CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rattlesnake - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"59c57a42-d34a-4a48-9cc8-ee5f2cc002f8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rattlesnake","wgTitle":"Rattlesnake","wgCurRevisionId":1258038713,"wgRevisionId":1258038713,"wgArticleId":458086,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: URL","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons link is locally defined","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles containing video clips","Snake common names","Snakes of North America","Venomous snakes","Reptiles of Sindh"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rattlesnake","wgRelevantArticleId":458086,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q10282840","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/1200px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/800px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/640px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rattlesnake - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rattlesnake rootpage-Rattlesnake skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rattlesnake" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rattlesnake" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rattlesnake" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rattlesnake" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Range and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hydration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensory_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sensory organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat-sensing_pits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat-sensing_pits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Heat-sensing pits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-sensing_pits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Auditory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auditory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Venom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_and_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Skin and circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brumation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brumation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Brumation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brumation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_first_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_first_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety and first aid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_first_aid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety and first aid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_first_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoiding_bites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoiding_bites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Avoiding bites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoiding_bites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_bites_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_bites_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Effect of bites on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_bites_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antivenom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antivenom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Antivenom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antivenom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antivenom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antivenom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Veterinary_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Veterinary care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In human culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Indigenous Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_snake-handling_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_snake-handling_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Christian snake-handling sects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_snake-handling_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In traditional medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rattlesnake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9" title="أفعى مجلجلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفعى مجلجلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="র‍্যাটল সাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যাটল সাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гърмяща змия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гърмяща змия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naer-ourouler" title="Naer-ourouler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naer-ourouler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serp_de_cascavell" title="Serp de cascavell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serp de cascavell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCiish_%C3%A1n%C3%ADn%C3%AD_(A%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1ztiin)" title="Tłʼiish áníní (Ałtsʼáʼáztiin) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼiish áníní (Ałtsʼáʼáztiin)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κροταλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κροταλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مار زنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مار زنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glintormur" title="Glintormur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Glintormur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathair_shligreach" title="Nathair shligreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nathair shligreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%9A%B8%EB%B1%80" title="방울뱀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방울뱀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rattlesnake" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D6%85%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բոժոժավոր օձեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոժոժավոր օձեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="रैटल स्नेक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रैटल स्नेक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krotalo" title="Krotalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krotalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular_derik" title="Ular derik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ular derik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дзæгъдзæгъгæнаг кæлмытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзæгъдзæгъгæнаг кæлмытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עכסנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עכסנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чырылдак жыландар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чырылдак жыландар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperae_caudisonae" title="Viperae caudisonae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Viperae caudisonae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="റാറ്റിൽസ്നേക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാറ്റിൽസ്നേക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratelslangen" title="Ratelslangen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ratelslangen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascavel" title="Cascavel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cascavel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Гремучие змеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гремучие змеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rattlesnake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%82%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارە زەقەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارە زەقەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Звечарке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звечарке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skallerormar" title="Skallerormar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skallerormar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="งูหางกระดิ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งูหางกระดิ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ng%C4%B1rakl%C4%B1_y%C4%B1lanlar" title="Çıngıraklı yılanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çıngıraklı yılanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BA%AFn_%C4%91u%C3%B4i_chu%C3%B4ng" title="Rắn đuôi chuông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rắn đuôi chuông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="響尾蛇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="響尾蛇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10282840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rattlesnake" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rattlesnake" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rattlesnake" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&oldid=1258038713" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rattlesnake&id=1258038713&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRattlesnake"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRattlesnake"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rattlesnake&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crotalus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10282840" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rattlesnake (disambiguation)">Rattlesnake (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rattler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rattler (disambiguation)">Rattler (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Rattlesnake </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crotalus cerastes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/220px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/330px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg/440px-Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes" title="Crotalus cerastes">Crotalus cerastes</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Crotalinae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Serpentes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viper" title="Viper">Viperidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pit_viper" title="Pit viper">Crotalinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Included genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus" title="Crotalus">Crotalus</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistrurus" title="Sistrurus">Sistrurus</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Garman" title="Samuel Garman">Garman</a>, 1883</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Excluded genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <p>The subfamily also includes many genera of <a href="/wiki/Pit_viper" title="Pit viper">pit vipers</a> that are not rattlesnakes. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Rattlesnakes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> that form the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus" title="Crotalus">Crotalus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sistrurus" title="Sistrurus">Sistrurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-price-38-39_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-38-39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Crotalinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalinae">Crotalinae</a> (the pit vipers). All rattlesnakes are <a href="/wiki/Viper" title="Viper">vipers</a>. Rattlesnakes are <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> that live in a wide array of habitats, hunting small animals such as birds and rodents. </p><p>Rattlesnakes receive their name from the <a href="#Rattle">rattle</a> located at the end of their tails, which makes a loud rattling noise when <a href="/wiki/Tail_vibration" title="Tail vibration">vibrated</a> that deters predators.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes are the leading contributor to <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a> injuries in North America, but rarely bite unless provoked or threatened; if treated promptly, the bites are seldom fatal. </p><p>The 36 known <a href="/wiki/List_of_rattlesnake_species_and_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rattlesnake species and subspecies">species of rattlesnakes</a> have between 65 and 70 subspecies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1026_1026]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1026_1026]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all native to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, ranging from central Argentina to southern Canada. The largest rattlesnake, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_diamondback_rattlesnake" title="Eastern diamondback rattlesnake">eastern diamondback</a>, can measure up to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes are preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsnake" title="Kingsnake">kingsnakes</a>, and a variety of other species. Rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon as <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">neonates</a>, while they are still weak and immature. Large numbers of rattlesnakes are killed by humans. Rattlesnake populations in many areas are severely <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, and extermination campaigns. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scientific name <i>Crotalus</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> κρόταλον, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Castanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanet">castanet</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Sistrurus</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latinized</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for "tail rattler" (Σείστρουρος, <i>seistrouros</i>) and shares its root with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> musical instrument the <a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">sistrum</a>, a type of rattle.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_and_habitat">Range and habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Range and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crotalus_atrox_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg/250px-Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg/375px-Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg/500px-Crotalus_atrox_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Western diamondback rattlesnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus atrox">Crotalus atrox</a></i>), responsible for the majority of venomous snakebites in North America, coiled in defensive posture with rattle erect</figcaption></figure> <p>Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas from southern Canada to central Argentina, with the majority of species inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleanor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleanor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large majority of species live in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a> and Mexico. Four species may be found east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and two in South America. In the United States, the state with the most types of rattlesnakes is Arizona, with 13.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes are found in almost every habitat type capable of supporting terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, but individual species may have extremely specific habitat requirements, living where certain <a href="/wiki/Plant_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant associations">plant associations</a> occur or within a narrow range of elevations. Most species live near open, rocky areas. Rocks offer them cover from predators, plentiful prey (e.g. rodents, lizards, insects, etc. that live amidst the rocks), and open basking areas. However, rattlesnakes can also be found in a wide variety of other habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairies">prairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserts">deserts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199824_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199824-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes prefer a temperature range between 80 and 90 °F (26 and 32 °C), but can survive temperatures below freezing, recovering from brief exposure to temperatures as low as 4 °F (−16 °C), and surviving for several days in temperatures as low as 37 °F (3 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199871_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199871-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most probable ancestral area of rattlesnakes is the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> region in Mexico. The most probable vegetation or habitat of the ancestral area appears to be pine-oak forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Place_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Place-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prey">Prey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes typically consume <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rats" class="mw-redirect" title="Rats">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbits">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrels">squirrels</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, and other small <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA612_612]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA612_612]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lie in wait for their <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">hunt</a> for it in <a href="/wiki/Holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Holes">holes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA387_387]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA387_387]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rattlesnake's defence and hunting mechanisms are bound to its physiology and its environment. More importantly environmental temperature can influence the ability of ectotherms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prey is killed quickly with a <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a> bite as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Constriction" title="Constriction">constriction</a>. If the bitten prey moves away before dying, the rattlesnake can follow it by its <a href="/wiki/Scent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent">scent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA834_834]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA834_834]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it locates the fallen prey, it checks for signs of life by prodding with its snout, flicking its tongue, and using its sense of smell. Once the prey has become incapacitated, the rattlesnake locates its head by odors emitted from the mouth. The prey is then ingested head first, which allows wings and limbs to fold at the joints in a manner that minimizes the girth of the meal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199881_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199881-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gastric fluids of rattlesnakes are extremely powerful, allowing for the digestion of flesh and bone. Optimal digestion occurs when the snake maintains a body temperature between 80 and 85 °F (25 and 29 °C). If the prey is small, the rattlesnake often continues hunting. If the meal was adequate, the snake finds a warm, safe location in which to coil up and rest until the prey is digested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199883_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199883-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeding habits play an important ecological role by limiting the size of rodent populations, which prevents crop damage and stabilizes ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998161,_163_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998161,_163-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydration">Hydration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes are believed to require at least their own body weight in water annually to remain <a href="/wiki/Hydrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrated">hydrated</a>. The method by which they drink depends on the water source. In larger bodies of water (<a href="/wiki/Streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Streams">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponds">ponds</a>, etc.), they submerge their heads and ingest water by opening and closing their jaws, which sucks in water. If drinking dew or small puddles, they sip the liquid either by capillary action or by flattening and flooding their lower jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199887_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199887-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newborn rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon by a variety of species, including <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roadrunner" title="Roadrunner">roadrunners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whipsnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipsnake">whipsnakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsnake" title="Kingsnake">kingsnakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coluber" class="mw-redirect" title="Coluber">racers</a>. Young of the smaller crotaline species are frequently killed and eaten by small predatory birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a>. Some species of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Formica" title="Formica">Formica</a></i> are known to prey upon neonates, and <i><a href="/wiki/Solenopsis_invicta" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenopsis invicta">Solenopsis invicta</a></i> (fire ants) likely do, as well. On occasion, hungry adult rattlesnakes <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalize</a> neonates. The small proportion (often as few as 20%) of rattlesnakes that make it to their second year are heavily preyed upon by a variety of larger predators, including coyotes, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">feral pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo snake">indigo snakes</a>, and kingsnakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_kingsnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Common kingsnake">common kingsnake</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_getula" title="Lampropeltis getula">Lampropeltis getula</a></i>), a constrictor, is <a href="/wiki/Immune" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune">immune</a> to the venom of rattlesnakes and other <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a>, and rattlesnakes form part of its natural diet. Rattlesnakes sense kingsnakes' presence by their odor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they realize a kingsnake is nearby, they begin enacting a set of defensive postures known as "body bridging". Unlike its normal erect and coiled defensive-striking posture, the rattlesnake keeps its head low to the ground in an attempt to prevent the kingsnake from gaining a hold on it (the head being the first part of the rattlesnake to be ingested). The rattlesnake jerks its body about, while bridging its back upwards, forming an elevated coil that faces the kingsnake. The elevated coil is used to strike the attacker, and is also used to <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> from the kingsnake.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_organs">Sensory organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensory organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all pit vipers, rattlesnakes have two organs that can sense <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>; their eyes and a set of heat-sensing "pits" on their faces that enable them to locate prey and move towards it, based on the prey's <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> signature. These pits have a relatively short effective range of about 1 ft (0.30 m) but give the rattlesnake a distinct advantage in hunting for warm-blooded creatures at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA401_401-402]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA401_401-402]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman20078_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman20078-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_Sensing_Pits,_Rattlesnake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg/220px-Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg/330px-Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg/440px-Heat_Sensing_Pits%2C_Rattlesnake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Heat-sensing pits</a> located in blue circle on a rattlesnake specimen: Location of the pit is the same in all <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg/220px-Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg/330px-Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg/440px-Rattlesnake_Trigeminal_Nerve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3027" /></a><figcaption>1. Trigeminal nerve extending into the heat-sensing pit 2. Trigeminal nerve originating in the brain 3. Heat-sensing pit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat-sensing_pits">Heat-sensing pits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heat-sensing pits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from their eyes, rattlesnakes are able to detect thermal radiation emitted by <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-blooded organisms">warm-blooded organisms</a> in their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functioning optically like a pinhole camera eye, thermal radiation in the form of infrared light passes through the opening of the pit and strikes the pit membrane located in the back wall, warming this part of the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high density of heat-sensitive receptors innervating this membrane, the rattlesnake can detect temperature changes of 0.003 °C or less in its immediate surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared cues from these receptors are transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> by the trigeminal nerve, where they are used to create thermal maps of the snake's surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the small sizes of the pit openings, typically these thermal images are low in resolution and contrast. Nevertheless, rattlesnakes superimpose visual images created from information from the eyes with these thermal images from the pit organs to more accurately visualize their surroundings in low levels of light.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted recently on the molecular mechanism of this ability suggests the temperature sensitivity of these pit organs is closely linked to the activity of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, a temperature-sensitive ion channel saturated in the pit membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eyes">Eyes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnake eyes, which contain many <a href="/wiki/Rod_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod cells">rod cells</a>, are well adapted to nocturnal use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes, though, are not exclusively nocturnal, and their vision is more acute during daylight conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes also possess <a href="/wiki/Cone_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone cells">cone cells</a>, which means they are capable of some form of color vision. The rattlesnake eye lacks a <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a>, making vision of sharply defined images impossible. Instead, they mostly rely on the perception of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnake eyes are capable of horizontal rotation, but they do not appear to move their eyeballs to follow moving objects.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smell">Smell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes have an exceptionally keen sense of <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>. They can sense olfactory stimuli both through their <a href="/wiki/Nostrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrils">nostrils</a> and by flicking their <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongues</a>, which carry scent-bearing particles to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobson%27s_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobson's organ">Jacobson's organs</a> in the roof of their mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman20079_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman20079-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auditory_system">Auditory system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Auditory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all snakes, rattlesnakes lack external ear openings, and the structures of their <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> are not as highly specialized as those of other vertebrates, such as mammals. Thus, their sense of hearing is not very effective, but they are capable of sensing <a href="/wiki/Vibrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrations">vibrations</a> in the ground, passed by the skeleton to the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory nerve">auditory nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fangs">Fangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crotalus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Crotalus_skull.jpg/220px-Crotalus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Crotalus_skull.jpg/330px-Crotalus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Crotalus_skull.jpg/440px-Crotalus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Rattlesnake skull</figcaption></figure> <p>Rattlesnake fangs are connected by venom ducts to large venom glands near the outer edge of the upper jaw, towards the rear of the head. When the rattlesnake bites, muscles on the sides of the venom glands contract to squeeze the venom through the ducts and into the fangs. When the fangs are not in use, they remain folded against the palate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA773_773]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA773_773]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes are born with fully functioning fangs and venom, and are capable of killing prey at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA829_829]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA829_829]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult rattlesnakes shed their fangs every 6–10 weeks. At least three pairs of replacement fangs lie behind the functional pair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venom">Venom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Venom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnake venom is hemotoxic, destroying tissue, causing <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a> (disrupted blood clotting).<sup id="cite_ref-schoenherr-510_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoenherr-510-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_rattlesnake" title="Tiger rattlesnake">tiger rattlesnake</a> (<i>C. tigris</i>) and some varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_rattlesnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojave rattlesnake">Mojave rattlesnake</a> (<i>C. scutulatus</i>) also have a <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic">presynaptic</a> neurotoxic venom component known as Mojave type A toxin, which can cause severe <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schoenherr-510_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoenherr-510-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luch-267_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luch-267-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most North American rattlesnakes are not neurotoxic.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has a comparatively low venom yield,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the venom toxicity of <i>C. tigris</i> is considered to be among the highest of all rattlesnake venoms, and among the highest of all snakes in the Western Hemisphere based on <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD<sub style="font-size:-1">50</sub></a> studies conducted on laboratory mice. <i>C. scutulatus</i> is also widely regarded as producing one of the most toxic snake venoms in the Americas, based on <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD<sub style="font-size:-1">50</sub></a> studies in <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory mice">laboratory mice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnake venom is a mixture of five to fifteen <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Metal_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal ions">metal ions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenic amines">biogenic amines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_amino_acids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free amino acids (page does not exist)">free amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polypeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptides">polypeptides</a>. More specifically, there are three main families of toxins in rattlesnakes: <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipases A2</a> (PLA2s), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains components meant to immobilize and disable the prey, as well as digestive enzymes, which break down tissue to prepare for later <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venom is very stable, and retains its toxicity for many years in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a>, in general, has a complex and ongoing evolutionary process, and rattlesnake venom is no different. The primary mechanisms of evolution are both <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">gene duplication</a> and gene loss events. The duplication events provided material for <a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalization" title="Neofunctionalization">neofunctionalization</a> to create the novel toxin genes, while gene loss influenced speciation and helped lead to such a wide variety of “chemical cocktails” in rattlesnake venoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing theory for the driving force of this evolution is <a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional selection</a>, where efficacy on prey is selected for. Diversity in prey leads to less specificity in toxins, while highly specialized toxins are more likely to develop when there are few key prey species.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recently, <a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing selection</a> has been indicated to better explain the maintenance of adaptive genetic diversity in venom-related genes, potentially allowing for the rattlesnakes to better keep up in the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">evolutionary arms race</a> with their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older snakes possess more potent venom, and larger snakes are frequently capable of storing larger volumes of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-800-801_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-800-801-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rattle">Rattle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/220px-Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/330px-Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/440px-Rattlesnake_rattler_with_centimeter_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Rattlesnake rattle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg/220px-Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg/330px-Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Britannica_Rattlesnake_Rattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the rattle</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake.ogg" title="File:Rattlesnake.ogg">Rattlesnake</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Rattlesnake.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Rattlesnake.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Rattlesnake.ogg/Rattlesnake.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The characteristic sound of a rattlesnake – the rattle shaking, as a result of extremely rapid tail movement</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm/220px--Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Timber_rattlesnake_(Crotalus_horridus)_in_Pennsylvania.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Timber_rattlesnake_(Crotalus_horridus)_in_Pennsylvania.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm/Timber_rattlesnake_%28Crotalus_horridus%29_in_Pennsylvania.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a timber rattlesnake shaking its rattle</figcaption></figure> <p>The rattle serves as a warning for predators of the rattlesnake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199856_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199856-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rattle is composed of a series of hollow, interlocked segments made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, which are created by modifying the scales that cover the tip of the tail. The contraction of special "shaker" muscles in the tail causes these segments to vibrate against one another, thus making the rattling noise (which is amplified because the segments are hollow) in a behavior known as <a href="/wiki/Tail_vibration" title="Tail vibration">tail vibration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-price-38-39_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-38-39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wva_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wva-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscles which cause rattling are some of the fastest known, firing 50 times per second on average, sustainable for a duration of up to three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-zoo-1030_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-1030-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Allf et al. published a paper proposing <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_plasticity" title="Behavioral plasticity">behavioral plasticity</a> as the mechanism by which the rattling system evolved in rattlesnakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of rattlesnakes, Allf et al. proposed that tail vibration in response to predator threat could be the precursor for the rattling system in rattlesnakes, an example of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_plasticity" title="Behavioral plasticity">behavioral plasticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To investigate this hypothesis, the researchers analyzed tail vibration and relatedness to rattlesnakes among snakes in the families <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a>. Their results demonstrated that the more closely related a species was to rattlesnakes, the more similar that species was to rattlesnakes in both duration and rate of tail vibration.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results strongly support the hypothesis that tail vibration preceded the rattling system as a behavior and allowed for the rattle to be selected for once developed. Even a small, underdeveloped rattle early in the evolution of the rattling system could have been advantageous if tail vibration was an ancestral behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At birth, a "prebutton" is present at the tip of the snake's tail; it is replaced by the "button" several days later when the first skin is shed. However, no sound can be made by the rattle until a second segment is added when the skin is shed again.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new rattle segment is added each time the snake sheds its skin, and the snake may shed its skin several times a year, depending on food supply and growth rate. </p><p>Rattlesnakes travel with their rattles held up to protect them from damage, but in spite of this precaution, their day-to-day activities in the wild still cause them to regularly break off end segments. Because of this, the number of rattles on its tail is not related to the age of a rattlesnake.<sup id="cite_ref-price-38-39_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-38-39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wva_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wva-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zoo-1030_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-1030-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to females, males have thicker and longer tails (because they contain the inverted <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenes</a>). Also, the tails of males taper gradually from the body, whereas the tails of females narrow abruptly at the vent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA690_690]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA690_690]-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_and_circulation">Skin and circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Skin and circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes, like other members of the <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> order, have a <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> that is powered by a three-chambered heart composed of two atria and one ventricle.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right atrium receives deoxygenated <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from <a href="/wiki/Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a> coming from the systemic circuit. The left atrium receives oxygenated <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from the lungs in the pulmonary circuit and pumps it to the ventricle and through the systemic circuit via <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnake skin has a set of overlapping scales that cover the entire body, providing protection from a variety of threats, including dehydration and physical trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199848_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199848-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical rattlesnake, genus <i>Crotalus</i>, has the top of its head covered with small scales, except, with a few species, a few crowded plates directly over the snout.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skin of snakes is highly sensitive to contact, tension, and pressure; they are capable of feeling pain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199869_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199869-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important function of the skin is the sensation of changes in air temperature, which can guide the snakes towards warm basking/shelter locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All snakes are <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectotherms</a>. To maintain a stable body temperature, they exchange heat with their external environments. Snakes often move into open, sunny areas to absorb heat from the sun and warmed earth, a behavior known as basking. <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerves">Nerves</a> in the skin regulate the flow of blood into the veins near the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199869_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199869-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skin of rattlesnakes is intricately patterned in a manner that <a href="/wiki/Camouflages" class="mw-redirect" title="Camouflages">camouflages</a> them from their predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199838_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199838-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes do not generally have bright or showy colors (reds, yellows, blues, etc.), instead relying on subtle earth tones that resemble the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199839_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199839-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creases in the epidermal tissue connect the scales of rattlesnakes. When ingesting large prey, these creases can unfold, allowing the skin to expand to envelop a much greater volume. The skin appears to tightly stretch to accommodate the meal, but in reality, the skin is simply smoothing out from its creased state and is not under very high tension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199850_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199850-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg/220px-Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg/330px-Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg/440px-Rattlesnake_Dance_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Two male <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_rattlesnake" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific rattlesnake">northern Pacific rattlesnakes</a> (<i>C. oreganus oreganus</i>) engage in a "combat dance"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg/220px-Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Everted <a href="/wiki/Hemipenis" title="Hemipenis">hemipenis</a> of a male <i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_adamanteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus adamanteus">C. adamanteus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most rattlesnake species mate during the summer or fall, while some species mate only in the spring, or during both the spring and fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998106_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998106-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females secrete small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sex_pheromone" title="Sex pheromone">sex pheromones</a>, which leave a trail the males follow using their tongues and Jacobson's organs as guides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998106_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998106-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a receptive female has been located, the male often spends several days following her around (a behavior not common outside of the mating season), frequently touching and rubbing her in an attempt to stimulate her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA702_702]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA702_702]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The males of some species, such as timber rattlesnakes (<i>C. horridus</i>), fight each other during the mating season, in competition over females. These fights, known as "combat dances", consist of the two males intertwining the anterior portion of their bodies, often with their heads and necks held vertically. The larger males usually end up driving the smaller males away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman200732_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman200732-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998109_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998109-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many kinds of snakes and other reptiles are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a> (lay eggs), rattlesnakes are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a> (give birth to live young after carrying eggs inside).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female produces the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> ("eggs") in her <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, after which they pass through her body cavity and into one of her two <a href="/wiki/Oviducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviducts">oviducts</a>. The ova are arranged in a continuous chain in a coiled section of the oviduct, known as the "tuba".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male rattlesnakes have sexual organs known as <a href="/wiki/Hemipenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemipenes">hemipenes</a>, located in the base of the tail. The hemipenis is retracted inside of the body when mating is not occurring. The hemipenis is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">human penis</a>. Females can store semen for months in internal recesses known as <a href="/wiki/Spermathecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermathecae">spermathecae</a>, which permits them to mate during the fall, but not fertilize the ova until the following spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arizona black rattlesnake (<i>C. oreganus cerberus</i>), has been observed to exhibit complex social behavior reminiscent of that in mammals. Females often remain with their young in nests for several weeks, and mothers have been observed co-operatively parenting their broods.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes generally take several years to mature, and females usually reproduce only once every three years.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brumation">Brumation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brumation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the colder winter months, some rattlesnake species enter a period of <a href="/wiki/Dormancy#Brumation" title="Dormancy">brumation</a>, which is dormancy similar to <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>. They often gather together for brumation in large numbers (sometimes over 1,000 snakes), huddling together inside underground "rattlesnake dens" or hibernacula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199896-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA573_573]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA573_573]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regularly share their winter <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrows</a> with a wide variety of other species (such as <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, small mammals, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, and other types of snakes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199896-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes often return to the same den, year after year, sometimes traveling several miles to get there. How the rattlesnakes find their way back to the dens each year is unknown, but may involve a combination of pheromone trails and visual cues (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> orientation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896–97_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199896–97-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species with long periods of brumation tend to have much lower reproductive rates than those with shorter brumation periods or those that do not brumate at all. Female timber rattlesnakes in high peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> reproduce every three years on average; the lance-headed rattlesnake (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_polystictus" title="Crotalus polystictus">C. polystictus</a></i>), native to the warm climate of Mexico, reproduces annually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman200733_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman200733-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most other snakes, rattlesnakes <a href="/wiki/Aestivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestivate">aestivate</a> during very hot or dry periods, which is why they are rarely seen during the hottest and driest months of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998100_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998100-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes tend to avoid developed areas, preferring undisturbed, natural habitats. Rapid habitat destruction by humans, mass killings during events such as <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_round-ups" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattlesnake round-ups">rattlesnake round-ups</a>, and deliberate extermination campaigns all pose threats to rattlesnake populations in many areas. Several species, such as the timber rattlesnake, <a href="/wiki/Massasauga" class="mw-redirect" title="Massasauga">massasauga</a>, and canebrake rattlesnake, are listed as threatened or endangered in many U.S. states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998200–203_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998200–203-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many rattlesnakes die from being run over by cars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more heavily populated and trafficked areas, reports have been increasing of rattlesnakes that do not rattle. This phenomenon is falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">selective pressure</a> by humans, who often kill the snakes when they are discovered. However, snake experts have dismissed this theory, stating that snakes simply do not rattle as often as laymen expect them to, and that snakes that live near populated areas simply get used to people passing by, only rattling when a person lingers too long or gets too close.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_first_aid">Safety and first aid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Safety and first aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caution,_rattlesnakes_(sign).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg/220px-Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg/330px-Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg/440px-Caution%2C_rattlesnakes_%28sign%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>A rattlesnake warning sign in California</figcaption></figure> <p>Rattlesnakes are the leading cause of snakebite injuries in North America and a significant cause in Central and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-luch-267_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luch-267-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoiding_bites">Avoiding bites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Avoiding bites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rattlesnakes tend to avoid wide-open spaces where they cannot hide from predators, and generally avoid humans if they are aware of their approach.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rattlesnakes rarely bite unless they feel threatened or provoked. A majority of victims (about 72%<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are males. Around half of bites occur in cases where the victim saw the snake, yet made no effort to move away.<sup id="cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harassing or attacking a rattlesnake, illegal in some jurisdictions, puts one at much higher risk of a bite. Rattlesnakes seek to avoid humans and other predators or large herbivores that themselves pose lethal danger.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">Dogs</a>, often much more aggressive than humans, are much more likely to experience a snakebite, and are more likely to die of a rattlesnake bite although they can be vaccinated against them.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caution is advised even when snakes are believed to be dead; rattlesnake heads can sense, flick the tongue, and inflict venomous bites <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_antagonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexive antagonism">reflexively</a> for up to an hour after being severed from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1027_1027]_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1027_1027]-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_bites_on_humans">Effect of bites on humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effect of bites on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States each year, with about five deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important factor in survival following a severe envenomation is the time elapsed between the bite and treatment. Most deaths occur between 6 and 48 hours after the bite. If antivenom treatment is given within two hours of the bite, the probability of recovery is greater than 99%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998143_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998143-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a bite occurs, the amount of venom injected is under voluntary control by the snake. The amount released depends on a variety of factors, including the condition of the snake (e.g., having long, healthy fangs and a full venom sack) and its temperament (an angry, hungry snake that has just been stepped on vs. a satiated snake that was merely surprised by walking near it).<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-1548-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 20% of bites result in no envenomation at all. A lack of burning pain and <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> 1 cm (0.39 in) away from the fang marks after one hour suggests either no or minimal envenomation occurred. A lack of edema or <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> in the area of the bite after eight hours indicates a lack of envenomation for most rattlesnake bites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common symptoms include swelling, severe pain, tingling, weakness, anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhaging">hemorrhaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, and (rarely) <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-1548-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA859_859]_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA859_859]-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local pain following envenomation is often intense, increasing with the ensuing edema.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleisher-1548-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children generally experience more severe symptoms because they receive a larger amount of venom per unit of body mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antivenom">Antivenom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Antivenom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antivenom" title="Antivenom">Antivenom</a>, or antivenin, is commonly used to treat the effects of local and systemic pit viper envenomations.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first step in the production of crotaline antivenom is collecting ("milking") the venom of a live rattlesnake—usually from the western diamondback (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus atrox">Crotalus atrox</a></i>), eastern diamondback (<i><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_adamanteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus adamanteus">Crotalus adamanteus</a></i>), South American rattlesnake (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crotalus_durissis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crotalus durissis (page does not exist)">Crotalus durissis</a> terrificus</i>), or fer-de-lance (<i><a href="/wiki/Bothrops_atrox" title="Bothrops atrox">Bothrops atrox</a></i>). The extracted venom is then diluted and injected into horses, goats, or sheep, whose immune systems produce <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> that protect from the toxic effects of the venom. These antibodies accumulate in the blood, which is then extracted and <a href="/wiki/Centrifuged" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifuged">centrifuged</a> to separate the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a>. The resulting serum is purified into a <a href="/wiki/Lyophilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyophilized">lyophilized</a> powder, which is packaged for distribution and later use by human patients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1036_1036]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1036_1036]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because antivenom is derived from animal antibodies, people generally display an <a href="/wiki/Allergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic">allergic</a> response during infusion, known as <a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">serum sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998145_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998145-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_care">Veterinary care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Veterinary care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, more than 15,000 domesticated animals are bitten by snakes each year. Rattlesnake envenomations account for 80% of the deadly incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogs are most commonly bitten on the front legs and head. Horses generally receive bites on the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (animal)">muzzle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> on their tongues and muzzles. If a <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> animal is bitten, the hair around the bite should be removed so the wound can be clearly seen. The crotaline Fab antivenom has been shown to be effective in the treatment of canine rattlesnake bites. Symptoms include swelling, slight bleeding, sensitivity, shaking, and anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-800-801_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-800-801-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In human culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG/220px-Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG/330px-Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG/440px-Featheredserpentmuseoantropologia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Stone sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathered Serpent (deity)">feathered serpents</a> on display at the National Museum of Anthropology in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_Americans">Indigenous Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indigenous Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> paintings, Central American temples, and the great burial mounds in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> are frequently adorned with depictions of rattlesnakes, often within the symbols and emblems of the most powerful deities.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent" title="Feathered Serpent">Feathered Serpent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican religion</a> was depicted as having the combined features of the <a href="/wiki/Quetzal" title="Quetzal">quetzal</a> and rattlesnake.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ancient Maya considered the rattlesnake to be a "vision serpent" that acted as a conduit to the "otherworld".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rattlesnakes are a key element in <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a> and were widely represented in Aztec art, including sculptures, jewelry, and architectural elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_snake-handling_sects">Christian snake-handling sects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Christian snake-handling sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._(Kentucky)_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg/220px-Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg/330px-Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg/440px-Handling_serpents_at_the_Pentecostal_Church_of_God._%28Kentucky%29_by_Russell_Lee._-_NARA_-_541335.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snake_handling_in_Christianity" title="Snake handling in Christianity">Snake handling</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Church">Pentecostal Church</a> of God in the town of Lejunior, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_County,_Kentucky" title="Harlan County, Kentucky">Harlan County, Kentucky</a>, September 15, 1946</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Snake_handling_in_Christianity" title="Snake handling in Christianity">Snake handling in Christianity</a></div> <p>Members of some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> sects in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> are regularly bitten while participating in "<a href="/wiki/Snake_handling_in_Christianity" title="Snake handling in Christianity">snake handling</a>" rituals. Snake handling is when people hold venomous snakes, unprotected, as part of a religious service inspired by a literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> verses Mark 16:17–18, which reads, "In my name ... They shall take up serpents ...."<sup id="cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_traditional_medicine">In traditional medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In traditional medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> described in 1805 how a hired interpreter, who lived for 15 years with the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, used the rattlesnake‘s rattle to speed up the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Sacagewea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacagewea">Sacagewea</a>‘s son <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Charbonneau" title="Jean Baptiste Charbonneau">Jean Baptiste Charbonneau</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The party that were ordered last evening set out early this morning. the weather was fair and could wind N.  W.  about five o'clock this evening one of the wives of Charbono was delivered of a fine boy. It is worthy of remark that this was the first child which this woman had boarn and as is common in such cases her labour was tedious and the pain violent; Mr. Jessome informed me that he had freequently administered a small portion of the rattle of the rattle-snake, which he assured me had never failed to produce the desired effect, that of hastening the birth of the child; having the rattle of a snake by me I gave it to him and he administered two rings of it to the woman broken in small pieces with the fingers and added to a small quantity of water. Whether this medicine was truly the cause or not I shall not undertake to determine, but I was informed that she had not taken it more than ten minutes before she brought forth perhaps this remedy may be worthy of future experiments, but I must confess that I want faith as to it's efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cooke" title="Alistair Cooke">Alistair Cooke</a> claimed that rattlesnake <a href="/wiki/Tastes_like_chicken" title="Tastes like chicken">tastes "just like chicken, only tougher"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have compared the flavor to a wide range of other meats, including veal, frog, tortoise, quail, fish, rabbit, and even canned tuna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4piKSG2sMJoCpgPA1055_1055]_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4piKSG2sMJoCpgPA1055_1055]-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods of preparation include <a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">barbecueing</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frying; author <a href="/wiki/Maud_Newton" title="Maud Newton">Maud Newton</a>, following a recipe by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crews" title="Harry Crews">Harry Crews</a>, described the taste, "at least when breaded and fried, like a sinewy, half-starved <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadsden_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/220px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/330px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/440px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gadsden Flag</figcaption></figure> <p>The rattlesnake became a symbolic animal for the Colonials during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolutionary War</a> period, and is depicted prominently on the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadsden Flag">Gadsden Flag</a>. It continues to be used as a symbol by the United States military, and political movements within the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crotaline_species_and_subspecies" title="List of crotaline species and subspecies">List of crotaline species and subspecies</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-price-38-39-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-price-38-39_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-price-38-39_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-price-38-39_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrice,_Andrew_H.2009" class="citation book cs1">Price, Andrew H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4IQO5Jo2t8C&pg=PA38"><i>Venomous Snakes of Texas: A Field Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71967-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71967-5"><bdi>978-0-292-71967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venomous+Snakes+of+Texas%3A+A+Field+Guide&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71967-5&rft.au=Price%2C+Andrew+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4IQO5Jo2t8C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis_Lamm1994" class="citation web cs1">Willis Lamm (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whmentors.org/saf/snakes.html">"Rattlesnake!"</a>. <i>TrailBlazer Magazine</i> – via www.whmentors.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TrailBlazer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake%21&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Willis+Lamm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whmentors.org%2Fsaf%2Fsnakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1026_1026]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1026_1026]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarceloux2008">Barceloux 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA1026">1026</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animalcorner.org/animals/rattlesnakes/">"Rattlesnakes"</a>. <i>Animal Corner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Corner&rft.atitle=Rattlesnakes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanimalcorner.org%2Fanimals%2Frattlesnakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKini,_R._Manjunatha2011" class="citation book cs1">Kini, R. Manjunatha; et al., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfPSflF8GSkC&pg=PA99"><i>Toxins and Hemostasis</i></a>. Springer 2011. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9294-6"><bdi>978-90-481-9294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxins+and+Hemostasis&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Springer+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9294-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfPSflF8GSkC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_William_Sherwood1988" class="citation book cs1">Fox, William Sherwood (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmYIbxqPOLYC&pg=PA122"><i>The Bruce beckons: the story of Lake Huron's great peninsula</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6007-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-6007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bruce+beckons%3A+the+story+of+Lake+Huron%27s+great+peninsula&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6007-5&rft.au=Fox%2C+William+Sherwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmYIbxqPOLYC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eleanor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eleanor_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBücherlBuckley2013" class="citation book cs1">Bücherl, Wolfgang; Buckley, Eleanor E. (2013-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SrLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Vertebrates</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-6288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-6288-8"><bdi>978-1-4832-6288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venomous+Animals+and+Their+Venoms%3A+Venomous+Vertebrates&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-6288-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCcherl&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Eleanor+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SrLBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraats2016" class="citation book cs1">Craats, Rennay (2016-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97e2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Arizona: The Grand Canyon State</i></a>. Weigl Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4896-4823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4896-4823-5"><bdi>978-1-4896-4823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arizona%3A+The+Grand+Canyon+State&rft.pub=Weigl+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4896-4823-5&rft.aulast=Craats&rft.aufirst=Rennay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97e2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199824-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199824_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199871-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199871_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Place-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Place_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlace,_Arron_J.Abramson,_Charles_I.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Place, Arron J.; Abramson, Charles I. (2004). "A Quantitative Analysis of the Ancestral Area of Rattlesnakes". <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 151–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1670%2F103-03N">10.1670/103-03N</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86252575">86252575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Analysis+of+the+Ancestral+Area+of+Rattlesnakes&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-156&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1670%2F103-03N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86252575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Place%2C+Arron+J.&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Charles+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA612_612]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA612_612]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpTKB1P5VEYC&pg=PA612">612</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA387_387]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA387_387]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA387">387</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitefold, 2020 The rattlesnakes movement is bound to its physical makeup and the environment. Environmental temperature can influence the ability of ectotherms to capture prey and/or defend themselves against predators</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitford2020" class="citation journal cs1">Whitford, Malachi (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/223/14/jeb223859.full.pdf">"The effects of temperature on the defensive strikes of rattlesnakes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>223</b> (Pt 14). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.223859">10.1242/jeb.223859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561628">32561628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219951376">219951376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+temperature+on+the+defensive+strikes+of+rattlesnakes&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=Pt+14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219951376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32561628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.223859&rft.aulast=Whitford&rft.aufirst=Malachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2Fjexbio%2F223%2F14%2Fjeb223859.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA834_834]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA834_834]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA834">834</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_M._RockwellKardong,_Kenneth_V.2005" class="citation book cs1">Parker, M. Rockwell & Kardong, Kenneth V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBZZNiN9_PoC&pg=PA397">"Rattlesnakes can use airborne cues during post-strike prey relocation"</a>. In Mason, Robert T.; et al. (eds.). <i>Chemical signals in vertebrates 10</i>. Springer. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25159-2"><bdi>978-0-387-25159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnakes+can+use+airborne+cues+during+post-strike+prey+relocation&rft.btitle=Chemical+signals+in+vertebrates+10&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-387-25159-2&rft.au=Parker%2C+M.+Rockwell&rft.au=Kardong%2C+Kenneth+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBZZNiN9_PoC%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199881-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199881_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199883-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199883_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998161,_163-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998161,_163_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, pp. 161, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199887-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199887_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animalfate.com/can-cats-kill-snakes/">"Can Cats Kill Snakes? (And Keep Them Away?) – AnimalFate"</a>. 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Cats+Kill+Snakes%3F+%28And+Keep+Them+Away%3F%29+%E2%80%93+AnimalFate&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalfate.com%2Fcan-cats-kill-snakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998120-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998120_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 59 – Knowledge that rattlesnakes are so afraid of kingsnakes' odor led to the development of effective synthetic rattlesnake repellents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 59 – This behavior is believed to be unique to crotaline species.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA401_401-402]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA401_401-402]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpTKB1P5VEYC&pg=PA401">401-402</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman20078-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman20078_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurman2007">Furman 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellNaikSowardsStone2002" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1260182">"Biological Infrared Imaging and Sensing"</a>. <i>Micron</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 211–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-4328%2801%2900010-5">10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11567889">11567889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micron&rft.atitle=Biological+Infrared+Imaging+and+Sensing&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-225&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-4328%2801%2900010-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11567889&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Angela+L.&rft.au=Naik%2C+Rajesh+R.&rft.au=Sowards%2C+Laura&rft.au=Stone%2C+Morley+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1260182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanHartline1982" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Eric A.; Hartline, Peter H. (March 1982). "The Infrared "Vision" of Snakes". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>246</b> (3): 116–127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982SciAm.246c.116N">1982SciAm.246c.116N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0382-116">10.1038/scientificamerican0382-116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Infrared+%22Vision%22+of+Snakes&rft.volume=246&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=116-127&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0382-116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982SciAm.246c.116N&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Hartline%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1931" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, W. Gardner (September 1931). "The Structure and Function of the Facial Pits of Pit Vipers". <i>American Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>49</b>: 97–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faja.1000490105">10.1002/aja.1000490105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=The+Structure+and+Function+of+the+Facial+Pits+of+Pit+Vipers&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=97-139&rft.date=1931-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faja.1000490105&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=W.+Gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrachevaIngoliaKellyCordero-Morales2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gracheva, Elena O.; Ingolia, Nicolas T.; Kelly, Yvonne M.; Cordero-Morales, Julio F.; Hollopeter, Gunter; Chesler, Alexander T.; Sanchez, Elda E.; Perez, John C.; Weissman, Johnathan S. (April 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855400">"Molecular Basis of Infrared Detection by Snakes"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>464</b> (7291): 1006–1011. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464.1006G">2010Natur.464.1006G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08943">10.1038/nature08943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855400">2855400</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20228791">20228791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Basis+of+Infrared+Detection+by+Snakes&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7291&rft.pages=1006-1011&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2855400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20228791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.464.1006G&rft.aulast=Gracheva&rft.aufirst=Elena+O.&rft.au=Ingolia%2C+Nicolas+T.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Yvonne+M.&rft.au=Cordero-Morales%2C+Julio+F.&rft.au=Hollopeter%2C+Gunter&rft.au=Chesler%2C+Alexander+T.&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Elda+E.&rft.au=Perez%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Weissman%2C+Johnathan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2855400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199867-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199867_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA384_384–389]_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA384">384–389</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaubert1997" class="citation book cs1">Flaubert, Laurence M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC"><i>Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind</i></a>. Vol. 1. University of California Press. pp. 384–389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520210561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520210561"><bdi>978-0520210561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rattlesnakes%3A+Their+Habits%2C+Life+Histories%2C+and+Influence+on+Mankind&rft.pages=384-389&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0520210561&rft.aulast=Flaubert&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8Tz8QaJ2HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman20079-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman20079_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurman2007">Furman 2007</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cetaruk-1075-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cetaruk-1075_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCetaruk,_Edward_W.2005" class="citation book cs1">Cetaruk, Edward W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuA4LsWXXWEC&pg=PA1075">"Rattlesnakes and Other Crotalids"</a>. In Brent, Jeffrey (ed.). <i>Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1075. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8151-4387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8151-4387-1"><bdi>978-0-8151-4387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnakes+and+Other+Crotalids&rft.btitle=Critical+care+toxicology%3A+diagnosis+and+management+of+the+critically+poisoned+patient&rft.pages=1075&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8151-4387-1&rft.au=Cetaruk%2C+Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuA4LsWXXWEC%26pg%3DPA1075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitts,_Laurie_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Vitts, Laurie J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA468">"Rattlesnake"</a>. In Mares, Michael A.; et al. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of deserts</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3146-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+deserts&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3146-7&rft.au=Vitts%2C+Laurie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3CbqZtaF4oC%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA773_773]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA773_773]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA773">773</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA829_829]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA829_829]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA829">829</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1028_1028]_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarceloux2008">Barceloux 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA1028">1028</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schoenherr-510-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schoenherr-510_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schoenherr-510_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr,_Allan_A.1995" class="citation book cs1">Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SY3Kfe3FmVsC&pg=PA510"><i>A Natural History of California</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06922-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06922-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+California&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06922-0&rft.au=Schoenherr%2C+Allan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSY3Kfe3FmVsC%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessenger,_James_E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Lessenger, James E., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWWiF6ornEYC&pg=PA447"><i>Agricultural medicine: a practical guide</i></a>. Birkhäuser. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25425-8"><bdi>978-0-387-25425-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+medicine%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-25425-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWWiF6ornEYC%26pg%3DPA447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luch-267-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luch-267_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luch-267_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuch,_Andreas2010" class="citation book cs1">Luch, Andreas, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_2TslBNPa8C&pg=PA267"><i>Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology</i></a>. Vol. 2. Springer. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-8337-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-8337-4"><bdi>978-3-7643-8337-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular%2C+Clinical+and+Environmental+Toxicology&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-8337-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_2TslBNPa8C%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowellGiorgianniKassnerSelegue2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dowell, Noah L.; Giorgianni, Matt W.; Kassner, Victoria A.; Selegue, Jane E.; Sanchez, Elda E.; Carroll, Sean B. (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5207034">"The Deep Origin and Recent Loss of Venom Toxin Genes in Rattlesnakes"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>26</b> (18): 2434–2445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CBio...26.2434D">2016CBio...26.2434D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.07.038">10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5207034">5207034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27641771">27641771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Deep+Origin+and+Recent+Loss+of+Venom+Toxin+Genes+in+Rattlesnakes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=2434-2445&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5207034%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016CBio...26.2434D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27641771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.07.038&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft.aulast=Dowell&rft.aufirst=Noah+L.&rft.au=Giorgianni%2C+Matt+W.&rft.au=Kassner%2C+Victoria+A.&rft.au=Selegue%2C+Jane+E.&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Elda+E.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Sean+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5207034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinsteinSmith1990" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Scott A.; Smith, Leonard (1990). "Preliminary fractionation of tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) venom". <i>Toxicon</i>. <b>28</b> (12): 1447–1455. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Txcn...28.1447W">1990Txcn...28.1447W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-0101%2890%2990158-4">10.1016/0041-0101(90)90158-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2128566">2128566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicon&rft.atitle=Preliminary+fractionation+of+tiger+rattlesnake+%28Crotalus+tigris%29+venom&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1447-1455&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2128566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0041-0101%2890%2990158-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Txcn...28.1447W&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn, J. L.; R. C. Straight. 1982. "The rattlesnakes and their venom yield and lethal toxicity". In: Tu, A. (ed) <i>Rattlesnake Venoms, Their Actions and Treatment</i>. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoKalogeropoulosAllentoftGopalakrishnan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Wei-qiao; Kalogeropoulos, Konstantinos; Allentoft, Morten E; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Zhao, Wei-ning; Workman, Christopher T; Knudsen, Cecilie; Jiménez-Mena, Belén; Seneci, Lorenzo; Mousavi-Derazmahalleh, Mahsa; Jenkins, Timothy P; Rivera-de-Torre, Esperanza; Liu, Si-qi; Laustsen, Andreas H (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8975721">"The rise of genomics in snake venom research: recent advances and future perspectives"</a>. <i>GigaScience</i>. <b>11</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgigascience%2Fgiac024">10.1093/gigascience/giac024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-217X">2047-217X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8975721">8975721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35365832">35365832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GigaScience&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+genomics+in+snake+venom+research%3A+recent+advances+and+future+perspectives&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8975721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2047-217X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35365832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgigascience%2Fgiac024&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Wei-qiao&rft.au=Kalogeropoulos%2C+Konstantinos&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E&rft.au=Gopalakrishnan%2C+Shyam&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Wei-ning&rft.au=Workman%2C+Christopher+T&rft.au=Knudsen%2C+Cecilie&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Mena%2C+Bel%C3%A9n&rft.au=Seneci%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Mousavi-Derazmahalleh%2C+Mahsa&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Timothy+P&rft.au=Rivera-de-Torre%2C+Esperanza&rft.au=Liu%2C+Si-qi&rft.au=Laustsen%2C+Andreas+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8975721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefferPascoluttiJacksonArbuckle2023" class="citation journal cs1">Schaeffer, Romane; Pascolutti, Victoria J.; Jackson, Timothy N. W.; Arbuckle, Kevin (2023-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10142186">"Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins15040251">10.3390/toxins15040251</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6651">2072-6651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10142186">10142186</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37104189">37104189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Diversity+Begets+Diversity+When+Diet+Drives+Snake+Venom+Evolution%2C+but+Evenness+Rather+Than+Richness+Is+What+Counts&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=251&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10142186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2072-6651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37104189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins15040251&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Romane&rft.au=Pascolutti%2C+Victoria+J.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Timothy+N.+W.&rft.au=Arbuckle%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10142186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchieldPerryAdamsHolding2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schield, Drew R.; Perry, Blair W.; Adams, Richard H.; Holding, Matthew L.; Nikolakis, Zachary L.; Gopalan, Siddharth S.; Smith, Cara F.; Parker, Joshua M.; Meik, Jesse M.; DeGiorgio, Michael; Mackessy, Stephen P.; Castoe, Todd A. (2022-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9888523">"The roles of balancing selection and recombination in the evolution of rattlesnake venom"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>6</b> (9): 1367–1380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatEE...6.1367S">2022NatEE...6.1367S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01829-5">10.1038/s41559-022-01829-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9888523">9888523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35851850">35851850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+roles+of+balancing+selection+and+recombination+in+the+evolution+of+rattlesnake+venom&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1367-1380&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9888523%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatEE...6.1367S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35851850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01829-5&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft.aulast=Schield&rft.aufirst=Drew+R.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Blair+W.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Richard+H.&rft.au=Holding%2C+Matthew+L.&rft.au=Nikolakis%2C+Zachary+L.&rft.au=Gopalan%2C+Siddharth+S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Cara+F.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Joshua+M.&rft.au=Meik%2C+Jesse+M.&rft.au=DeGiorgio%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mackessy%2C+Stephen+P.&rft.au=Castoe%2C+Todd+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9888523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-800-801-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta-800-801_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta-800-801_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Ramesh_Chandra2007" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ramesh Chandra, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgMX__L3q40C&pg=PA800"><i>Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. 800–801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-370467-2"><bdi>978-0-12-370467-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+toxicology%3A+basic+and+clinical+principles&rft.pages=800-801&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-370467-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgMX__L3q40C%26pg%3DPA800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199856-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199856_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton,_MauriceBurton,_Robert1970" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert, eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saySBl8hC_4C&pg=PA2119">"Rattlesnake"</a>. <i>The international wildlife encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake&rft.btitle=The+international+wildlife+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=2119&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaySBl8hC_4C%26pg%3DPA2119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wva-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wva_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wva_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergus,_Charles2003" class="citation book cs1">Fergus, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7UxSPd2XMAC&pg=PA460"><i>Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington, Part 3</i></a>. Stackpole Books. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2821-8"><bdi>978-0-8117-2821-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+of+Virginia+and+Maryland+and+Washington%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-2821-8&rft.au=Fergus%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7UxSPd2XMAC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zoo-1030-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zoo-1030_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zoo-1030_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_Karen_S.2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Karen S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DT4xOpIzS0C&pg=PA1040">"Rattlesnake"</a>. In Bell, Catharine E. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the world's zoos, Volume 3</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1040. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-174-9"><bdi>978-1-57958-174-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+zoos%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1040&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-174-9&rft.au=Graham%2C+Karen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DT4xOpIzS0C%26pg%3DPA1040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllfDurstPfennig2016" class="citation journal cs1">Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (2016). "Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>188</b> (4): 475–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F688017">10.1086/688017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27622880">27622880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3906174">3906174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Behavioral+Plasticity+and+the+Origins+of+Novelty%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Rattlesnake+Rattle&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-483&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3906174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27622880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F688017&rft.aulast=Allf&rft.aufirst=Bradley+C.&rft.au=Durst%2C+Paul+A.+P.&rft.au=Pfennig%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceQvarnströmIrwin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Trevor D.; Qvarnström, Anna; Irwin, Darren E. (2003-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691402">"The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>270</b> (1523): 1433–1440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2372">10.1098/rspb.2003.2372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691402">1691402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965006">12965006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+role+of+phenotypic+plasticity+in+driving+genetic+evolution&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1523&rft.pages=1433-1440&rft.date=2003-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12965006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2372&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Trevor+D.&rft.au=Qvarnstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anna&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Darren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevisPfennig2021" class="citation book cs1">Levis, Nicholas A.; Pfennig, David W. (2021-05-31). [> "Innovation and Diversification Via Plasticity-Led Evolution"]. <i>Phenotypic Plasticity & Evolution</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 211–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429343001-12">10.1201/9780429343001-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-34300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-34300-1"><bdi>978-0-429-34300-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233563740">233563740</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Innovation+and+Diversification+Via+Plasticity-Led+Evolution&rft.btitle=Phenotypic+Plasticity+%26+Evolution&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=211-240&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233563740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780429343001-12&rft.isbn=978-0-429-34300-1&rft.aulast=Levis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Pfennig%2C+David+W.&rft_id=%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|chapter-url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, Brad R. (2001). "Muscle Physiology and the Evolution of the Rattling System in Rattlesnakes". <i>Journal of Herpetology</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 497–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1565969">10.2307/1565969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1511">0022-1511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1565969">1565969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Muscle+Physiology+and+the+Evolution+of+the+Rattling+System+in+Rattlesnakes&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-500&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0022-1511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1565969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1565969&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Brad+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1991" class="citation web cs1">Myers, Bob (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630043904/http://www.rattlesnakes.com/info/rattles.html">"Rattles"</a>. <i>American International Rattlesnake Museum</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rattlesnakes.com/info/rattles.html">the original</a> on 2022-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+International+Rattlesnake+Museum&rft.atitle=Rattles&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rattlesnakes.com%2Finfo%2Frattles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA690_690]-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA690_690]_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpTKB1P5VEYC&pg=PA690">690</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenMoormanWang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Bjarke; Moorman, Antoon F. M.; Wang, Tobias (2014). "Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes". <i>Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 302–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12056">10.1111/brv.12056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-185X">1469-185X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23998743">23998743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20035062">20035062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+the+hearts+of+lizards+and+snakes&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=302-336&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1469-185X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20035062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23998743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12056&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Bjarke&rft.au=Moorman%2C+Antoon+F.+M.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenAbeAndradeNyengaard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Bjarke; Abe, Augusto S.; Andrade, Denis V.; Nyengaard, Jens R.; Wang, Tobias (2010). "The heart of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus". <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>271</b> (9): 1066–1077. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10854">10.1002/jmor.10854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4687">1097-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20730920">20730920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206091017">206091017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=The+heart+of+the+South+American+rattlesnake%2C+Crotalus+durissus&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1066-1077&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1097-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206091017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20730920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.10854&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Bjarke&rft.au=Abe%2C+Augusto+S.&rft.au=Andrade%2C+Denis+V.&rft.au=Nyengaard%2C+Jens+R.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199848-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199848_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ditmars, Raymond L. <i>Reptiles of the World</i>. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1936, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199869-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199869_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199869_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-2_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-2_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Clark_E.Thomas,_John_K.2008" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Clark E. & Thomas, John K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DU0zHaVSqeAC&pg=PA2"><i>Texas Rattlesnake Roundups</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-035-6"><bdi>978-1-60344-035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Rattlesnake+Roundups&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-035-6&rft.au=Adams%2C+Clark+E.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDU0zHaVSqeAC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199838-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199838_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199839-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199839_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199850-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199850_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998106-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998106_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998106_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998110-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998110_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA702_702]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA702_702]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpTKB1P5VEYC&pg=PA702">702</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman200732-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman200732_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurman2007">Furman 2007</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998109-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998109_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Amphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish/Rattlesnakes.aspx">"Wildlife Guide – National Wildlife Federation"</a>. <i>www.nwf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nwf.org&rft.atitle=Wildlife+Guide+%E2%80%93+National+Wildlife+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FWildlife%2FWildlife-Library%2FAmphibians-Reptiles-and-Fish%2FRattlesnakes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerelloSmithSlone2011" class="citation journal cs1">Amerello, Melissa; Smith, Jeffrey; Slone, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6671.1">"Family values: Maternal care in rattlesnakes is more than mere attendance"</a>. <i>Nature Precedings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6671.1">10.1038/npre.2011.6671.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Precedings&rft.atitle=Family+values%3A+Maternal+care+in+rattlesnakes+is+more+than+mere+attendance&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpre.2011.6671.1&rft.aulast=Amerello&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Slone%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnpre.2011.6671.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerson,_Geoffrey_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWc3zDq9P10C&pg=PA328"><i>Connecticut wildlife: biodiversity, natural history, and conservation</i></a>. UPNE. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-369-1"><bdi>978-1-58465-369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecticut+wildlife%3A+biodiversity%2C+natural+history%2C+and+conservation&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-369-1&rft.au=Hammerson%2C+Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWc3zDq9P10C%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199896-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA573_573]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmpTKB1P5VEYCpgPA573_573]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpTKB1P5VEYC&pg=PA573">573</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio199896–97-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio199896–97_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurman200733-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurman200733_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurman2007">Furman 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998100-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998100_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998200–203-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998200–203_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, pp. 200–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Hughes2019" class="citation news cs1">Bryan Hughes (March 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rattlesnakesolutions.com/snakeblog/science-and-education/are-rattlesnakes-evolving-to-rattle-less-or-losing-their-rattles/">"Are rattlesnakes evolving to rattle less, or losing their rattles?"</a>. <i>Rattlesnake Solutions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rattlesnake+Solutions&rft.atitle=Are+rattlesnakes+evolving+to+rattle+less%2C+or+losing+their+rattles%3F&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.au=Bryan+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frattlesnakesolutions.com%2Fsnakeblog%2Fscience-and-education%2Fare-rattlesnakes-evolving-to-rattle-less-or-losing-their-rattles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackessy,_Stephen_P.2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackessy, Stephen P., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_vME799de4C&pg=PA476"><i>Handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9165-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-9165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+venoms+and+toxins+of+reptiles&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9165-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_vME799de4C%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Steven_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Steven J.; et al., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb5I0tcnYNkC&pg=PA577"><i>A natural history of the Sonoran Desert</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21980-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21980-9"><bdi>978-0-520-21980-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+natural+history+of+the+Sonoran+Desert&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21980-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLb5I0tcnYNkC%26pg%3DPA577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeilMackGilchristWozniak2007" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neil ME, Mack KA, Gilchrist J, Wozniak EJ (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F06-WEME-OR-080R1.1">"Snakebite injuries treated in United States emergency departments, 2001–2004"</a>. <i>Wilderness Environ Med</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 281–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F06-WEME-OR-080R1.1">10.1580/06-WEME-OR-080R1.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18076294">18076294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Snakebite+injuries+treated+in+United+States+emergency+departments%2C+2001%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F06-WEME-OR-080R1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18076294&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Mack%2C+KA&rft.au=Gilchrist%2C+J&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1580%252F06-WEME-OR-080R1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/943-rattlesnakes-safety-tips.html">"Tips to stay safe around rattlesnakes"</a>. <i>News</i>. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Tips+to+stay+safe+around+rattlesnakes&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildlife.utah.gov%2Fnews%2Futah-wildlife-news%2F943-rattlesnakes-safety-tips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer2011" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer (May 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adoptapet.com/blog/dog-rattlesnake-tips/">"7 Rattlesnake Tips that could Save Your Dog's Life"</a>. <i>AdoptAPet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdoptAPet.com&rft.atitle=7+Rattlesnake+Tips+that+could+Save+Your+Dog%27s+Life&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.au=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adoptapet.com%2Fblog%2Fdog-rattlesnake-tips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerler,_John_E.Dixon,_James_Ray2000" class="citation book cs1">Werler, John E.; Dixon, James Ray, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jKuAWavrUkC&pg=PA3"><i>Texas snakes: identification, distribution, and natural history</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79130-5"><bdi>978-0-292-79130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+snakes%3A+identification%2C+distribution%2C+and+natural+history&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79130-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jKuAWavrUkC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1027_1027]-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1027_1027]_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarceloux2008">Barceloux 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA1027">1027</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenkel,_John" class="citation web cs1">Henkel, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110105638/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/health/Appendix%203-6-E%20Reptiles.pdf">"For Goodness Snakes! Treating and Preventing Venomous Bites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reptiles</i>. USDA / emergency response. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/health/Appendix%203-6-E%20Reptiles.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reptiles&rft.atitle=For+Goodness+Snakes%21+Treating+and+Preventing+Venomous+Bites&rft.au=Henkel%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Femergency_response%2Fdownloads%2Fhealth%2FAppendix%25203-6-E%2520Reptiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998143-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998143_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleisher-1548-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleisher-1548_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleisher,_Gary_R.Ludwig,_Stephen2010" class="citation book cs1">Fleisher, Gary R.; Ludwig, Stephen, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7CqcE1ZrFkC&pg=RA1-PA1548"><i>Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine</i></a> (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-159-4"><bdi>978-1-60547-159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Pediatric+Emergency+Medicine&rft.pages=1548&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-159-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7CqcE1ZrFkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1030_1030]_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarceloux2008">Barceloux 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA1030">1030</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA859_859]-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW8Tz8QaJ2HoCpgPA859_859]_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Tz8QaJ2HoC&pg=PA859">859</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank,_Lewis_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldfrank, Lewis R., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvJuLqBxGUcC&pg=PA1657"><i>Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies</i></a> (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147914-1"><bdi>978-0-07-147914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goldfrank%27s+toxicologic+emergencies&rft.pages=1657&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147914-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvJuLqBxGUcC%26pg%3DPA1657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1036_1036]-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarceloux2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCpqzhHc072ACpgPA1036_1036]_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarceloux2008">Barceloux 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&pg=PA1036">1036</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Clark_E.Thomas,_John_K.2008" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Clark E. & Thomas, John K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DU0zHaVSqeAC&pg=PA23"><i>Texas Rattlesnake Roundups</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-035-6"><bdi>978-1-60344-035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Rattlesnake+Roundups&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-035-6&rft.au=Adams%2C+Clark+E.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDU0zHaVSqeAC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier,_JürgWhite,_Julian1995" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Jürg; White, Julian, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OvFxypZGPAAC&pg=PA639"><i>Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons, Volume 236</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4489-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-4489-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+clinical+toxicology+of+animal+venoms+and+poisons%2C+Volume+236&rft.pages=639&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-4489-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvFxypZGPAAC%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubio1998145-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubio1998145_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubio1998">Rubio 1998</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatter,_Douglas_H.2002" class="citation book cs1">Slatter, Douglas H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_nh6zSr4wUC&pg=PA267"><i>Textbook of small animal surgery</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-8607-3"><bdi>978-0-7216-8607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+small+animal+surgery&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-8607-3&rft.au=Slatter%2C+Douglas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_nh6zSr4wUC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowman,_David_L.Williams,_Stephen2002" class="citation book cs1">Browman, David L. & Williams, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niYaFKcLCs8C&pg=PA99"><i>New perspectives on the origins of Americanist archaeology</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1128-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1128-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-1128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+perspectives+on+the+origins+of+Americanist+archaeology&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1128-5&rft.au=Browman%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniYaFKcLCs8C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead,_Kay_A.González,_Jason_J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Read, Kay A.; González, Jason J., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y053PeFmS5UC&pg=PA180">"Feathered Serpents"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanmyth0000read/page/180"><i>Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanmyth0000read/page/180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514909-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514909-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feathered+Serpents&rft.btitle=Mesoamerican+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs+of+Mexico+and+Central+America&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514909-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY053PeFmS5UC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_Lynn_V.Mathews,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lynn V.; Mathews, Peter, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHwLgl2dMg0C&pg=PA91">"Maya Geography and Mythology"</a>. <i>Handbook to life in the ancient Maya world</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518363-4"><bdi>978-0-19-518363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maya+Geography+and+Mythology&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+life+in+the+ancient+Maya+world&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518363-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeHwLgl2dMg0C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a more detailed study of snake handling sects, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough,_David_L.2002" class="citation book cs1">Kimbrough, David L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wq1s7ChmmIC"><i>Taking up serpents: snake handlers of eastern Kentucky</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-798-8"><bdi>978-0-86554-798-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+up+serpents%3A+snake+handlers+of+eastern+Kentucky&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-798-8&rft.au=Kimbrough%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Wq1s7ChmmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisClarkFloyd1904" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Floyd, Charles (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvAtAAAAYAAJ"><i>Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806</i></a>, vol. 1, p. 257</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+journals+of+the+Lewis+and+Clark+Expedition%2C+1804%E2%80%931806&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Meriwether&rft.au=Clark%2C+William&rft.au=Floyd%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvAtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1980" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Alistair (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansfiftyta00cook"><i>The Americans: fifty talks on our life and times</i></a></span>. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansfiftyta00cook/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50364-6"><bdi>978-0-394-50364-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5311048">5311048</a>. <q>To the goggling unbeliever Texans say—as people always say about their mangier dishes—'but it's just like chicken, only tenderer.' Rattlesnake is, in fact, just like chicken, only tougher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americans%3A+fifty+talks+on+our+life+and+times&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5311048&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50364-6&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansfiftyta00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4piKSG2sMJoCpgPA1055_1055]-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlauberGreene1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4piKSG2sMJoCpgPA1055_1055]_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlauberGreene1997">Klauber & Greene 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4piKSG2sMJoC&pg=PA1055">1055</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218191734/http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002104147_rattlesnakerecipe30.html">"Recipe: Barbecued rattlesnake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. November 30, 2004 [Woodall Publications Corp. ©1998]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002104147_rattlesnakerecipe30.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Recipe%3A+Barbecued+rattlesnake&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.com%2Fhtml%2Fbusinesstechnology%2F2002104147_rattlesnakerecipe30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maud_Newton" title="Maud Newton">Newton, Maud</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/10/02/magazine/29mag-food-issue.html?_r=0#/curiosities">"How Does Rattlesnake Taste?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Does+Rattlesnake+Taste%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2011%2F10%2F02%2Fmagazine%2F29mag-food-issue.html%3F_r%3D0%23%2Fcuriosities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarceloux2008" class="citation book cs1">Barceloux, Donald G., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC"><i>Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72761-3"><bdi>978-0-471-72761-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+toxicology+of+natural+substances%3A+foods%2C+fungi%2C+medicinal+herbs%2C+plants%2C+and+venomous+animals&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-471-72761-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpqzhHc072AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurman2007" class="citation book cs1">Furman, Jon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5bM83jWl9YC"><i>Timber rattlesnakes in Vermont and New York: biology, history, and the fate of an endangered species</i></a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-656-2"><bdi>978-1-58465-656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timber+rattlesnakes+in+Vermont+and+New+York%3A+biology%2C+history%2C+and+the+fate+of+an+endangered+species&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-656-2&rft.aulast=Furman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5bM83jWl9YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlauberGreene1997" class="citation book cs1">Klauber, Laurence M. & Greene, Harry W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4piKSG2sMJoC"><i>Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21056-1"><bdi>978-0-520-21056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rattlesnakes%3A+their+habits%2C+life+histories%2C+and+influence+on+mankind&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21056-1&rft.aulast=Klauber&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Harry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4piKSG2sMJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio1998" class="citation book cs1">Rubio, Manny (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ry90QgAACAAJ"><i>Rattlesnake: Portrait of a Predator</i></a>. Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-808-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-808-8"><bdi>1-56098-808-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rattlesnake%3A+Portrait+of+a+Predator&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56098-808-8&rft.aulast=Rubio&rft.aufirst=Manny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRy90QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornett1998" class="citation book cs1">Cornett, James W. (1998). <i>Rattlesnakes: Answers to Frequent Questions</i>. Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937794-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-937794-23-6"><bdi>0-937794-23-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rattlesnakes%3A+Answers+to+Frequent+Questions&rft.place=Palm+Springs%2C+California&rft.pub=Nature+Trails+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-937794-23-6&rft.aulast=Cornett&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dalstrom, Harl A. "'Snake Hunting Has Been Shamefully Neglected': A. M. Jackly and Rattlesnake Abatement in South Dakota," <i>South Dakota History</i> 43 (Fall 2013), 177–217.</li> <li>Hubbs, Brian & Brendan O'Connor (2012). <i>A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States</i>. Tricolor Books. Tempe, Arizona. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9754641-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9754641-3-7">978-0-9754641-3-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer,_Thomas2004" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4Lb_xdklZwC"><i>Landscape with Reptile: Rattlesnakes in an Urban World</i></a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-000-1"><bdi>978-1-59228-000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+with+Reptile%3A+Rattlesnakes+in+an+Urban+World&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-000-1&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4Lb_xdklZwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rattlesnake" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crotalus" class="extiw" title="commons:Crotalus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Crotalus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111205102637.htm">"Climate Changes Faster Than Species Can Adapt, Rattlesnake Study Finds"</a>, <i>Science Daily</i>, Dec. 05, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rattlesnakebite.org/">Justin's Rattlesnake Bite</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rattlesnake"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rattlesnake">"Rattlesnake" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rattlesnake"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rattlesnake">"Rattlesnake" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rattlesnake&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARattlesnake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10282840#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645773">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&oldid=1258038713">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&oldid=1258038713</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Snake_common_names" title="Category:Snake common names">Snake common names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Snakes_of_North_America" title="Category:Snakes of North America">Snakes of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venomous_snakes" title="Category:Venomous snakes">Venomous snakes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reptiles_of_Sindh" title="Category:Reptiles of Sindh">Reptiles of Sindh</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: URL">CS1 errors: URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 20:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rattlesnake&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pzjbs","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.228","walltime":"1.556","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13960,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":173142,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9576,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":296705,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1361.876 1 -total"," 33.55% 456.934 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.34% 317.806 1 Template:Paraphyletic_group"," 17.95% 244.516 38 Template:Cite_book"," 12.82% 174.576 56 Template:Sfn"," 7.73% 105.284 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.10% 96.743 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.01% 68.287 1 Template:Authority_control"," 2.74% 37.277 2 Template:Pagetype"," 2.39% 32.519 34 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.821","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10191423,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams,_Clark_E.Thomas,_John_K.2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAllfDurstPfennig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerelloSmithSlone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarceloux2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowman,_David_L.Williams,_Stephen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryan_Hughes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton,_MauriceBurton,_Robert1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBücherlBuckley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellNaikSowardsStone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCetaruk,_Edward_W.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraats2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowellGiorgianniKassnerSelegue2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergus,_Charles2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaubert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleisher,_Gary_R.Ludwig,_Stephen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster,_Lynn_V.Mathews,_Peter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox,_William_Sherwood1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldfrank,_Lewis_R.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrachevaIngoliaKellyCordero-Morales2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham,_Karen_S.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta,_Ramesh_Chandra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerson,_Geoffrey_A.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenkel,_John\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenAbeAndradeNyengaard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenMoormanWang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbrough,_David_L.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKini,_R._Manjunatha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlauberGreene1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLessenger,_James_E.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevisPfennig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisClarkFloyd1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuch,_Andreas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackessy,_Stephen_P.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier,_JürgWhite,_Julian1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanHartline1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;NeilMackGilchristWozniak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer,_Thomas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker,_M._RockwellKardong,_Kenneth_V.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips,_Steven_J.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlace,_Arron_J.Abramson,_Charles_I.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice,_Andrew_H.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriceQvarnströmIrwin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoKalogeropoulosAllentoftGopalakrishnan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead,_Kay_A.González,_Jason_J.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubio1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefferPascoluttiJacksonArbuckle2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchieldPerryAdamsHolding2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr,_Allan_A.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlatter,_Douglas_H.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitts,_Laurie_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinsteinSmith1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerler,_John_E.Dixon,_James_Ray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitford2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis_Lamm1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"LD50\"] = 2,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Paraphyletic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 56,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 3,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2wr6","timestamp":"20241124053454","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rattlesnake","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rattlesnake","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10282840","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10282840","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-07T02:29:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T20:56:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg","headline":"group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus"}</script> </body> </html>