдатських депутатів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_bi%E1%BB%83u_C%C3%B4ng_nh%C3%A2n_v%C3%A0_Binh_s%C4%A9_Petrograd" title="Xô viết Đại biểu Công nhân và Binh sĩ Petrograd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xô viết Đại biểu Công nhân và Binh sĩ Petrograd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="彼得格勒苏维埃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得格勒苏维埃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2249009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Petrograd Soviet</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Петроградский совет</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">March 12, 1917<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1917-03-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1924<span class="noprint">; 101 years ago</span><span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">1924-01-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lensovet" title="Lensovet">Lensovet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli" title="Irakli Tsereteli">Irakli Tsereteli</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg/220px-1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg/330px-1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg/440px-1917petrogradsoviet_assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (then <i>Petrograd</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов</span>, <i>Petrogradsky soviet rabochih i soldatskikh deputatov</i>) was a city council of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> (Saint Petersburg), the capital of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> at the time. For brevity, it is usually called the <b>Petrograd Soviet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Петроградский совет</span>, <i>Petrogradsky soviet</i>). </p><p>The Soviet was established in March 1917 after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> as a representative body of the city's workers and soldiers, while the city already had its well-established city council, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Duma" title="Saint Petersburg City Duma">Saint Petersburg City Duma</a> (Central Duma). During the revolutionary days, the council tried to extend its jurisdiction nationwide as a rival power center to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>, creating what in Soviet historiography is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dvoyevlastiye</a></i> (Dual power). Its committees were key components during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> and some of them led the armed revolt of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1914, Petrograd was known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, and in 1905 the workers' soviet called the <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg Soviet">St Petersburg Soviet</a> was created. But the main precursor to the 1917 Petrograd Soviet was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Workers%27_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Workers' Group (page does not exist)">Central Workers' Group</a> (Центральная Рабочая Группа, <i>Tsentral'naya Rabochaya Gruppa</i>), founded in November 1915 by the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a> to mediate between workers and the new <a href="/wiki/War_Industry_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="War Industry Committees">Central War Industry Committee</a> in Petrograd. The group became increasingly radical as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> progressed and the economic situation worsened, encouraging street demonstrations and issuing revolutionary proclamations. </p><p>On January 27, 1917 (all dates <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>) the entire leadership of the Central Workers' Group was arrested and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Protopopov" title="Alexander Protopopov">Alexander Protopopov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Interior_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Interior of Imperial Russia">Minister of the Interior</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>. They were freed by a crowd of disaffected soldiers on the morning of February 27, the beginning of the February Revolution, and the chairman convened a meeting to organize and elect a Soviet of Workers' Deputies that day. </p><p>That evening, between 69 and 300 people attended the meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a>. A provisional executive committee (<a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Ispolkom</a>) was chosen, named "Provisional Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies" and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a>, and with mostly Menshevik deputies. (Chkheize was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli" title="Irakli Tsereteli">Irakli Tsereteli</a> in late March). <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> was chosen as the official newspaper of the group. The following day, February 28, was the plenary session; elected representatives from <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">military</a> joined the soviet, and again moderates dominated. Non-representative voting and enthusiasm gave the Soviet almost 3,000 deputies in two weeks, of which the majority were soldiers. The meetings were chaotic, confused, and unruly, little more than a stage for speechmakers. The party-based Ispolkom quickly took charge of actual decision-making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairmen">Chairmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chairmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a>, March 12 – September 19, 1917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, 25 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 October] 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_p._xxi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade_p._xxi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 26 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 November] 1917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, December 13, 1917 – March 26, 1926</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_committee">Executive committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Executive committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Petrograd_Soviet" title="Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet">Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet</a></div> <p>The members of the executive committee, called <a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Ispolkom</a>, came only from political groups, with every socialist party given three seats (agreed March 18). This created an intellectual and radical head to the peasant-, worker-, and soldier-dominated body. The executive committee meetings were more intense and almost as disorderly as the public meetings and were often extremely long. </p><p>On March 1, the executive committee resolved to remain outside any new <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>. This allowed the group to criticize without responsibility, and kept them away from any potential backlash. On March 2, the Soviet received the eight-point program of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a>, appointed an oversight committee (<i>nabliudatel'nyi komitet</i>), and issued a decidedly conditional statement of support. Moreover, the Soviet undermined the Provisional Government by issuing its own orders, beginning with the seven-article <a href="/wiki/Order_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Order No. 1">Order No. 1</a>. The Soviet was not opposed to the war – internal divisions produced a public ambivalence–but was deeply worried about <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> moves from the military, and was determined to have <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> troops firmly on its side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_committees">Other committees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (Milrevkom)</li> <li>Committee on Revolutionary Defense</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_struggle_with_the_Provisional_Government">Power struggle with the Provisional Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power struggle with the Provisional Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Petrograd Soviet developed into an alternate source of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> under (Prince) <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>. </p><p>This created a situation described as <i>dvoevlastie</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a>), in which the Petrograd Soviet competed for <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political science)">legitimacy</a> with the Provisional Government until the October Revolution. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Ispolkom</a></i> (the "executive committee") of the Petrograd Soviet often publicly attacked the Provisional Government as <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> and boasted of its <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> power over <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> authority (control over <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">post</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphs</a>, the press, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supply">food supply</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>). A "shadow government" with a <b>Contact Commission</b> was created on March 8 to "inform... [the Provisional Government] about the demands of the revolutionary people, to exert pressure on the government to dissatisfy all these demands, and to exercise uninterrupted control over their implementation." On March 19, the control extended into the military front lines with <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a> appointed with <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of War of the Russian Empire">Ministry of War</a> support. </p><p>In March 1917, the Petrograd Soviet was opposed to the workers, which protested its deliberations with strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffCh12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffCh12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 8, the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabochaia_Gazeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabochaia Gazeta (page does not exist)">Rabochaia Gazeta</a></i> even claimed that the strikers were discrediting the soviet by disobeying it.<sup id="cite_ref-CliffCh12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CliffCh12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ispolkom expanded to 19 members on April 8, nine representing the Soldiers' Section, and ten the Workers' Section. All members were socialists, the majority Mensheviks or <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>; there was no <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> representation. After the first <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a> (June/July 1917), the Petrograd Soviet began adding representatives from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the front lines, renaming itself the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies</a>. The executive committee became the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a> (<b>CEC</b> or <b>VTsIK</b>) with over 70 members (but no <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> representatives). The mass meetings of the body tapered from daily in the first weeks to roughly weekly by April. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_Bolsheviks">Rise of the Bolsheviks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of the Bolsheviks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of the Bolsheviks throughout 1917 is known as the <i>Bolshevization of soviets</i>. The Bolsheviks rapidly assumed the mantle of the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">official opposition</a>, and took advantage of the new socialist presence in the Cabinet to attack them for the failures of the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks began a strong run of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. In June, 100,000 copies of <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> (including <i>Soldatskaya Pravda</i>, <i>Golos Pravdy</i>, and <i>Okopnaya Pravda</i>) were printed daily. In July, over 350,000 leaflets were distributed. The <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> riots from July 16–17, inspired but not led by the Bolsheviks, were without success. </p><p>The rise of Kerensky, and the later shock of the <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a>, polarized the political scene. The Petrograd Soviet moved steadily leftwards, just as those of the center and right consolidated around Kerensky. Despite the events in July, the Ispolkom moved to protect the Bolsheviks from serious consequences, adopting resolutions on August 4 and August 18 against the arrest and prosecution of Bolsheviks. Still wary of the Ispolkom, the government released many senior Bolsheviks on <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> or promise of good behavior. </p><p>In the August 20 municipal elections, the Bolsheviks took a third of the votes, a 50% increase in three months. </p><p>During the Kornilov affair, the Ispolkom was forced to use the Bolsheviks' military as its main force against the "counter-revolution". Kerensky ordered the distribution of 40,000 rifles to the workers of Petrograd (some <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a>), many of which ended in the hands of Bolshevik groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As other socialist parties abandoned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This statement seems to reverse key events. Mensehviks and SRs resigned from the Soviet Executive Committee only after the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets had demonstrated Bolshevik majorities. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Soviet organizations, the Bolsheviks increased their presence. On September 25, they gained a majority in the Workers' Section and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was elected chairman. He directed the transformation of the Soviet into a revolutionary organ according to Bolshevik policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="October_days_of_1917">October days of 1917</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: October days of 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/250px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/330px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/500px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Milrevcom proclamation about the disbanding of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>On October 6, with a German advance threatening the city, the government - after advice from the military – made plans to evacuate to Moscow. The Ispolkom attacked the move, and Trotsky had the soldiers' section, who were mostly Mensheviks, vote on a resolution condemning the evacuation. The Provisional Government postponed evacuation indefinitely. Its attempts to dispatch Petrograd garrison units to the front were resisted by the troops and by the Ispolkom. </p><p>On October 9, the Soviets considered the creation of a Committee of Revolutionary Defense. The Bolsheviks and Trotsky amended the resolution to include security of Petrograd against both German and <i>domestic</i> threats. The Plenum of the Soviet voted for a committee to "gather... all the forces participating in the defense of Petrograd... to arm the workers... ensuring the revolutionary defense of Petrograd... against the... military and civilian Kornilovites." </p><p>The <i>Ispolkom</i> approved the resolution, against Menshevik resistance, on October 12, and the Soviet approved it on October 16 (despite warnings by the Mensheviks and SRs), creating the <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> (<i>Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet</i>), also called the <i>Milrevcom</i> or Military Committee. </p><p>The Military-Revolutionary Committee was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Lazimir" title="Pavel Lazimir">Pavel Lazimir</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podvoisky" title="Nikolai Podvoisky">Nikolai Podvoisky</a> as his deputy. It was a front for the activities of the Bolshevik's Military Organization. Podvoisky would take official control of the committee on the day of the uprising, with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a> as secretary. The <i>Ispolkom</i> and the Provisional Government had been cut out of control of the forces in the Petrograd Military District, since very few of them remained loyal to them. </p><p>The Military Staff was sidelined on the night of October 21, when the <i>Milrevcom</i> took exclusive control of the garrison in the name of the Soldiers' Section of the Soviet. The District Commander, Colonel Polkovnikov, refused to allow this control, and he and his staff were condemned in a <i>Milrevcom</i> public statement as "a direct weapon of the counter-revolutionary forces". The military command responded with an ultimatum to the Soviet, which led to delaying negotiations and meetings on October 23 and 24. </p><p>The Bolshevik-popular uprising began on October 24, when "liberal" forces tried to shut down <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> and take other steps to secure the government. The <i>Milrevcom</i> sent armed groups to seize the main telegraph offices and lower the bridges across the Neva. That night, the Bolsheviks took control quickly and easily, since the vast majority of both the guard and the workers had sided with them, participating in the plans of the "Milrevcom". </p><p>The following morning at 10 am, the <i>Milrevcom</i> issued an announcement written by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, declaring the end of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Petrograd Soviet. In the early afternoon, Trotsky convened an Extraordinary Session of the Petrograd Soviet, to preempt the Congress of Soviets. It was packed with Bolsheviks and Left SR deputies. </p><p>That evening, the Second Congress of Soviets opened in the Assembly Hall in Smolny. The 600 or so delegates chose a Presidium of 3 Mensheviks and 21 Bolsheviks and Left SRs. </p><p>The following day, the <i>Ispolkom</i> rejected the workings of the Congress and called on the Soviets and the army to defend the Revolution. But in the evening, the Congress dismissed the <i>Ispolkom</i> and replaced it with a new group of 101 members (62 Bolsheviks) under <a href="/wiki/Lev_Borisovich_Kamenev" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Borisovich Kamenev">Lev Borisovich Kamenev</a>. It also approved the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Peace" title="Decree on Peace">Decree on Peace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Land" title="Decree on Land">Decree on Land</a> and the formation of a new government – the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> (<i>Soviet Narodnykh Komissarov</i>, abbreviated to <i>Sovnarkom</i>) – until the meeting of the Constituent Assembly. The Sovnarkom was meant to be an executive governing body directly accountable to the newly created Central Executive Committee (CEC/<a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">VTsIK</a>) which would act as a standing-body of the (legislative) Soviet between full sessions of the Congress of Soviets, though in practice Sovnarkom would eclipse the CEC/TSiK in autonomy and power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrograd_Soviet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wade_p._xxi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_p._xxi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2004">Wade 2004</a>, p. xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CliffCh12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CliffCh12_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CliffCh12_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> <i>Lenin 2</i> Chapter 12 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1976/lenin2/ch12.htm">Lenin and Workers’ Control</a></i>, section <i>The Rise of Factory Committees</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWade2004" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Rex A., ed. (2004). <i>Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415307482" title="Special:BookSources/9780415307482"><bdi>9780415307482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Russia%3A+New+Approaches&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415307482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrograd+Soviet" class="Z3988"></span> <small>- Total pages: 275 </small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossoviet" title="Mossoviet">Mossoviet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee">Petrograd MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee">Moscow MRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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