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splitting</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: splitting"> <meta name="keywords" content="splitting"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="splitting"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 215</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: splitting</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> A Forbidden-Minor Characterization for the Class of Co-Graphic Matroids Which Yield the Graphic Element-Splitting Matroids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Malavadkar">Prashant Malavadkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santosh%20Dhotre"> Santosh Dhotre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maruti%20Shikare"> Maruti Shikare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The n-point splitting operation on graphs is used to characterize 4-connected graphs with some more operations. Element splitting operation on binary matroids is a natural generalization of the notion of n-point splitting operation on graphs. The element splitting operation on a graphic (cographic) matroid may not yield a graphic (cographic) matroid. Characterization of graphic (cographic) matroids whose element splitting matroids are graphic (cographic) is known. The element splitting operation on a co-graphic matroid, in general may not yield a graphic matroid. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the cographic matroid to yield a graphic matroid under the element splitting operation. In fact, we prove that the element splitting operation, by any pair of elements, on a cographic matroid yields a graphic matroid if and only if it has no minor isomorphic to M(K4); where K4 is the complete graph on 4 vertices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20matroids" title="binary matroids">binary matroids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting" title=" splitting"> splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=element%20splitting" title=" element splitting"> element splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forbidden%20minor" title=" forbidden minor"> forbidden minor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59445/a-forbidden-minor-characterization-for-the-class-of-co-graphic-matroids-which-yield-the-graphic-element-splitting-matroids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Geometrical Based Unequal Droplet Splitting Using Microfluidic Y-Junction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahram%20Talebjedi">Bahram Talebjedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirmohammad%20Sattari"> Amirmohammad Sattari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Zoher%20Sihorwala"> Ahmed Zoher Sihorwala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mina%20Hoorfar"> Mina Hoorfar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among different droplet manipulations, controlled droplet-splitting is of great significance due to its ability to increase throughput and operational capability. Furthermore, unequal droplet-splitting can provide greater flexibility and a wider range of dilution factors. In this study, we developed two-dimensional, time-dependent complex fluid dynamics simulations to model droplet formation in a flow focusing device, followed by splitting in a Y-shaped junction with sub-channels of unequal widths. From the results obtained from the numerical study, we correlated the diameters of the droplets in the sub-channels to the Weber number, thereby demarcating the droplet splitting and non-splitting regimes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfluidics" title="microfluidics">microfluidics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unequal%20droplet%20splitting" title=" unequal droplet splitting"> unequal droplet splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flow" title=" two phase flow"> two phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20focusing%20device" title=" flow focusing device"> flow focusing device</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133469/geometrical-based-unequal-droplet-splitting-using-microfluidic-y-junction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Topological Indices of Some Graph Operations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Mary">U. Mary </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Let be a graph with a finite, nonempty set of objects called vertices together with a set of unordered pairs of distinct vertices of called edges. The vertex set is denoted by and the edge set by. Given two graphs and the wiener index of, wiener index for the splitting graph of a graph, the first Zagreb index of and its splitting graph, the 3-steiner wiener index of, the 3-steiner wiener index of a special graph are explored in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20prism%20graph" title="complementary prism graph">complementary prism graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20Zagreb%20index" title=" first Zagreb index"> first Zagreb index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neighborhood%20corona%20graph" title=" neighborhood corona graph"> neighborhood corona graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steiner%20distance" title=" steiner distance"> steiner distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20graph" title=" splitting graph"> splitting graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steiner%20wiener%20index" title=" steiner wiener index"> steiner wiener index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wiener%20index" title=" wiener index"> wiener index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16774/topological-indices-of-some-graph-operations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">570</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Parallel Multisplitting Methods for DAE’s</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Machmoum">Ahmed Machmoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20El%20Kyal"> Malika El Kyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider iterative parallel multi-splitting method for differential algebraic equations. The main feature of the proposed idea is to use the asynchronous form. We prove that the multi-splitting technique can effectively accelerate the convergent performance of the iterative process. The main characteristic of an asynchronous mode is that the local algorithm not have to wait at predetermined messages to become available. We allow some processors to communicate more frequently than others, and we allow the communication delays tobe substantial and unpredictable. Note that synchronous algorithms in the computer science sense are particular cases of our formulation of asynchronous one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer" title="computer">computer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-splitting%20methods" title=" multi-splitting methods"> multi-splitting methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20mode" title=" asynchronous mode"> asynchronous mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20algebraic%20systems" title=" differential algebraic systems "> differential algebraic systems </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23813/parallel-multisplitting-methods-for-daes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Copper/Nickel Sulfide Catalyst Electrodeposited on Nickel Foam for Efficient Water Splitting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamad%20Almohamadi">Hamad Almohamadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabeel%20Alharthi"> Nabeel Alharthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majed%20Alamoudi"> Majed Alamoudi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biphasic electrodes featuring CuSx/NiSx electrodeposited on nickel foam have been investigated for their electrocatalytic activity in water splitting. The study investigates the impacts of an S-vacancy induced biphasic design on the overpotential and Tafel slope. According to the findings, the NiSx/CuSx/NF electrode with S-vacancy defects displays stronger oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with lower overpotential and a steeper Tafel slope than the non-defect sample. NiSx/CuSx/NF exhibits the lowest overpotential value of 212 mV vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for OER and −109 mV vs RHE for HER at 10 mA cm−2. Tafel slope of 25.4 mV dec−1 for OER and −108 mV dec−1 for OER found of that electrode. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and diffusion impedance of the electrode is calculated. The maximum ECSA, lowest series resistance and lowest charge transfer resistance are found in the *NiSx/CuSx/NF sample with S-vacancy defects, showing increased electrical conductivity and quick charge transfer kinetics. The *NiSx/CuSx/NF electrode was found to be stable for 80 hours in pure water splitting and 20 hours in sea-water splitting. The investigation comes to the conclusion that the enhanced water splitting activity and electrical conductivity of the electrode are caused by S-vacancy defects resulting in improved water splitting performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title="water splitting">water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocatalyst" title=" electrocatalyst"> electrocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20design" title=" biphasic design"> biphasic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrodeposition" title=" electrodeposition"> electrodeposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165992/coppernickel-sulfide-catalyst-electrodeposited-on-nickel-foam-for-efficient-water-splitting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> A Study on the Iterative Scheme for Stratified Shields Gamma Ray Buildup Factors Using Layer-Splitting Technique in Double-Layer Shields</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sari%20F.%20Alkhatib">Sari F. Alkhatib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Je%20Park"> Chang Je Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyuhong%20Roh"> Gyuhong Roh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The iterative scheme which is used to treat buildup factors for stratified shields is being investigated here using the layer-splitting technique. A simple suggested formalism for the scheme based on the Kalos’ formula is introduced, based on which the implementation of the testing technique is carried out. The second layer in a double-layer shield was split into two equivalent layers and the scheme (with the suggested formalism) was implemented on the new “three-layer” shield configuration. The results of such manipulation on water-lead and water-iron shields combinations are presented here for 1 MeV photons. It was found that splitting the second layer introduces some deviation on the overall buildup factor value. This expected deviation appeared to be higher in the case of low Z layer followed by high Z. However, the overall performance of the iterative scheme showed a great consistency and strong coherence even with the introduced changes. The introduced layer-splitting testing technique shows the capability to be implemented in test the iterative scheme with a wide range of formalisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buildup%20factor" title="buildup factor">buildup factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterative%20scheme" title=" iterative scheme"> iterative scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratified%20shields" title=" stratified shields"> stratified shields</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layer-splitting%20tecnique" title=" layer-splitting tecnique"> layer-splitting tecnique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8371/a-study-on-the-iterative-scheme-for-stratified-shields-gamma-ray-buildup-factors-using-layer-splitting-technique-in-double-layer-shields" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Parallel Asynchronous Multi-Splitting Methods for Differential Algebraic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malika%20Elkyal">Malika Elkyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider an iterative parallel multi-splitting method for differential algebraic equations. The main feature of the proposed idea is to use the asynchronous form. We prove that the multi-splitting technique can effectively accelerate the convergent performance of the iterative process. The main characteristic of an asynchronous mode is that the local algorithm does not have to wait at predetermined messages to become available. We allow some processors to communicate more frequently than others, and we allow the communication delays to be substantial and unpredictable. Accordingly, we note that synchronous algorithms in the computer science sense are particular cases of our formulation of asynchronous one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20methods" title="parallel methods">parallel methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asynchronous%20mode" title=" asynchronous mode"> asynchronous mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multisplitting" title=" multisplitting"> multisplitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20algebraic%20equations" title=" differential algebraic equations"> differential algebraic equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20673/parallel-asynchronous-multi-splitting-methods-for-differential-algebraic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">558</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> Operator Splitting Scheme for the Inverse Nagumo Equation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharon-Yasotha%20Veerayah-Mcgregor">Sharon-Yasotha Veerayah-Mcgregor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valipuram%20Manoranjan"> Valipuram Manoranjan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A backward or inverse problem is known to be an ill-posed problem due to its instability that easily emerges with any slight change within the conditions of the problem. Therefore, only a limited number of numerical approaches are available to solve a backward problem. This paper considers the Nagumo equation, an equation that describes impulse propagation in nerve axons, which also models population growth with the Allee effect. A creative operator splitting numerical scheme is constructed to solve the inverse Nagumo equation. Computational simulations are used to verify that this scheme is stable, accurate, and efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverse%2Fbackward%20equation" title="inverse/backward equation">inverse/backward equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operator-splitting" title=" operator-splitting"> operator-splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagumo%20equation" title=" Nagumo equation"> Nagumo equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ill-posed" title=" ill-posed"> ill-posed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite-difference" title=" finite-difference"> finite-difference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182287/operator-splitting-scheme-for-the-inverse-nagumo-equation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Titania Assisted Metal-Organic Framework Matrix for Elevated Hydrogen Generation Combined with the Production of Graphene Sheets through Water-Splitting Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20M.%20Gobara">Heba M. Gobara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20M.%20El-Naggar"> Ahmed A. M. El-Naggar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasha%20S.%20El-Sayed"> Rasha S. El-Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20A.%20AlKahlawy"> Amal A. AlKahlawy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, metal organic framework (Cr-MIL-101) and TiO₂ nanoparticles were utilized as two semiconductors for water splitting process. The coupling of both semiconductors in order to improve the photocatalytic reactivity for the hydrogen production in presence of methanol as a hole scavenger under visible light (sunlight) has been performed. The forementioned semiconductors and the collected samples after water splitting application are characterized by several techniques viz., XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, TEM, ED, EDX, Raman spectroscopy and the total content of carbon. The results revealed an efficient yield of H₂ production with maximum purity 99.3% with the in-situ formation of graphene oxide nanosheets and multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated over the surface of the physically mixed Cr-MIL-101–TiO₂ system. The amount of H₂ gas produced was stored when using Cr-MIL-101 catalyst individually. The obtained data in this work provides promising candidate materials for pure hydrogen production as a clean fuel acquired from the water splitting process. In addition, the in-situ production of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes is counted as promising advances for the presented process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title="hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysts" title=" photocatalysts"> photocatalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graphene" title=" Graphene"> Graphene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89204/titania-assisted-metal-organic-framework-matrix-for-elevated-hydrogen-generation-combined-with-the-production-of-graphene-sheets-through-water-splitting-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> A Novel PSO Based Decision Tree Classification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Farzan">Ali Farzan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Classification of data objects or patterns is a major part in most of Decision making systems. One of the popular and commonly used classification methods is Decision Tree (DT). It is a hierarchical decision making system by which a binary tree is constructed and starting from root, at each node some of the classes is rejected until reaching the leaf nods. Each leaf node is a representative of one specific class. Finding the splitting criteria in each node for constructing or training the tree is a major problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been adopted as a metaheuristic searching method for finding the best splitting criteria. Result of evaluating the proposed method over benchmark datasets indicates the higher accuracy of the new PSO based decision tree. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree" title="decision tree">decision tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20swarm%20optimization" title=" particle swarm optimization"> particle swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20criteria" title=" splitting criteria"> splitting criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaheuristic" title=" metaheuristic"> metaheuristic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32425/a-novel-pso-based-decision-tree-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Influence of Scrap Tyre Steel Fiber on Mechanical Properties of High Performance Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isyaka%20Abdulkadir">Isyaka Abdulkadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egbe%20Ngu-Ntui%20Ogork"> Egbe Ngu-Ntui Ogork</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to investigate the use of Scrap Tyre Steel Fibers (STSF) for the production of fiber reinforced high performance concrete. The Scrap Tyre Steel Fibers (STSF) were obtained from dealers that extracted the fibers by burning the scrap tyres and were characterized. The effect of STSF was investigated on grade 50 concrete of 1:1.28:1.92 with water cement ratio of 0.39 at additions of STSF of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% by volume of concrete. The fresh concrete was tested for slump while the hardened concrete was tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths, respectively at curing ages of 3, 7, 28 and 56 days in accordance with standard procedure. The results indicate that slump decreased with increase in STSF, while compressive and splitting tensile strengths increased with increase in STSF up to 1.5% and reduction in strength with increase in STSF above 1.5%. 1.5% STSF was considered as the optimum dosage with a 28 days increase in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of 12.3% and 43.8% respectively, of control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20performance%20concrete" title=" high performance concrete"> high performance concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scrap%20tyre%20steel%20fiber" title=" scrap tyre steel fiber"> scrap tyre steel fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20tensile%20strength" title=" splitting tensile strength"> splitting tensile strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36478/influence-of-scrap-tyre-steel-fiber-on-mechanical-properties-of-high-performance-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> A Study on the Iterative Scheme for Stratified Shields Gamma Ray Buildup Factor Using Layer-Splitting Technique in Double-Layer Shield</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sari%20F.%20Alkhatib">Sari F. Alkhatib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Je%20Park"> Chang Je Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyuhong%20Roh"> Gyuhong Roh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daeseong%20Jo"> Daeseong Jo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The iterative scheme which is used to treat buildup factors for stratified shields of three-layers or more is being investigated here using the layer-splitting technique. The second layer in a double-layer shield was split into two equivalent layers and the scheme was implemented on the new 'three-layer' shield configuration. The results of such manipulation for water-lead and water-iron shields combinations are presented here for 1 MeV photons. It was found that splitting the second layer introduces some deviation on the overall buildup factor. This expected deviation appeared to be higher in the case of low Z layer followed by high Z. However, the iterative scheme showed a great consistency and strong coherence with the introduced changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=build-up%20factor" title="build-up factor">build-up factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iterative%20scheme" title=" iterative scheme"> iterative scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratified%20shields" title=" stratified shields"> stratified shields</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20protection" title=" radiation protection"> radiation protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8373/a-study-on-the-iterative-scheme-for-stratified-shields-gamma-ray-buildup-factor-using-layer-splitting-technique-in-double-layer-shield" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">576</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> Effect of Noise Reduction Algorithms on Temporal Splitting of Speech Signal to Improve Speech Perception for Binaural Hearing Aids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajani%20S.%20Pujar">Rajani S. Pujar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pandurangarao%20N.%20Kulkarni"> Pandurangarao N. Kulkarni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increased temporal masking affects the speech perception in persons with sensorineural hearing impairment especially under adverse listening conditions. This paper presents a cascaded scheme, which employs a noise reduction algorithm as well as temporal splitting of the speech signal. Earlier investigations have shown that by splitting the speech temporally and presenting alternate segments to the two ears help in reducing the effect of temporal masking. In this technique, the speech signal is processed by two fading functions, complementary to each other, and presented to left and right ears for binaural dichotic presentation. In the present study, half cosine signal is used as a fading function with crossover gain of 6 dB for the perceptual balance of loudness. Temporal splitting is combined with noise reduction algorithm to improve speech perception in the background noise. Two noise reduction schemes, namely spectral subtraction and Wiener filter are used. Listening tests were conducted on six normal-hearing subjects, with sensorineural loss simulated by adding broadband noise to the speech signal at different signal-to-noise ratios (∞, 3, 0, and -3 dB). Objective evaluation using PESQ was also carried out. The MOS score for VCV syllable /asha/ for SNR values of ∞, 3, 0, and -3 dB were 5, 4.46, 4.4 and 4.05 respectively, while the corresponding MOS scores for unprocessed speech were 5, 1.2, 0.9 and 0.65, indicating significant improvement in the perceived speech quality for the proposed scheme compared to the unprocessed speech. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOS" title="MOS">MOS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PESQ" title=" PESQ"> PESQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20subtraction" title=" spectral subtraction"> spectral subtraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20splitting" title=" temporal splitting"> temporal splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wiener%20filter" title=" wiener filter"> wiener filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94278/effect-of-noise-reduction-algorithms-on-temporal-splitting-of-speech-signal-to-improve-speech-perception-for-binaural-hearing-aids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Polystyrene Paste as a Substitute for a Portland Cement: A Solution to the Nigerian Dilemma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lanre%20Oluwafemi%20Akinyemi">Lanre Oluwafemi Akinyemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reduction of limestone to cement in Nigeria is expensive and requires huge amounts of energy. This significantly affects the cost of cement. Concrete is heavy: a cubic foot of it weighs about 150 lbs. and a cubic yard is about 4000 lbs. Thus a ready-mix truck with 9 cubic yards is carrying 36,000 lbs excluding the weight of the truck itself, thereby accumulating cost for also manufacturers. Therein lies the need to find a substitute for cement by using the polystyrene paste that benefits both the manufactures and the consumers. Polystyrene Paste Constructional Cement (PPCC), a patented material obtained by dissolving Waste EPS in volatile organic solvent, has recently been identified as a suitable binder/cement for construction and building material production. This paper illustrates the procedures of a test experiment undertaken to determine the splitting tensile strength of PPCC mortar compared to that of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement). Expanded polystyrene was dissolved in gasoline to form a paste referred to as Polystyrene Paste Constructional Cement (PPCC). Mortars of mix ratios 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 (PPCC: fine aggregate) batched by volume were used to produce 50mm x 100mm cylindrical PPCC mortar splitting tensile strength specimens. The control experiment was done by creating another series of cylindrical OPC mortar splitting tensile strength specimens following the same mix ratio used earlier. The PPCC cylindrical splitting tensile strength specimens were left to air-set, and the ones made with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) were demoded after 24 hours and cured in water. The cylindrical PPCC splitting tensile strength specimens were tested at 28 days and compared with those of the Ordinary Portland cement splitting tensile strength specimens. The result shows that hence for this two mixes, PPCC exhibits a better binding property than the OPC. With this my new invention I recommend the use of PPCC as a substitute for a Portland cement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polystyrene%20paste" title="polystyrene paste">polystyrene paste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portland%20cement" title=" Portland cement"> Portland cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortar" title=" mortar"> mortar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82175/polystyrene-paste-as-a-substitute-for-a-portland-cement-a-solution-to-the-nigerian-dilemma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> Magnetic Field Effects on Parabolic Graphene Quantum Dots with Topological Defects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Defne%20Akay">Defne Akay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekir%20S.%20Kandemir"> Bekir S. Kandemir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we investigate the low-lying energy levels of the two-dimensional parabolic graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the presence of topological defects with long range Coulomb impurity and subjected to an external uniform magnetic field. The low-lying energy levels of the system are obtained within the framework of the perturbation theory. We theoretically demonstrate that a valley splitting can be controlled by geometrical parameters of the graphene quantum dots and/or by tuning a uniform magnetic field, as well as topological defects. It is found that, for parabolic graphene dots, the valley splitting occurs due to the introduction of spatial confinement. The corresponding splitting is enhanced by the introduction of a uniform magnetic field and it increases by increasing the angle of the cone in subcritical regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coulomb%20impurity" title="coulomb impurity">coulomb impurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene%20cones" title=" graphene cones"> graphene cones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene%20quantum%20dots" title=" graphene quantum dots"> graphene quantum dots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topological%20defects" title=" topological defects"> topological defects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43687/magnetic-field-effects-on-parabolic-graphene-quantum-dots-with-topological-defects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> The Role of Substrate-Nozzle Distance in Atomic Nebulizers in the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance of ZnO Nanorods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukman%20Andi%20Priyatna">Lukman Andi Priyatna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivi%20Fauzia"> Vivi Fauzia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferry%20Anggoro%20Ardy%20Nugroho"> Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zinc oxide (ZnO) based nanostructures are ubiquitous in applications due to their favourable physicochemical properties and ease of fabrication. One widely accessible route to synthesize ZnO nanorods, which show promising performance in e.g. photoelectrochemical water splitting, is hydrothermal growth of ZnO seeds, obtained via an atomic nebulizer. Despite its popularity, study on the impact of the synthesis parameters in atomic nebulizer on the performance of the synthesized ZnO nanostructures is lacking. This study presents an investigation on the impact of the distance between substrates and atomic nebulizer nozzle on the photoelectrochemical water splitting performance of ZnO nanorods. Adjusting such a distance reveals an optimum separation which results in nanostructures with highest absorbance. Such high absorbance translates into improved photoelectrochemistry, as evaluated by higher photocurrent density, from 0.11 mA/cm² to 0.14 mA/cm² and higher Applied Bias Photon-to-Current Efficiency (ABPE) from 0.12% to 0.14%. These results underscore the importance of understanding and optimizing the experimental parameters during ZnO nanostructure synthesis. In a broader context, it advertises the need to carefully assess the corresponding fabrication parameters to optimize the performance of the obtained nanostructures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20nebulizer" title="atomic nebulizer">atomic nebulizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocurrent%20density" title=" photocurrent density"> photocurrent density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelectrochemical%20water%20splitting" title=" photoelectrochemical water splitting"> photoelectrochemical water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO%20nanorods" title=" ZnO nanorods"> ZnO nanorods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190248/the-role-of-substrate-nozzle-distance-in-atomic-nebulizers-in-the-photoelectrochemical-water-splitting-performance-of-zno-nanorods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">31</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> Time Varying Crustal Anisotropy at Whakaari/White Island Volcano</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Dagim%20Yoseph">M. Dagim Yoseph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Savage"> M. K. Savage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20D.%20Jolly"> A. D. Jolly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20J.%20Ebinger"> C. J. Ebinger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Whakaari/White Island has been the most active New Zealand volcano in the 21st century, producing small phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, which are hard to predict. The most recent eruption occurred in 2019, tragically claiming the lives of 22 individuals and causing numerous injuries. We employed shear-wave splitting analyses to investigate variations in anisotropy between 2018 and 2020, during quiescence, unrest, and the eruption. We examined spatial and temporal variations in 3499 shear-wave splitting and 2656 V_p/V_s ratio measurements. Comparing shear-wave splitting parameters from similar earthquake paths across different times indicates that the observed temporal changes are unlikely to result from variations in earthquake paths through media with spatial variability. Instead, these changes may stem from variations in anisotropy over time, likely caused by changes in crack alignment due to stress or varying fluid content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=background%20seismic%20waves" title="background seismic waves">background seismic waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20orientations" title=" fast orientations"> fast orientations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20anisotropy" title=" seismic anisotropy"> seismic anisotropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V_p%2FV_s%20ratio" title=" V_p/V_s ratio"> V_p/V_s ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185200/time-varying-crustal-anisotropy-at-whakaariwhite-island-volcano" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">198</span> Evaluation of Fresh, Strength and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Bagasse Ash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Haseeb%20Wani">Abdul Haseeb Wani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shruti%20Sharma"> Shruti Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafat%20Siddique"> Rafat Siddique</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-compacting concrete is an engineered concrete that flows and de-airs without additional energy input. Such concrete requires a high slump which can be achieved by the addition of superplasticizers to the concrete mix. In the present work, bagasse ash is utilised as a replacement of cement in self-compacting concrete. This serves the purpose of both land disposal and environmental concerns related to the disposal of bagasse ash. Further, an experimental program was carried out to study the fresh, strength, and durability properties of self-compacting concrete made with bagasse ash. The mixes were prepared with four percentages (0, 5, 10 and 15) of bagasse ash as partial replacement of cement. Properties investigated were; Slump-flow, V-funnel and L-box, Compressive strength, Splitting tensile strength, Chloride-ion penetration resistance and Water absorption. Compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted at the age of 7 and 28 days. Rapid chloride-ion permeability test was carried at the age of 28 days and water absorption test was carried out at the age of 7 days after initial curing of 28 days. Test results showed that there is an increase in the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the concrete specimens having up to 10% replacement level, however, there is a slight decrease at 15% level of replacement. Resistance to chloride-ion penetration of the specimens increased as the percentage of replacement was increased. The charge passed in all the specimens containing bagasse ash was lower than that of the specimen without bagasse ash. Water absorption of the specimens decreased up to 10% replacement level and increased at 15% level of replacement. Hence, it can be concluded that optimum level of replacement of cement with bagasse ash in self-compacting concrete comes out to be 10%; at which the self-compacting concrete has satisfactory flow characteristics (as per the European guidelines), improved compressive and splitting tensile strength and better durability properties as compared to the control mix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bagasse%20ash" title="bagasse ash">bagasse ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-compacting%20concrete" title=" self-compacting concrete"> self-compacting concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20tensile%20strength" title=" splitting tensile strength"> splitting tensile strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80357/evaluation-of-fresh-strength-and-durability-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-incorporating-bagasse-ash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">197</span> Effect of Time and Rate of Nitrogen Application on the Malting Quality of Barley Yield in Sandy Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Talaab">A. S. Talaab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safaa"> Safaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mahmoud"> A. Mahmoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20S.%20Siam"> Hanan S. Siam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2013/2014 in the barley production area of Dakhala – New Valley Governorate, Egypt to assess the effect of nitrogen rate and time of N fertilizer application on barley grain yield, yield components and N use efficiency of barley and their association with grain yield. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen (0, 70 and 100 kg N/acre) and five application times. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replication. Results revealed that barley grain yield and yield components increased significantly in response to N rate. Splitting N fertilizer amount at several times result in significant effect on grain yield, yield components, protein content and N uptake efficiency when compared with the entire N was applied at once. Application of N at rate of 100 kg N/acre resulted in accumulation of nitrate in the subsurface soil > 30cm. When N application timing considered, less NO3 was found in the soil profile with splitting N application compared with all preplans application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20use%20efficiency" title="nitrogen use efficiency">nitrogen use efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20N%20fertilizer" title=" splitting N fertilizer"> splitting N fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barley" title=" barley"> barley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NO3" title=" NO3"> NO3</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49548/effect-of-time-and-rate-of-nitrogen-application-on-the-malting-quality-of-barley-yield-in-sandy-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">196</span> CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Bubble-Induced Flow during Electrochemical Water Splitting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20Wosiak">Gabriel Wosiak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeyse%20da%20Silva"> Jeyse da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sthefany%20S.%20Sena"> Sthefany S. Sena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renato%20N.%20de%20Andrade"> Renato N. de Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ernesto%20Pereira"> Ernesto Pereira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bubble formation during hydrogen production by electrolysis and several electrochemical processes is an inherent phenomenon and can impact the energy consumption of the processes. In this work, it was reported both experimental and computational results describe the effect of bubble displacement, which, under the cases investigated, leads to the formation of a convective flow in the solution. The process is self-sustained, and a solution vortex is formed, which modifies the bubble growth and covering at the electrode surface. Using the experimental data, we have built a model to simulate it, which, with high accuracy, describes the phenomena. Then, it simulated many different experimental conditions and evaluated the effects of the boundary conditions on the bubble surface covering the surface. We have observed a position-dependent bubble covering the surface, which has an effect on the water-splitting efficiency. It was shown that the bubble covering is not uniform at the electrode surface, and using statistical analysis; it was possible to evaluate the influence of the gas type (H2 and O2), current density, and the bubble size (and cross-effects) on the covering fraction and the asymmetric behavior over the electrode surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title="water splitting">water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubble" title=" bubble"> bubble</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrolysis" title=" electrolysis"> electrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title=" hydrogen production"> hydrogen production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151356/cfd-simulation-and-experimental-validation-of-the-bubble-induced-flow-during-electrochemical-water-splitting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">195</span> Chemical Fingerprinting of Complex Samples With the Aid of Parallel Outlet Flow Chromatography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xavier%20A.%20Conlan">Xavier A. Conlan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speed of analysis is a significant limitation to current high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)/MS systems both of which are used in many forensic investigations. The flow rate limitations of MS detection require a compromise in the chromatographic flow rate, which in turn reduces throughput, and when using modern columns, a reduction in separation efficiency. Commonly, this restriction is combated through the post-column splitting of flow prior to entry into the mass spectrometer. However, this results in a loss of sensitivity and a loss in efficiency due to the post-extra column dead volume. A new chromatographic column format known as 'parallel segmented flow' involves the splitting of eluent flow within the column outlet end fitting, and in this study we present its application in order to interrogate the provenience of methamphetamine samples with mass spectrometry detection. Using parallel segmented flow, column flow rates as high as 3 mL/min were employed in the analysis of amino acids without post-column splitting to the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, when parallel segmented flow chromatography columns were employed, the sensitivity was more than twice that of conventional systems with post-column splitting when the same volume of mobile phase was passed through the detector. These finding suggest that this type of column technology will particularly enhance the capabilities of modern LC/MS enabling both high-throughput and sensitive mass spectral detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromatography" title="chromatography">chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20spectrometry%20methamphetamine" title=" mass spectrometry methamphetamine"> mass spectrometry methamphetamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20segmented%20outlet%20flow%20column" title=" parallel segmented outlet flow column"> parallel segmented outlet flow column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20sciences" title=" forensic sciences"> forensic sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23798/chemical-fingerprinting-of-complex-samples-with-the-aid-of-parallel-outlet-flow-chromatography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">194</span> Long Term Strength Behavior of Hemp-Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elie%20Awwad">Elie Awwad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilal%20Hamad"> Bilal Hamad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mounir%20Mabsout"> Mounir Mabsout</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helmi%20Khatib"> Helmi Khatib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reports test results on the long-term behavior of sustainable hemp-concrete material prepared in research work conducted at the American University of Beirut. The tests results are in terms of compressive and splitting tensile tests conducted on standard 150x300 mm cylinders. A control mix without fibers, one polypropylene-concrete mix, and ten hemp-concrete mixes were prepared with different percentages of industrial hemp fibers and reduced coarse aggregate contents. The objective was to investigate the strength properties of hemp-reinforced concrete at 1.5 years age as compared with control mixes. The results indicated that both the compressive strength and the splitting tensile strength results of all tested cylinders increased as compared with the 28-days values. Also, the difference between the hemp-concrete samples and the control samples at 28 days was maintained at 1.5 years age indicating that hemp fibers did not exhibit any negative effect on the long-term strength properties of concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp-reinforced%20concrete" title="hemp-reinforced concrete">hemp-reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20fibers" title=" natural fibers"> natural fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20tensile%20strength" title=" splitting tensile strength"> splitting tensile strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10097/long-term-strength-behavior-of-hemp-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">193</span> Comparison of Physical and Chemical Properties of Micro-Silica and Locally Produced Metakaolin and Effect on the Properties of Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20U.%20Khan">S. U. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Ayub"> T. Ayub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Shafiq"> N. Shafiq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The properties of locally produced metakaolin (MK) as cement replacing material and the comparison of reactivity with commercially available micro-silica have been investigated. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and load-deflection behaviour under bending are the properties that have been studied. The amorphous phase of MK with micro-silica was compared through X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. Further, interfacial transition zone of concrete with micro-silica and MK was observed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Three mixes of concrete were prepared. One of the mix is without cement replacement as control mix, and the remaining two mixes are 10% cement replacement with micro-silica and MK. It has been found that MK, due to its irregular structure and amorphous phase, has high reactivity with portlandite in concrete. The compressive strength at early age is higher with MK as compared to micro-silica. MK concrete showed higher splitting tensile strength and higher load carrying capacity as compared to control and micro-silica concrete at all ages respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metakaolin" title="metakaolin">metakaolin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting%20tensile%20strength" title=" splitting tensile strength"> splitting tensile strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20deflection" title=" load deflection"> load deflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interfacial%20transition%20zone" title=" interfacial transition zone"> interfacial transition zone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75163/comparison-of-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-micro-silica-and-locally-produced-metakaolin-and-effect-on-the-properties-of-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">192</span> Design of Photonic Crystal with Defect Layer to Eliminate Interface Corrugations for Obtaining Unidirectional and Bidirectional Beam Splitting under Normal Incidence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evrim%20Colak">Evrim Colak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andriy%20E.%20Serebryannikov"> Andriy E. Serebryannikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20V.%20Usik"> Pavel V. Usik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekmel%20Ozbay"> Ekmel Ozbay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Working with a dielectric photonic crystal (PC) structure which does not include surface corrugations, unidirectional transmission and dual-beam splitting are observed under normal incidence as a result of the strong diffractions caused by the embedded defect layer. The defect layer has twice the period of the regular PC segments which sandwich the defect layer. Although the PC has even number of rows, the structural symmetry is broken due to the asymmetric placement of the defect layer with respect to the symmetry axis of the regular PC. The simulations verify that efficient splitting and occurrence of strong diffractions are related to the dispersion properties of the Floquet-Bloch modes of the photonic crystal. Unidirectional and bi-directional splitting, which are associated with asymmetric transmission, arise due to the dominant contribution of the first positive and first negative diffraction orders. The effect of the depth of the defect layer is examined by placing single defect layer in varying rows, preserving the asymmetry of PC. Even for deeply buried defect layer, asymmetric transmission is still valid even if the zeroth order is not coupled. This transmission is due to evanescent waves which reach to the deeply embedded defect layer and couple to higher order modes. In an additional selected performance, whichever surface is illuminated, i.e., in both upper and lower surface illumination cases, incident beam is split into two beams of equal intensity at the output surface where the intensity of the out-going beams are equal for both illumination cases. That is, although the structure is asymmetric, symmetric bidirectional transmission with equal transmission values is demonstrated and the structure mimics the behavior of symmetric structures. Finally, simulation studies including the examination of a coupled-cavity defect for two different permittivity values (close to the permittivity values of GaAs or Si and alumina) reveal unidirectional splitting for a wider band of operation in comparison to the bandwidth obtained in the case of a single embedded defect layer. Since the dielectric materials that are utilized are low-loss and weakly dispersive in a wide frequency range including microwave and optical frequencies, the studied structures should be scalable to the mentioned ranges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric%20transmission" title="asymmetric transmission">asymmetric transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam%20deflection" title=" beam deflection"> beam deflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blazing" title=" blazing"> blazing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-directional%20splitting" title=" bi-directional splitting"> bi-directional splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect%20layer" title=" defect layer"> defect layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20beam%20splitting" title=" dual beam splitting"> dual beam splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Floquet-Bloch%20modes" title=" Floquet-Bloch modes"> Floquet-Bloch modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isofrequency%20contours" title=" isofrequency contours"> isofrequency contours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20defect" title=" line defect"> line defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oblique%20incidence" title=" oblique incidence"> oblique incidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic%20crystal" title=" photonic crystal"> photonic crystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unidirectionality" title=" unidirectionality"> unidirectionality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94548/design-of-photonic-crystal-with-defect-layer-to-eliminate-interface-corrugations-for-obtaining-unidirectional-and-bidirectional-beam-splitting-under-normal-incidence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">191</span> Carbon Nitride Growth on ZnO Architectures for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%A0pela%20Hajduk">Špela Hajduk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20P.%20Berglund"> Sean P. Berglund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matejka%20Podlogar"> Matejka Podlogar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goran%20Dra%C5%BEi%C4%87"> Goran Dražić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatwa%20F.%20Abdi"> Fatwa F. Abdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zorica%20C.%20Orel"> Zorica C. Orel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Menny%20Shalom"> Menny Shalom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Graphitic carbon nitride materials (g-CN) have emerged as an attractive photocatalyst and electrocatalyst for photo and electrochemical water splitting reaction, due to their environmental benignity nature and suitable band gap. Many approaches were introduced to enhance the photoactivity and electronic properties of g-CN and resulted in significant changes in the electronic and catalytic properties. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of thin and homogenous g-CN layer on highly ordered ZnO nanowire (NW) substrate by growing a seeding layer of small supramolecular assemblies on the nanowires. The new synthetic approach leads to the formation of thin g-CN layer (~3 nm) without blocking all structure. Two different deposition methods of carbon nitride were investigated and will be presented. The amount of loaded carbon nitride significantly influences the PEC activity of hybrid material and all the ZnO/g-CNx electrodes show great improvement in photoactivity. The chemical structure, morphology and optical properties of the deposited g-CN were fully characterized by various techniques as X-ray powder spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), high-resolution scanning microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20nitride" title="carbon nitride">carbon nitride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoanode" title=" photoanode"> photoanode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20water%20splitting" title=" solar water splitting"> solar water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide" title=" zinc oxide"> zinc oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71217/carbon-nitride-growth-on-zno-architectures-for-enhanced-photoelectrochemical-water-splitting-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71217.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">190</span> Optical Bands Splitting in Tm₃Fe₅O₁₂ Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Vidyasagar">R. Vidyasagar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20L.%20S.%20Vilela"> G. L. S. Vilela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Guiraldelli"> B. M. Guiraldelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Henriques"> A. B. Henriques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20%20Moodera"> J. Moodera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nano-scaled magnetic systems that can have both magnetic and optical transitions controlled and manipulated by external means have received enormous research attention for their potential applications in magneto-optics and spintronic devices. Among several ferrimagnetic insulators, the Tm₃Fe₅O₁₂ (TmIG) has become a prototype material displaying huge perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Nevertheless, the optical properties of nano-scale TnIG films have not yet been investigated. We report the observation of giant splitting in the optical transitions of high-quality thin films of Tm₃Fe₅O₁₂ (TmIG) grown by rf sputtering on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates (GGG-111) substrate. The optical absorbance profiles measured with optical absorption spectroscopy show a dual optical transition in visible frequency regimes attributed to the transitions of electrons from the O-2p valence band to the Fe-3d conduction band and from the O-2p valence band to the Fe-2p⁵3d⁶ excitonic states at the Γ-symmetric point of the TmIG Brillouin zone. When the thickness of the film is reduced from 120 nm to 7.5 nm, the 1st optical transition energy shifted from 2.98 to 3.11 eV ( ~130 meV), and the 2nd transition energy shifted from 2.62 to 2.56 eV (~ 60 meV). The giant band splitting of both transitions can be attributed to the population of excited states associated with the atomic modification pertaining to the compressive or tensile strains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20transitions" title="optical transitions">optical transitions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title=" thin films"> thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrimagnetic%20insulator" title=" ferrimagnetic insulator"> ferrimagnetic insulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strains" title=" strains"> strains</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186490/optical-bands-splitting-in-tm3fe5o12-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">189</span> Advanced Nanostructured Materials and Their Application for Solar Fuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hegazy">A. Hegazy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Elsayed"> Ahmed Elsayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Essam%20El%20Shenawy"> Essam El Shenawy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Allam"> N. Allam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hala%20Handal"> Hala Handal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20R.%20Mahmoud"> K. R. Mahmoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Highly crystalline, TiO₂ pristine sub-10 nm anatase nanocrystals were fabricated at low temperatures by post hydrothermal treatment of the as-prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles. This treatment resulted in bandgap narrowing and increased photocurrent density value (3.8 mA/cm²) when this material was employed in water splitting systems. The achieved photocurrent values are among the highest reported ones so far for the fabricated nanoparticles at this low temperature. This might be explained by the increased surface defects of the prepared nanoparticles. It resulted in bandgap narrowing that was further investigated using positron annihilation experiments by measuring positron lifetime and Doppler broadening. Besides, homogeneous spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized in large diameter and high surface area and the high percentage of (001) facet by sol-gel method using potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) as an oxidizing agent. The fabricated particles exhibited high exposed surface area, high photoactivity and reduced band gap. Enhanced performance for water splitting applications was displayed by formed TiO₂ nanoparticles. Their morphological and structural properties were studied to optimize their synthesis parameters in an attempt to construct more applicable fuel cells in the industry for hydrogen fuel production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positron%20annihilation" title="positron annihilation">positron annihilation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2%20nanoparticles" title=" TiO2 nanoparticles"> TiO2 nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124606/advanced-nanostructured-materials-and-their-application-for-solar-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">188</span> Pattern in Splitting Sequence in Okike’s Merged Irregular Transposition Cipher for Encrypting Cyberspace Messages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okike%20Benjamin">Okike Benjamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20J.%20D.%20Garba"> E. J. D. Garba </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The protection of sensitive information against unauthorized access or fraudulent changes has been of prime concern throughout the centuries. Modern communication techniques, using computers connected through networks, make all data even more vulnerable to these threats. The researchers in this work propose a new encryption technique to be known as Merged Irregular Transposition Cipher. In this proposed encryption technique, a message to be encrypted will first of all be split into multiple parts depending on the length of the message. After the split, different keywords are chosen to encrypt different parts of the message. After encrypting all parts of the message, the positions of the encrypted message could be swapped to other position thereby making it very difficult to decrypt by any unauthorized user. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20security" title="information security">information security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=message%20splitting" title=" message splitting"> message splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern" title=" pattern"> pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence" title=" sequence "> sequence </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22633/pattern-in-splitting-sequence-in-okikes-merged-irregular-transposition-cipher-for-encrypting-cyberspace-messages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">187</span> Direct Oxidation Synthesis for a Dual-Layer Silver/Silver Orthophosphate with Controllable Tetrahedral Structure as an Active Photoanode for Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen%20Cai%20Ng">Wen Cai Ng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saman%20Ilankoon"> Saman Ilankoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng%20Nan%20Chong"> Meng Nan Chong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The vast increase in global energy demand, coupled with the growing concerns on environmental issues, has triggered the search for cleaner alternative energy sources. In view of this, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers a sustainable hydrogen (H2) production route that only requires solar energy, water, and PEC system operating in an ambient environment. However, the current advancement of PEC water splitting technologies is still far from the commercialization benchmark indicated by the solar-to-H2 (STH) efficiency of at least 10 %. This is largely due to the shortcomings of photoelectrodes used in the PEC system, such as the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and limited photo-responsiveness in the visible-light spectrum. Silver orthophosphate (Ag3PO4) possesses many desirable intrinsic properties for the fabrication into photoanode used in PEC systems, such as narrow bandgap of 2.4 eV and low valence band (VB) position. Hence, in this study, a highly efficient Ag3PO4-based photoanode was synthesized and characterized. The surface of the Ag foil substrate was directly oxidized to fabricate a top layer composed of {111}-bound Ag3PO4 tetrahedrons layer with a porous structure, forming the dual-layer Ag/Ag3PO4 photoanode. Furthermore, the key synthesis parameters were systematically investigated by varying the concentration ratio of capping agent-to-precursor (R), the volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-to-water, and reaction period. Results showed that the optimized dual-layer Ag/Ag3PO4 photoanode achieved a photocurrent density as high as 4.19 mA/cm2 at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl for the R-value of 4, the volume ratio of H2O2-to-water of 3:5 and 20 h reaction period. The current work provides a solid foundation for further nanoarchitecture modification strategies on Ag3PO4-based photoanodes for more efficient PEC water splitting applications. This piece of information needs to be backed up by evidence; therefore, you need to provide a reference. As the abstract should be self-contained, all information requiring a reference should be removed. This is a fact known to the area of research, and not necessarily required a reference to support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar-to-hydrogen%20fuel" title="solar-to-hydrogen fuel">solar-to-hydrogen fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelectrochemical%20water%20splitting" title=" photoelectrochemical water splitting"> photoelectrochemical water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelectrode" title=" photoelectrode"> photoelectrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20orthophosphate" title=" silver orthophosphate"> silver orthophosphate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118076/direct-oxidation-synthesis-for-a-dual-layer-silversilver-orthophosphate-with-controllable-tetrahedral-structure-as-an-active-photoanode-for-solar-driven-photoelectrochemical-water-splitting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">186</span> Hydrogen Production By Photoreforming Of n-Butanol And Structural Isomers Over Pt Doped Titanate Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hristina%20%C5%A0alipur">Hristina Šalipur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jasmina%20Dostani%C4%87"> Jasmina Dostanić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davor%20Lon%C4%8Darevi%C4%87"> Davor Lončarević</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matej%20Hu%C5%A1"> Matej Huš</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photocatalytic water splitting/alcohol photoreforming has been used for the conversion of sunlight energy in the process of hydrogen production due to its sustainability, environmental safety, effectiveness and simplicity. Titanate nanotubes are frequently studied materials since they combine the properties of photo-active semiconductors with the properties of layered titanates, such as the ion-exchange ability. Platinum (Pt) doping into titanate structure has been considered an effective strategy in better separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs and lowering the overpotential for hydrogen production, which results in higher photocatalytic activity. In our work, Pt doped titanate catalysts were synthesized via simple alkaline hydrothermal treatment, incipient wetness impregnation method and temperature-programmed reduction. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated using various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The activities of the prepared Pt-doped titanate photocatalysts were tested for hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting/alcohol photoreforming process under simulated solar light irradiation. Characterization of synthesized Pt doped titanate catalysts showed crystalline anatase phase, preserved nanotubular structure and high specific surface area. The result showed enhancement of activity in photocatalytic water splitting/alcohol photoreforming in the following order 2-butanol>1-butanol>tert-butanol, with obtained maximal hydrogen production rate of 7.5, 5.3 and 2 mmol g-1 h-1, respectively. Different possible factors influencing the hole scavenging ability, such as hole scavenger redox potential and diffusivity, adsorption and desorption rate of the hole scavenger on the surface and stability of the alcohol radical species generated via hole scavenging, were investigated. The theoretical evaluation using density functional theory (DFT) further elucidated the reaction kinetics and detailed mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting/alcohol photoreforming. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title="hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platinum" title=" platinum"> platinum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20splitting" title=" water splitting"> water splitting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20functional%20theory" title=" density functional theory"> density functional theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151524/hydrogen-production-by-photoreforming-of-n-butanol-and-structural-isomers-over-pt-doped-titanate-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=splitting&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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