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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Divine epithets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV" title="Antiochus IV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antiochus IV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8A%E1%8D%8B%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="አንጥያኮስ አፊፋኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንጥያኮስ አፊፋኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="أنطيوخوس الرابع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطيوخوس الرابع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="دؤردونجو آنتیوخوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو آنتیوخوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85_IV_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Антиох IV Епифан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиох IV Епифан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADoc_IV" title="Antíoc IV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antíoc IV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_IV._Epifan%C3%A9s" title="Antiochos IV. Epifanés – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiochos IV. Epifanés" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_4._af_Seleukideriget" title="Antiochos 4. af Seleukideriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antiochos 4. af Seleukideriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_IV." title="Antiochos IV. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiochos IV." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αντίοχος Δ΄ Επιφανής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίοχος Δ΄ Επιφανής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADoco_IV_Ep%C3%ADfanes" title="Antíoco IV Epífanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antíoco IV Epífanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antio%C4%A5o_la_4-a_Epifano" title="Antioĥo la 4-a Epifano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antioĥo la 4-a Epifano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioko_IV.a_Epifanes" title="Antioko IV.a Epifanes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antioko IV.a Epifanes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="آنتیوخوس چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتیوخوس چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_IV" title="Antiochos IV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiochos IV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4_4%EC%84%B8_%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%ED%8C%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="안티오코스 4세 에피파네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안티오코스 4세 에피파네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD_IV_%D4%B5%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Անտիոքոս IV Եպիփանես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիոքոս IV Եպիփանես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioh_IV._Epifan" title="Antioh IV. Epifan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antioh IV. Epifan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokhos_IV_Epifanes" title="Antiokhos IV Epifanes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antiokhos IV Epifanes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioco_IV" title="Antioco IV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antioco IV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99" title="אנטיוכוס הרביעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיוכוס הרביעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94_IV_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ანტიოქე IV ეპიფანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიოქე IV ეპიფანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioko_Epifane" title="Antioko Epifane – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antioko Epifane" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEoxos_IV_Ep%C3%AEfan%C3%AAs" title="Antîoxos IV Epîfanês – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîoxos IV Epîfanês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Antiokhosz_szeleukida_uralkod%C3%B3" title="IV. Antiokhosz szeleukida uralkodó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Antiokhosz szeleukida uralkodó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C3%B4k%C3%B4sy_IV_Epifanesy" title="Antiôkôsy IV Epifanesy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antiôkôsy IV Epifanesy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_IV_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അന്ത്യോക്കസ് IV എപ്പിഫനസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്ത്യോക്കസ് IV എപ്പിഫനസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="انطيوخوس الرابع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطيوخوس الرابع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85_IV_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Антиох IV Эпифанес – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антиох IV Эпифанес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV" title="Antiochus IV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiochus IV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B94%E4%B8%96%E3%82%A8%E3%83%94%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="アンティオコス4世エピファネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティオコス4世エピファネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokos_IV_Epifanes" title="Antiokos IV Epifanes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiokos IV Epifanes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C3%B2c_IV" title="Antiòc IV – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antiòc IV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_IV_Epifanes" title="Antioch IV Epifanes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antioch IV Epifanes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADoco_IV_Epif%C3%A2nio" title="Antíoco IV Epifânio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antíoco IV Epifânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioh_al_IV-lea" title="Antioh al IV-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antioh al IV-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85_IV_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Антиох IV Эпифан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиох IV Эпифан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioh_IV._Epifan" title="Antioh IV. Epifan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antioh IV. Epifan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85_IV_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Антиох IV Епифан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антиох IV Епифан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioh_IV_Epifan" title="Antioh IV Epifan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antioh IV Epifan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokhos_IV_Epifanes" title="Antiokhos IV Epifanes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiokhos IV Epifanes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_IV" title="Antiochos IV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiochos IV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioco_IV_Epipanes" title="Antioco IV Epipanes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antioco IV Epipanes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_IV_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அந்தியோகஸ் IV எபிபேன்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்தியோகஸ் IV எபிபேன்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8_IV" title="Антиохи IV – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антиохи IV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Antiohos" title="IV. Antiohos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. Antiohos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85_IV_%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Антіох IV Епіфан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антіох IV Епіфан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="آنتیوخوس چہارم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آنتیوخوس چہارم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochos IV Epiphanes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antiochos IV Epiphanes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="安条克四世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安条克四世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the Seleucid Empire (175–164 BCE)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="4387" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Antiochus IV at the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 175 – November/December 164 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus,_son_of_Seleucus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV">Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 215 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November/December 164 BC (aged 50–51)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wife</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodice_IV" title="Laodice IV">Laodice IV</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodice_VI" title="Laodice VI">Laodice VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochis" title="Antiochis">Antiochis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a> (possibly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodice_(wife_of_Mithridates_III_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (wife of Mithridates III of Pontus)">Laodice</a> (possibly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laodice_III" title="Laodice III">Laodice III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek polytheism">Greek polytheism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antiochus IV Epiphanes</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 215 BC–November/December 164 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic kingdoms">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Seleucid_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Seleucid rulers">King</a> who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC. He was a son of King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>. Originally named <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mithridates (disambiguation)">Mithridates</a> (or possibly its earlier, alternative form <i>Mithradates</i>), he assumed the name Antiochus either after the death of his elder brother Antiochus or when he ascended the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable events during Antiochus' reign include his near-conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, his persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">rebellion of the Jewish Maccabees</a>. </p><p>Antiochus's accession to the throne was controversial, and he was seen as a usurper by some. After the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a> in 175 BC, the "true" heir should have been Seleucus's son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a>. However, Demetrius I was very young and a hostage in Rome at the time, and Antiochus seized the opportunity to declare himself king instead, successfully rallying enough of the Greek ruling class in Antioch to support his claim. This helped set a destabilizing trend in the Seleucid Empire in subsequent generations, as an increasing number of claimants tried to usurp the throne. After his own death, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Dynastic_Wars" title="Seleucid Dynastic Wars">power struggles between competing lines of the ruling dynasty</a> heavily contributed to the collapse of the empire. </p><p>Antiochus's often eccentric behavior and capricious actions during his interactions with common people, such as appearing in the public <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bathhouses</a> and applying for municipal offices, led some of his contemporaries to call him <i>Epimanes</i> (Ἐπιμανής, <i>Epimanḗs</i>, "The Mad"), a wordplay on his title <i>Epiphanes.</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiochus, born around 215 BC, was a son of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Seleucid_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Seleucid rulers">Seleucid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samuels_1967_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels_1967-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a potential successor to the throne, he became a political <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>, concluded in 188 BC. After his older brother <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a> succeeded their father onto the throne in 187 BC, Antiochus was exchanged for his nephew <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius</a>, the son and heir of Seleucus. After this Antiochus lived in Athens and was there when his brother was assassinated in 175 BC by the government minister <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(minister)" title="Heliodorus (minister)">Heliodorus</a>. </p><p>Heliodorus proclaimed himself regent afterward, essentially giving himself control of the government. This arrangement did not last long. With the help of king <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a> of Pergamum, Antiochus IV traveled from Athens through Asia Minor and reached Syria by November 175 BC. Seleucus' legitimate heir Demetrius was still a hostage in Rome, so Antiochus seized the throne for himself, proclaiming himself co-regent with another son of Seleucus, an infant named <a href="/wiki/Antiochus,_son_of_Seleucus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV">Antiochus</a>. (Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV would later die in 170 BC, possibly murdered by Antiochus IV).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_style">Ruling style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ruling style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiochus IV cultivated a reputation as an extravagant and generous ruler. He scattered money to common people in the streets of Antioch; gave unexpected gifts to people he did not know; contributed money to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Zeus at Athens</a> and the altar at <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>; put all his <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Western military forces</a> on a massive parade at <a href="/wiki/Harbiye,_Antakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbiye, Antakya">Daphne</a>, a suburb of Antioch; and held opulent banquets with the aristocracy using the best spices, clothing, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva230_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also supplemented the Seleucid army with mercenaries. All of this cost the Seleucid treasury, but the Empire was apparently able to raise enough taxes to pay for it. His eccentric behavior and unexpected interactions with common people such as appearing in the public bath houses and applying for municipal offices led his detractors to call him <i>Epimanes</i> (Ἐπιμανής, <i>Epimanḗs</i>, "The Mad"), a word play on his title <i>Epiphanes</i> ("God Manifest").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barkochva230_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_against_Egypt_and_relations_with_Rome">Wars against Egypt and relations with Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars against Egypt and relations with Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars#Sixth_Syrian_War_(170–168_BC)" title="Syrian Wars">Sixth Syrian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg/260px-SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg/390px-SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/SELEUKID_KINGS_of_SYRIA._Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes._187-175_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> coinage of Antiochos IV, depicting a victorious galley.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his ascension Antiochus took care to maintain good relations with the Roman Republic, sending an embassy to Rome in 173 BC with a part of the unpaid indemnity still owed from the 188 BC <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>. While there the embassy secured a renewed treaty of friendship and alliance with Rome, greatly helped by the fact Antiochus had come to power with the help of <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a>, Rome's principal ally in the region. </p><p>The guardians of King <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> demanded the return of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> in 170 BC, declaring war on the Seleucids on the assumption that the kingdom was divided after Antiochus' murder of his nephew. However, Antiochus had warning of the attack and had prepared more thoroughly. He had already built his forces and moved them into position; as soon as the Egyptian forces left <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a> they were attacked and defeated by Antiochus IV and his Seleucid army. The Seleucids then seized Pelusium, giving them supplies and access to all of Egypt. He advanced into Egypt proper, conquering all but <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and capturing King Ptolemy. This was partially achieved because Rome (Ptolemaic Egypt's traditional ally) was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a> and was not willing to become involved elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid alarming Rome, Antiochus allowed Ptolemy VI to continue ruling as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet king</a> from Memphis. Upon Antiochus' withdrawal, the city of Alexandria chose a new king, one of Ptolemy's brothers, also named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy (VIII Euergetes)</a>. The Ptolemy brothers reconciled and agreed to rule Egypt jointly instead of fighting a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-grainger-sw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger-sw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 168 BC, Antiochus led a second attack on Egypt and also sent a fleet to capture <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Before he reached Alexandria, his path was blocked by a single elderly Roman ambassador named <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Popillius_Laenas" title="Gaius Popillius Laenas">Gaius Popillius Laenas</a> who delivered a message from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> directing Antiochus to withdraw his armies from Egypt and Cyprus or consider himself in a state of war with the Roman Republic. Antiochus said he would discuss it with his council, whereupon the Roman envoy drew a line in the sand around Antiochus and said: "Before you leave this circle, give me a reply that I can take back to the Roman Senate." This implied Rome would declare war if the King stepped out of the circle without committing to leave Egypt immediately. Weighing his options, Antiochus decided to withdraw. Only then did Popillius agree to shake hands with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Polybius_29.27.4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polybius_29.27.4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient sources and traditional historiography describe this "Day of Eleusis" as a great humiliation for Antiochus IV that unhinged him for a time. Some more modern historians conjecture that Antiochus may have been more reconciled to this than ancient sources indicate, as the Roman intervention meant that Antiochus had been given an excuse to not undertake a potentially long and costly siege of Alexandria. He could instead return with treasure and loot having weakened the Egyptian state at little risk and cost compared to a larger-scale invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-grainger-sw_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger-sw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_the_Jews_and_the_Maccabean_revolt">Persecution of the Jews and the Maccabean revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persecution of the Jews and the Maccabean revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg/280px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg/420px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg/560px-Antiochos_IV_Epiphanes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of king Antiochus IV. Reverse shows seated <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> and scepter. Greek inscription reads: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ</span></span>, <i>Basileōs Antiochou Nikēphorou Theou Epiphanous,</i> "of victorious god manifest king Antiochus."</figcaption></figure> <p>The Seleucids, like the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a> before them, held a <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>: they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. This policy was drastically reversed by Antiochus IV, seemingly after what was either a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>, or possibly a revolt whose nature was lost to time after being crushed. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG/260px-Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG/390px-Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Mina_Antiochus_IV.PNG 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mina_(unit)" title="Mina (unit)">Mina</a> of Antiochus IV Epiphanes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Local revolts against the Seleucid Empire were not unusual, but most were not successful. The revolt that Antiochus IV ultimately triggered in Judea was unusually well chronicled and preserved, however. According to the book of <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, the crisis had its origins in the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars#Sixth_Syrian_War_(170–168_BC)" title="Syrian Wars">Sixth Syrian War</a>. In 171 BC, Antiochus had deposed the High Priest <a href="/wiki/Jason_(high_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason (high priest)">Jason</a> and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a>, who had offered Antiochus a large bribe to secure the office. In 168 BC, when Antiochus was campaigning in Egypt, a rumor spread in Judea that he had been killed. Jason gathered a force of 1,000 soldiers and made a surprise attack on the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Menelaus was forced to flee Jerusalem during the ensuing riot.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason's intention may have been to retake his former office by force and present his reassumption of power as <i>fait accompli</i> to the regency that would take power in the wake of the king's death, assuming that they would allow him to stay in power rather than invite further conflict during a delicate political moment.<sup id="cite_ref-themarginaliareview.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themarginaliareview.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Antiochus was still alive, and returned from Egypt enraged by the reverse he had suffered at the hands of the Romans and by the Jews' rejection of his chosen candidate for High Priest; he attacked Jerusalem and restored Menelaus, then executed many Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When these happenings were reported to the king, he thought that Judea was in revolt. Raging like a wild animal, he set out from Egypt and took Jerusalem by storm. He ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. There was a massacre of young and old, a killing of women and children, a slaughter of virgins and infants. In the space of three days, eighty thousand were lost, forty thousand meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 5:11–14<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>After restoring Menelaus, Antiochus IV issued decrees aimed at helping the most enthusiastically pro-Greek faction of Jews (usually called "Hellenizers") against the traditionalists. He outlawed <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religious rites and traditions</a> and the Temple in Jerusalem was changed to a syncretic Greek-Jewish cult that included worship of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a> wrote that Antiochus "sacrificed a great swine at the image of Moses, and at the altar of God that stood in the outward court, and sprinkled them with the blood of the sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the books, by which they were taught to hate all other nations, should be sprinkled with the broth made of the swine's flesh. And he put out the lamp (called by them immortal) which burns continually in the temple. Lastly he forced the high priest and the other Jews to eat swine's flesh."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These decrees were a departure from typical Seleucid practice, which did not attempt to suppress local religions in their empire,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they may be similar to other instances in the Hellenistic era when local polities were punished for revolt against their imperial suzerain by having their autonomy and local laws repealed and local shrines removed from their control.<sup id="cite_ref-themarginaliareview.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themarginaliareview.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Jerusalem was sacked a second time in the disorder. Antiochus established a military Greek <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a> in Jerusalem to serve as a stronghold for Hellenized Jews and a Greek military garrison. This happened from 168–167 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such steps triggered a revolt against his rule, known as the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> therefore sometimes refer to Antiochus' reign as the 'Antiochene crises' for the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuckenbruck_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">First</a> and Second Books of the Maccabees, the Maccabean Revolt was painted as a national resistance to a foreign political and cultural oppression. In modern times, however, scholars have argued that Antiochus IV was more intervening in a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between the traditionalist Jews in the country and the Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars think the revolt also led to the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, where a villain called the "King of the North" is generally considered to be a reference to Antiochus IV.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrayal of Antiochus there attacking the holy city of Jerusalem but eventually meeting his end would influence later Christian depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hengel306_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hengel306-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel_Halle,_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg/220px-Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg/330px-Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg/440px-Noel_Halle%2C_Antiochus_Falling_from_His_Chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Antiochus falling from his chariot, painting by <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9" title="Noël Hallé">Noël Hallé</a>, ca. 1738</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a> took advantage of Antiochus' western problems and attacked from the east, seizing the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in 167 BC and disrupting the direct trade route to India, effectively splitting the Greek world in two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Antiochus recognized the potential danger in the east but was unwilling to give up control of Judea. He sent a commander named <a href="/wiki/Lysias_(Syrian_chancellor)" title="Lysias (Syrian chancellor)">Lysias</a> to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, while Antiochus himself led the main Seleucid army against the Parthians. Antiochus had initial success in his eastern campaign, capturing king <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_I" title="Artaxias I">Artaxias</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reconquering the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Kingdom of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaign went through <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and he and his forces attacked <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> but were driven off by the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return home, he died at <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> in 164 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various religious explanations exist for Antiochus IV's death. Apparently, he attacked a temple of the Mesopotamian deity <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> in Persia shortly before his demise, and his death was possibly attributed to impiety and punishment by Nanaya in some quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish sources gave credit for Antiochus's death to his earlier impiety at the Temple of Jerusalem. According to 2 Maccabees, he died from divinely-inflicted disease: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But the all-seeing Lord, the God of Israel, struck him with an incurable and invisible blow. As soon as he stopped speaking he was seized with a pain in his bowels, for which there was no relief, and with sharp internal tortures—and that very justly, for he had tortured the bowels of others with many and strange inflictions. Yet he did not in any way stop his insolence, but was even more filled with arrogance, breathing fire in his rage against the Jews, and giving orders to drive even faster. And so it came about that he fell out of his chariot as it was rushing along, and the fall was so hard as to torture every limb of his body. Thus he who only a little while before had thought in his superhuman arrogance that he could command the waves of the sea, and had imagined that he could weigh the high mountains in a balance, was brought down to earth and carried in a litter, making the power of God manifest to all. And so the ungodly man's body swarmed with worms, and while he was still living in anguish and pain, his flesh rotted away, and because of the stench the whole army felt revulsion at his decay.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 9:5–9 (NRSV)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the later rabbinical work, the scroll of Antiochus (<a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a>), when Antiochus heard that his army had been defeated in Judea, he boarded a ship and fled to the coastal cities. Wherever he came the people rebelled and called him "The Fugitive," so he drowned himself in the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is from the 2nd century, however, much further removed from the event than Polybius or 2 Maccabees. It is generally considered secondary and unlikely to be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_tradition">Jewish tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jewish tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Georg_Pencz_-_Tyrants_of_the_Old_Testament-_Antiochus_-_1923.398_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut depicting Antiochus by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Pencz" title="Georg Pencz">Georg Pencz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antiochus IV is remembered as a major villain and persecutor in the Jewish traditions associated with <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Scroll of Antiochus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinical sources refer to him as הרשע <i>harasha</i> ("the wicked"). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> concluded that "[s]ince Jewish and heathen sources agree in their characterization of him, their portrayal is evidently correct", summarizing this portrayal as one of a cruel and vainglorious ruler who tried to force on all the peoples of his realm a <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenic culture</a>, "the true essence of which he can scarcely be said to have appreciated".<sup id="cite_ref-je_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether Antiochus' policy was directed at extermination of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> as a culture and a religion, though, is debatable on the grounds that his persecution was limited to Judea and Samaria (Jews in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt#Ptolemaic_and_Roman" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">diaspora</a> were exempt), and that Antiochus was hardly an ideologically motivated Hellenizer. <a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Erich S. Gruen</a> suggests that, instead, he was driven more by pragmatics such as the need to gather income from Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-gruen_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_epithets">Divine epithets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divine epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiochus was the first Seleucid king to use divine epithets on coins, perhaps inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Bactrian">Bactrian</a> Hellenistic kings who had earlier done so, or else building on the ruler cult that his father Antiochus the Great had codified within the Seleucid Empire. These epithets included <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θεὸς Ἐπιφανής</span></span> "manifest god", and, after his defeat of Egypt, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νικηφόρος</span></span> "bringer of victory".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important ancient non-Jewish source on Antiochus IV is the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, generally considered one of the highest-quality sources on the time period. Polybius paints a negative picture of him, and other surviving accounts have as well. The negative accounts of the Jews in the Books of the Maccabees are also influential. On the basis of this, Antiochus IV has generally been judged poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-gera_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gera-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sekunda_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sekunda-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are historians who think that these hostile depictions deserve some skepticism, however. Not all ancient accounts are hostile; the historian <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> does not say anything particularly bad about Antiochus IV, in contrast. Polybius does not appear to be neutral on this issue, as he was good friends with Antiochus IV's nephew and rival <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a>; the two both spent years in exile in Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> which Polybius hailed from was also traditionally hostile to the Seleucid Empire. Polybius was, like many of the educated upper class, something of an elitist. So stories related by Polybius such as those of Antiochus IV frolicking with commoners at taverns may have soured his reputation in antiquity, even though modern values would find this kind of behavior unobjectionable. The historian Dov Gera writes in defense of Antiochus IV that he was a "talented and accomplished politician" and that "the negative portrait of him painted by Polybius was influenced by political considerations of his friends... and should not be trusted."<sup id="cite_ref-gera_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gera-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also some evidence on this: historian <a href="/wiki/Nick_Sekunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Sekunda">Nick Sekunda</a> notes that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a> successfully challenged King Demetrius for leadership of the Seleucid Empire decades later in 152 BC while claiming to be an unknown son of Antiochus IV. This claim appears to have been useful to him, suggesting Antiochus IV was remembered fondly by at least some. Even 1 Maccabees, an extremely hostile source, has Antiochus IV wonder on his deathbed why calamity has struck him when he was "well-loved in the day of my power".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sekunda_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sekunda-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_monarchs" title="List of Syrian monarchs">List of Syrian monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>:</small> <i>Antiochos ho Epiphanes</i>, <i>God Manifest</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> for details. In general, scholars fall into two camps: some argue that some form of chapters 2–6 of Daniel circulated in the 6th, 5th, or 4th centuries BC, shortly after the events of the book, and only the first and final six chapters were written during the Maccabean period (such as <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a>). Other scholars argue that the entire work was created in the Maccabean period, although presumably loosely influenced by older legends of the Babylonian period.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditionalist scholars defend that the entire work was written during or shortly after the life of the Prophet Daniel; of the traditionalists, some say that the prophecies therein have not yet been fulfilled, which would render it unrelated to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, while others of the traditionalist bent see the work as loosely foretelling Antiochus IV.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/?">"Antiochus IV Epiphanes"</a>. <i>Livius.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Antiochus+IV+Epiphanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fantiochus-iv-epiphanes%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittag2012" class="citation book cs1">Mittag, Peter (26 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah09032"><i><span></span></i>"Antiochos IV Epiphanes",<i> The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179355" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179355"><bdi>9781405179355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Antiochos+IV+Epiphanes%22%2C+The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.isbn=9781405179355&rft.aulast=Mittag&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah09032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Thomas (2014). <i>NIV, The Chronological Study Bible, eBook</i>. Thomas Nelson Incorporated. p. 1078. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401680138" title="Special:BookSources/9781401680138"><bdi>9781401680138</bdi></a>. <q>Antiochus IV—Epiphanes or Epimanes? (da 11:21–31) Thirteen kings of the Greek Seleucid dynasty from Syria bore the name of Antiochus. Antiochus III (223–187 B.C.), the great conqueror …</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NIV%2C+The+Chronological+Study+Bible%2C+eBook&rft.pages=1078&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781401680138&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuels_1967-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_1967_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels1967" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, Ruth (1967). <i>Pathways through Jewish history</i>. Ktav Pub. House. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899113">899113</a>. <q>Antiochus IV spared no pains to defend his empire against the growing power of Rome. Proud of his Greek ancestry and determined to unite all the peoples of the ancient world under his rule, he had sought to force his subjects to follow the Greek way of life to the exclusion of all others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathways+through+Jewish+history&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Ktav+Pub.+House&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899113&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria," <i><a href="/wiki/Rivista_di_Filologia_e_di_Istruzione_Classica" title="Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica">Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica</a></i> 38 (1960), pp. 363–389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2010" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2010). <i>The Syrian Wars</i>. Brill. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180505" title="Special:BookSources/9789004180505"><bdi>9789004180505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Wars&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004180505&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span> The claim that Antiochus was murdered by his uncle Antiochus IV is from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomical_diaries" title="Babylonian astronomical diaries">Babylonian astronomical diaries</a>, although should be taken with some skepticism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva230-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva230_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva230_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (1989). <i>Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521323525" title="Special:BookSources/0521323525"><bdi>0521323525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas+Maccabaeus%3A+The+Jewish+Struggle+Against+the+Seleucids&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521323525&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/26*.html">Polybius 26.1a</a>. See also Polybius 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grainger, "The Fall of the Seleucid Empire," pp. 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grainger-sw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grainger-sw_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainger-sw_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2010" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2010). <i>The Syrian Wars</i>. Brill. pp. 297–308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180505" title="Special:BookSources/9789004180505"><bdi>9789004180505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Wars&rft.pages=297-308&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004180505&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polybius_29.27.4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polybius_29.27.4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/29*.html">Polybius 29.27.4</a>, Livy 45.12.4ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortier-Young2011" class="citation book cs1">Portier-Young, Anathea (2011). <i>Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 130–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802870834" title="Special:BookSources/9780802870834"><bdi>9780802870834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Against+Empire%3A+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=130-134&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802870834&rft.aulast=Portier-Young&rft.aufirst=Anathea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%205:5&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 5:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-themarginaliareview.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-themarginaliareview.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-themarginaliareview.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2013" class="citation web cs1">Ma, John (9 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themarginaliareview.com/re-examining-hanukkah/">"Re-Examining Hanukkah"</a>. <i>Marginalia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marginalia&rft.atitle=Re-Examining+Hanukkah&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemarginaliareview.com%2Fre-examining-hanukkah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> 1:1:1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%205:11–14&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 5:11–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus 34:1(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tchrikover, Victor. <i>Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsomBreed2014" class="citation book cs1">Newsom, Carol Ann; Breed, Brennan W. (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&q=%22Did+antiochus+IV+begin+his+persecution+of+Judaism+in+168+or+167&pg=PA26"><i>Daniel: A Commentary</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22080-8"><bdi>978-0-664-22080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22080-8&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft.au=Breed%2C+Brennan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZK7BwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Did%2Bantiochus%2BIV%2Bbegin%2Bhis%2Bpersecution%2Bof%2BJudaism%2Bin%2B168%2Bor%2B167%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1974) [1973]. <i>Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period</i> (1st English ed.). London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0334007887" title="Special:BookSources/0334007887"><bdi>0334007887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism%3A+Studies+in+Their+Encounter+in+Palestine+During+the+Early+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0334007887&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuckenbruck-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuckenbruck_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruckGurtner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E6_DwAAQBAJ"><i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567658135" title="Special:BookSources/9780567658135"><bdi>9780567658135</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism+Volume+One&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780567658135&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft.au=Gurtner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1E6_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Telushkin, Joseph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114"><i>Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History</i></a>. W. Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishliteracy00telu/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-08506-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-08506-7"><bdi>0-688-08506-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Literacy%3A+The+Most+Important+Things+to+Know+about+the+Jewish+Religion%2C+Its+People%2C+and+Its+History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-688-08506-7&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishliteracy00telu%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). <i>Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-1707-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-1707-7"><bdi>0-8386-1707-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+the+Gentile+Faiths%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8386-1707-7&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2008). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335–175 BCE)</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 68. T&T Clark. pp. 103–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03396-3"><bdi>978-0-567-03396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+The+Coming+of+the+Greeks%3A+The+Early+Hellenistic+Period+%28335%26ndash%3B175+BCE%29&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies&rft.pages=103-107&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03396-3&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hengel306-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hengel306_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1974) [1973]. <i>Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period</i> (1st English ed.). London: SCM Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0334007887" title="Special:BookSources/0334007887"><bdi>0334007887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism%3A+Studies+in+Their+Encounter+in+Palestine+During+the+Early+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=London&rft.pages=306&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0334007887&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebevoise1938" class="citation book cs1">Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938). <i>A Political History of Parthia</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Parthia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Debevoise&rft.aufirst=Neilson+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). <i>The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire</i>. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Parthia&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Debevoise&rft.aufirst=Neilson+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebevoise1938" class="citation book cs1">Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938). <i>A Political History of Parthia</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Parthia&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Debevoise&rft.aufirst=Neilson+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Kosmin" title="Paul J. Kosmin">Kosmin, Paul</a> (2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Megillah+of+Antiochus+%E2%80%93+The+Scroll+of+the+Hasmoneans+%28Per+translation+by+Phillip+Birnbaum%2C+1974+with+some+modifications%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2830773%2Fjewish%2FMegilat-Antiochus-The-Scroll-of-the-Hasmoneans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafrai2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Safrai" title="Ze'ev Safrai">Safrai, Ze'ev</a> (2006). "Appendix: The Scroll of Antiochos and the Scroll of Fasts". <i>The Literature of the Sages: Second Part: Midrash and Targum Liturgy, Poetry, Mysticism Contracts, Inscriptions, Ancient Science and the Languages of Rabbinic Literature</i>. CRIaNT. Royal Van Gorcum, Fortress Press. pp. 238–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-232-4222-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-232-4222-X"><bdi>90-232-4222-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+The+Scroll+of+Antiochos+and+the+Scroll+of+Fasts&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+Sages%3A+Second+Part%3A+Midrash+and+Targum+Liturgy%2C+Poetry%2C+Mysticism+Contracts%2C+Inscriptions%2C+Ancient+Science+and+the+Languages+of+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.series=CRIaNT&rft.pages=238-241&rft.pub=Royal+Van+Gorcum%2C+Fortress+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-232-4222-X&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201162529/http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/vedibarta-bam/155.htm">"Vedibarta Bam – And You Shall Speak of Them: Megilat Antiochus The Scroll of the Hasmoneans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/vedibarta-bam/155.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedibarta+Bam+%E2%80%93+And+You+Shall+Speak+of+Them%3A+Megilat+Antiochus+The+Scroll+of+the+Hasmoneans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sichosinenglish.org%2Fbooks%2Fvedibarta-bam%2F155.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.49015002282318;view=1up;seq=690">"Antiochus IV., Epiphanes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. I: Aach–Apocalyptic literature. Funk and Wagnalls. 1925. pp. 634–635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+IV.%2C+Epiphanes&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=634-635&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls&rft.date=1925&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.49015002282318%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gruen-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gruen_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Gruen, Erich S.</a> (1993). "Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews". In Green, Peter (ed.). <i>Hellenistic History and Culture</i>. University of California Press. pp. 250–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenism+and+Persecution%3A+Antiochus+IV+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=250-252&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Habicht, "The Seleucids and their rivals", in A. E. Astin, <i>et al.</i>, <i>Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C.</i>, <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, volume 8, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gera-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gera_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gera_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGera1998" class="citation book cs1">Gera, Dov (1998). <i>Judaea and Mediterranean Politics 219 to 161 B.C.E</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09441-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09441-5"><bdi>90-04-09441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaea+and+Mediterranean+Politics+219+to+161+B.C.E.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-09441-5&rft.aulast=Gera&rft.aufirst=Dov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sekunda-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sekunda_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sekunda_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekunda2001" class="citation book cs1">Sekunda, Nicholas Victor (2001). "Polybius on Antiochus IV". <i>Hellenistic Infantry Reform in the 160's BC</i>. Studies on the History of Ancient and Medieval Art of Warfare 5. Oficyna Naukowa MS. pp. 159–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85874-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-85874-04-6"><bdi>83-85874-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polybius+on+Antiochus+IV&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Infantry+Reform+in+the+160%27s+BC&rft.series=Studies+on+the+History+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Art+of+Warfare+5&rft.pages=159-171&rft.pub=Oficyna+Naukowa+MS&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=83-85874-04-6&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiochus+IV+Epiphanes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%206:11&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 6:11</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antiochus_IV" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antiochus IV">Antiochus IV</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_4.html">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iv_epiphanes.html">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Livius.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Livius.org">livius.org</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718075435/http://www.livius.org/am-ao/antiochus/antiochus_iv_epiphanes.html">Archived</a> 18 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seleucid-genealogy.com/Antiochus_IV.html">Antiochus IV entry in 'Seleucid Genealogy'</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Antiochus IV Epiphanes </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 215 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 164 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus,_son_of_Seleucus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV">Antiochus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Seleucid King</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/King_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Syria">King of Syria</a>)</small> </b><br />175–164 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> 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