CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Soviet Union - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z7O1bzRrX7a1NoiuGSpJggAAAEs","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Soviet_Union","wgTitle":"Soviet Union","wgCurRevisionId":2713993,"wgRevisionId":2713993,"wgArticleId":3164,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Communism","Bronze-level articles","Ableism","Anti-Christian bigotry","Antisemitism","Asian history","Authoritarian regimes","Cold War","Communist states","Denialism","Empires","European history","Fascism","Genocide","Historical countries","History of communism", "Homophobia","Misnomers","Imperialism","Politics","Pseudohistory","Pseudoscience promoting organizations","Racism","Russia","Russian history","Socialism","Totalitarianism","Whataboutism"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Soviet_Union","wgRelevantArticleId":3164,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, Sovétskij Sojúz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik, or CCCP, "SSSR") was a communist state&#91;1&#93; and superpower that existed between 1922 and 1991. Nominally a federation,&#91;2&#93; the USSR was a one-party state that was under totalitarian rule during the 1930s to the early 1950s. It's often cited as a prime example of Communism's many failures but is also irresponsibly used as a scapegoat by right-wingers. On the opposite end, its crimes against humanity are defended or denied by Stalin apologists and Russian nationalists hankering for the "glory days.""/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Soviet Union"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, Sovétskij Sojúz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik, or CCCP, "SSSR") was a communist state&#91;1&#93; and superpower that existed between 1922 and 1991. Nominally a federation,&#91;2&#93; the USSR was a one-party state that was under totalitarian rule during the 1930s to the early 1950s. It's often cited as a prime example of Communism's many failures but is also irresponsibly used as a scapegoat by right-wingers. On the opposite end, its crimes against humanity are defended or denied by Stalin apologists and Russian nationalists hankering for the "glory days.""/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Soviet_Union rootpage-Soviet_Union skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="2025_RationalWiki_.27Oregon_Plan.27_Fundraiser"> <table role="presentation" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"><big><center><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">2025 RationalWiki 'Oregon Plan' Fundraiser</a></b></center></big> <p><b>There is no RationalWiki without you.</b> We are a small non-profit with no staff—we are hundreds of volunteers who document pseudoscience and crankery around the world every day. We will never allow ads because we must remain independent. We cannot rely on big donors with corresponding big agendas. We are not the largest website around, but <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">we believe we play an important role in defending truth and objectivity</a>. </p> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">Fighting pseudoscience isn't free</a>.<br />We are 100% user-supported! Help and donate $5, $10, $20 or whatever you can today with <img alt="PayPal Logo.png" src="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/61px-PayPal_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="17" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/92px-PayPal_Logo.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/122px-PayPal_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="244" />!</b></big><a href="https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=67BJMQC85CUFW" title="Donate via PayPal" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/100px-DonateButton.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="32" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/150px-DonateButton.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/200px-DonateButton.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="241" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="progressbar" style="width: 100%; border: 2px solid black; position: relative; padding: 2px; border-radius: 18px;"> <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; left: 0%; margin: 0 0 0 10px"><b>Donations so far: $2973.89</b></span></a><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; right: 0%; margin: 0 10px 0 0"><b>Goal: $10000</b></span></a><div style="height: 28px; border-radius: 14px; background-color: hsl(23.79112,100%,45%); width: 29.7389%;"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> <div id="mw-indicator-bronze" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles"><img alt="Bronze-level article" src="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/25px-Copperbrain.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" style="vertical-align: baseline" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/38px-Copperbrain.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/3d/Copperbrain.png/50px-Copperbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Soviet Union</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/165px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/248px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>it was a whopper.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/165px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="83" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/248px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Flag of the Soviet Union.</div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #FF0000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#FF0000"><b>Join the party!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Communism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F9F5D8;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism"><img alt="Icon communism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/100px-Icon_communism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/150px-Icon_communism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/42/Icon_communism.svg/200px-Icon_communism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>Opiates for the masses</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>From each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#FF0000; text-align:center;"><b>To each</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F9F5D8;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party" title="Workers Revolutionary Party">Workers Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(US)" title="Socialist Workers Party (US)">Socialist Workers Party (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moments_in_Leftism" title="Great Moments in Leftism">Great Moments in Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_apologetics" title="Stalin apologetics">Stalin apologetics</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Communism&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>In 1492 the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">first</a> global power appeared. In 1992 the last <a href="/wiki/European" class="mw-redirect" title="European">European</a> global power collapsed.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—George Friedman, <i>Flashpoints</i>, p.41.</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Soviet Union</b> (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, <i>Sovétskij Sojúz</i>), officially the <b>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</b> or <b>USSR</b> (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, <i>Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik</i>, or <b>CCCP</b>, "SSSR") was a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> state<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> and superpower that existed between 1922 and 1991. Nominally a federation,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> the USSR was a one-party state that was under <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> rule during the 1930s to the early 1950s. It's often cited as a prime example of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>'s many failures but is also irresponsibly used as a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Right-wingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wingers">right-wingers</a>. On the opposite end, its crimes against humanity are defended or denied by <a href="/wiki/Stalin_apologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin apologists">Stalin apologists</a> and Russian nationalists hankering for the "glory days." </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Cliffnote.27s_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Cliffnote's history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Revolution_and_totalitarianism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Revolution and totalitarianism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Second_World_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second World War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cold_War_and_collapse"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cold War and collapse</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Atrocities"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Atrocities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#.22Member.22_republics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">"Member" republics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Even_littler_countries"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Even littler countries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Satellites"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Satellites</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Loyal_.28mostly.29_commies"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Loyal (mostly) commies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Commies_that_weren.27t_so_loyal"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Commies that weren't so loyal</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#OK.2C_comrades._Time_for_.22.D0.93.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BD_.D0.A1.D0.A1.D0.A1.D0.A0.22.21"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">OK, comrades. Time for "Гимн СССР"!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mathematics_and_science_in_the_Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics and science in the Soviet Union</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Space_exploration"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Space exploration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#General_woo"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">General woo</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="Cliffnote's_history"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cliffnote.27s_history">Cliffnote's history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cliffnote's history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Revolution_and_totalitarianism">Revolution and totalitarianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolution and totalitarianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Many who lauded Stalin's Soviet Union as the most democratic country on earth lived to regret their words. After all, the Soviet Constitution of 1936 was adopted on the eve of the Great Terror of the late 1930s; the "thoroughly democratic" elections to the first Supreme Soviet permitted only uncontested candidates and took place at the height of the savage violence in 1937. The civil rights, personal freedoms, and democratic forms promised in the Stalin constitution were trampled almost immediately and remained dead letters until long after Stalin's death.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—J. Arch Getty<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg/200px-Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg/300px-Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg/400px-Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="401" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_Lenin.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Marx, Engels, and Lenin, iconic founders of Soviet communism.</div></div></div> <p>The Soviet Union began in 1917 when two revolutions occurred in Russia. The <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">first</a> overthrew the Tsardom while the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">second</a> consolidated power under the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. After a brutal <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, the communist regime won out by implementing a series of ruthlessly pragmatic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>The first policy was the creation of the Cheka, the not-so-secret police, in 1918 to combat anti-Bolshevik activities. The Cheka used extreme measures of torture, rape, and terror to exercise control over the population and deter desertion from the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>The second was known as "war communism" in which the government <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" title="Command economy">expropriated and nationalized industry and agricultural surplus</a> leading to the rise of a large but inexperienced bureaucracy to manage it. The policy was successful in halting the advance of the White Movement army and giving breathing room for the Red Army to reconquer most of the former Russian territories. The policy was a disaster in socio-economic terms, leading to a collapse of agricultural surplus, high inflation, and a drop in real wages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> This led to the Kronstadt Rebellion which <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">demanded free elections</a> for socialist parties and an end to the politicization of the military, to which the Bolsheviks responded by brutally crushing them using the thinly-veiled excuse of a memorandum allegedly written by a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>The third policy was a response to the Kronstadt Rebellion and widespread discontent, resulting in the Bolsheviks implementing the New Economic Policy (NEP), which bought back some elements of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> by allowing a return of most agriculture, retail, and small-scale light industry to private ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> After the rise of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the Soviet government implemented a plan of forced collectivization which was opposed by the peasantry, who reacted by slaughtering the livestock and destroying the equipment. As Stalin was not yet total master of the CPSU, the plan was slowed down in March 1930 which resulted in a vast majority of farmers abandoning the collective farms. Stalin blamed local officials for "overzealously" enforcing the program, which was supposed to be <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">voluntary</a>. However, the government tried again in the fall of 1930, this time also enacting punitive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Afterward, a series of brutal five-year plans were crafted to industrialize the nation, killing millions in the process, but they did successfully make the USSR an industrial powerhouse<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> (and, probably saved the USSR from conquest by Nazi Germany later on). </p><p>There was a period of thaw in 1934 which came to a halt with the assassination of Sergei Kirov, whom moderates in the party wanted to replace Stalin, in what is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/False_flag_operation" title="False flag operation">false flag operation</a>. Regardless, the assassination gave Stalin the justification to unleash the Yezhovschina<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a></sup> or the Great Purge, as it's known in the West, in which the last remaining political opposition in the Communist Party was killed in show trials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_World_War">Second World War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Despite being paranoid and power-hungry, Stalin decided to sign a non-aggression pact with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. This fell apart in 1941 when Operation Barbarossa got underway.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Operation Barbarossa started on June 22, 1941, with a sweeping invasion of Soviet territory, with the Red Army suffering colossal casualties and ultimately millions of soldiers were surrounded, forced to surrender, stripped of supplies, and compelled to walk on "death marches" to labor camps. The invasion also witnessed an escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, along with mass reprisals and brutality towards the Soviet civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> The war would come to a turning point at the infamous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Stalingrad" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle_of_Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which saw an estimate two million casualties, half on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>Believing that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend", the Western Powers allied themselves with the Soviet Union, emerging victorious in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This led to the USSR <i>de facto</i> taking control of Eastern Europe, while the Western Allies took <i>de facto</i> control of Western Europe. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War_and_collapse">Cold War and collapse</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War and collapse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Unsurprisingly, this alliance fell apart as soon as the war ended. Indeed, the nuclear bombing of Imperial Japan confirmed the possibility of nuclear explosives, and the Soviets pressed ahead with the development of their nuclear weapons. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a titanic struggle for supremacy between two conflicting ideologies. The two sides competed in every imaginable venue, from <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> to fundamental research in the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, everything short of direct all-out war. Mainland China fell to communism in 1949 and the Nationalists fled to the Island of Formosa, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and the communist regime started to break away from Moscow's influence due to the Soviet government's desire for peaceful co-existence with capitalism. </p><p>With the rest of the industrial world still recovering from World War II until the early 1970s, both sides pretty much had things to themselves. Their power was quickly abused, establishing <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet state">puppet regimes</a> throughout the world, such as the US in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the USSR in much of Indochina and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>After Stalin's death, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> became the Soviet leader after a brief power struggle. On February 25, 1956, Khrushchev shocked the communist bloc with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="extiw" title="wp:Secret Speech" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Secret Speech">Secret Speech</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in which he characterized Stalin as a murderous tyrant who sought a "godhead" status by building a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> The report of this speech was later leaked to the West by Israeli intelligence services and politically devastated the organized Left in the Western bloc. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party of the United States</a> alone lost more than 30,000 members in the weeks following the report's publication.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> This also laid the foundations for the Sino-Soviet split, which came to fruition with the Soviets' refusal to provide China with nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> began to decline in the 1980s. Reformist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> came to power in 1985 and began to slowly open relations with the West, ending decades of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>. Partly as a result of this, revolutions created by disillusioned populations occurred throughout the Eastern Bloc in the late 1980s. This expanded into the Union itself in 1991. A Russian presidency was established, which brought <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> to power. In a desperate attempt to keep stability, Gorbachev proposed the Union be replaced with a confederation. Hardline communists tried to stop this in the August Coup which failed and was the final blow to the Union. Members began seceding, and then, on December 25, Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet Union fell, despite the 1991 referendum resulting in most of the population voting to stay in the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> Nevertheless, modern Russia remains a powerful country, at least militarily due to inheriting the bulk of the Soviet arsenal. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Atrocities">Atrocities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atrocities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Stalin_apologetics" title="Stalin apologetics">Stalin apologetics</a></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span> The Stalinist project, as it crystallised in late 1920s Russia, is best seen as a ‘modernising counter-revolution.’ In that it crushed the social and cultural gains of <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">1917</a>, it was counter-revolutionary. <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a>, dissent, and intellectual freedoms were stamped out, workers’ organisations were subordinated to the party-state, and oppositionists were exiled or murdered.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Gareth Dale<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Besides the actions taken in the Civil War itself, the Soviet Union was from day one a one-party communist state with an extensive and largely uncontrolled police state. Though there were some gains initially, dissent was increasingly suppressed both within and outside the Communist Party which intensified after Lenin's death. Some of the notable actions of the USSR include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> and other famines with an estimated death toll between 4.3 to 9.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup></li> <li>Forced labour in the Gulag system with an estimated death toll between 1,053,829<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> to 6 million<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup></li> <li>Ethnic cleansing with a death toll of 790,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> to 1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" title="Command economy">command economy</a></div> <p>When founded, the USSR was under the policy of "war communism" and after the Kronstadt Revolt, the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented which was seen by the Bolsheviks as a necessary evil to rebuild the economy. While mostly successful,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> the NEP was also assailed by the Scissor Crisis in 1923 due to the growth of agricultural production causing the prices of agricultural products to drop. Meanwhile, due to a lack of industrial recovery, the price of industrial consumer goods (such as textiles) grew, and the income of peasants dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> </p><p>After WWII, the Soviet Union rebuilt its devastated economy thanks to massive reparations from East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> In terms of housing, the first thirty years were marked by the dismal tsarist legacy, and the conditions worsened under Stalin with millions living in communal squalor. From the early 1950s, the communist government sought to eliminate the housing crisis by constructing large-scale low-cost concrete apartment buildings nicknamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="extiw" title="wp:Khrushchyovka" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Khrushchyovka">Khrushchyovka</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> that were later exported to the Eastern bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The issue of labor discipline lay at the heart of the antagonistic relationship between the Soviet elite and its workforce. That "discipline" was slack in Soviet factories has long been noted by Western and Soviet commentators alike: high labor turnover; absenteeism, closely tied to heavy drinking on and off the job; and, more importantly, a highly irregular pace of work, with periods of intense labor (usually involving forced overtime) interspersed with countless opportunities for time-wasting, slow work, and a general disregard for production quality.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>Labor discipline, the use of work time, and the decline of the Soviet System, 1928-1991</i> by Donald Filtzer<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 1970s, the USSR's economy become sluggish, and the period became known as the Era of Stagnation. The reason for this was a prioritization of massive military spending and an inefficient agricultural system, along with the usual pitfalls of command economies in failing to produce consumer goods in great quantities and of high quality. The Soviets were forced to import grain from Western countries to feed their population and suffered from decreasing standards of living which never managed to achieve parity with those in the capitalist bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> </p><p>Under Gorbachev, some attempts were made at reforming the ailing Soviet economy starting with Uskroeniye ("acceleration") which was abandoned in 1986 after the explosion of Chernobyl.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> Later, Gorbachev created the perestroika ("restructuring") program to attempt to replace it. </p><p>Some of these reforms included the Law on State Enterprise, passed in July 1987, which stipulated that state enterprises were free to determine output levels based on demand from consumers and other enterprises. Under the law, state enterprises were self-financing and had to cover their own expenses (wages, taxes, and supplies) through revenue instead of the government rescuing unprofitable enterprises from bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> These reforms proved incapable of transforming the Soviet economy and growing deficits expanded due to an increase in social benefits, causing an expansion of the money supply and loss of control over monetary policy. Likewise, prices increased by 9.5% in 1989 and 29% in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id=""Member"_republics"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Member.22_republics">"Member" republics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Member" republics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f0f0f0"> <th colspan="5">The Republics of the Soviet Union (1956 — 1989) </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th width="53px">Flag </th> <th>Republic </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Map of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Armenian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Armenian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td> <td>Yerevan</td> <td width="320px" rowspan="15"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" class="image" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><img alt="Republics of the Soviet Union" src="/w/images/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/520px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" decoding="async" width="520" height="356" srcset="/w/images/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/780px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/1040px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="928" /></a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Azerbaijan SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>Baku </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Byelorussian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td>Byelorussia (now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</td> <td>Minsk </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Estonian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Estonian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>Tallinn </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Georgian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td>Tbilisi </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Kazakh SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>Alma-Ata (now Almaty) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Kyrgyz SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Kyrgyz_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td>Kirghizia (now <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>)</td> <td>Frunze (now Bishkek) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Latvian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Latvian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>Riga </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Lithuanian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lithuanian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>Vilnius </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Moldavian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Moldavian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td>Moldavia (now <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>)</td> <td>Kishinev (now Chişinău) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>11</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Russian SFSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>Moscow (<a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">also the capital of the USSR as a whole</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>12</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Tajik SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tajik_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td>Dushanbe </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>13</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Turkmen SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Turkmen_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td>Ashkhabad (now Ashgabat) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>14</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Ukrainian SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>Kiev (now Kyiv) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>15</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Uzbek SSR.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg/50px-Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" srcset="/w/images/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg/75px-Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg/100px-Flag_of_Uzbek_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td>Tashkent </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(From 1940-1956 there was also a 16th Union Republic, the Karelo-Finnish SSR, which was demoted to "Republic" status as a part of Russia.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Even_littler_countries">Even littler countries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Even littler countries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There were also about twenty "autonomous republics" for the smaller <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>. Their autonomy didn't extend much beyond having their name on the bit of land they inhabited. The even-smaller-than-that ethnic groups also had counties and districts for them, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" class="extiw" title="wp:Jewish Autonomous Oblast" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Region</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> homeland of, er, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The USSR's million or so <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> got jack-all apart from a newspaper. Russia has encouraged agitation in a number of these little places to hurt the less-little independent countries of today, for instance <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> against Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> against Moldova—as if those places <i>need</i> to get any littler. There is also the puppet states of "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Luhansk People's Republic" within <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Satellites">Satellites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Satellites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span id="Loyal_(mostly)_commies"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Loyal_.28mostly.29_commies">Loyal (mostly) commies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Loyal (mostly) commies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>These countries were members of the Warsaw Pact, the mutual defence organization created by the Soviet Union to keep its friends close and its enemies closer. East Germany was reunified with West Germany in 1990; Poland, Hungary, and Czechia are now <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies, much to the great annoyance of Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> did not survive the end of the Soviet Union, and none of its former member countries are communist any longer. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (withdrew from the pact after the split between <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> and the Soviets, now fiercely pro-<a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> even by post-Soviet NATO member standards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">broken</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" class="extiw" title="wp:Slovakia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Slovakia">two</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact to make spelling easier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (DDR)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[note 2]</a></sup> (many older Germans still speak of "the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">wall</a> in the mind," and there's still a substantial disparity between east and west even now, but by all indications, younger Germans don't get the fuss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (withdrew from the Warsaw Pact after the 1956 revolution but was forced to join again after the Soviet Union invaded it and crushed the revolution). Hungary took a more liberal approach to communism (known colloquially as "Goulash Communism"), which allowed, among other things, the marketing of the Rubik's Cube in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was permitted a remarkable array of personal freedoms and liberties alien to other countries behind the Iron Curtain, partially due to overt <a href="/wiki/West" class="mw-redirect" title="West">Western</a> pressure (hundreds of thousands of Poles fought alongside the Allies against the Nazis) but also because of the continued influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> within the country. In the 1980s, Poland formed the biggest threat to the well-being of the entire Soviet <a href="/wiki/Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire">empire</a>: the independent Solidarity <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> led by Lech Wałęsa, which galvanized an inchoate natural opposition to Soviet hegemony, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, a Polish native, provided an inspirational figurehead for the deeply Catholic nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> pursued its own foreign policy under <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, which included not invading Czechoslovakia.</li></ul> <p><i>Comecon</i> was the communist version of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Besides the above, members were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, the second country to turn communist (in 1925), was among the first to follow <a href="/wiki/Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>'s reforms and bring in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in early 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> remains a Third World country with a love-hate relationship with her powerful Northern neighbour, Red China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> pretty much seems to think it's still 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and Albania, basically only nominal members for all the difference they made.</li></ul> <h3><span id="Commies_that_weren't_so_loyal"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Commies_that_weren.27t_so_loyal">Commies that weren't so loyal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commies that weren't so loyal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>These were Communist countries that either did not join or withdrew from the Warsaw Pact. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> independently set up communism in Yugoslavia after his Yugoslav partisans came out on top in World War II (while helped by the Allies). Stalin didn't like that Tito then wouldn't follow his directives and tried to have him killed several times. Tito, understandably, threatened to have Stalin killed in turn and promised whoever he sent wouldn't fail. Stalin backed off and Yugoslavia stayed independent of Soviet control. Tito established a more democratic form of socialism in the 1950s where state enterprises were run by workers' councils. Yugoslav citizens were also given much more freedom to travel and work abroad than in most communist countries. Both these things helped the Yugoslav economy, which remained far better than most during the Cold War. Tito chose to wisely stay out of the conflict between the US and USSR, placing Yugoslavia in the Non-Aligned Movement. Whatever its relative merits, though, ethnic tensions in Yugoslavia resulted in the infamous violent breakup of the place in 1991, with a bloody round of wars following.</li> <li>North <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and, after 1975, unified Vietnam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (as in, not quite, but bloody and pointless enough)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> was upset at Khrushchev for that whole "peaceful coexistence" thing. North Korean propaganda suddenly became anti-Soviet and denounced Khrushchev as a traitor to communism. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was Kim's new role model… or at least that was until the Cultural Revolution shocked Kim and prompted him to switch his loyalty back to the Soviets. By this time, the U.S.S.R. was led by Brezhnev, who was more to Kim's liking, though still not quite Stalinist enough for him. Kim would continue to play the Soviets and Chinese against each other for the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, beginning North Korea's long tradition of being a huge annoyance to its allies.</li></ul> <h2><span id="OK,_comrades._Time_for_"Гимн_СССР"!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="OK.2C_comrades._Time_for_.22.D0.93.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BD_.D0.A1.D0.A1.D0.A1.D0.A0.22.21">OK, comrades. Time for "Гимн СССР"!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: OK, comrades. Time for "Гимн СССР"!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>From 1917 to 1944, the <i>Internationale</i> served as the Soviet <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>. Near the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (as the Soviets called it), the government decided to reinvent the anthem, in the hopes of reinventing the country with it, making references to the Soviets' defeat of the Nazis, to instill pride within the population. The original version praised the union forged through "the will of the people." The chorus implored the Motherland to greatness and its people to follow the red flag to freedom. The second verse praised <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> for showing the way and Stalin for leading them on. The third verse encouraged the army to fight on against the "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">daring, despicable invaders</a>." This was changed to "we destroyed the invaders" after the war. </p><p>By the 1970s, the first verse and the first half of the second verse remained unchanged. However, mention of Stalin's leadership in the second verse had been replaced by praise for the people's righteousness. In the third verse, mention of the military's victory over the Nazis was replaced by praise of communism's "deathless ideal." </p><p>After the collapse of the Soviet Union, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIzQm0g4OL4">another national anthem</a> was commissioned. But the Rooskies didn't like it. As bombastic, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>, and over-the-top as Гимн СССР's lyrics were<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[note 3]</a></sup>, its melody and harmony rank among the most gorgeous of any national anthem ever written.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 4]</a></sup> So about five years later, the Russian Federation reintroduced "Гимн СССР" with new lyrics. (Although they did keep the first lines of the chorus — "Славься Отечество, наше свободное!" — which (roughly translated) means "Sing to the Fatherland and our freedom!") </p><p>Intriguingly, both versions of the USSR national anthem and the post-Soviet Russian Federation anthem were written by the same man, Sergey Mikhalkov (1913-2009), who was a real-life example of a "Vicar of Bray."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Audio file of the 1944 version of the anthem of the Soviet Union sung in Russian</dt></dl> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="300" data-durationhint="196.76589569161" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_(1944_Vocal).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281944_Vocal%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="105846" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281944_Vocal%29.ogg/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281944_Vocal%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="109648" /></audio> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_(1944_Vocal).ogg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>Audio file of the 1977 version of the anthem of the Soviet Union sung in Russian</dt></dl> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" width="300" data-durationhint="208.89333333333" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_(1977_Vocal).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="218496" /><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="flac"" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="721490" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=av&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="av" label="авар ‪(av)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=av&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="av" label="авар ‪(av)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=be&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="be" label="беларуская ‪(be)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская ‪(be)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=bs&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=bs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ceb&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ceb" label="Cebuano ‪(ceb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ceb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ceb" label="Cebuano ‪(ceb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=cs&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=cy&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=de&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=en-ca&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en-CA" label="Canadian English ‪(en-ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=en-ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-CA" label="Canadian English ‪(en-ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=es&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=et&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="et" label="eesti ‪(et)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=et&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="et" label="eesti ‪(et)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=eu&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=hr&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=id&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=it&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ka&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ka" label="ქართული ‪(ka)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ka&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ka" label="ქართული ‪(ka)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=nl&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=pl&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=sl&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=sr&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=tl&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=srt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_%281977_Vocal%29.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gimn_Sovetskogo_Soyuza_(1977_Vocal).oga" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div></div></div></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics_and_science_in_the_Soviet_Union">Mathematics and science in the Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science in the Soviet Union">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>While the Soviet Union made plenty of internationally recognized contributions to pure <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and the natural <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>, it had a habit of ripping off the scientific and technological achievements of the "corrupt, capitalist West" (most notably in the case of the "atomic spies"). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Space exploration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>When it comes to space exploration, the Soviets were quite advanced, neck-and-neck with the US (give or take). They had a lot of initial successes; however, for a variety of reasons, they were not able to win the Moon Race. Despite it running counter to their economic philosophy, the Soviets did not have a unified space agency until 1974, long after the ouster of Nikita Khrushchev. Instead, rival design companies spent their time squabbling for contracts, which led to a general dilution of the Soviet effort. Adding to this, the primary genius behind the Soviet space program in the 1950s and 1960s, Sergei Korolyov, was in very poor health due to spending WW2 in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulag">gulags</a> (thanks, Stalin!) and died young. Khrushchev also refused to consistently and adequately fund the many projects going on, leading to the US not only having all their eggs in one basket but in a much better-appointed basket to boot. </p><p>That said, the Soviets were able to accomplish some remarkable things, launching the first satellite, the first probe to land on another planet (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>), the first man in space, first in orbit, first spacewalk and more. They also were able to come up with a very economical and reliable launch platform, the Soyuz family, which are very reliant and still significantly cheaper than launching the space shuttle, despite not being reusable. The Soviets also came up with their space shuttle, the Buran, which was arguably more advanced in some aspects than the US model. Unfortunately, its development came right before the fall of the Soviet Union, which left the craft in a dilapidated hangar that eventually collapsed, destroying it. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_woo">General woo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General woo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Also, entire branches of science (such as <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, cybernetics, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>) were known to fall out of favor with the Party because of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> and ideological bias, being ostracized as "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">bourgeois pseudoscience</a>". Instead, the state invested in dubious research such as <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_oil" title="Abiotic oil">abiotic oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a>. This was especially true under Joseph Stalin; however, these started to fade during the era of Khrushchev. The study of <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>, however, continued until at least 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[note 5]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>: The man who started it all</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>: The absolute worst leader of the Soviet Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>: By far the best leader of the Soviet Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Union of Buddhist Socialist Republics</a>: A modern country otherwise known as Burma</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pigwithfaceofboy.blogspot.ca/2010/08/tetris-lyrics.html">Complete History of the Soviet Union, Arranged to the Melody of Tetris</a> (or, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umEDct4BoGc">epic Red Army Choir cover</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boingboing.net/2014/06/01/list-of-bands-banned-on-soviet.html">List of bands banned on Soviet radio, and why</a>, <i>Boing Boing</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyjNWU18XGs">The Soviet National Anthem misheard</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Mh3c0hrt8Q">Soviet national anthem in 10 different versions</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Period of Yezhov", named after Nikolai Yezhov, the leader of the NKVD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nothing to do with rhythm <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">gaming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> memory architectures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">And completely false, like all of USSR's propaganda was.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seriously, listen to it without paying attention to the words some time. Particularly one of the versions rendered by a large chorus and full orchestra. You'll feel patriotic all over even if you're not Russian... until you remember the massacres.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The US was also <a href="/wiki/Project_Stargate" title="Project Stargate">guilty</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Men_Who_Stare_at_Goats" title="The Men Who Stare at Goats">this</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state" class="extiw" title="wp:Communist state" rel="nofollow">Communist state</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315715551/chapters/10.4324/9781315715551-15">The formation of the Soviet Union: the Soviet federal system</a> (<i>Warning: Text Wall</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2500596">"State and Society Under Stalin: Constitutions and Elections in the 1930s"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/cheka">History of Cheka</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/War-Communism">Britannica: War Communism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/the-kronstadt-rebellion-in-the-early-soviet-union/">The Kronstadt Rebellion in the Early Soviet Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Economic-Policy-Soviet-history">Britannica: New Economic Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/collectivization">Britannica: Collectivization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/russia/stalinfiveyearplansrev1.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/russia/stalinfiveyearplansrev1.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Industrialization-1929-34#ref42057">https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Industrialization-1929-34#ref42057</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/German-Soviet-Nonaggression-Pact">https://www.britannica.com/event/German-Soviet-Nonaggression-Pact</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210621-hitler-s-war-of-annihilation-operation-barbarossa-80-years-on">Hitler's "war of annihilation": Operation Barbarossa, 80 years on</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/stalingrad-name-may-return-to-russian-city">Stalingrad name may return to city in wave of Second World War patriotism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624210152/http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf">Peace and Conflict</a>, archived from the original</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: <i>Soviets, After 33 Years, Publish Khrushchev's Anti-Stalin Speech</i>, originally published April 6, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/06/world/soviets-after-33-years-publish-khrushchev-s-anti-stalin-speech.html">Archived</a> (warning: paywall, as usual)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> op-ed: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/29/opinion/sunday/when-communism-inspired-americans.html">When Communism Inspired Americans</a></i>, originally published April 29, 2017, </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155/The-Sino-Soviet-split">Sino-Soviet split</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_referendum,_1991#Results" class="extiw" title="wp:Soviet Union referendum, 1991" rel="nofollow">Soviet Union referendum, 1991 § Results</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rs21.org.uk/2017/10/26/revolutonary-reflections-after-1917-civil-war-and-modernising-counter-revolution/">"After 1917:Civil and 'Modernising' counter-revolution"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002. Available online "in Russian". Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2003. and "in Ukrainian". Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Volkava, Elena (2012-03-26). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space". Wilson Center. Retrieved 2015-07-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conquest, Robert (1986), The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, Oxford University Press, p. 306, ISBN 0-19-505180-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017).Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag. Yale University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, J. Otto (1997). The Stalinist Penal System. McFarland. p. 58, 148. ISBN 0786403365. Pohl cites Russian archival sources for the death toll in the special settlements from 1941-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naimark, Norman M. Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity). Princeton University Press, 2010. p. 131. ISBN 0-691-14784-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Economic-Policy-Soviet-history">New Economic Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seventeen Moments in Soviet History:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/scissors-crisis/">Scissors Crisis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">East Germany a case study: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastgermanycount00bura_0/page/44/mode/2up">Post War government and reparations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09668138008411295?journalCode=ceas19">Housing in the Soviet Union: Soviet Studies Vol 32</a> by Henry W Morton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/Labor%20Discipline%20and%20the%20Decline%20of%20the%20Soviet%20System.pdf">"Labor discipline and decline of the Soviet System"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpha History: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/stagnation-soviet-union/">Stagnation in the Soviet Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bibliotekar:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotekar.ru/mihail-gorbachev/64.htm">Course towards accelerating socio-economic development</a>(<i>In Russian</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/04/world/new-struggle-in-the-kremlin-how-to-change-the-economy.html?pagewanted=1">New struggle in the Kremlin: How to change the economy</a>, originally published on June 4, 1987. (<i>warning: paywall</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/Economic-policy">Soviet Union Economic Policy in the Gorbachev Era</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="extiw" title="wp:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic" rel="nofollow">Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140331-the-best-puzzle-ever">Rubik’s Cube: The best puzzle ever?</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/14400914?story_id=14400914">Sergei Mikhalkov</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/250102811/Soviet-and-Czechoslovakian-Parapsychology-Research">Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychology Research</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand">Sealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> — <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> </p> <span style="float:left;"><big><b>Historical</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> — <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&oldid=2713993">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&oldid=2713993</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ableism" title="Category:Ableism">Ableism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Christian_bigotry" title="Category:Anti-Christian bigotry">Anti-Christian bigotry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asian_history" title="Category:Asian history">Asian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authoritarian_regimes" title="Category:Authoritarian regimes">Authoritarian regimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Cold War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_states" title="Category:Communist states">Communist states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Denialism" title="Category:Denialism">Denialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Empires" title="Category:Empires">Empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_history" title="Category:European history">European history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Fascism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_countries" title="Category:Historical countries">Historical countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_communism" title="Category:History of communism">History of communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homophobia" title="Category:Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Misnomers" title="Category:Misnomers">Misnomers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism" title="Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudohistory" title="Category:Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience_promoting_organizations" title="Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations">Pseudoscience promoting organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_history" title="Category:Russian history">Russian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Totalitarianism" title="Category:Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whataboutism" title="Category:Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Soviet+Union" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Soviet+Union" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Soviet_Union" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Mastodon"><a href="https://mstdn.social/@rationalwiki" rel="nofollow">Mastodon</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Soviet_Union" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Soviet_Union" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&oldid=2713993" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 February 2025, at 18:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.227","walltime":"0.454","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1451,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":22785,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8398,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":17472,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 96.862 1 -total"," 35.67% 34.547 1 Template:Communism"," 32.38% 31.360 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 26.09% 25.267 2 Template:Navsidebar2"," 24.33% 23.563 2 Template:Randomarticles"," 19.39% 18.780 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.30% 6.103 1 Template:Nationbox"," 6.17% 5.974 1 Template:Bronze"," 5.05% 4.891 2 Template:Main"," 4.74% 4.592 4 Template:Cquote"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20250217152534","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":69,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>