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MCNP6</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: MCNP6"> <meta name="keywords" content="MCNP6"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="MCNP6"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: MCNP6</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Radiosensitization Properties of Gold Nanoparticles in Brachytherapy of Uterus Cancer by High Dose Rate I-125 Seed: A Simulation Study by MCNPX and MCNP6 Codes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Mansouri">Elham Mansouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asghar%20Mesbahi"> Asghar Mesbahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: In the current study, we aimed to investigate the macroscopic and microscopic dose enhancement effect of metallic nanoparticles in interstitial brachytherapy of uterus cancer by Iodin-125 source using a nano-lattice model in MCNPX (5) and MCNP6.1 codes. Materials and methods: Based on a nano-lattice simulation model containing a radiation source and a tumor tissue with cellular compartments loaded with 7mg/g spherical nanoparticles (bismuth, gold, and gadolinium), the energy deposited by the secondary electrons in microscopic and macroscopic level was estimated. Results: The results show that the values of macroscopic DEF is higher than microscopic DEF values and the macroscopic DEF values decreases as a function of distance from the brachytherapy source surface. Also, the results revealed a remarkable discrepancy between the DEF and secondary electron spectra calculated by MCNPX (5) and MCNP6.1 codes, which could be justified by the difference in energy cut-off and electron transport algorithms of two codes. Conclusion: According to the both MCNPX (5) and MCNP6.1 outputs, it could be concluded that the presence of metallic nanoparticles in the tumor tissue of uteruscancer increases the physical effectiveness of brachytherapy by I-125 source. The results presented herein give a physical view of radiosensitization potential of different metallic nanoparticles and could be considered in design of analytical and experimental radiosensitization studies in tumor regions using various radiotherapy modalities in the presence of heavy nanomaterials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCNPX" title="MCNPX">MCNPX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCNP6" title=" MCNP6"> MCNP6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brachytherapy" title=" brachytherapy"> brachytherapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148055/radiosensitization-properties-of-gold-nanoparticles-in-brachytherapy-of-uterus-cancer-by-high-dose-rate-i-125-seed-a-simulation-study-by-mcnpx-and-mcnp6-codes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Fuel Inventory/ Depletion Analysis for a Thorium-Uranium Dioxide (Th-U) O2 Pin Cell Benchmark Using Monte Carlo and Deterministic Codes with New Version VIII.0 of the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B) Nuclear Data Library</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20Al-Zain">Jamal Al-Zain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20El%20Hajjaji"> O. El Hajjaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20El%20Bardouni"> T. El Bardouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A (Th-U) O2 fuel pin benchmark made up of 25 w/o U and 75 w/o Th was used. In order to analyze the depletion and inventory of the fuel for the pressurized water reactor pin-cell model. The new version VIII.0 of the ENDF/B nuclear data library was used to create a data set in ACE format at various temperatures and process the data using the MAKXSF6.2 and NJOY2016 programs to process the data at the various temperatures in order to conduct this study and analyze cross-section data. The infinite multiplication factor, the concentrations and activities of the main fission products, the actinide radionuclides accumulated in the pin cell, and the total radioactivity were all estimated and compared in this study using the Monte Carlo N-Particle 6 (MCNP6.2) and DRAGON5 programs. Additionally, the behavior of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) thorium pin cell that is dependent on burn-up (BU) was validated and compared with the reference data obtained using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT-MOCUP), Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL-MOCUP), and CASMO-4 codes. The results of this study indicate that all of the codes examined have good agreements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PWR%20thorium%20pin%20cell" title="PWR thorium pin cell">PWR thorium pin cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ENDF%2FB-VIII.0" title=" ENDF/B-VIII.0"> ENDF/B-VIII.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAKXSF6.2" title=" MAKXSF6.2"> MAKXSF6.2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NJOY2016" title=" NJOY2016"> NJOY2016</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCNP6.2" title=" MCNP6.2"> MCNP6.2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DRAGON5" title=" DRAGON5"> DRAGON5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20burn-up." title=" fuel burn-up."> fuel burn-up.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168660/fuel-inventory-depletion-analysis-for-a-thorium-uranium-dioxide-th-u-o2-pin-cell-benchmark-using-monte-carlo-and-deterministic-codes-with-new-version-viii0-of-the-evaluated-nuclear-data-file-endfb-nuclear-data-library" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Simulation of the Collimator Plug Design for Prompt-Gamma Activation Analysis in the IEA-R1 Nuclear Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20G.%20Santos">Carlos G. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederico%20A.%20Genezini"> Frederico A. Genezini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20P.%20Dos%20Santos"> A. P. Dos Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Yorivaz"> H. Yorivaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20T.%20D.%20Siqueira"> P. T. D. Siqueira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Prompt-Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) is a valuable technique for investigating the elemental composition of various samples. However, the installation of a PGAA system entails specific conditions such as filtering the neutron beam according to the target and providing adequate shielding for both users and detectors. These requirements incur substantial costs, exceeding $100,000, including manpower. Nevertheless, a cost-effective approach involves leveraging an existing neutron beam facility to create a hybrid system integrating PGAA and Neutron Tomography (NT). The IEA-R1 nuclear reactor at IPEN/USP possesses an NT facility with suitable conditions for adapting and implementing a PGAA device. The NT facility offers a thermal flux slightly colder and provides shielding for user protection. The key additional requirement involves designing detector shielding to mitigate high gamma ray background and safeguard the HPGe detector from neutron-induced damage. This study employs Monte Carlo simulations with the MCNP6 code to optimize the collimator plug for PGAA within the IEA-R1 NT facility. Three collimator models are proposed and simulated to assess their effectiveness in shielding gamma and neutron radiation from nucleon fission. The aim is to achieve a focused prompt-gamma signal while shielding ambient gamma radiation. The simulation results indicate that one of the proposed designs is particularly suitable for the PGAA-NT hybrid system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MCNP6.1" title="MCNP6.1">MCNP6.1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron" title=" neutron"> neutron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prompt-gamma%20ray" title=" prompt-gamma ray"> prompt-gamma ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prompt-gamma%20activation%20analysis" title=" prompt-gamma activation analysis"> prompt-gamma activation analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179265/simulation-of-the-collimator-plug-design-for-prompt-gamma-activation-analysis-in-the-iea-r1-nuclear-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Investigation of Pu-238 Heat Source Modifications to Increase Power Output through (α,N) Reaction-Induced Fission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20B.%20Cusick">Alex B. Cusick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to improve upon the current ²³⁸PuO₂ fuel technology for space and defense applications. Modern RTGs (radioisotope thermoelectric generators) utilize the heat generated from the radioactive decay of ²³⁸Pu to create heat and electricity for long term and remote missions. Application of RTG technology is limited by the scarcity and expense of producing the isotope, as well as the power output which is limited to only a few hundred watts. The scarcity and expense make the efficient use of ²³⁸Pu absolutely necessary. By utilizing the decay of ²³⁸Pu, not only to produce heat directly but to also indirectly induce fission in ²³⁹Pu (which is already present within currently used fuel), it is possible to see large increases in temperature which allows for a more efficient conversion to electricity and a higher power-to-weight ratio. This concept can reduce the quantity of ²³⁸Pu necessary for these missions, potentially saving millions on investment, while yielding higher power output. Current work investigating radioisotope power systems have focused on improving efficiency of the thermoelectric components and replacing systems which produce heat by virtue of natural decay with fission reactors. The technical feasibility of utilizing (α,n) reactions to induce fission within current radioisotopic fuels has not been investigated in any appreciable detail, and our study aims to thoroughly investigate the performance of many such designs, develop those with highest capabilities, and facilitate experimental testing of these designs. In order to determine the specific design parameters that maximize power output and the efficient use of ²³⁸Pu for future RTG units, MCNP6 simulations have been used to characterize the effects of modifying fuel composition, geometry, and porosity, as well as introducing neutron moderating, reflecting, and shielding materials to the system. Although this project is currently in the preliminary stages, the final deliverables will include sophisticated designs and simulation models that define all characteristics of multiple novel RTG fuels, detailed enough to allow immediate fabrication and testing. Preliminary work has consisted of developing a benchmark model to accurately represent the ²³⁸PuO₂ pellets currently in use by NASA; this model utilizes the alpha transport capabilities of MCNP6 and agrees well with experimental data. In addition, several models have been developed by varying specific parameters to investigate their effect on (α,n) and (n,fi ssion) reaction rates. Current practices in fuel processing are to exchange out the small portion of naturally occurring ¹⁸O and ¹⁷O to limit (α,n) reactions and avoid unnecessary neutron production. However, we have shown that enriching the oxide in ¹⁸O introduces a sufficient (α,n) reaction rate to support significant fission rates. For example, subcritical fission rates above 10⁸ f/cm³-s are easily achievable in cylindrical ²³⁸PuO₂ fuel pellets with a ¹⁸O enrichment of 100%, given an increase in size and a ⁹Be clad. Many viable designs exist and our intent is to discuss current results and future endeavors on this project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioisotope%20thermoelectric%20generators%20%28RTG%29" title="radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG)">radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pu-238" title=" Pu-238"> Pu-238</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subcritical%20reactors" title=" subcritical reactors"> subcritical reactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%28alpha" title=" (alpha"> (alpha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n%29%20reactions" title="n) reactions">n) reactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74569/investigation-of-pu-238-heat-source-modifications-to-increase-power-output-through-an-reaction-induced-fission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Fusion Neutron Generator Dosimetry and Applications for Medical, Security, and Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaouther%20Bergaui">Kaouther Bergaui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nafaa%20Reguigui"> Nafaa Reguigui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Gary"> Charles Gary</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Characterization and the applications of deuterium-deuterium (DD) neutron generator developed by Adelphie technology and acquired by the National Centre of Nuclear Science and Technology (NCNST) were presented in this work. We study the performance of the neutron generator in terms of neutron yield, production efficiency, and the ionic current as a function of the acceleration voltage at various RF powers. We provide the design and optimization of the PGNAA chamber and thus give insight into the capabilities of the planned PGNAA facility. Additional non-destructive techniques were studied employing the DD neutron generator, such as PGNAA and neutron radiography: The PGNAA is used for determining the concentration of 10B in Si and SiO2 matrices by using a germanium detector HPGe and the results obtained are compared with PGNAA system using a Sodium Iodide detector (NaI (Tl)); Neutron radiography facility was tested and simulated, using a camera device CCD and simulated by the Monte Carlo code; and the explosive detection system (EDS) also simulated using the Monte Carlo code. The study allows us to show that the new models of DD neutron generators are feasible and that superior-quality neutron beams could be produced and used for various applications. The feasibility of Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer treatment using a neutron generator was assessed by optimizing Beam Shaping Assembly (BSA) on a phantom using Monte-Carlo (MCNP6) simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20generator%20deuterium-deuterium" title="neutron generator deuterium-deuterium">neutron generator deuterium-deuterium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo%20method" title=" Monte Carlo method"> Monte Carlo method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation" title=" radiation"> radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20flux" title=" neutron flux"> neutron flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20activation%20analysis" title=" neutron activation analysis"> neutron activation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=born" title=" born"> born</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20radiography" title=" neutron radiography"> neutron radiography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=explosive%20detection" title=" explosive detection"> explosive detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BNCT" title=" BNCT"> BNCT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160335/fusion-neutron-generator-dosimetry-and-applications-for-medical-security-and-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Effects of Soil Neutron Irradiation in Soil Carbon Neutron Gamma Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksandr%20Kavetskiy">Aleksandr Kavetskiy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galina%20Yakubova"> Galina Yakubova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolay%20Sargsyan"> Nikolay Sargsyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20A.%20Prior"> Stephen A. Prior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Allen%20Torbert"> H. Allen Torbert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The carbon sequestration question of modern times requires the development of an in-situ method of measuring soil carbon over large landmasses. Traditional chemical analytical methods used to evaluate large land areas require extensive soil sampling prior to processing for laboratory analysis; collectively, this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. An alternative method is to apply nuclear physics analysis, primarily in the form of pulsed fast-thermal neutron-gamma soil carbon analysis. This method is based on measuring the gamma-ray response that appears upon neutron irradiation of soil. Specific gamma lines with energies of 4.438 MeV appearing from neutron irradiation can be attributed to soil carbon nuclei. Based on measuring gamma line intensity, assessments of soil carbon concentration can be made. This method can be done directly in the field using a specially developed pulsed fast-thermal neutron-gamma system (PFTNA system). This system conducts in-situ analysis in a scanning mode coupled with GPS, which provides soil carbon concentration and distribution over large fields. The system has radiation shielding to minimize the dose rate (within radiation safety guidelines) for safe operator usage. Questions concerning the effect of neutron irradiation on soil health will be addressed. Information regarding absorbed neutron and gamma dose received by soil and its distribution with depth will be discussed in this study. This information was generated based on Monte-Carlo simulations (MCNP6.2 code) of neutron and gamma propagation in soil. Received data were used for the analysis of possible induced irradiation effects. The physical, chemical and biological effects of neutron soil irradiation were considered. From a physical aspect, we considered neutron (produced by the PFTNA system) induction of new isotopes and estimated the possibility of increasing the post-irradiation gamma background by comparisons to the natural background. An insignificant increase in gamma background appeared immediately after irradiation but returned to original values after several minutes due to the decay of short-lived new isotopes. From a chemical aspect, possible radiolysis of water (presented in soil) was considered. Based on stimulations of radiolysis of water, we concluded that the gamma dose rate used cannot produce gamma rays of notable rates. Possible effects of neutron irradiation (by the PFTNA system) on soil biota were also assessed experimentally. No notable changes were noted at the taxonomic level, nor was functional soil diversity affected. Our assessment suggested that the use of a PFTNA system with a neutron flux of 1e7 n/s for soil carbon analysis does not notably affect soil properties or soil health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20sequestration" title="carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20gamma%20analysis" title=" neutron gamma analysis"> neutron gamma analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20effect%20on%20soil" title=" radiation effect on soil"> radiation effect on soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte-Carlo%20simulation" title=" Monte-Carlo simulation"> Monte-Carlo simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149497/effects-of-soil-neutron-irradiation-in-soil-carbon-neutron-gamma-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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