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id="toc-Election_as_King_of_the_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_as_King_of_the_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Election as King of the Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_as_King_of_the_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_into_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_into_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Descent into Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_into_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_against_Florence_and_Robert_of_Naples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_against_Florence_and_Robert_of_Naples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wars against Florence and Robert of Naples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_against_Florence_and_Robert_of_Naples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3)" title="هنري السابع (إمبراطور روماني مقدس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري السابع (إمبراطور روماني مقدس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_7-s%C3%A8" title="Heinrich 7-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Heinrich 7-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_VII_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Генрых VII Люксембургскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых VII Люксембургскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VII_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хайнрих VII (Свещена Римска империя) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайнрих VII (Свещена Римска империя)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VII, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik VII, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_VII_del_Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Enric VII del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enric VII del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_VII._Lucembursk%C3%BD" title="Jindřich VII. Lucemburský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jindřich VII. Lucemburský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_VII,_Ymerawdwr_Gl%C3%A2n_Rhufeinig" title="Harri VII, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harri VII, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_7._(Tysk-romerske_rige)" title="Henrik 7. (Tysk-romerske rige) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik 7. (Tysk-romerske rige)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII._(HRR)" title="Heinrich VII. (HRR) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich VII. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)" title="Heinrich VII (Saksa-Rooma keiser) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heinrich VII (Saksa-Rooma keiser)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ερρίκος Ζ΄ του Λουξεμβούργου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Ζ΄ του Λουξεμβούργου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_VII_del_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico" title="Enrique VII del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique VII del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriko_la_7-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)" title="Henriko la 7-a (Sankta Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henriko la 7-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrike_VII.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa" title="Henrike VII.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrike VII.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="هاینریش هفتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاینریش هفتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg" title="Henri VII de Luxembourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri VII de Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VII_de_Luxemburgo" title="Henrique VII de Luxemburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrique VII de Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_7%EC%84%B8_(%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C)" title="하인리히 7세 (신성 로마 황제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하인리히 7세 (신성 로마 황제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VII., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik VII., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII,_Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Heinrich VII, Kaisar Romawi Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heinrich VII, Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_VII_di_Lussemburgo" title="Enrico VII di Lussemburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enrico VII di Lussemburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="היינריך השביעי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היינריך השביעי, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_VII" title="ჰაინრიხ VII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაინრიხ VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_VII_(imperator)" title="Henricus VII (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus VII (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrihs_VII_Luksemburgs" title="Heinrihs VII Luksemburgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heinrihs VII Luksemburgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII._vu_L%C3%ABtzebuerg" title="Heinrich VII. vu Lëtzebuerg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Heinrich VII. vu Lëtzebuerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatorius_Henrikas_VII" title="Imperatorius Henrikas VII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorius Henrikas VII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Henrik_n%C3%A9met-r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="VII. Henrik német-római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Henrik német-római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83)" title="هنرى السابع (ملك) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى السابع (ملك)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_Hendrik_VII" title="Keizer Hendrik VII – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer Hendrik VII" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%927%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ハインリヒ7世 (神聖ローマ皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリヒ7世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_av_Det_tysk-romerske_rike" title="Henrik VII av Det tysk-romerske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik VII av Det tysk-romerske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_VII_Luksemburski" title="Henryk VII Luksemburski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk VII Luksemburski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VII_do_Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Henrique VII do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrique VII do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_al_VII-lea_al_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Imperiu_Roman" title="Henric al VII-lea al Sfântului Imperiu Roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henric al VII-lea al Sfântului Imperiu Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VII_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Генрих VII (император Священной Римской империи) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генрих VII (император Священной Римской империи)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich_VII._(Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_r%C3%ADmska_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a)" title="Henrich VII. (Svätá rímska ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrich VII. (Svätá rímska ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII._Luksembur%C5%A1ki" title="Henrik VII. Luksemburški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik VII. Luksemburški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VII,_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хајнрих VII, цар Светог римског царства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајнрих VII, цар Светог римског царства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Heinrich VII, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heinrich VII, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_Luxemburgilainen" title="Henrik VII Luxemburgilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik VII Luxemburgilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VII_(tysk-romersk_kejsare)" title="Henrik VII (tysk-romersk kejsare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik VII (tysk-romersk kejsare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิไฮน์ริชที่ 7 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิไฮน์ริชที่ 7 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Heinrich_(Kutsal_Roma_imparatoru)" title="VII. Heinrich (Kutsal Roma imparatoru) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Heinrich (Kutsal Roma imparatoru)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_VII_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Генріх VII (імператор Священної Римської імперії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх VII (імператор Священної Римської імперії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%C3%A1nh_ch%E1%BA%BF_La_M%C3%A3" title="Heinrich VII của Thánh chế La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Heinrich VII của Thánh chế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VII_(HRR)" title="Hendrik VII (HRR) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hendrik VII (HRR)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="亨利七世 (神圣罗马帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利七世 (神圣罗马帝国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Henry VII of Germany" redirects here. For the son and co-ruler of the Emperor Frederick II, see <a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII) of Germany</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Henry VII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Lux_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Henry_Lux_head.jpg/170px-Henry_Lux_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Henry_Lux_head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="272" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Detail of a miniature depicting Henry VII, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1380–1400<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1312 – 24 August 1313</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1312, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">27 November 1308 – 24 August 1313</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1309, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I of Habsburg">Albert I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1311 – 24 August 1313</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1311, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxembourg">Count of Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1288 – 24 August 1313</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1273<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1313 (aged c. 40)<br /><a href="/wiki/Buonconvento" title="Buonconvento">Buonconvento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">Duomo di Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1292; died 1311)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="John, King of Bohemia">John, King of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Luxembourg" title="Beatrice of Luxembourg">Beatrice, Queen of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VI of Luxembourg">Henry VI of Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Avesnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice d'Avesnes">Beatrice d'Avesnes</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry VII</b> (German: <i>Heinrich</i>; <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>: <i>Arrigo</i>; c. 1273<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 24 August 1313),<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Henry of Luxembourg</b>, was <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxembourg">Count of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">Rex Romanorum</a></i>) from 1308 and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> from 1312. He was the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a>. During his brief career he reinvigorated the imperial cause in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Italy</a>, which was racked with the partisan struggles between the divided <a href="/wiki/Guelph_and_Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelph and Ghibelline">Guelph and Ghibelline</a> factions, and inspired the praise of <a href="/wiki/Dino_Compagni" title="Dino Compagni">Dino Compagni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>. He was the first emperor since the death of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> in 1250, ending the <a href="/wiki/Great_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Interregnum">Great Interregnum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; however, his premature death threatened to undo his life's work. His son, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John of Bohemia</a>, failed to be elected as his successor, and there was briefly another <a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">anti-king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick the Fair</a>, contesting the rule of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_as_King_of_the_Romans">Election as King of the Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Election as King of the Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Counts_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Arms of the House of Luxembourg.</figcaption></figure><p> Born around 1273<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, he was a son of Count <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VI of Luxembourg">Henry VI of Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Avesnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice d'Avesnes">Béatrice</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Avesnes" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Avesnes">House of Avesnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raised at the French court, he was the lord of comparatively small properties in a peripheral and predominantly French-speaking part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was symptomatic of the empire's weakness that during his rule as the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxembourg">Count of Luxembourg</a>, he agreed to become a French vassal, seeking the protection of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his rule of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, he ruled effectively, especially in keeping the peace in local feudal disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg/100px-Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg/150px-Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg/200px-Armoiries_Henri_VII_de_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.</figcaption></figure><p>Henry became caught up in the internal political machinations of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> with the assassination of King <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I of Habsburg">Albert I</a> on 1 May 1308.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately, King Philip of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Valois">Charles of Valois</a>, to be elected the next <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip thought he had the backing of the French <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">established at Avignon</a>), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. He lavishly spread French money in the hope of bribing the German electors.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Charles of Valois had the backing of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_II_von_Virneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich II von Virneburg">Henry, Archbishop of Cologne</a>, a French supporter, many were not keen to see an expansion of French power, least of all Clement V.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal rival to Charles appeared to be <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria">Rudolf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine">Count Palatine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Given his background, although he was a vassal of Philip the Fair,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was bound by few national ties, an aspect of his suitability as a compromise candidate among the electors,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, and who were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. Henry's brother, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin of Luxemburg">Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier</a>, won over a number of the electors, including the Archbishop of Cologne, in exchange for some substantial concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Henry skillfully negotiated his way to the crown, elected with six votes at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> on 27 November 1308.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only elector who did not support him was <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bohemia" title="Henry of Bohemia">Henry, King of Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was subsequently crowned at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> on 6 January 1309.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1309, Pope Clement V confirmed Henry's election.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He agreed to crown Henry emperor at <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> 1312 personally, the title having been vacant since the death of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry in exchange, swore an oath of protection to the Pope,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreed to defend the rights and not attack the privileges of the cities of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, and also agreed to <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">go on Crusade</a> once he had been crowned emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the newly crowned king had local issues to deal with before he could seek the imperial crown. Henry was approached by part of the Bohemian nobility and some important and influential ecclesiastics to intervene in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unhappy with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Carinthia">Henry of Carinthia</a>, and wary of the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> who had some legitimate claim on the crown, they convinced Henry to marry his son <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John I, Count of Luxemburg">John I, Count of Luxemburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia_(1292%E2%80%931330)" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)">Elizabeth</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas II">Wenceslas II</a>, and so establish a claim to the Bohemian crown. In July 1310 he engineered the removal of Henry of Carinthia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/255px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/383px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/510px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>The seven prince-electors voting for Henry, <i><a href="/wiki/Balduineum" class="mw-redirect" title="Balduineum">Balduineum</a></i> picture chronicle, 1341</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 August 1309, Henry VII announced his intention to travel to Rome, having sent his ambassadors to Italy to prepare for his arrival, and so consequently expected his troops to be ready to travel by 1 October 1310. Prior to leaving Germany, he sought to smooth relations with the Habsburgs, who had been forced against their will to accept the accession of Henry's son in Bohemia, cowed by the threats of making the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a> dependent on the Bohemian crown. He therefore confirmed them in their imperial fiefs by October 1309; in exchange, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria">Leopold of Habsburg</a> agreed to accompany Henry in his Italian expedition, and to provide a body of troops as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry felt he needed to obtain a papal imperial coronation, partly because of the lowly origins of his house, and partly because of the concessions he had been forced to make to obtain the German crown in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also saw it, together with the crowns of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Arles</a>, as a necessary counterweight to the ambitions of the French king.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure the success of his Italian expedition, Henry entered into negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert, King of Naples</a> in mid-1310, with the intent of marrying his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrix of Luxembourg">Beatrix</a> to Robert's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Charles, Duke of Calabria">Charles, Duke of Calabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hoped that this would lessen the tensions in Italy between the anti-imperial <a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelphs</a>, who looked to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> for leadership, and the pro-imperial <a href="/wiki/Ghibellines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations broke down due to Robert's excessive monetary demands, as well as through the interference of Philip, who did not want such an alliance to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_into_Italy">Descent into Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Descent into Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG/240px-Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG/360px-Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG/480px-Codex_Balduini_Trevirensis_-_Alpen%C3%BCberquerung_Heinrich_VII.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Henry VII and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> army crossing the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> into <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italy</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimska_jizda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rimska_jizda.jpg/240px-Rimska_jizda.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rimska_jizda.jpg/360px-Rimska_jizda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rimska_jizda.jpg/480px-Rimska_jizda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The knights of emperor Henry VII defeat the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph</a> faction of <a href="/wiki/Guido_della_Torre" title="Guido della Torre">Guido della Torre</a> in Milan</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brusati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brusati.jpg/240px-Brusati.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brusati.jpg/360px-Brusati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Brusati.jpg/480px-Brusati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Torture and execution of the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph</a> captain Teobaldo Brusati at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romefahr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Romefahr.jpg/240px-Romefahr.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Romefahr.jpg/360px-Romefahr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Romefahr.jpg/480px-Romefahr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Emperor in Italy.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>While these negotiations were taking place, Henry began his descent into northern Italy in October 1310, with his eldest son John remaining in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_vicar" title="Imperial vicar">Imperial vicar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and travelled into the Lombard plain, nobles and prelates of both Guelph and Ghibelline factions hastened to greet him, and <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> circulated an optimistic open letter addressed to the rulers and the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._533_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._533-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As emperor, Henry had planned to restore the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, but he did not reckon on the bitterly divided state that Italy had now become.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades of warfare and strife had seen the rise of dozens of independent city-states, each one nominally Guelph or Ghibelline,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> backed by either urban nobles supporting a powerful ruler (such as <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>), or the rising non-noble merchant classes embedded in oligarchic republican states (such as <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these contests had created bitter losers, each of whom looked to the emperor-elect for restitution. Henry expressed both his high-minded idealism and lack of political craft in his plan to require all the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> to welcome back their exiles, of whatever their political stripe. He received both parties, Guelph or Ghibelline, courteously; in the beginning he showed no obvious favoritism to either party, hoping that his magnanimity would be reciprocated by both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._253_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._253-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he insisted that the current rulers in all of the Italian city-states had usurped their powers. He insisted that the towns should come under the immediate control of the Empire, and that their exiles should be recalled. He eventually forced the cities to comply with his demands, and the despots had to surrender their keys. Although Henry rewarded their submission with titles and fiefs, it did cause a great deal of resentment that only grew over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._253_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._253-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the situation confronting the king when he arrived in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in November 1310, at the head of 5,000 soldiers, including 500 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief stay at <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> where Henry intervened in the political affairs in the town, much to the consternation of the Italian Guelphs,<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where he was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> on 6 January 1311.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._533_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._533-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tuscan Guelphs refused to attend the ceremony, and began preparing for resistance to Henry's imperial dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his program of political rehabilitation, he recalled the <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti</a>, the ousted former rulers of Milan from exile. <a href="/wiki/Guido_della_Torre" title="Guido della Torre">Guido della Torre</a>, who had thrown the Visconti out of Milan, objected and organised a <a href="/wiki/Milan_uprising_(1311)" title="Milan uprising (1311)">revolt against Henry</a> that was ruthlessly put down, and the Visconti were returned to power, with Henry appointing <a href="/wiki/Matteo_I_Visconti" title="Matteo I Visconti">Matteo I Visconti</a> as the Imperial vicar of Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also imposed his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_V,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus V, Count of Savoy">Amadeus of Savoy</a>, as the vicar-general in Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measures, plus a massive levy imposed on the Italian towns,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._443_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._443-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused the Guelph cities to turn against Henry, and he encountered further resistance when he sought to enforce imperial claims on what had become communal lands and rights, and attempted to replace communal regulations with imperial laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Henry managed to restore some semblance of imperial power in parts of northern Italy. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> all accepted his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time any resistance of the north <a href="/wiki/Italian_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian commune">Italian communes</a> was ruthlessly suppressed; however, the punishments levied on cities that submitted stiffened the resistance of others. <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> was the first to feel Henry's wrath, after the Torriani family and their supporters<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._232_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had fled from Milan,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> falling on 26 April 1311, after which he razed the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._443_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._443-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry then expended much of his initial capital of good-will with delays, such as the four-month siege of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> in 1311, delaying his journey to Rome. Popular opinion began to turn against Henry, with <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> allying itself with the Guelph communities of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, and engaging in a propaganda war against the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was successful in that Pope Clement V, under increasing pressure from King Philip of France, began to distance himself from Henry and to take up the cause of the Italian Guelphs who had been appealing to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> for support.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite plague and desertions, he managed to extract Brescia's surrender in September 1311.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry then passed through <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> before arriving in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, where he again tried to mediate between the warring factions within the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his stay in the city, his wife <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a> died.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also while in Genoa he discovered that King Robert of Naples had decided to oppose the spread of imperial power in the Italian peninsula, and resumed his traditional position as head of the Guelph parties,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Florence, Lucca, Siena and <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> all declared their support for Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry attempted to intimidate Robert by ordering him to attend his imperial coronation, and to swear fealty for his imperial fiefs in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Florence's encouragement, much of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> flared into open rebellion against Henry, with uprisings throughout December 1311 and January 1312,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, King Robert strengthened his position. Nevertheless, Henry's supporters managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, and he received an embassy from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, who offered him the friendship of their city.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry also began legal proceedings against Florence, laying charges of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté">Lèse majesté</a> against the city and placing it under an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_ban" title="Imperial ban">Imperial ban</a> in December 1311.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending two months in Genoa, Henry continued on to Pisa by ship, where he was eagerly received by the inhabitants, who were the traditional enemies of Florence and were Ghibelline.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he again began negotiating with Robert of Naples, before deciding to enter into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III of Sicily</a>, strengthening his position and hopefully putting pressure on Robert of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Pisa in 1312 to go to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to be crowned as emperor, but on his way he discovered that Clement V was not going to crown him there.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._472_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._472-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_against_Florence_and_Robert_of_Naples">Wars against Florence and Robert of Naples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars against Florence and Robert of Naples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rome was in a state of confusion as Henry approached the city walls. The <a href="/wiki/Orsini_family" title="Orsini family">Orsini family</a> had adopted the cause of Robert of Naples, while the <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna family</a> threw their weight behind Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their partisans fighting in the streets, Henry was also confronted with the news that the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> and the Vatican quarter were securely in the hands of Robert, the Angevin king of Naples,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had decided, with help from the Florentines<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._472_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._472-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that his own dynastic interests were not in favour of renewed Imperial presence in Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryLux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HenryLux.jpg/220px-HenryLux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HenryLux.jpg/330px-HenryLux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HenryLux.jpg/440px-HenryLux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Coronation of Henry VII by three cardinals.</figcaption></figure><p> On 7 May 1312, Henry's German troops forced their way across the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a> and entered Rome, but found it impossible to throw out the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> troops from around <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Colonna family had possession of the area around the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">Basilica of St. John Lateran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, Henry was forced to perform his coronation on 29 June 1312 at the Lateran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ceremony was performed by three Ghibelline cardinals who had joined Henry on his way through Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._448-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperial party was fired upon by hostile crossbowmen in the Lateran’s banqueting hall shortly after the coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert of Naples, in the meantime, had made increasing demands upon Henry, including Henry making Robert's son the Imperial vicar of Tuscany, and that Henry had to depart Rome within four days of his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry, in his turn, declared that the imperial prerogative overrode papal authority, and that the entirety of Italy was subject to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then refused to commit, as Pope Clement V had requested, to seek a truce with Robert of Naples, and he didn't rule out attacking the southern kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Henry concluded a formal treaty signed with Robert's rival to the Sicilian throne, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick of Aragon</a>, the chaos in the city of Rome forced Henry to leave, and, following the advice of Tuscan Ghibellines, he travelled north to <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._448-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG/220px-HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG/330px-HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG/440px-HRE_under_Henry_VII.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>The Empire under Henry VII,<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:violet; color:black;"> </span> House of Luxembourg</div></figcaption></figure> <p>At Arezzo, in September 1312, Henry proceeded to pass a sentence against Robert of Naples,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a rebel vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, at <a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a> near <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, Clement was unwilling to fully support Henry, since Robert, of a cadet line of the French, was the representative of French power in Italy, and Clement was far from independent of French policies, as well as considerations about encirclement by Henry should he successfully defeat Robert.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But before Henry could move against Robert of Naples, he had to deal with the troublesome Florentines,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had been sending money to the Lombard cities that held out against Henry, and who had been strengthening the city's fortifications in anticipation of a siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._448-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Siege_of_Florence"></span> In mid September, Henry approached the city and very quickly, it was obvious that the city militia and the Guelph cavalry could not match the emperor in an open battle against his battle-hardened soldiers from the north. The Florentine army was outmanoeuvred and lacking in provisions, so it retreated back into Florence during the night. Siena, Bologna, Lucca, and smaller cities, sent men to help man the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._294_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._294-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So began the siege of Florence, Henry possessing some 15,000 infantrymen and 2,000 cavalry, up against a combined Florentine strength of 64,000 defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florence was able to keep every gate open except that which faced the emperor, and it kept all of her commercial routes open.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._294_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._294-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For six weeks Henry battered the walls of Florence, and was eventually forced to abandon the siege. Nevertheless, by the end of 1312, he had subdued a large part of Tuscany, and had treated his defeated enemies with great leniency.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1313, Henry was back in his stronghold of Pisa, and from here he formally charged Robert of Naples with treason<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Robert finally agreed to accept the office of the captain of the Guelph League.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now his patience was at an end, and he ordered that throughout Italy, all the inhabitants of all rebellious cities were to be captured, stripped and hanged for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he loitered in Pisa, waiting for reinforcements from Germany, he attacked <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, a traditional enemy of Pisa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._232_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry now prepared for his next move; after taking as much money as he could from Pisa (Henry ultimately cost Pisa some 2 million <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florins</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he began his long delayed campaign against Robert of Naples on 8 August 1313.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Italian allies were loath to join him, and so his army consisted of some 4,000 knights, while a fleet was prepared to attack Robert's realm directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first target was the Guelph city of Siena, which he began to besiege, but within a week, Henry succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, which fast saw him become seriously ill. Fading rapidly, he left Siena on 22 August, and was sheltering in the little town of <a href="/wiki/Buonconvento" title="Buonconvento">Buonconvento</a> near <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> when he died on 24 August 1313.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._536_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._536-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was taken to Pisa. Henry was only 40 years old when he died, and the high hopes for an effective Imperial power in Italy died with him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Henry's death, and for the following decades, the central figure in Italian policy remained his nemesis, Robert of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Empire, Henry's son, <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John I, Count of Luxemburg">John the Blind</a>, was elected <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> in 1310. After the death of Henry VII, two rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Ludwig of Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Austria_(Habsburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)">Frederick the Handsome</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, laid claim to the crown. Their dispute culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChldorf" title="Battle of Mühldorf">Battle of Mühldorf</a> on 28 September 1322, which was lost by Frederick. Ludwig's Italian expedition (1327–29), made in the spirit of righting the wrongs done to Henry, was also abortive. The legacy of Henry was clearest in the successful careers of two among the local despots he made Imperial Vicars in northern cities, <a href="/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala_of_Verona" class="mw-redirect" title="Cangrande I della Scala of Verona">Cangrande I della Scala of Verona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Matteo Visconti of Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb">Tomb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg/170px-Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg/255px-Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg/340px-Tod_Heinrichs_VII..jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb of Henry VII, Codex Balduini Trevirensis (ca 1340).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1611" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb of Henry VII, August 2012.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pisa was a <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> city, which means that the city supported the Holy Roman Emperor. When Henry VII died, Pisans built a monumental tomb inside their <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">cathedral</a>. The tomb was centered behind the High Altar in the apse. The choice of place was intended to demonstrate the devotion of the Pisans to the Emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The tomb, constructed in 1315 by Sienese sculptor <a href="/wiki/Tino_di_Camaino" title="Tino di Camaino">Tino di Camaino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built above the grave itself, with the statue of Henry VII lying above it and many other statues and angels. The tomb did not have a long life: for political reasons it was dismantled and the parts were reused in other places in the square. By 1985, the grave of the Emperor had been shifted to the right transept of the cathedral, near the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Rainerius" title="Rainerius">Saint Ranieri</a>; a couple of statues were put on the top of the façade and a number of statues portraying Henry VII himself and his counsellors were in the Cemetery. Nowadays the statues, the textiles and goldwork gathered around the funeral shroud have been moved to and are featured in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_the_Opera_del_Duomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of the Opera del Duomo (page does not exist)">Museum of the Opera del Duomo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Pisa)" class="extiw" title="it:Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Pisa)">it</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the tomb remains in the cathedral.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a plaster cast (1890) of the tomb in the Cast Courts of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V&A_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&A-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII is the famous <i>alto Arrigo</i> in Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i>, in which the poet is shown the seat of honor that awaits Henry in Heaven. Henry in <i>Paradiso</i> xxx.137f is "He who came to reform Italy before she was ready for it". Dante also alludes to him numerous times in <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i> as the savior who will bring imperial rule back to Italy, and end the inappropriate temporal control of the Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1921, on the occasion of the 600th anniversary of Dante's death, Henry VII's tomb was opened and examined.<sup id="cite_ref-UPisa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPisa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VII's tomb was opened and studied again in 2013, 700 years after his death. The remains had been wrapped in a large rectangular colorful silk <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shroud</a>, described in the 1921 study as "a fine shroud woven in bands", which was retrieved from the coffin for analysis and subsequently moved to be displayed at the Museum of the Opera del Duomo.<sup id="cite_ref-UPisa_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPisa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeleton was recomposed and its analysis led to the estimation that Henry VII's height was 1.78 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-UPisa_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPisa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones were also examined by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscopy</a> to study medieval post-mortem practices.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_children">Family and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry was married in <a href="/wiki/Tervuren" title="Tervuren">Tervuren</a> 9 July 1292 to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John I, Duke of Brabant">John I, Duke of Brabant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gades119_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gades119-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the following children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I, King of Bohemia</a> (10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346)<sup id="cite_ref-Gades119_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gades119-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie</a> (1304 – 26 March 1324, <a href="/wiki/Issoudun" title="Issoudun">Issoudun</a>), married in Paris 21 September 1322 to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gades119_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gades119-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Luxembourg" title="Beatrice of Luxembourg">Beatrix</a> (1305 – 11 November 1319), married 1318 to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a>. Beatrix died in child birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gades119_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gades119-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Towers_and_palaces_of_the_Roero" title="Towers and palaces of the Roero">Towers and palaces of the Roero</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701104309/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8466&CollID=16&NStart=200307">Detailed record for Royal 20 C VII</a>, <i>Catalogue of illuminated manuscripts</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Regesta Imperii</i> 6.4.1, Regest a (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regesta-imperii.de/id/0000-00-00_1_0_6_4_1_1_a">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau: <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.</i> Vienna 2006, Request a (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regesta-imperii.de/id/0000-00-00_1_0_6_4_1_1_a">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._494-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._494_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinhenz, pg. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the new <i>Regesta Imperii</i> Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau: <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.</i> Böhlau, Vienna 2006, Regest a (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regesta-imperii.de/id/0000-00-00_1_0_6_4_1_1_a">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgina R. Cole-Baker, <i>The Date of the Emperor Henry VII's Birth,</i> in: <i>The English Historical Review</i>, Vol. 35, No. 138 (Apr. 1920), pp. 224–231, here pg. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._530-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._530_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOS1c0w91AcC&q=%22elected+by+six+votes%22">Jones, pg. 530</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comyn, pg. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comym, pg. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._531-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._531_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._532-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._532_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._533-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._533_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._533_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._253-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._253_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._253_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sismondi, pg. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinhenz,_pg._495-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz,_pg._495_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinhenz, pg. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._534-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._534_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._443-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._443_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._443_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sismondi,_pg._232-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._232_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi,_pg._232_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sismondi, pg. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._447-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._447_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comyn, pg. 447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comyn, pg. 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._535-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._535_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._472-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._472_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._472_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, pg. 472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce, pg. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._448-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._448_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comyn, pg. 448</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. <i>The Holy Roman Empire - A Thousand Years of Europe's History</i>. p. 68.</cite><span 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"The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice". <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>9</b> (6): 1215–1222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ArAnS...9.1215S">2017ArAnS...9.1215S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-016-0321-4">10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163989438">163989438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+tale+of+Henry+VII%3A+a+multidisciplinary+approach+to+determining+the+post-mortem+practice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1215-1222&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163989438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-016-0321-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ArAnS...9.1215S&rft.aulast=Scorrano&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=Mazzuca%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Valentini%2C+Federica&rft.au=Scano%2C+Giuseppina&rft.au=Buccolieri%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Giancane%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Manno%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Valli%2C+Ludovico&rft.au=Mallegni%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Serra%2C+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VII%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gades119-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gades119_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gades119_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gades119_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gades119_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gades, pg. 119</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Fundamental for the study of Henry VII and his time are the new <i>Regesta Imperii</i>: </p> <ul><li>Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau (Bearbeiter): <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 1. Lieferung: 1288/1308 – August 1309.</i> Böhlau, Vienna 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-01906-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-01906-2">3-412-01906-2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regesta-imperii.de/regesten/6-4-1-heinrich-vii.html">online</a>).</li> <li>Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke, Peter Thorau (Bearbeiter): <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Rudolf, Adolf, Albrecht, Heinrich VII. 1273–1313. 4. Abteilung: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Heinrich VII. 1288/1308–1313, 2. Lieferung: 1. September 1309–23. Oktober 1310.</i> Böhlau, Cologne u. a. 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-22181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-22181-2">978-3-412-22181-2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regesta-imperii.de/regesten/6-4-2-heinrich-vii.html">online</a>).</li></ul> <p>Secondary literature: </p> <ul><li>Michel Pauly (Ed.): <i>Gouvernance européenne au bas moyen âge. Henri VII de Luxembourg et l’Europe des grandes dynasties.</i> = <i>Europäische Governance im Spätmittelalter Heinrich VII. von Luxemburg und die großen Dynastien Europas.</i> Actes des 15es Journées Lotharingiennes, 14 – 17 octobre 2008, Université du Luxembourg. Linden, Luxemburg 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-919979-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-919979-22-6">978-2-919979-22-6</a></li> <li>Jones, Michael, <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2000</li> <li>Kleinhenz, Christopher, <i>Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>, Routledge, 2004</li> <li>Bryce, James, <i>The Holy Roman Empire</i>, 1913</li> <li>Sismondi, J. C. L., Boulting, William, <i>History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages</i>, 1906</li> <li>Comyn, Robert. <i>History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I</i>. 1851</li> <li>William M. Bowsky, <i>Henry VII in Italy</i>, Lincoln, 1960.</li> <li>Maria Elisabeth Franke, <i>Kaiser Heinrich VII. im Spiegel der Historiographie</i>, Köln/Weimar/Wien, 1992.</li> <li>John A. Gades, <i>Luxemburg in the Middle Ages</i>, Brill, 1951.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 1273</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1313</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Counts_and_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Counts and Dukes of Luxembourg">Count of Luxembourg</a> </b><br />1288–1313 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John I, Count of Luxemburg">John</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_I,_Count_of_Durbuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard I, Count of Durbuy">Gérard I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Durbuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Durbuy">Count of Durbuy</a> </b><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1298–1313 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I of Habsburg">Albert I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> </b><br />1308–1313 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> </b><br />1311–1313 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> </b><br />1312–1313 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Rupert, King of the Romans">Rupert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> <small>(Imperial Regent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">William II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_Roman_emperors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:Holy Roman Emperors">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> between 476 and 1556</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer <span style="font-size:85%;">(476–493)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/100px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/150px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/200px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric <span style="font-size:85%;">(493–526)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric <span style="font-size:85%;">(526–534)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–536)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges <span style="font-size:85%;">(536–540)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad <span style="font-size:85%;">(540–541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric <span style="font-size:85%;">(541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila <span style="font-size:85%;">(541–552)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–553)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin <span style="font-size:85%;">(568–572)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph <span style="font-size:85%;">(572–574)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes"><i>Interregnum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(574–584)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari <span style="font-size:85%;">(584–590)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(590–616)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald <span style="font-size:85%;">(616–626)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald <span style="font-size:85%;">(626–636)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari <span style="font-size:85%;">(636-652)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(652–653)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I <span style="font-size:85%;">(653–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(662–671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald <span style="font-size:85%;">(671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(671–688)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(688–689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis <span style="font-size:85%;">(689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(689–700)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(700–702)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raginpert" title="Raginpert">Raginpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(701)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II <span style="font-size:85%;">(702–712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712–744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildeprand" title="Hildeprand">Hildeprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis <span style="font-size:85%;">(744–749)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(749–756)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius <span style="font-size:85%;">(756–774)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne <span style="font-size:85%;">(774–814)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin <span style="font-size:85%;">(781–810)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard <span style="font-size:85%;">(810–818)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I <span style="font-size:85%;">(818–855)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis I <span style="font-size:85%;">(855–875)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II <span style="font-size:85%;">(875–877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman <span style="font-size:85%;">(877–879)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III <span style="font-size:85%;">(879–887)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(896–899)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold <span style="font-size:85%;">(896)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic<br />(title disputed 887–933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruochings</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I <span style="font-size:85%;">(887–924)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Guideschi</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy <span style="font-size:85%;">(889–894)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert <span style="font-size:85%;">(891–897)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elder_House_of_Welf" title="Elder House of Welf">Welfs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph <span style="font-size:85%;">(922–933)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis II <span style="font-size:85%;">(900–905)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh <span style="font-size:85%;">(926–947)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Italy" title="Lothair II of Italy">Lothair II <span style="font-size:85%;">(945–950)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Anscarids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Italy" title="Adalbert of Italy">Adalbert <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> within <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /> (962–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I <span style="font-size:85%;">(962–973)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II <span style="font-size:85%;">(980–983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III <span style="font-size:85%;">(996–1002)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1002–1014)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1004–1024)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1026–1039)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1039–1056)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1056–1105)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1093–1101)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1106–1125)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III (or II) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1125–1137)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1138–1152)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1154–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI <span style="font-size:85%;">(1186–1197)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1209–1212)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1212–1250)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VII <span style="font-size:85%;">(1311–1313)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1327–1347)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1355–1378)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund <span style="font-size:85%;">(1431–1437)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1452–1493)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1530–1556)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152717#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmKdVFggThKKyx7JG4MP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118548301">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, 1269?-1313"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86041196">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255554b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255554b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700819&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070545529">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1581514961091">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=141830">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810703725505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280704005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614768306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355729">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118548301.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118548301">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083971785">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029203">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hj795m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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