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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #FF0000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#FF0000"><b>Join the party!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Communism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F9F5D8;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists"><img alt="Icon communism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/100px-Icon_communism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/150px-Icon_communism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/200px-Icon_communism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>Opiates for the masses</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>From each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Finnegan" title="Alexander Finnegan">Alexander Finnegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>To each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist-Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communiste_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Parti Communiste Français">Parti Communiste Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klassekampen" title="Klassekampen">Klassekampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Communism&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Like his country, Hoxha is full of surprises. Instead of being a rough, tough mountain chieftain, he is a former schoolteacher and was the pampered son of a well-to-do <a href="/wiki/Moslem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem">Moslem</a> merchant. Though he has the mentality of a brigand, his manners are those of a cultivated bourgeois and reflect his education at universities in France and Belgium.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Time</i>, 22 December 1961<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Enver Hoxha</b> (pron. En-vair Hode-ja)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></sup> (1908–1985) was the <s>Jedi</s><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (from 1944-1985) and author of many<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 2]</a></sup> exercises in sectarian, doctrinaire hairsplitting like <i>Eurocommunism is Anti-Communism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurocommunism_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurocommunism-7">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>Under his long administration, he oversaw the economic and social transformation of Albania from a feudal relic which was formerly ruled by a despot named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="wp:Zog I of Albania" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Zog I of Albania">Zog</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (yes, really)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 3]</a></sup> to a relatively modernized state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>, however, he had an annoying tendency to turn on and denounce his former allies as being anti-Communist dupes and <a href="/wiki/Revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist">revisionists</a>, which he did first with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eurocommunism_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurocommunism-7">[5]</a></sup> and finally with his sole remaining ally <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Domestic_policies"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic policies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations">International relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there was some thought of Albania becoming part of Yugoslavia, but following the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 (provoked largely by Yugoslav leader Tito refusing to submit to Soviet control), Albania sided with Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></sup> However, after <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>'s denunciation of Stalin and the subsequent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" class="extiw" title="wp:Sino-Soviet split" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Hoxha sided with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Then in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> went to China and Mao promoted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" class="extiw" title="wp:Three Worlds Theory" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which allowed co-operation with non-communist nations, and after Mao's death in 1976, China became more liberal; Hoxha got all appalled at this betrayal of Leninism, and bade farewell to the Tirana-Beijing friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-hist11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist11-11">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Albania was led into isolation from the rest of the world, without any real help from any world power, a rarity for the era. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Domestic policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Influenced by Mao, he launched his Cultural and Ideological Revolution in the late 1960s. This involved bizarre ideas such as de-professionalising the army: military ranks were abolished, professional soldiers stripped of their power, and the army placed under direct party control. He also sent many bureaucrats to work in the fields in an attempt to destroy the state bureaucracy, similar to what happened in China's Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-hist11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist11-11">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, Albania was one of the most bizarre Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> regimes. They banned bell bottoms, for example. They also banned beards so the Muslims and Christians couldn't tell each other apart. They also tried, tortured, and executed many clergy and believers. He took <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s "opiate of the masses" line to the extreme and brutally persecuted <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></sup> After a 1967 campaign as part of his Cultural and Ideological Revolution, he declared Albania to be the world's first atheist state.<sup id="cite_ref-hist11_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist11-11">[8]</a></sup> These campaigns against religion were unsuccessful and probably were counterproductive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>He also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" class="extiw" title="wp:Bunkers in Albania" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Bunkers in Albania">really fucking loved bunkers.</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> In fact, a bunker is nowadays the Albanian equivalent of the backseat of a car in America when it comes to losing one's <a href="/wiki/Virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginity">virginity</a>. </p><p>However, he did manage to have a <a href="/wiki/Stopped_clock" title="Stopped clock">stopped clock</a> moment, because he harshly denounced <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s regime in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> as "disgusting", "bloodthirsty", and "inhumane", among other things. Also, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> in Albania advanced significantly under his rule, as women were encouraged to take up all kinds of jobs and school attendance increased among girls and young women. Hoxha himself said in 1967: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>The entire party and country should hurl into the fire and break the neck of anyone who dared trample underfoot the sacred edict of the party on the defense of women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>On the other hand, Hoxha rebuilt the country, which had been left in ruins after World War II. He built Albania's first railway line, built industry on a large-scale, raised the adult literacy rate from 5% to more than 90%, wiped out epidemics and provided free and universal healthcare, electrified the country, completely abolished taxation,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></sup> and helped Albania gain economic independence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-18">[15]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> is probably less popular now than Albania was then, but only just. The <a href="/wiki/Nuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuke">nukes</a> are the tiebreaker. </p><p>Not to be outdone by <a href="/wiki/Stalin_apologetics" title="Stalin apologetics">Stalin apologetics</a>, there are currently Communist parties in about 25 countries that support <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism" class="extiw" title="wp:Hoxhaism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>: from the late 70s, Hoxha was seen by many as the last true disciple of Lenin and Stalin. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" class="extiw" title="wp:Bunkers in Albania" rel="nofollow">Bunkers in Albania</a>.</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" class="extiw" title="wp:Enver Hoxha" rel="nofollow">Enver Hoxha</a>.</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism" class="extiw" title="wp:Hoxhaism" rel="nofollow">Hoxhaism</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Who was named, perhaps fittingly, after an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">68 volumes!<sup id="cite_ref-kalder_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalder-5">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:250-252</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Occupation Government">this Nazi bullshit</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419032659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827142,00.html">"Albania: Stalin's Heir"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. 1961-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Albania%3A+Stalin%27s+Heir&rft.date=1961-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080419032659%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C827142%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFG.C3.BCrp.C4.B1nar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gürpınar, Doğan (2012). "What is in a Name? The Rise of Turkic Personal Male Names in Turkey (1908–38)". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (5): 692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2012.703617">10.1080/00263206.2012.703617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144784853">144784853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=What+is+in+a+Name%3F+The+Rise+of+Turkic+Personal+Male+Names+in+Turkey+%281908%E2%80%9338%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=692&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2012.703617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144784853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Enver_Hoxha">"Enver Hoxha"</a>. <i>Wookieepedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wookieepedia&rft.atitle=Enver+Hoxha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarwars.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FEnver_Hoxha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalder-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kalder_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Kalder2018" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Kalder (2018). <i>The Infernal Library: On Dictators, the Books They Wrote, and Other Catastrophes of Literacy</i>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1627793429" title="Special:BookSources/1627793429"><bdi>1627793429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Infernal+Library%3A+On+Dictators%2C+the+Books+They+Wrote%2C+and+Other+Catastrophes+of+Literacy&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=1627793429&rft.au=Daniel+Kalder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurocommunism-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Eurocommunism_7-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Eurocommunism_7-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFEnver_Hoxha1980" class="citation book cs1">Enver Hoxha (1980). <i>Eurocommunism Is Anti-Communism</i>. Norman Bethune Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0888030908" title="Special:BookSources/0888030908"><bdi>0888030908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurocommunism+Is+Anti-Communism&rft.pub=Norman+Bethune+Institute&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0888030908&rft.au=Enver+Hoxha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFO.27Donnell1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, James S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espressostalinist.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/a-coming-of-age.pdf"><i>A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880334150" title="Special:BookSources/0880334150"><bdi>0880334150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Coming+of+Age%3A+Albania+under+Enver+Hoxha&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0880334150&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespressostalinist.files.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fa-coming-of-age.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFChapman2014" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, B. (2014). "Yugoslav-Soviet Split". In Richard C. Hall (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1090&context=lib_fsdocs"><i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">353–</span>354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yugoslav-Soviet+Split&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans%3A+An+Encyclopedic+History+from+the+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+the+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1090%26context%3Dlib_fsdocs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hist11_11-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hist11_11-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hist11_11-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherearthtravel.com/albania/history-11.htm">"History of Albania, Chapter 11"</a>. <i>Mother Earth Travel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Earth+Travel&rft.atitle=History+of+Albania%2C+Chapter+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherearthtravel.com%2Falbania%2Fhistory-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-186.html">"Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoxha%27s+Antireligious+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-187.html">"The Revival of Religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Logoreci1978" class="citation book cs1">Anton Logoreci (1978). <i>The Albanians: Europe's forgotten survivors</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780891588276" title="Special:BookSources/9780891588276"><bdi>9780891588276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+Europe%27s+forgotten+survivors&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780891588276&rft.au=Anton+Logoreci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Albanian-Constitution-1976.htm#B.%20Economic%20Order">"1976 Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Article 31)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1976+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania+%28Article+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjoerna.dk%2Fdokumentation%2FAlbanian-Constitution-1976.htm%23B.%2520Economic%2520Order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2870/1/U615819.pdf">"Mortality Transition in Albania, 1950-1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+Transition+in+Albania%2C+1950-1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F2870%2F1%2FU615819.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.cpgb-ml.org/index.php?secName=proletarian&subName=display&art=465">"Celebrating the 100th birthday of Enver Hoxha"</a>. <i>Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist)</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communist+Party+of+Great+Britain+%28Marxist-Leninist%29&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+100th+birthday+of+Enver+Hoxha&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.cpgb-ml.org%2Findex.php%3FsecName%3Dproletarian%26subName%3Ddisplay%26art%3D465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Enver-Hoxha">"Enver Hoxha"</a>. <i>Britannica Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Enver+Hoxha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEnver-Hoxha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="note" class="plainlinks stubtemplate" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 300px; font-style:italic;">This <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">communism</a>-related article is a <b>stub</b>.<br />You can help RationalWiki by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit"><b>expanding it</b></a>. </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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