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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_supremacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_supremacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Constitutional supremacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_supremacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Constitutional control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Separation of functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sources of law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_of_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources of law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Spanish_public_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Spanish_public_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organization of Spanish public law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Spanish_public_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_of_Spanish_private_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_Spanish_private_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Organization of Spanish private law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_Spanish_private_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_private_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_private_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Public and private law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_private_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy_of_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy_of_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hierarchy of laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy_of_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_European_Community_and_Spanish_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_European_Community_and_Spanish_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Relationship between European Community and Spanish law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_European_Community_and_Spanish_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_laws_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_laws_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpretation of laws in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <b>Law of Spain</b> is the legislation in force in the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>, which is understood to mean Spanish territory, Spanish waters, consulates and embassies, and ships flying the Spanish flag in democratically elected institutions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish law follows the continental system, which means it is supported principally by the law in the broad sense (laws and regulations) and to a lesser extent by judicial decisions and customs. Likewise, it is a complex law, in which various <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous community">autonomous community</a> legislation coexists with the national. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_supremacy">Constitutional supremacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional supremacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supreme Spanish law is the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution">Spanish Constitution</a> of 1978, which regulates the functioning of public bodies and the fundamental rights of the Spanish people, as well as the organization and competencies of the different autonomous communities. The Constitution, as well as being directly applicable by the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, enjoys a material supremacy that determines the rest of the laws in Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_control">Constitutional control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitutional control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All laws in Spain must be declared compatible with the Constitution (all laws that contravene the Constitution are invalid). However, it is clear that a public body is needed to regulate the fulfilment of this rule. In Spain's case, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a> exists, which follows the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsenian</a> (or Austrian) model. </p><p>Following this doctrine, the constitutional court has two basic functions: </p> <ul><li>Ensuring all law is compatible with the Constitution.</li> <li>Declaring the nullity of laws which contravene the Constitution.</li></ul> <p>In a case where an <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_court" title="Ordinary court">ordinary court</a> questions a law, only the right of the declaration is available, and it must go to the Constitutional Court with the question of constitutionality so that it can be declared, thus it is the only body which possesses the power to reject laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_functions">Separation of functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Separation of functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The division of powers, a fundamental idea in liberal thinking, is the core of the political system. Although, the Spanish Constitution only establishes the separation of functions. At its heart, national sovereignty permits the election, by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> (men and woman older than 18), of representatives of the sovereign people in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>. The Cortes Generales exercise <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> through two chambers, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a>, choose the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> and control the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a>, which must obey the law. </p><p>The judicial powers fall into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts">courts</a>, an office which the public has access to, and in a jury, which is formed by nationals chosen by lottery in every case. The Constitutional Court controls the laws and the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_of_Spain" title="Public Administration of Spain">public administration</a> must fit into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Magna Carta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_law">Sources of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources of law in Spain are: </p> <ul><li>Law</li> <li>Usage</li> <li>General principles of law</li> <li>Jurisprudence</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a> is a secondary source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Spanish_public_law">Organization of Spanish public law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization of Spanish public law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Constitutional law</b>. This is the collection of laws and judicial institutions related to the organization of the constitutional bodies and the exercise of the citizen's basic rights and freedoms.</li> <li><b>Administrative law</b>. This regulates the organization and functioning of the powers and bodies of the state and its relations with individuals.</li> <li><b>Criminal law</b>. This regulates the so-called punitive (disciplinary) actions.</li> <li><b>Process law</b>. This is integrated by the collection of laws that regulate judging procedures.</li> <li><b>Financial and tax law</b>. This is a collection of laws that organize or study the resources that constitute the finances of the State and the other public bodies. They regulate the procedures to obtain deposits and to regulate expenses and payments.</li> <li><b>International public law</b>. This is integrated by the laws that regulate the judicial relations between each state and the other members of the international community.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_Spanish_private_law">Organization of Spanish private law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization of Spanish private law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Civil law</b>. This is integrated by the collection of laws that regulate the person, the family, personal assets, contractual relations and the extra contractual civil responsibility . Within this we find the common and local law.</li> <li><b>Commercial law</b>. This is the collection of laws that regulate law relating to business, within the world of business.</li> <li><b>Labour or social law</b>. This regulates the relationships between employees and employers. Complains about social security fall under public law.</li> <li><b>International private law</b>. This regulates the relationships between physical and judicial persons of different nationalities.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_private_law">Public and private law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public and private law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, within public law is included the regulation of the highest state institutions, constitutional law, which regulates the organisation, competencies and functioning of the constitutional bodies (the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">State Council</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Account_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Account Court (page does not exist)">Account Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judicial_Power_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain">General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain</a>, etc.), constitutionally recognised rights and the constitutional mechanisms to do with the interference by the public bodies with individual freedoms, rights and guarantees. </p><p>Also included within the realm of public law are criminal law, process law, financial and tax law and certain parts of labour law (infractions and sanctions of the public order, for example). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy_of_laws">Hierarchy of laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hierarchy of laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil Code">Spanish Civil Code</a> establishes that inferior and superior laws to be distinguished. However, the relationship between laws is not limited to a question of hierarchy, but also relationships of competency exist between some laws and others. </p><p>With effect to this, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the supreme law, which regulates all the complex relationships between the different laws and their place in the hierarchy. </p><p>The hierarchy of Spanish laws is thus: </p> <ol><li>The Constitution.</li> <li>International treaties.</li> <li>The law in its strict sense: <a href="/wiki/Organic_Law_(Spain)" title="Organic Law (Spain)">Organic Law</a> (which requires an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_law" title="Ordinary law">ordinary law</a> and regulatory laws (amongst which are found the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree-Law_(Spain)" title="Royal Decree-Law (Spain)">Royal Decree-Law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Legislative_Decree_(Spain)" title="Royal Legislative Decree (Spain)">Royal Legislative Decree</a>).</li> <li>Laws stemming from the executive, with its own hierarchy based on the function of the body that made them (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Decree">Royal Decree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial Order">Ministerial Order</a>, etc.).</li></ol> <p>Besides this, the Spanish Constitution establishes the competency of the Autonomous Communities with regard to the regulation of certain areas, and their ability to create legal laws via their own Parliaments. In a procedure between the autonomous parliament and the national parliament the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statute of Autonomy</a> exists, which is the fundamental law for the Autonomous Communities. After this, the hierarchy of laws will be the law dictated by the autonomous parliament with regard to its regulatory competencies, dictated by the autonomous executive. </p><p>Local authorities do not have legislative abilities even if they possess regulatory authority. </p><p>The relationship between autonomous and national laws depends the competencies established in the Constitution and in the respective Statute of Autonomy. The Constitutional Court is the body with the power to decide if a law is constitutional or not as well as the power to resolve conflicts regarding competencies between the State, the Autonomous Community and the Local Authorities. Only European Community law in line with precedential Spanish Constitution 1978, provincial, diplomatic and judicial findings can be considered to have standing. Lack of a prior challenge does not negate future negation based on the national law. Spanish culture restrains many challenges that knowledgeable lawyers are prepared to pursue if required by a case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_between_European_Community_and_Spanish_law">Relationship between European Community and Spanish law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship between European Community and Spanish law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as these three levels, reference must be made to EC law, which is an autonomous legal system applicable in Spain and whose laws are sovereign over national laws with virtue to the hierarchy of sources, which places international treaties at a higher level than the law. Regarding the Constitution there is a great debate between Constitutionalists and Communitarians as to which is supreme. For the former the Constitution is supreme, whereas for the latter the Treaties are supreme. In practice, the only time in which the Constitution and Treaties conflicted, the Constitution was modified to be in line with the Treaties. </p><p>On its part, EC law is divided into original and derived law, the original having its origins in the Treaties ratified by Spain, and the derived emanating from the EC institutions. </p><p>All laws stemming from EC institutions are directly applicable in Spain in virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of the European Union">Treaty of the European Union</a>, ratified by Spain and thus part of the internal Spanish law. Given that the treaties have a higher hierarchical position compared to laws, in the case of conflict the Treaties will be given primacy. </p><p>Within EC law it is necessary to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulations">regulations</a>. Directives need the <a href="/wiki/Member_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Member State">Member State</a> to apply them by passing laws whereas regulations are <a href="/wiki/Direct_applicability" title="Direct applicability">directly applicable</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_laws_in_Spain">Interpretation of laws in Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interpretation of laws in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish Civil Code regulates the interpretation of laws in Spain, and establishes the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>3.1. Laws are to be interpreted according to the proper meaning of their words, in relation to their context, historic and legal records and the social reality of the time in which they have to be applied, paying particular attention to the spirit and finality of the above. 3.2. Equity must be considered in the application of laws, although the Courts' decisions can only exclusively rest on this when the law expressly permits this.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 3 Spanish Civil Code</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>4.1. The analogous enforcement of laws will occur when the laws do not contemplate a specific supposition, but they </i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 4 Spanish Civil Code</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Albania" title="Law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Andorra" title="Law of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Armenia" title="Law of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Austria" title="Law of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bulgaria" title="Law of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Croatia" title="Law of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cyprus" title="Law of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Denmark" title="Law of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hungary" title="Law of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Latvia" title="Law of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Lithuania" title="Law of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Luxembourg" title="Law of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malta" title="Law of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Norway" title="Law of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Romania" title="Law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Serbia" title="Law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Slovakia" title="Law of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Gibraltar" title="Law of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guernsey" title="Law of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Law of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jersey" title="Law of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union" title="Law of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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