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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awan_dynasty_(c._2500_–_c._2100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Awan dynasty (c. 2500 – c. 2100 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awan_dynasty_(c._2500_–_c._2100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2050–1500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2050–1500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Old Elamite period (c. 2050–1500 BC) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2050–1500_BC)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Old Elamite period (c. 2050–1500 BC) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2050–1500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shimashki_dynasty_(c._2050_–_c._1850_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shimashki_dynasty_(c._2050_–_c._1850_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Shimashki dynasty (c. 2050 – c. 1850 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shimashki_dynasty_(c._2050_–_c._1850_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukkalmah_dynasty_(c._1980_–_c._1500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukkalmah_dynasty_(c._1980_–_c._1500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1980 – c. 1500 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukkalmah_dynasty_(c._1980_–_c._1500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1000 BC) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1000_BC)-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elamite_Dark_Ages_(c._1000–760_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elamite Dark Ages (c. 1000–760 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elamite_Dark_Ages_(c._1000–760_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Neo-Elamite_dynasty_(c._760–688_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Neo-Elamite_dynasty_(c._760–688_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First Neo-Elamite dynasty (c. 760–688 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Neo-Elamite_dynasty_(c._760–688_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubanid_dynasty_(688–645_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubanid_dynasty_(688–645_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hubanid dynasty (688–645 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubanid_dynasty_(688–645_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamnaskirid_dynasty_(c._147_BC–AD_76)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kamnaskirid dynasty (c. 147 BC–AD 76) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamnaskirid_dynasty_(c._147_BC–AD_76)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsacid_dynasty_and_late_kings_(c._76–221/222)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsacid_dynasty_and_late_kings_(c._76–221/222)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Arsacid dynasty and late kings (c. 76–221/222) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsacid_dynasty_and_late_kings_(c._76–221/222)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Elamite kings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قائمة حكام عيلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة حكام عيلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam_h%C3%B6kmdarlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Elam hökmdarlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elam hökmdarlarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_de_reis_d%27Elam" title="Llista de reis d'Elam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista de reis d'Elam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_K%C3%B6nige_von_Elam" title="Liste der Könige von Elam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Könige von Elam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Reyes_de_Elam" title="Anexo:Reyes de Elam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Reyes de Elam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فهرست شاهان ایلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست شاهان ایلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_d%27%C3%89lam" title="Liste des souverains d'Élam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des souverains d'Élam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C%EC%9D%98_%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="엘람의 통치자 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘람의 통치자 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A1m_uralkod%C3%B3inak_list%C3%A1ja" title="Elám uralkodóinak listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elám uralkodóinak listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w_elamickich" title="Lista królów elamickich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lista królów elamickich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_reis_de_El%C3%A3o" title="Lista de reis de Elão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de reis de Elão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Список правителей Элама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список правителей Элама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Elamin_kuninkaista" title="Luettelo Elamin kuninkaista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luettelo Elamin kuninkaista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q888021#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="View the content page [c]" 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href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Elam&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">List of rulers of Elam</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of Elam</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/200px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/300px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/400px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2063" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ancient Elamite king list, listing kings of the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki</a> dynasties</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Peli (king list) Hishep-ratep (verified)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">26th–24th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abolition</th><td class="infobox-data">520/519 BC</td></tr></tbody></table> The kings of Elam were the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, an ancient civilization and kingdom in south-western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The earliest known Elamite dynasty was the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a>, which came to power in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>. Elam was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> in the 24th century BC and was then ruled by a sequence of Akkadian-appointed governors before independence was restored a little over a century later. After the reign of the powerful Elamite king <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a>, Elam was conquered again <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2100 BC by the Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>. Native Elamite rule was after a few decades restored under the <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki dynasty</a> during the reign of Ur III king <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a>. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004 BC the Shimashki king <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> sacked Ur, whereafter Elam became fully independent. The <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkulmah dynasty</a>, perhaps a related lineage, was established in another part of Elam shortly thereafter, and after a period of overlap gradually overtook the Shimashki dynasty. The Sukkalmah dynasty was followed by the Kidinuid and Igihalkid dynasties, whereafter the Elamite kingdom reached the height of its power under the <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a>. Powerful Shutrukid kings, such as <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shilhak-Inshushinak" title="Shilhak-Inshushinak">Shilhak-Inshushinak</a>, exerted dominion over not only Elam itself but also over <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. The kingdom may have disintegrated following the defeat of Hutelutush-Inshushinak by the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> in the late 12th century BC, but a new line of rulers are attested in Elam from the early 8th century BC onwards. The so-called Neo-Elamite kingdom came under the rule of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubanid_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubanid dynasty (page does not exist)">Hubanid dynasty</a> in the early 7th century BC, which initiated a short period of intense internal conflict and meddling in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and Babylonian affairs. The Neo-Elamite kingdom was effectively destroyed by the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> in 646 BC, though Elamite rulers continued to govern the Elamite heartland until the rise and early years of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the late 6th century BC. The Elamites created a new kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>, around 147 BC. Initially ruled by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamnaskirid_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamnaskirid dynasty (page does not exist)">Kamnaskirid dynasty</a>, Elymais often fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> as a vassal state, and eventually came under the rule of a cadet branch of the Parthian <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">Arsacid dynasty</a>. Following the fall of the Parthian Empire and the rise of the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the early 3rd century AD, Elymais was conquered and abolished as a distinct kingdom, marking the final end of Elamite political history. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Elam_(c._2500–2100_BC_)">Early Elam (c. 2500–2100 BC )</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Elam (c. 2500–2100 BC )">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awan_dynasty_(c._2500_–_c._2100_BC)">Awan dynasty (c. 2500 – c. 2100 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awan dynasty (c. 2500 – c. 2100 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></div>The Awan dynasty is the earliest known royal dynasty of Elam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181-1">[1]</a> "Awan" was a native Elamite term, referring mainly to modern <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a> but also perhaps to the entire Elamite kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018177-2">[2]</a> Its use as a dynastic name comes from both Old Babylonian sources, which designated the kings of the earliest Elamite dynasty as belonging to the "Awan dynasty",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018179-3">[3]</a> and a native Elamite king list of the Awan and succeeding Shimashki dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018184-4">[4]</a> The rulers preceding Hishep-ratep and <a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> fall into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>, though their historicity beyond appearing in the king list cannot be verified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181-1">[1]</a> If real, the first king mentioned in the king list (Peyli) could speculatively be placed sometime in between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550 – c. 2400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180-5">[5]</a> The Awan dynasty was not an entirely contiguous family line and was for a little over a century interrupted by governors appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191-6">[6]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peyli</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BC (?) </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushuntarana</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kikku-siwe-tempt</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-ratep" title="Hishep-ratep">Hishep-ratep</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> </td> <td>Late 24th century BC </td> <td>Earliest historically verified Elamite king. Elam was in his reign invaded by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2334–2279 BC), who defeated Hishep-ratep and his son Luh-ishan in battle and occupied most of Khuzestan. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185–186Hinz1972180-11">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2350 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Ḫišibrasini (may have been the same person as Hishep-ratep) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185Hinz1972180-12">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Emahshini </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2280 BC (?) </td> <td>Does not appear in the Awan King List. On the news of Sargon of Akkad's death, Emahshini and his ally <a href="/wiki/Abalgamash" title="Abalgamash">Abalgamash</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhasi</a> invaded and retook Khuzestan. Shortly thereafter, Sargon's son <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2279–2270 BC) retaliated and retook Khuzestan. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186-13">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Autalummash" title="Autalummash">Autalummash</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, before 2270 BC (?) </td> <td>Does not appear in the Awan King List. Attested as an Elamite king from a Hurrian-language text found at <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Boghazkoy (Hattusa)</a>, dated to before the reign of Manishtushu, king of Akkad. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:MistyRose">After conquests by Rimush and <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2270–2255 BC), Elam was incorporated into the Akkadian Empire and placed under a series of royally appointed governors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186–191-15">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:MistyRose" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2269 BC (?) </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Governor of Elam appointed by Manishtushu </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107-16">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:MistyRose"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilshu-rabi_head.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ilshu-rabi_head.png/80px-Ilshu-rabi_head.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ilshu-rabi_head.png/120px-Ilshu-rabi_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ilshu-rabi_head.png/160px-Ilshu-rabi_head.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="757" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose"><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2255 BC (?) </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Governor of <a href="/wiki/Pashime" title="Pashime">Pashime</a> (along the coastal territories of Elam) appointed by Manishtushu </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107-16">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:MistyRose" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2250 BC (?) </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose">Governor of Elam (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>) appointed by <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2254–2218 BC), known from a treaty concluded with Naram-Sin </td> <td style="background-color:MistyRose"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1971662-17">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg/80px-Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg/120px-Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg/160px-Enammubi_Shakkanakku_of_the_country_of_Elam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> </td> <td>Late 23rd/early 22nd century BC </td> <td>Akkadian. Originally a governor of Elam (Susa) appointed by Naram-Sin or <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2217–2193 BC) but achieved independence during the collapse of the Akkadian Empire. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191Potts1999107-19">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td> <td>22nd century BC </td> <td>Akkadian. Presumably Epirmupi's successor, continued to use the title of governor. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107-16">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Hi'elu </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Resumed native Elamite rule. Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Hita'a </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List. He may have been the same person as Khita. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_(lower_half).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg/80px-Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg/120px-Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg/160px-Statue_of_Puzur-Inshushinak_with_inscription_in_his_name_%28lower_half%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2767" /></a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2150 BC (?) </td> <td>Contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2112–2094 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>. Described as the "creator of the first Iranian empire", Puzur-Inshushinak reunified Khuzestan and Elam and conquered large parts of southern Mesopotamia before being defeated by Ur-Nammu and Gudea. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191–192-20">[17]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Elamite_period_(c._2050–1500_BC)">Old Elamite period (c. 2050–1500 BC)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Elamite period (c. 2050–1500 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shimashki_dynasty_(c._2050_–_c._1850_BC)">Shimashki dynasty (c. 2050 – c. 1850 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shimashki dynasty (c. 2050 – c. 1850 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a></div>After the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak there was renewed Mesopotamian control of Elam under <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>, an empire established by the Sumerian king <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2112 BC. Though somewhat tenuous, Sumerian rule in Elam was strong enough for the kings of Ur to engage in diplomacy with other Iranian regions. Sumerian imperialism was eventually met with Elamite resistance, most notably in the region of Shimashki, from which a new dynasty (though its precise boundaries are not clear) extended its rule into the lands surrounding Susa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999130-21">[18]</a> Twelve kings of the Shimashki dynasty are known by name from the same ancient king list also listing the kings of the Awan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999144-23">[20]</a> The king Ebarti II, attached to the Shimashki dynasty in the king list tablet between Tan-Ruhuratir I and Idattu II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213-22">[19]</a> has in this list been placed in the succeeding Sukkalmah dynasty, which traced its descent from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999162-24">[21]</a> The rulers of the Shimashki dynasty are beyond the king list confirmed by their own inscriptions and by surviving sources from Mesopotamia. Though later portions of the list might record sequential rule, it is likely that the rulers recorded before Kindattu were contemporary rivals or co-rulers, rather than rulers in sequence, since Girnamme, Tazitta I and Ebarti I all appear in the inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> of Ur (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2037–2028 BC). Ebarti I appears to have been the most prominent of the three, though they all belonged to the same family lineage. Ebarti I initiated an age of expansion of the Shimashki realm, which was continued under Kindattu, who sacked Ur and ended the Third Dynasty of Ur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213–214-25">[22]</a> After Kindattu's sack of Ur, Elam became fully independent under the Shimashki rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018203-26">[23]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Girnamme </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2044 BC (?) </td> <td>Contemporary and relative of Tazitta I and Ebarti I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tazitta I </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2040 BC (?) </td> <td>Contemporary and relative of Girnamme and Ebarti I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ebarti I </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2037 BC (?) </td> <td>Attested from the late reign of the Ur III king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2094–2046 BC) to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 2037–2028 BC). Contemporary and relative of Girnamme and Tazitta I. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tazitta II </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2033 BC (?) </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lurak-luhhan<a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2028 BC (?) </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2016 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Ebarti I, sacked <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Imazu </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2015 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Kindattu, attested as king of <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> by contemporary seal but omitted from the Shimashki king list, perhaps a junior ruler. Married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Isin</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1974–1954 BC). </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999149-29">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Idattu I </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1995 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Kindattu </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tan-Ruhuratir I </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1990 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Idattu I, married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bilalama" title="Bilalama">Bilalama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180-30">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Idadu_II,_seated,_offering_an_ax,_symbol_of_dignity,_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg/80px-Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg/120px-Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg/160px-Idadu_II%2C_seated%2C_offering_an_ax%2C_symbol_of_dignity%2C_to_Kuk_Simut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1469" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indattu-Inshushinak_II" title="Indattu-Inshushinak II">Idattu II</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1965 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Tan-Ruhuratir I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180-30">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Idattunapir </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890 BC (?) </td> <td>Uncertain connection, contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Babylon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1894–1881 BC) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180-30">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Idattutemti </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880 BC (?) </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukkalmah_dynasty_(c._1980_–_c._1500_BC)">Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1980 – c. 1500 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1980 – c. 1500 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkalmah Dynasty">Sukkalmah Dynasty</a></div>The Sukkalmah dynasty came to power shortly after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160-31">[27]</a> though it overlapped with the Shimashki dynasty for well over a century. The dynastic shift probably reflects a gradual change in power, perhaps the two dynasties began as a single royal family of co-rulers in different geographical regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213,_215-32">[28]</a> The Sukkalmah period was one of the most prosperous in Elamite history, marked by unprecedented prestige and influence. Elam was frequently a powerbroker in Mesopotamian politics, entering into uneasy alliances with various states and rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160-31">[27]</a> Several new developments also took place within Elam during this time. Notably, rulers did not use the title of king, but rather sukkalmah ("grand regent") and sukkal ("regent") of Elam, Shimashki or Susa. The use of sukkalmah, from which the dynasty received its name, originates from Mesopotamia, where it was used as a title ranking below king. In Elam, its usage as the term for the region's paramount ruler might derive from the title possibly being used by the vassals or governors in Susa during the rule of the Third Dynasty of Ur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018217-33">[29]</a> The transition from the Shimashki to the Sukkalmah age is obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160-31">[27]</a> It seems that the two sequences of rulers were connected; the first Sukkalmah ruler, Ebarti II, is in inscriptions referenced as the father of the succeeding Shilhaha but also appears in a king list recording the Shimashki kings and is identified in some later sources as "king of Anshan and Susa", not as sukkalmah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999162-24">[21]</a> The political structure of Elam during the Sukkalmah period is not entirely clear; whereas some scholars believe there to have been a single line of rulers reigning in sequence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972183-34">[30]</a> others believe, due to the different titles and capitals attested, that rulership was exercised as a triumvirate, with the paramount ruler (the sukkalmah at Susa) ruling together with junior rulers (sukkals) of "Elam" and "Shimashki".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018220-35">[31]</a> The sequence of rulers below follows the most probable sequence of Sukkalmah rulers, per Peyronel (2018),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> with additional rulers inserted in their chronological placements per Potts (1999).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> It is impossible to establish the length of any of their reigns, though they can at times be chronologically pinpointed through synchronisms with Mesopotamian rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018217-33">[29]</a> Some internal order can however be imposed in the later portion using cuneiform documents and sealings.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> These sources have also supported a proposal that Atta-hushu and Sumu-abum of Babylon were co-temporal.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_(detail_of_King_Ebarat).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of King Ebarat Louvre Museum Sb 6225 (detail of King Ebarat)"><img alt="Seal of King Ebarat Louvre Museum Sb 6225 (detail of King Ebarat)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg/80px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg/120px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg/160px-Seal_of_King_Ebarat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6225_%28detail_of_King_Ebarat%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="674" /></a> </td> <td>Ebarti II </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1980 BC (?) </td> <td>Typically the first ruler assigned to the Sukkalmah dynasty </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shilhaha </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Ebarti II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Hinz1972183-40">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pala-ishshan </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920 BC (?) </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lankuku </td> <td rowspan="3">Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 BC (?) </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Pala-ishshan? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuku-sanit </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Pala-ishshan? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Kirmash </td> <td>Son of a sister of Shilhaha or Lankuku (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Potts1999164-41">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Nashur I </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Son of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tem-sanit </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk-Nashur I? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Nahundi </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk-Nashur I? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Atta-hushu </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1894 BC (?) </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tetep-mada </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shirukduh" title="Shirukduh">Shiruk-tuh</a> </td> <td>Late 19th (& early 18th?) century BC </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shimut-wartash_I" title="Shimut-wartash I">Simut-wartash I</a> </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Son of Shiruk-tuh, lower-ranking ruler contemporary with his father? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-palar-huppak</a> </td> <td>First half of the 18th century BC </td> <td>Son of a sister of Shiruk-tuh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Hinz1972183-40">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kudu-zulush I </td> <td>First half of the 18th century BC </td> <td>Son of a sister of Shiruk-tuh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Hinz1972183-40">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kutir-Nahhunte I </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Son of Shiruk-tuh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Atta-mera-halki </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kutir-Nahhunte I? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tata </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kutir-Nahhunte I? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lila-irtash </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Brother of Kutir-Nahhunte I, lower-ranking ruler contemporary with his brother? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972183-34">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Temti-Agun </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Claimed to be the son of a sister of Shiruk-tuh </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kutir-Shilhaha </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Nashur II </td> <td>Middle 17th century BC </td> <td>Son of a sister of Temti-Agun </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Temti-raptash </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Simut-wartash II </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk-Nashur II? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kudu-zulush II </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Uncertain connection </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sirtuh </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Son of a sister of Kuk-Nashur II, lower-ranking ruler contemporary with Kudu-zulush II? </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Nashur III </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Potts1999165-42">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tan-Uli </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Potts1999164-41">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Temti-halki </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Descendant of Shilhaha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Potts1999164-41">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kuk-Nashur IV </td> <td>Late 16th century BC (?) </td> <td>Son of a sister of Tan-Uli </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219Potts1999164-41">[37]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1000_BC)">Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1000 BC)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1000 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidinuid_dynasty_(c._1500–1400_BC)">Kidinuid dynasty (c. 1500–1400 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kidinuid dynasty (c. 1500–1400 BC)">edit</a>]</div> Though they are grouped together by historians as a dynasty for convenience, there is no evidence that the five kings assigned to the Kidinuid dynasty were related to each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999191-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> The chronological sequence of the five kings is not certain either, but Kidinu was traditionally believed to have been the earliest and the group is thus referred to as "Kidinuid".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite I (ME I).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="23%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="58%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Igi-hatet </td> <td>Early 15th century BC </td> <td>Known from a single inscription. The grammatical features of the inscription suggests that Igi-hatet was the earliest Middle Elamite ruler. From this point on rulers no longer use the title sukkalmah. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018233-45">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kidinu </td> <td>Early 15th century BC </td> <td>Known from a single tablet which contains an impression of his seal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018233Potts1999191-46">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tan-Ruhuratir II </td> <td>Early 15th century BC </td> <td>Known from a single tablet which contains an impression of his seal </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018233Potts1999191-46">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shalla </td> <td>Uncertain </td> <td>Immediate predecessor of Tepti-Ahar (?), known from legal and administrative texts </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018233Potts1999192-47">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tepti-Ahar" title="Tepti-Ahar">Tepti-Ahar</a> </td> <td>Late 15th century BC </td> <td>Known from inscribed bricks </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018234Potts1999192-48">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak-shar-ili" title="Inshushinak-shar-ili">Inshushinak-shar-ili</a> </td> <td>Late 15th century BC </td> <td>Known from inscribed bricks </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018234Potts1999192-48">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igihalkid_dynasty_(c._1400_–_c._1200_BC)">Igihalkid dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Igihalkid dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC)">edit</a>]</div> The second dynasty of the Middle Elamite period is typically referred to as the Igihalkid dynasty, after its founder Igi-halki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite II (ME II).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igi-Halki" title="Igi-Halki">Igi-halki</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[e]</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC (?) </td> <td>Probably a usurper </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999207-51">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pahir-ishshan </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1390 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Igi-halki, married a sister of the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999205,_207-52">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Attar-kittah </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1380 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Igi-halki </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999205,_211-53">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Humban-Numena" title="Humban-Numena">Humban-numena I</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1370 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Attar-kittah, married a daughter of the Babylonian king Kurigalzu I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999207,_211–212-54">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Napir-Asu, wife of Untash-Napirisha. Musée du Louvre-Antiquités orientales SB 2731."><img alt="Statue of Napir-Asu, wife of Untash-Napirisha. Musée du Louvre-Antiquités orientales SB 2731." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg/80px-Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg/120px-Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg/160px-Statue_de_Napir-Asu_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_-_Antiquit%C3%A9s_orientales_SB_2731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="3791" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1275 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Humban-numena, married a daughter of the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burnaburiash II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1359–1333 BC), campaigned in Mesopotamia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999207,_212-55">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Hurbatila<a href="#cite_note-56">[f]</a> </td> <td>Late 14th century BC </td> <td>Uncertain connection, fought with, and defeated by, the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1332–1308 BC) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick200272-57">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Unpahash-Napirisha </td> <td>Late 14th/early 13th century BC </td> <td>Son of Pahir-ishshan, unclear how he acceded to the throne<a href="#cite_note-unpahash-59">[g]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999207,_230-60">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kidin-Hutran I </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1240 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Pahir-ishshan<a href="#cite_note-unpahash-59">[g]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999207,_230-60">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kidin-Hutran" title="Kidin-Hutran">Kidin-Hutran II</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1235 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Unpahash-Napirisha </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999231-61">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Napirisha-Untash </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230 BC (?) </td> <td>Son of Kidin-Hutran II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999231-61">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kidin-Hutran III </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1217 BC (?) </td> <td>Existence inferred through records of a Kidin-Hutran at the end of the 13th century; invaded Babylonia, fighting against kings <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1224 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1222–1217 BC), briefly occupied the country </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999231Mofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-62">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> It is not clear how the Igihalkid dynasty came to an end, but Kidin-Hutran III, who died at some point in the early reign of the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1187 BC), is generally regarded to have been the last member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999231-61">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shutrukid_dynasty_(c._1200_–_c._1000_BC)">Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 1000 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 1000 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></div> The third and last dynasty of the Middle Elamite period is typically referred to as the Shutrukid dynasty, after its founder Shutruk-Nahhunte I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite III (ME III).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018232-44">[40]</a> Though the last extensive records of the dynasty are from the time of Hutelutush-Inshushinak in the late 12th century BC, sparse later texts suggest that the Shutrukid dynasty might have stayed in power until the middle or late 11th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999255-63">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shutruk-Nahhunte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shutruk-Nahhunte.png/80px-Shutruk-Nahhunte.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shutruk-Nahhunte.png/120px-Shutruk-Nahhunte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shutruk-Nahhunte.png/160px-Shutruk-Nahhunte.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="416" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte I</a> </td> <td>Uncertain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1190 BC (?) </td> <td>"Son of Hallutash-Inshushinak",<a href="#cite_note-65">[h]</a> unconnected to the previous royal dynasty. Married a daughter of the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1186–1172 BC). Invaded Babylonia in the 1150s, deposing <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1158 BC) and tenuously claiming the Babylonian throne for himself. Captured large amounts of treasure, including the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin" title="Victory Stele of Naram-Sin">Victory Stele of Naram-Sin</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999232–233Mofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-66">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kutir-Nahhunte II </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1155 BC </td> <td>Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I, invaded Babylonia and stole the religiously important <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Marduk" title="Statue of Marduk">statue of Marduk</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999237–238,_252Mofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-67">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shilhak-Inshushinak" title="Shilhak-Inshushinak">Shilhak-Inshushinak I</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150 – c. 1120 BC </td> <td>Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I, maintained an unusually powerful hold on Mesopotamia, controlling many cities that normally fell under the sway of Babylonia or <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999238–247Mofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-68">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hutelutush-Inshushinak" title="Hutelutush-Inshushinak">Hutelutush-Inshushinak</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1120 – c. 1115 BC </td> <td>Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak, used the unparallelled title "king of Elam and Susiana". Elam was in his reign invaded by the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1121–1100 BC), who recovered the statue of Marduk and extensively pillaged Elam. Some sources hold that Hutelutush-Inshushinak disappeared after the defeat but he appears to have held onto power in Elam for some time. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999247,_252–255Mofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-69">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar </td> <td>Early 11th century </td> <td>Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak, mentioned as king in later inscriptions by the Neo-Elamite king Shutur-Nahhunte II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999255-63">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-numena II<a href="#cite_note-71">[i]</a> </td> <td>Middle/late 11th century (?) </td> <td>Possibly connected to the Shutrukid dynasty, mentioned as king in later inscriptions by the Neo-Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999255-63">[56]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1000–520/519_BC)">Neo-Elamite period (c. 1000–520/519 BC)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite period (c. 1000–520/519 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elamite_Dark_Ages_(c._1000–760_BC)">Elamite Dark Ages (c. 1000–760 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elamite Dark Ages (c. 1000–760 BC)">edit</a>]</div> The Neo-Elamite period spans the centuries from the fall of the Shutrukid dynasty to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018249-72">[63]</a> After the defeat of Hutelutush-Inshushinak in 1100 BC, the historical record of Elam is extremely scant for well over three centuries, a period often called the "Elamite Dark Ages". As a result, the political organization and administration of Elam in the early Neo-Elamite period is more or less completely unknown. Some form of Elamite royal authority appears to have been active from at least the late 9th century BC onwards, since Elamite troops were sent to support the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> against the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 824–811 BC). An Elamite ambassador to Assyria is also attested in the reign of the Assyrian king Adad-nirari III (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 811–783 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018250–251-73">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Neo-Elamite_dynasty_(c._760–688_BC)">First Neo-Elamite dynasty (c. 760–688 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First Neo-Elamite dynasty (c. 760–688 BC)">edit</a>]</div> Elam was clearly a consolidated kingdom with strong royal authority by the first half of the 8th century BC, when the country and its rulers once more begin to appear frequently in Mesopotamian texts. The earliest known dynasty of rulers from the Neo-Elamite period is conventionally referred to simply as the First Neo-Elamite dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251-74">[65]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="23%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="58%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Humban-tahra </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 760–743 BC </td> <td>Earliest Neo-Elamite king mentioned by name in Babylonian sources </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252-75">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humban-nikash I </td> <td>743–717 BC </td> <td>Son of Humban-tahra, allied with the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> against the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252-75">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shutruk-Nahhunte II </td> <td>717–699 BC </td> <td>Son of a daughter of Humban-tahra and the nobleman Humban-immena. His name was originally Shutur-Nahhunte but he amended it to Shutruk-Nahhunte to evoke the memory of <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte I</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252Leick2002154-76">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hallutash-Inshushinak I </td> <td>699–693 BC </td> <td>Brother of Shuktruk-Nahhunte II; son of a daughter of Humban-tahra and the nobleman Humban-immena </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252-75">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kutur-Nahhunte (Kutir-Nahhunte III) </td> <td>693–692 BC </td> <td>Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak I, taken prisoner in a rebellion and killed </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252Liverani2014530-77">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humban-menanu (Humban-numena III) </td> <td>692–688 BC </td> <td>Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak I, commanded Elamite and Babylonian forces at the 691 BC <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halule" title="Battle of Halule">Battle of Halule</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018251–252McIntosh2005359Liverani2014530-78">[69]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubanid_dynasty_(688–645_BC)">Hubanid dynasty (688–645 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hubanid dynasty (688–645 BC)">edit</a>]</div> Though sometimes grouped together with the earlier Neo-Elamite kings in a single dynasty, there is no evidence for any kinship between Humban-menanu and Humban-haltash I and Babylonian sources appear to clearly distinguish the two as separate, suggesting that Humban-haltash I founded a new dynastic line. His dynasty is conventionally called the "Hubanid dynasty", after the common name element Humban (sometimes rendered Huban).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018252-79">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-haltash I </td> <td>688–681 BC </td> <td>Obscure king, died from a fever </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999274-80">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-haltash II </td> <td>681–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 674 BC </td> <td>Son of Humban-haltash I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999274–275-81">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> </td> <td>c. 674–664 BC </td> <td>Son of Humban-haltash I, invaded Babylonia in 664 BC and was killed in battle by the forces of the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> or died shortly after being driven back to Elam </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999275–276CarterStolper198449–50-82">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Teumman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Teumman.png/80px-Teumman.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Teumman.png/120px-Teumman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Teumman.png/160px-Teumman.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="548" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> (Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak I) </td> <td>664–653 BC </td> <td>Non-dynastic or son of Humban-haltash I, attacked Babylonia in 653 BC and killed by the Assyrians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Battle of Ulai</a> alongside his son <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Teumman)" title="Tammaritu (son of Teumman)">Tammaritu</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999276–277Shayegan2011279GorrisWicks2018253-83">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> (Humban-nikash II) </td> <td>653–652 BC (in <a href="/wiki/Madaktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaktu">Madaktu</a>) </td> <td>Son of Urtak, installed as king by Ashurbanipal as co-ruler with his brother Tammaritu I. Provided troops for the 652 Babylonian revolt of <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> against Ashurbanipal, soon thereafter overthrown and murdered by Tammaritu II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999280–281CarterStolper198451-84">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tammaritu_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tammaritu_I.png/80px-Tammaritu_I.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tammaritu_I.png/120px-Tammaritu_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tammaritu_I.png/160px-Tammaritu_I.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="317" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu I</a> </td> <td>653–652 BC (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidalu (page does not exist)">Hidalu</a>) </td> <td>Son of Urtak, installed as king by Ashurbanipal as co-ruler with his brother Ummanigash. Fate unclear. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999280–281-85">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_II" title="Tammaritu II">Tammaritu II</a> </td> <td>652–649 BC –(first reign)– </td> <td>Grandson of Urtak, overthrew and murdered Ummanigash. Also joined Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against Ashurbanipal, overthrown by his general Indabibi in the midst of battle and escaped to Assyria. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999281–282-86">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> </td> <td>649–648 BC </td> <td>General, initially supported Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt but later sought to make peace with Ashurbanipal. Deposed by Elamites after Ashurbanipal declared war in response to Indabibi not answering a diplomatic demand. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999282-87">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Humban-haltash_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/80px-Humban-haltash_III.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/120px-Humban-haltash_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/160px-Humban-haltash_III.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td> <td>648–647 BC –(first reign)– </td> <td>Proclaimed king after the deposition of Indabibi. Abandoned Madaktu and fled into the mountains after Ashurbanipal invaded Elam in 647 BC. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999282–283CarterStolper198451-88">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-habua </td> <td>647 BC </td> <td>Briefly seized power after Humban-haltash's flight but shortly thereafter also fled into the mountains </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999283GorrisWicks2018254-89">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_II" title="Tammaritu II">Tammaritu II</a> </td> <td>647 BC –(second reign)– </td> <td>Restored as king by Ashurbanipal, installed at Susa, but shortly thereafter deposed by the Assyrians due to his complaints that they were pillaging his country </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999283–284CarterStolper198451–52-90">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pa'e </td> <td>647–646 BC </td> <td>Short-lived and obscure ruler, seized power since Ashurbanipal did not proclaim any new kings after Tammaritu II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018252-79">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Humban-haltash_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/80px-Humban-haltash_III.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/120px-Humban-haltash_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humban-haltash_III.png/160px-Humban-haltash_III.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td> <td>646–645 BC –(second reign)– </td> <td>Retook the throne from Pa'e. Defeated by Ashurbanipal in 646 BC, whereafter the Assyrians laid waste to Elam and nearly destroyed the ancient civilization. Unsuccessful at improving relations with the Assyrians and deeply unpopular with the people, Humban-haltash III was driven from the capital to <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>, where the locals captured him and sent him to Assyria. Final fate unknown. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999284–286CarterStolper198452Leick200270–71-91">[82]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Elamite_kings_(c._645–520/519_BC)">Late Elamite kings (c. 645–520/519 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Late Elamite kings (c. 645–520/519 BC)">edit</a>]</div> Although Humban-haltash III is sometimes identified as the last king of Elam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick200270–71-92">[83]</a> material and documentation evidence suggests that some parts of Elam, including the region surrounding Susa, remained under the control of Elamite rulers until the time of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018250-93">[84]</a> Most of these late rulers, with a few exceptions, had no known familial connections to each other. The sequence below follows the Elamite rulers of Susa and is tentative, with approximate regnal dates, due to the small number of surviving sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255–256-94">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Indada </td> <td>c. 645–635 BC </td> <td>Father of Shutur-Nahhunte, royal status speculative </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shutur-Nahhunte<a href="#cite_note-98">[j]</a> </td> <td>c. 635–610 BC </td> <td>Son of Indada, engaged in diplomacy with <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> of Babylon and received Elamite cult statues previously taken by the Assyrians </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-kitin </td> <td>Late 7th/early 6th century BC </td> <td>Son of Shutur-Nahhunte </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Hallutash-Inshushinak II </td> <td>c. 598/593–583/578 BC </td> <td>Mentioned in Babylonian textual sources </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Humban-Shuturuk </td> <td>Early 6th century BC </td> <td>"Son of Shati-hupiti" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ummanunu </td> <td>First half of the 6th century BC </td> <td>Attested as ruler at Susa by archival texts found in the city </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavernier200439-99">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bahuri </td> <td>First half of the 6th century BC </td> <td>Attested as ruler at Zamin, perhaps contemporary with Ummanunu, in Mesopotamian letters </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavernier200439-99">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shilhak-Inshushinak II </td> <td>First half of the 6th century BC </td> <td>Attested by a royal inscription </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavernier200439-99">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak I </td> <td>First half of the 6th century BC </td> <td>"Son of Hutran-Tepti"; considered the last great Neo-Elamite king, he adopted the traditional Middle Elamite royal style "king of Anshan and Susa" and went on some military campaigns </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018255–256-94">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak II </td> <td>c. 550–530 BC </td> <td>Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II, possibly a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256-100">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#E7E7E7;">Elam incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire c. 530 BC (?)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256-100">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assina.png/80px-Assina.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assina.png/120px-Assina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assina.png/160px-Assina.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="623" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7ina" title="Açina">Açina</a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">522 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">"Son of Upadarma"; either a native Elamite or a Persian, revolted against the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> in the Elamite highlands. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256Potts1999317-101">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="/wiki/File:Martiya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Martiya.png/80px-Martiya.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Martiya.png/120px-Martiya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Martiya.png/160px-Martiya.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Martiya (Humban-nuish) </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">522 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">"Son of Cincikhri"; either a native Elamite or a Persian, revolted against Darius I in the Elamite highlands. Took the regnal name Humban-nuish. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256Potts1999317-101">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E7E7E7;">Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak II </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">520/519 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Revolted against Darius I in the Elamite lowlands. A native Elamite leader, he probably assumed the regnal name Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak to strengthen his claim to the throne. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256Potts1999318-102">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#E7E7E7;">After the defeat of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak II, Elam was reincorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and ceased to be a political entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorrisWicks2018256-100">[90]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elymais_(c._147_BC–AD_221/222)">Elymais (c. 147 BC–AD 221/222)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elymais (c. 147 BC–AD 221/222)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elymais_in_51_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elymais_in_51_BC.png/220px-Elymais_in_51_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elymais_in_51_BC.png/330px-Elymais_in_51_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elymais_in_51_BC.png/440px-Elymais_in_51_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Approximate extent of <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> in 51 BC</figcaption></figure> In the mid-2nd century BC, the kingdom of Elymais established control of large parts of ancient Elam, centered in the region of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>. Though in the past suggested to have been a Persian or Parthian realm, evidence such as the hostility between Elymais and Persian/Parthian rulers and the continued worship of otherwise non-Iranian (perhaps traditional Elamite) deities in the region suggests that the populace of Elymais were descendants of the old Elamites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1998-103">[93]</a> The connection is further supported by the etymological connection between Elam and Elymais, Elymais probably simply being a Hellenized version of Elam, and that Akkadian-language sources from Babylonia refer to Elymais as "Elam" and its people as "Elamites".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999375-104">[94]</a> Though the coins of Elymais were struck in Greek, it is possible that Greek was simply a monetary language and that the spoken language in Elam was still the ancient <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite language</a>. This is reinforced by several of the rulers bearing Elamite names, such as Kamnaskires, Pittit and Anzaze. The name Kamnaskires, borne by several kings, derives from the Elamite kapniškir, meaning "treasurer". Circumstantial evidence also supports the continuity of the Elamite language; in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> in the Bible, written in the late 1st century AD, Elamite is referenced as a distinct and living language and some evidence thereafter suggests it survived for far longer. In Arabic sources as late as the 10th century AD there are references to an "incomprehensible" language in Elam dubbed Khūzī, perhaps a late version of Elamite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavernier2018421-105">[95]</a> Because of the limited surviving source material, the names and dates of the kings of Elymais largely follows evidence from coinage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> with some details also known from surviving Babylonian and Parthian documentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117-107">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamnaskirid_dynasty_(c._147_BC–AD_76)">Kamnaskirid dynasty (c. 147 BC–AD 76)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kamnaskirid dynasty (c. 147 BC–AD 76)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">(Portrait) </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kamnaskires I Soter </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 147 BC (?) </td> <td>First king of Elymais </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png/80px-Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png/120px-Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png/160px-Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="366" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros" title="Kamnaskires II Nikephoros">Kamnaskires II Nikephoros</a> </td> <td>c. 147–139 BC </td> <td>Successor of Kamnaskires I<a href="#cite_note-109">[k]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I of Parthia</a> invaded Elymais in 140/139 BC due to Elamite support for the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a>'s attempted reconquest of Mesopotamian and other eastern lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772-110">[99]</a> The region was then under direct Parthian control for several decades, with occasional rebellions, until secure autonomous control was re-established under <a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_III" title="Kamnaskires III">Kamnaskires III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anzaze" title="Anzaze">Anzaze</a> around 82 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011118-111">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E7E7E7;">Okkonapses </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">c. 139/138–137 BC<a href="#cite_note-113">[l]</a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Usurper/rebel </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011122Wiesehöfer1996318-114">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E7E7E7;">Tigraios </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">c. 137–132 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Usurper/rebel<a href="#cite_note-116">[m]</a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011122Wiesehöfer1996318-114">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_Soter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darius_Soter.png/80px-Darius_Soter.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darius_Soter.png/120px-Darius_Soter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darius_Soter.png/160px-Darius_Soter.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1115" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Darius Soter </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">c. 129 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Usurper/rebel </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan't_Haaff20076–7,_61-117">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E7E7E7;">Pittit </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">125–124 BC </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;">Usurper/rebel </td> <td style="background:#E7E7E7;"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011122-115">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png/80px-Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png/120px-Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png/160px-Kamnaskires_III_and_Anzaze.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="417" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_III" title="Kamnaskires III">Kamnaskires III</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anzaze" title="Anzaze">Anzaze</a> </td> <td>c. 82–62/61 BC<a href="#cite_note-119">[n]</a> </td> <td>Restored autonomous rule, Kamnaskires III appears to have co-ruled with his queen Anzaze </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011118,_325Wiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013772-120">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamnaskires_IV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_IV.png/80px-Kamnaskires_IV.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_IV.png/120px-Kamnaskires_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kamnaskires_IV.png/160px-Kamnaskires_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="350" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_IV" title="Kamnaskires IV">Kamnaskires IV</a> </td> <td>1st century BC (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 62/61–56/55 BC) </td> <td>Son of Kamnaskires III and Anzaze (?) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011325Wiesehöfer1996318Hill1922clxxxvii-121">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamnaskires_V.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kamnaskires_V.png/80px-Kamnaskires_V.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kamnaskires_V.png/120px-Kamnaskires_V.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kamnaskires_V.png/160px-Kamnaskires_V.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="361" /></a> </td> <td>Kamnaskires V </td> <td>Late 1st century BC (fl. 36/35 BC) </td> <td>Poorly attested </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png/80px-Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png/120px-Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png/160px-Kamnaskires_VI_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="265" /></a> </td> <td>Kamnaskires VI </td> <td>Mid/late 1st century AD (fl. AD 68) </td> <td>Appears to have had a lengthy reign<a href="#cite_note-123">[o]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772Hill1922clxxxix-124">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsacid_dynasty_and_late_kings_(c._76–221/222)">Arsacid dynasty and late kings (c. 76–221/222)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arsacid dynasty and late kings (c. 76–221/222)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">Arsacid dynasty</a></div> After the end of the Kamnaskirid dynasty in the late first century AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772-110">[99]</a> around the year 76,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1998-103">[93]</a> Elymais was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the Arsacid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. Coins minted by the Arsacid kings of Elymais are highly similar to the coins minted by the Kamnaskirid rulers, though differ in including inscriptions in both Greek and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, rather than just Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772-110">[99]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="6%">Portrait </th> <th width="16%">Name </th> <th width="17%">Reign </th> <th width="59%">Succession and notes </th> <th width="2%">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png/80px-Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png/120px-Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png/160px-Orodes_I_of_Elymais_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="383" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Elymais" title="Orodes I of Elymais">Orodes I</a> </td> <td>Late 1st century </td> <td>First Arsacid king of Elymais </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013772-125">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png/80px-Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png/120px-Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png/160px-Orodes_II_of_Elymais_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="336" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II_of_Elymais" title="Orodes II of Elymais">Orodes II</a> (Kamnaskires-Orodes)<a href="#cite_note-127">[p]</a> </td> <td>Late 1st/early 2nd century </td> <td>Son of Orodes I </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hill1922cxciHansman1998-128">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png/80px-Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png/120px-Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png/160px-Phraates_of_Elymais_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="349" /></a> </td> <td>Phraates </td> <td>Late 1st/early 2nd century </td> <td>Son of Orodes I or II </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hill1922cxciHansman1998-128">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png/80px-Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png/120px-Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png/160px-Osroes_of_Elymais_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="432" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osroes_of_Elymais" title="Osroes of Elymais">Osroes</a> </td> <td>2nd century </td> <td>Successor of Phraates, possibly the same person as the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> or an Elamite ruler who closely copied his coins </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hansman1998-129">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png/80px-Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png/120px-Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png/160px-Orodes_III_of_Elymais.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="502" /></a> </td> <td>Orodes III with Ulfan </td> <td>2nd century (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 138) </td> <td>Orodes III appears to have co-ruled with a woman named Ulfan, possibly his queen </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998-130">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abar-Basi_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abar-Basi_portrait.png/80px-Abar-Basi_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abar-Basi_portrait.png/120px-Abar-Basi_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abar-Basi_portrait.png/160px-Abar-Basi_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="419" /></a> </td> <td>Abar-Basi </td> <td>2nd century (fl. 150) </td> <td>Attested and depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tang-e_Sarvak" title="Tang-e Sarvak">Tang-e Sarvak</a> inscription </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998-130">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg/160px-Coin_of_Orodes_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="663" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orodes_IV_of_Elymais" title="Orodes IV of Elymais">Orodes IV</a> </td> <td>2nd/3rd century (crowned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 165/170) </td> <td>Possibly the same Orodes as an Orodes attested and depicted in the Tang-e Sarvak inscription. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Bruno Henning</a> speculated that Orodes IV was the son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel-Dusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bel-Dusa (page does not exist)">Bel-Dusa</a>, high priest or grand vizier, and was installed as king by his father after the death of Abar-Basi. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998-130">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khwasak_portrait_stele.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Khwasak_portrait_stele.png/80px-Khwasak_portrait_stele.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Khwasak_portrait_stele.png/120px-Khwasak_portrait_stele.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Khwasak_portrait_stele.png/160px-Khwasak_portrait_stele.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="245" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khwasak" title="Khwasak">Khwasak</a> </td> <td>3rd century (fl. 215) </td> <td>Ruler of Susa shown in a relief from the city as receiving royal (?) power from the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773-126">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png/80px-Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png/120px-Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png/160px-Orodes_V_of_Elymais_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="701" /></a> </td> <td>Orodes V </td> <td>3rd century (fl. 221/222) </td> <td>Last king of Elymais, attested in accounts of the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> as being defeated by <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> in 221/222, whereafter Elymais was incorporated into the Sasanian Empire and abolished as a kingdom </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998-130">[114]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_pre-Achaemenid_kingdoms_of_Iran" title="List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran">List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">List of monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of Mesopotamian dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> also contains a set of three unnamed rulers of the "Awan dynasty"; based on the chronology of the king list, they would have ruled around 2600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180-5">[5]</a> The Sumerian King List is however not considered to be of historical value for rulers before <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (24th century BC) and it is unlikely that Elamite rulers at this early stage exerted influence in Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The Awan King List places Hishep-ratep after Luh-ishan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180-5">[5]</a> but texts written by their contemporary <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> refer to Hishep-ratep as Luh-ishan's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018185-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Khita has sometimes been identified with the name Hita'a, which appears in the Awan King List, but Khita is attested as a contemporary of the Akkadian king <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1971662-17">[15]</a> and Hita'a, if real, must be chronologically placed after the fall of the Akkadian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Reading uncertain, some scholars note the uncertainty by referring to him as "Lu-[...]-uhhan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Though still recognized as the progenitor of the Igihalkid dynasty, Igi-halki's status as king has been called into question in recent scholarship since the only inscription which was thought to explicitly identify him as king was re-assigned to the earlier Igi-hatet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018234-49">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Babylonian sources record Hurbatila as "king of Elammat" which has led some to suggest that he ruled a separate kingdom near Elam; since Babylonian sources otherwise use "Elamti" (i.e. Elam) and "Elammat" interchangeably, such a conclusion is not supported by the evidence. </li> <li id="cite_note-unpahash-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unpahash_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unpahash_59-1">b</a> The unexpected accessions of Unpahash-Napirisha and Kidin-Hutran I before Untash-Napirisha's son Kidin-Hutran II was in the past sometimes interpreted as indicating that the kingdom was divided into several smaller realms and that there was thus not a single line of succession. This was thought to be supported by inscriptions by kings from this time variously using "king of Susa and Anshan" and "king of Anshan and Susa"; documentary evidence however shows that kings used both titles, in different contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999211-58">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Since Hallutash-Inshushinak is not attested as king, Shutruk-Nakhunte was presumably the founder and first ruler of the royal dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMofidi-Nasrabadi2018236-64">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Humban-numena II is sometimes alternatively placed as the direct predecessor of the later Humban-tahra and as the progenitor of the First Neo-Elamite dynasty, ruling in the 770s BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani2014528-70">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Sometimes enumerated as Shutur-Nahhunte III, after <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte I</a> and Shutruk-Nahhunte II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2005359-96">[87]</a> despite Shutur-Nahhunte and Shutruk-Nahhunte being different names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick2002154-97">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> There is some dispute as to whether Kamnaskires I and Kamnaskires II were different people or the same king. In the case that they are considered the same person, the regnal numbers of later kings of the same name are decremented by one (i.e. Kamnaskires III becomes Kamnaskires II, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771–772-108">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Rezakhani (2013) placed Okkonapses significantly earlier, as a local rebel already in 188–187 BC, against the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-112">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Shayegan (2011) speculates that an Elamite prince referenced in Babylonian sources, Kamnaskires Soter, was placed on the Elamite throne by the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> after Tigraios's defeat and ruled Elymais 133–130 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011122-115">[103]</a> Other scholars omit this figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Kamnaskires III's and Anzaze's coins are attested 82–75 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772-110">[99]</a> Shayegan (2011) speculated that they ruled until having diplomatic dealings with the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 62/61 after which they were replaced by the Parthians with their son, also named Kamnaskires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011325-118">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Kamnaskires VI is always depicted as old on his coins, perhaps reflecting records of an unidentified Kamnaskires living to the age of 96.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1922clxxxix-122">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Wiesehöfer (1996) considered Kamnaskires-Orodes to have been a separate king, whom he enumerated as Kamnaskires-Orodes III,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318-106">[96]</a> most other researchers consider Orodes II and Kamnaskires-Orodes to be the same king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1998-103">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773-126">[111]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018177-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018177_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018179-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018179_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018184-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018184_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1972180_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181Hinz1972180_8-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 181; <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018185-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018185_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185–186Hinz1972180-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185–186Hinz1972180_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, pp. 181, 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185Hinz1972180-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018181,_185Hinz1972180_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, pp. 181, 185; <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCameron1936" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, George (1936). 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University of Chicago Press. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Iran&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186–191-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018186–191_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, pp. 186–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999107_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1971662-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1971662_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1971662_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinz1971">Hinz 1971</a>, p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191Potts1999107-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191Potts1999107_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, p. 191; <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191–192-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller2018191–192_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinkeller2018">Steinkeller 2018</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999130-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999130_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999144-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999144_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999162-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999162_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999162_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213–214-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213–214_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018203-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018203_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214Potts1999144Hinz1972180_27-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, p. 214; <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999149-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999149_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018214–215Potts1999144Hinz1972180_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, pp. 214–215; <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999160_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213,_215-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018213,_215_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, pp. 213, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018217-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018217_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018217_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinz1972183-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1972183_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinz1972183_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinz1972">Hinz 1972</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018220-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018220_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyronel2018218–219_36-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyronel2018">Peyronel 2018</a>, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotts1999164_37-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotts1999">Potts 1999</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Katrien De Graef. “The Seal of an Official or an Official Seal? 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<a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1996">Wiesehöfer 1996</a>, p. 318; <a href="#CITEREFHill1922">Hill 1922</a>, p. clxxxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1922clxxxix-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1922clxxxix_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1922">Hill 1922</a>, p. clxxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772Hill1922clxxxix-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013772Hill1922clxxxix_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 772; <a href="#CITEREFHill1922">Hill 1922</a>, p. clxxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013772-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013772_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1996">Wiesehöfer 1996</a>, p. 318; <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 772. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 773. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hill1922cxciHansman1998-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hill1922cxciHansman1998_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hill1922cxciHansman1998_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1996">Wiesehöfer 1996</a>, p. 318; <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 773; <a href="#CITEREFHill1922">Hill 1922</a>, p. cxci; <a href="#CITEREFHansman1998">Hansman 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hansman1998-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer1996318Rezakhani2013773Hansman1998_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer1996">Wiesehöfer 1996</a>, p. 318; <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 773; <a href="#CITEREFHansman1998">Hansman 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013773Hansman1998_130-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 773; <a href="#CITEREFHansman1998">Hansman 1998</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterStolper1984" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Elizabeth; Stolper, Matthew W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elamsurveysofpol0000cart">Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology</a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520099500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520099500"><bdi>978-0520099500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elam%3A+Surveys+of+Political+History+and+Archaeology&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0520099500&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Stolper%2C+Matthew+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felamsurveysofpol0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrisWicks2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorris, Elynn & Wicks, Yasmina (2018). "The last centuries of Elam: the Neo-Elamite period". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro & Wicks, Yasmina (eds.). The Elamite World. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 249–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+last+centuries+of+Elam%3A+the+Neo-Elamite+period&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=249-272&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft.aulast=Gorris&rft.aufirst=Elynn&rft.au=Wicks%2C+Yasmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansman1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hansman, John F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/elymais">"Elymais"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elymais&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hansman&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Felymais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Hill" title="George Francis Hill">Hill, George Francis</a> (1922). Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia (Nabataea, Arabia, Provincia, S. Arabia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, Alexandrine Empire of the East, Persis, Elymais, Characene). London: <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">Order of the Trustees</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041623470">1041623470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Greek+Coins+of+Arabia%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Persia+%28Nabataea%2C+Arabia%2C+Provincia%2C+S.+Arabia%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+Babylonia%2C+Assyria%2C+Persia%2C+Alexandrine+Empire+of+the+East%2C+Persis%2C+Elymais%2C+Characene%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041623470&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=George+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinz1971" class="citation book cs1">Hinz, Walther (1971). "Persia, c. 2400–1800 BC". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J. & Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC">The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 644–680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07791-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07791-5"><bdi>0-521-07791-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia%2C+c.+2400%E2%80%931800+BC&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+I+Part+2%3A+Early+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=644-680&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07791-5&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslR7SFScEnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinz1972" class="citation book cs1">Hinz, Walther (1972) [1964]. 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London: Sidgwick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-97863-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-97863-5"><bdi>0-283-97863-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+Elam%3A+Re-creation+of+a+Vanished+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-283-97863-5&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick2002" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAGFAgAAQBAJ">Who's Who in the Ancient Near East</a>. 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Oxford: Routledge. pp. 232–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elam+in+the+Middle+Elamite+period&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=232-248&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft.aulast=Mofidi-Nasrabadi&rft.aufirst=Behzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyronel2018" class="citation book cs1">Peyronel, Luca (2018). "The Old Elamite period". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro & Wicks, Yasmina (eds.). The Elamite World. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 203–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Elamite+period&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=203-231&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft.aulast=Peyronel&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C">The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-563585" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-563585"><bdi>0-521-563585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Iranian+State&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-563585&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2013" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean and Persid coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 766–777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973330-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacid%2C+Elymaean+and+Persid+coinage&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=766-777&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973330-9&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roaf, Michael, "Kassite and Elamite Kings", in Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 166-195, 2017</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false">Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521766418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521766418"><bdi>978-0521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkeller2018" class="citation book cs1">Steinkeller, Piotr (2018). "The Birth of Elam in History". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro & Wicks, Yasmina (eds.). The Elamite World. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 177–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Elam+in+History&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=177-202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft.aulast=Steinkeller&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tavernier, Jan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etana.org/node/7301">"Some Thoughts on Neo-Elamite Chronology"</a>. Achemenet. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190619748">190619748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Achemenet&rft.atitle=Some+Thoughts+on+Neo-Elamite+Chronology&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190619748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etana.org%2Fnode%2F7301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier2018" class="citation book cs1">Tavernier, Jan (2018). "The Elamite language". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro & Wicks, Yasmina (eds.). The Elamite World. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 416–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-99989-3"><bdi>978-1-138-99989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elamite+language&rft.btitle=The+Elamite+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=416-449&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-99989-3&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan't_Haaff2007" class="citation book cs1">van't Haaff, Pieter Anne (2007). Catalogue of Elymaean Coinage: Ca. 147 B.C.-A.D. 228. Lancaster: Classical Numismatic Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9709268-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9709268-8-3"><bdi>978-0-9709268-8-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Elymaean+Coinage%3A+Ca.+147+B.C.-A.D.+228&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Classical+Numismatic+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9709268-8-3&rft.aulast=van%27t+Haaff&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer1996" class="citation book cs1">Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). Ancient Persia: from 550 BC to 650 AD. Translated by Azodi, Azizeh. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-999-0"><bdi>1-85043-999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+from+550+BC+to+650+AD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85043-999-0&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Elamite_Kings" title="Template:Elamite Kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elamite_Kings" title="Template talk:Elamite Kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elamite_Kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elamite Kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Elam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Elam</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Elam">List of kings of Elam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  (uncertain</li><li>vassal ruler)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700_-_c._1500_BC)" title="Elam">Old Elamite Period</a> (2700–1500 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukku-Tanhish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-Tarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kikku-siwe-temti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autalummash" title="Autalummash">Autalummash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hishep-ratep" title="Hishep-ratep">Hishep-ratep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a></li> <li>Helu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shimashki_dynasty" title="Shimashki dynasty">Shimashki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Girnamme</li> <li>Tazitta I</li> <li>Ebarti I</li> <li>Tazitta II</li> <li>Lurakluhhan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a></li> <li>Indattu-Inshushinak I</li> <li>Imazu</li> <li>Tan-Ruhurater I</li> <li>Ebarti II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indattu-Inshushinak_II" title="Indattu-Inshushinak II">Indattu-Inshushinak II</a></li> <li>Indattunapir</li> <li>Indattutemti</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ebarti II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilhaha" title="Shilhaha">Shilhaha</a></li> <li>Kuk-nashur I</li> <li>Atta-hushu</li> <li>Tetep-mada</li> <li>Pala-ishshan</li> <li>Kuk-sanit</li> <li>Kuk-kirwash</li> <li>Tem-sanit</li> <li>Kuk-Nahhunte</li> <li>Kuk-nashur II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirukduh" title="Shirukduh">Shiruk-tuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimut-wartash_I" title="Shimut-wartash I">Shimut-wartash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a></li> <li>Kudu-zulush I</li> <li>Kutir-Nahhunte I</li> <li>Atta-mera-halki</li> <li>Tata II</li> <li>Lila-irtash</li> <li>Temti-agun</li> <li>Kutir-shilhaha</li> <li>Kuk-nashur III</li> <li>Temti-raptash</li> <li>Shimut-wartash II</li> <li>Shirtuh</li> <li>Kudu-zulush II</li> <li>Tan-uli</li> <li>Temti-halki</li> <li>Kuk-nashur IV</li> <li>Kutik-matlat</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Old_Elamite_period_(c._1500_-_c._1100_BC)" title="Elam">Middle Elamite Period</a> (1500–1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Kidinuid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Igi-hatet</li> <li>Kidinu</li> <li>Tan-Ruhurater II</li> <li>Shalla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepti-Ahar" title="Tepti-Ahar">Tepti-Ahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak-shar-ili" title="Inshushinak-shar-ili">Inshushinak-shar-ili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Igehalkid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igi-Halki" title="Igi-Halki">Igi-Halki</a></li> <li>Pahir-ishshan</li> <li>Attar-kittah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humban-Numena" title="Humban-Numena">Humban-numena I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a></li> <li>Hurbatila</li> <li>Unpahash-Napirisha</li> <li>Kidin-hutran I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidin-Hutran" title="Kidin-Hutran">Kidin-hutran II</a></li> <li>Napirisha-untash</li> <li>Kidin-hutran III</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_dynasty" title="Shutrukid dynasty">Shutrukid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte I</a></li> <li>Kutir-Nahhunte II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilhak-Inshushinak" title="Shilhak-Inshushinak">Shilhak-Inshushinak I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutelutush-Inshushinak" title="Hutelutush-Inshushinak">Hutelutush-Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar (page does not exist)">Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humban-numena_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humban-numena II (page does not exist)">Humban-numena II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100_–_540_BC)" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite Period</a> (1100–540 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Humban- tahrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Humban-tahra</li> <li>Humban-nikash I</li> <li>Shutruk-Nahhunte II</li> <li>Hallutash-Inshushinak I</li> <li>Kutir-Nahhunte III</li> <li>Humban-numena III</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Hubanid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Humban-haltash I</li> <li>Humban-haltash II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak I/Teumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Humban-nikash II/Ummanigash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_II" title="Tammaritu II">Tammaritu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Inda-bigash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III/Ummanaldash</a></li> <li>Humban-habua</li> <li>Pa'e</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Later kingship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indada</li> <li>Shutur-Nahhunte</li> <li>Humban-kitin</li> <li>Hallutash-Inshushinak II</li> <li>Humban-Shuturuk</li> <li>Ummanunu</li> <li>Bahuri</li> <li>Shilhak-Inshushinak II</li> <li>Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak I</li> <li>Tepti-Humban-Inshushinak II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7ina" title="Açina">Açina</a></li> <li>Humban-nuish/Martiya</li> <li>Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak II</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/ dates <a href="#cite_note-131">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[5]</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/50px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/75px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/100px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/100px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/150px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/200px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE) <a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a> (Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/35px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/53px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/70px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a> (Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>) Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a> Animal <a href="/wiki/Stork_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stork (Pharaoh)">Stork</a> <a href="/wiki/Canide_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canide (Pharaoh)">Canide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (Pharaoh)">Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a> <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a> <a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a> (3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>) (3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a> <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/30px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/45px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a> <a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a> <a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mesh-ki-ang-gasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh-ki-ang-gasher">Mesh-ki-ang-gasher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a> <a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<a href="#cite_note-SKL-136">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/22px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/33px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/44px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a> (2700–1500 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> (First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty (5 kings) <a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a> <a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> <a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal- shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/30px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/45px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mes-he" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes-he">Mes-he</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamanna">Melamanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/50px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/75px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/100px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a> "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500-539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a> <a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/30px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/45px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a> <a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3">Kish III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha- kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/30px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/45px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a> <a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a> <a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions (3 kings)<a href="#cite_note-SKL-136">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun- tarana</a> <a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/30px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/45px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a> (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a> <a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a> <a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a> <a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> <a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a> <a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty Nanni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kiku-siwe-tempti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannemundu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugalannemundu">Lugalannemundu</a> "King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<a href="#cite_note-SKL-136">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a> (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3">Akkadian Governors: <a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a> (vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6">Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a> Kingdom </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a> dynasty) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a> (Vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"> <a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years) <a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-Ratep" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishep-Ratep">Hishep-Ratep</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a> <a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/25px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/38px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/50px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a> (21 kings) <a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a> <a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty <a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a> (vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a> (Vassals of Ur III)<a href="#cite_note-137">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a> "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025-1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a> Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/30px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/45px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a> (...) Lim Dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Eshtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Eshtar">Lipit-Eshtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a> Dynasty of Larsa: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>) (Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a> 1700–722 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> ("Old Babylonian Period") (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-muballit">Sin-muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-eshuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-eshuh">Abi-eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-ditana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-ditana">Ammi-ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-saduqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammi-saduqa">Ammi-saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> Second Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>") <a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">mDIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a> <a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a> Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth</a> Dynasty </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>") <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (1600–1260 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Parshatatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshatatar">Parshatatar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agum-Kakrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum-Kakrime">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-harbe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-harbe I">Kadashman-harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnaburiash II">Burnaburiash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliashu_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliashu IV">Kashtiliashu IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> (1500–1100 BCE) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Kidinuid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Igehalkid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>") <a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6">Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") <a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a>♀ (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Eight Babylonian Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Elam">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a> <a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_(son_of_Urtak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammaritu (son of Urtak)">Tammaritu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>") <a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>† <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a>† <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>† <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetis</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra IV of Egypt">Cleopatra IV</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI of Egypt">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀ </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11">Hellenistic Period <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahralanyozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahralanyozan">Sahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a>♀ <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/10px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/15px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Central Asia">Rulers of Ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, W.</a> (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford%2C+CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</a>. Getty Publications. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Potts%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534">Ancient Iraq</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_136-2">c</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Elamite+kings" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&oldid=1258450096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Elamite_kings&oldid=1258450096</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_monarchs_in_Asia" title="Category:Lists of monarchs in Asia">Lists of monarchs in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elamite_kings" title="Category:Elamite kings">Elamite kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran_history-related_lists" title="Category:Iran history-related lists">Iran history-related lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Persia" title="Category:Monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 20:18 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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