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United Front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reestablishment_of_the_United_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Foreign intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taliban_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taliban_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Taliban massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taliban_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmad_Shah_Massoud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ahmad Shah Massoud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmad_Shah_Massoud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_9/11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_9/11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post 9/11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_9/11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Reformation (2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2021 resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_issues_(1996–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_issues_(1996–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Human rights issues (1996–2001) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights_issues_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights issues (1996–2001) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_issues_(1996–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Area_of_Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_of_Ahmad_Shah_Massoud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Area of Ahmad Shah Massoud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_of_Ahmad_Shah_Massoud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_of_Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_of_Abdul_Rashid_Dostum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Area of Abdul Rashid Dostum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_of_Abdul_Rashid_Dostum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dancing_boys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dancing_boys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dancing boys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dancing_boys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Northern Alliance</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordelike_Alliansie" title="Noordelike Alliansie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noordelike Alliansie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="التحالف الشمالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التحالف الشمالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_(%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="উত্তর জোট (আফগানিস্থান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর জোট (আফগানিস্থান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_del_Nord" title="Aliança del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aliança del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_aliance" title="Severní aliance – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní aliance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynghrair_y_Gogledd" title="Cynghrair y Gogledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynghrair y Gogledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Nordlige_Alliance" title="Den Nordlige Alliance – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Nordlige Alliance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Islamische_Vereinigte_Front_zur_Rettung_Afghanistans" title="Nationale Islamische Vereinigte Front zur Rettung Afghanistans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationale Islamische Vereinigte Front zur Rettung Afghanistans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βόρεια Συμμαχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Συμμαχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_del_Norte" title="Alianza del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alianza del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-alianco" title="Nord-alianco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-alianco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ائتلاف شمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ائتلاف شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_du_Nord" title="Alliance du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alliance du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_do_Norte" title="Alianza do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alianza do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%B6%80%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9_(%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84)" title="북부동맹 (아프가니스탄) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북부동맹 (아프가니스탄)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="उत्तरी मित्रपक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी मित्रपक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverni_savez" title="Sjeverni savez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverni savez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliansi_Utara" title="Aliansi Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aliansi Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_islamico_unito_per_la_salvezza_dell%27Afghanistan" title="Fronte islamico unito per la salvezza dell'Afghanistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte islamico unito per la salvezza dell'Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הברית הצפונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברית הצפונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთის ალიანსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთის ალიანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വടക്കൻ സഖ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കൻ സഖ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Utara" title="Perikatan Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perikatan Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordelijke_Alliantie_(1996)" title="Noordelijke Alliantie (1996) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordelijke Alliantie (1996)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3)" title="北部同盟 (アフガニスタン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北部同盟 (アフガニスタン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordalliansen" title="Nordalliansen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordalliansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_ittifoq" title="Shimoliy ittifoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy ittifoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شمالی اتحاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شمالي اتحاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojusz_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocny" title="Sojusz Północny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sojusz Północny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alian%C3%A7a_do_Norte" title="Aliança do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aliança do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Северный альянс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северный альянс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northern Alliance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Северна Алијанса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Алијанса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoisen_liitto" title="Pohjoisen liitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoisen liitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra_alliansen" title="Norra alliansen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norra alliansen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Islamic_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Afghanistan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan">United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1996–2001 anti-Taliban military front in Afghanistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1996–2001 Afghan military front. For the Burmese military front, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance_(Myanmar)" title="Northern Alliance (Myanmar)">Northern Alliance (Myanmar)</a>. For the current anti-<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> resistance movement, see <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Northern Alliance (disambiguation)">Northern Alliance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">United Islamic National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><div style="background-color:;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #F8F9FA;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%932001).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/600px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Civil_War,_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png/300px-Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png/450px-Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png/600px-Afghanistan_Civil_War%2C_Northern_Alliance-Taliban.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="890" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: The Flag flown by the United Islamic Front Bottom: Maximum territorial control of the Northern Alliance (blue) against that of the Taliban (red) in Afghanistan in <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Fahim">Mohammed Fahim</a> <a href="/wiki/Atiqullah_Baryalai" title="Atiqullah Baryalai">Atiqullah Baryalai</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a> <a href="/wiki/Haji_Abdul_Qadeer" title="Haji Abdul Qadeer">Haji Abdul Qadeer</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mohaqiq" title="Muhammad Mohaqiq">Muhammad Mohaqiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khalili" title="Karim Khalili">Karim Khalili</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1992 – December 2001<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a>, Afghanistan (until September 2000)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayzabad,_Badakhshan" title="Fayzabad, Badakhshan">Fayzabad</a>, Afghanistan (September 2000–November 2001)<a href="#cite_note-hrw-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> Anti-<a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">80,000 (1997), 50,000 (2001)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data">State allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281997-2001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> Non-state allies: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">State opponents: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1996-2001)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281987%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1987-1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1987-1992)">Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1992)<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></li></ul> Non-state opponents: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992-1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)">Second Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996-2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)">Third Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001-2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">U.S invasion of Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Northern Alliance (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: ائتلاف شمال E'tilāf Šumāl or اتحاد شمال Ettehād Šumāl), officially known as the United Islamic National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: جبهه متحد اسلامی ملی برای نجات افغانستان Jabha-ye Muttahid-e Islāmī-ye Millī barāye Najāt-e Afğānistān), was a military alliance of groups that operated between early 1992 and 2001<a href="#cite_note-fas.org-4">[4]</a> following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. At that time, many non-Pashtun Northerners originally with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Republic of Afghanistan</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a> became disaffected with <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalqist</a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghan Army</a> officers holding control over non-Pashtun militias in the North.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Defectors such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Rashid Dostum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momim" title="Abdul Momim">Abdul Momim</a> allied with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari" title="Abdul Ali Mazari">Ali Mazari</a> forming the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin13-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The alliance's capture of <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> and more importantly the supplies kept there crippled the Afghan military and began the end of Najibullah's government.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Following the collapse of Najibullah's government the Alliance would fall with a <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Second Civil War</a> breaking out however following the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>) takeover of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, The United Front was reassembled.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The Northern Alliance fought a defensive war against the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-fas.org-4">[4]</a> They received support from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan's_Northern_Alliance-7">[7]</a> while the Taliban were extensively backed by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coll_289-297-8">[8]</a> By 2001, the Northern Alliance controlled less than 10% of the country, cornered in the north-east and based in <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Badakhshan province">Badakhshan province</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invaded Afghanistan</a>, providing support to Northern Alliance troops on the ground in a two-month war against the Taliban, which they won in December 2001.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> With the Taliban forced from control of the country, the Northern Alliance was dissolved as members and parties supported the new <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Afghan Interim Administration</a>, with some members later becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hamid_Karzai" title="Presidency of Hamid Karzai">Karzai administration</a>. Amidst the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul in 2021</a>, former Northern Alliance leaders<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and other anti-Taliban figures regrouped as the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders_and_factions">Commanders and factions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Commanders and factions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northern_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Northern Alliance">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The United Front was formed in late 1996 against the Taliban government by opposition factions. Since early 1999, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> was the only main leader able to defend his territory against the Taliban, and as such remained as the main <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> political and military leader of the United Front recognized by members of all the different ethnic groups. Massoud decided on the main political line and the general military strategy of the alliance. A part of the United Front military factions, such as <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a>, however, did not fall under the direct control of Massoud but remained under their respective regional or ethnic leaders. Military commanders of the United Front were either independent or belonged to one of the following political parties: <ul><li>the Sunni Tajik-dominated <a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shura-e_Nazar" title="Shura-e Nazar">Shura-e Nazar</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a></li> <li>the Shia Hazara-dominated <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mohaqiq" title="Muhammad Mohaqiq">Muhammad Mohaqiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khalili" title="Karim Khalili">Karim Khalili</a></li> <li>the Sunni Uzbek and Turkmen-dominated <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a></li> <li>the Sunni Pashtun-dominated <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shura" title="Eastern Shura">Eastern Shura</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Haji_Abdul_Qadeer" title="Haji Abdul Qadeer">Haji Abdul Qadeer</a></li> <li>the Shia Tajik and Hazara-dominated <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Movement of Afghanistan">Harakat-e Islami</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Asif_Mohseni" title="Asif Mohseni">Asif Mohseni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Mohammad_Ali_Jawid" title="Sayed Mohammad Ali Jawid">Sayed Mohammad Ali Jawid</a></li></ul> Military commanders and subcommanders of the United Front included: <ul><li>From northern Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan_Mohammadi" title="Bismillah Khan Mohammadi">Bismillah Khan Mohammadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atta_Muhammad_Nur" title="Atta Muhammad Nur">Atta Muhammad Nur</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Atiqullah_Baryalai" title="Atiqullah Baryalai">General Atiqullah Baryalai</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Shahjahan_Noori" title="Shahjahan Noori">General Shahjahan Noori</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daud_Daud" title="Mohammed Daud Daud">Mohammed Daud Daud</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Fahim">Mohammed Fahim</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Gul_Haidar" title="Gul Haidar">Gul Haidar</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mohaqiq" title="Muhammad Mohaqiq">Muhammad Mohaqiq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qazi_Kabir_Marzban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qazi Kabir Marzban (page does not exist)">Qazi Kabir Marzban</a>;</li> <li>From eastern Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Haji_Abdul_Qadeer" title="Haji Abdul Qadeer">Haji Abdul Qadeer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shura" title="Eastern Shura">Eastern Shura</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ali_(Afghan_politician)" title="Hazrat Ali (Afghan politician)">Hazrat Ali</a> (Eastern Shura), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaan_Daad_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaan Daad Khan (page does not exist)">Jaan Daad Khan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Wahedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah Wahedi (page does not exist)">Abdullah Wahedi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatrah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatrah (page does not exist)">Qatrah</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najmuddin_(Northern_Alliance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Najmuddin (Northern Alliance) (page does not exist)">Najmuddin</a>;</li> <li>From southern Afghanistan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qari_Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qari Baba (page does not exist)">Qari Baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Arif_Noorzai" title="Mohammad Arif Noorzai">Mohammad Arif Noorzai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotak_(Northern_Alliance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotak (Northern Alliance) (page does not exist)">Hotak</a>;</li> <li>From western Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khan" title="Ismail Khan">Ismail Khan</a> (Jamiat-e Islami), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Doctor Ibrahim</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazlkarim_Aimaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazlkarim Aimaq (page does not exist)">Fazlkarim Aimaq</a>;</li> <li>From central Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Mustafa_Kazemi" title="Sayed Mustafa Kazemi">Sayed Mustafa Kazemi</a> (Hezb-e Wahdat), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Hussein_Aalemi_Balkhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Hussein Aalemi Balkhi (page does not exist)">Said Hussein Aalemi Balkhi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbari_(Northern_Alliance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbari (Northern Alliance) (page does not exist)">Akbari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Mohammad_Ali_Jawid" title="Sayed Mohammad Ali Jawid">Sayed Mohammad Ali Jawid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khalili" title="Karim Khalili">Karim Khalili</a> (Hezb-e Wahdat) and <a href="/wiki/Sher_Alam_Ibrahimi" title="Sher Alam Ibrahimi">Sher Alam Ibrahimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittehad-e Islami</a>).</li></ul> The two main political candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2009 Afghan presidential election">2009 Afghan presidential election</a> both worked for the United Front: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a> (was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and the foreign minister of the alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> (his father was killed by the Taliban, he subsequently went on a diplomatic mission to gather support for Massoud in Europe and the U.S in 2000/2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Headquarters">edit</a>]</div> Initially, the city of <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> under Dostum's control served as one of the Northern Alliance's headquarters, until the city was overrun in 1997. Under Massoud's control, <a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar Province</a>, north of Panjshir, was the group's headquarters until September 5, 2000, when the city was taken by the Taliban<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and led to its base moving to <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-3">[3]</a> Massoud also maintained a private residence in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. It was there where Massoud would meet international diplomatic staff who supported the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png/270px-Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png/405px-Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png/540px-Political_map_of_Afghanistan_in_1989.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Afghanistan after the Soviet retreat. <a href="/wiki/Shura-e_Nazar" title="Shura-e Nazar">Shura-e Nazar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Movement of Afghanistan">Harakat-e Islami</a> (yellow), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittehad-e Islami</a> (violet), communist groups including <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin</a> (dark green), <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Khalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Islami Khalis">Hezb-e Islami Khalis</a> (white-green striped), <a href="/wiki/Harakat-i-Inqilab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat-i-Inqilab">Harakat-i-Inqilab</a> including many later <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (light green).</figcaption></figure> During the early 1990s the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Najibullah</a> regime funded pro government militias all over the country in order to fight the mujahedeen insurgency however Najibullah, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> began to mistrust the mostly non-Pashtun militias in the north many of whom had ties to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin13-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giustozzi1-13">[13]</a> In an effort to reassert his control over the supply lines in the North, Najibullah replaced General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momim" title="Abdul Momim">Abdul Momim</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a>, with General Rasul, a <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalqi</a> known for being the brutal commander of <a href="/wiki/Pul-e-Charkhi_prison" title="Pul-e-Charkhi prison">Pul-e-Charkhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Momim refused to step down, he and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Rashid Dostum</a> defected and allied with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and Ali Mazari forming the Northern Alliance. The alliance would take the city of Mazar-i Sharif on March 19, 1992 and launching a massive offensive towards the capital of Kabul. Many non Pashtuns in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghan military</a> defected to the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> After removing <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Najibullah</a> from power the alliance would dismantle as another <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">civil war</a> would break out between the various groups and <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbi_Islami" title="Hezbi Islami">Hezbi Islami</a> which many <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalqists</a> allied with.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The civil war would see foreign interference from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, as competitors for regional <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>, supported Afghan militias hostile towards each other.<a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-14">[14]</a> According to Human Rights Watch, Iran was backing the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazara</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mazari" title="Abdul Ali Mazari">Abdul Ali Mazari</a> in order to "maximize Wahdat's military power and influence".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy_Gutman-16">[16]</a> Saudi Arabia supported the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabite">Wahhabite</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittehad-e Islami</a> faction.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-14">[14]</a> A publication by the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> describes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[O]utside forces saw instability in Afghanistan as an opportunity to press their own security and political agendas.<a href="#cite_note-The_National_Security_Archive-17">[17]</a></blockquote> Conflict between the two militias soon escalated into a full-scale war. Due to the sudden initiation of the war, working government departments, police units or a system of justice and accountability for the newly created Islamic State of Afghanistan did not have time to form. Atrocities were committed by individuals of the different armed factions while Kabul descended into lawlessness and chaos as described in reports by Human Rights Watch and the Afghanistan Justice Project.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_Justice_Project-18">[18]</a> Because of the chaos, some leaders increasingly had only nominal control over their (sub-)commanders.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(5)-19">[19]</a> Human Rights Watch writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Rare ceasefires, usually negotiated by representatives of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibghatullah_Mojaddedi" title="Sibghatullah Mojaddedi">Sibghatullah Mojaddedi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a> [the interim government], or officials from the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC), commonly collapsed within days.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(4)-15">[15]</a></blockquote> Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was under the control of local leaders not affiliated with the central government in Kabul. In 1994, the Taliban – a movement originating from <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a>–run religious schools for Afghan refugees in Pakistan – also developed in Afghanistan as a politico-religious force.<a href="#cite_note-Matinuddin,_Kamal_1999_pp.25-20">[20]</a> In November 1994 they took control of the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> and subsequently expanded their control into several provinces in southern and central Afghanistan not under the central government's control.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(5)-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1996afghan_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1996afghan_%281%29.png/220px-1996afghan_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1996afghan_%281%29.png/330px-1996afghan_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/1996afghan_%281%29.png/440px-1996afghan_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996; <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Massoud</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Dostum</a> (green) and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban</a> (yellow) territories.</figcaption></figure> In late 1994, most of the militia factions which had been fighting in the battle for control of Kabul were defeated militarily by forces of the Islamic State's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense">Minister of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>. Bombardment of the capital came to a halt.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_Justice_Project-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross-22">[22]</a> The Islamic State government took steps to restore law and order.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Newsnight_1995-23">[23]</a> Courts started to work again.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Newsnight_1995-23">[23]</a> Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Political_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Political process">political process</a> with the goal of national <a href="/wiki/Democratic_consolidation" title="Democratic consolidation">consolidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic election">democratic elections</a>, also inviting the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> to join the process but they refused as they opposed a democratic system.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by forces of the Islamic State government under <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, referring to the Taliban offensive, wrote in a 1995 report: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is the first time in several months that Kabul civilians have become the targets of rocket attacks and shelling aimed at residential areas in the city.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-21">[21]</a></blockquote> The Taliban's early victories in 1994 were followed by a series of defeats that resulted in heavy losses which led analysts to believe the Taliban movement had run its course.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_(5)-19">[19]</a> At that point <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> drastically increased their support to the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Washington_University-25">[25]</a> Many analysts like <a href="/wiki/Amin_Saikal" title="Amin Saikal">Amin Saikal</a> describe the Taliban as developing into a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy</a> force for Pakistan's regional interests.<a href="#cite_note-Amin_Saikal-14">[14]</a> On September 26, 1996, as the Taliban with military support by Pakistan and financial support by Saudi Arabia, prepared for another major offensive against the capital Kabul, Massoud ordered a full retreat from the city.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Taliban seized Kabul on September 27, 1996, and established the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reestablishment_of_the_United_Front">Reestablishment of the United Front</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reestablishment of the United Front">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northern_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Northern Alliance">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a>, former allies and enemies, recreated a <a href="/wiki/United_Islamic_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan">United Front</a> (Northern Alliance) against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and those under the control of Dostum. The United Front included beside the dominantly Tajik forces of Massoud and the Uzbek forces of Dostum, Hazara troops led by <a href="/wiki/Haji_Mohammad_Mohaqiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq">Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq</a> and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Afghan_leader)" title="Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)">Abdul Haq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haji_Abdul_Qadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Abdul Qadir">Haji Abdul Qadir</a>. Notable politicians and diplomats of the United Front included <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Ghafoorzai" title="Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai">Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masood_Khalili" class="mw-redirect" title="Masood Khalili">Masood Khalili</a>. From the Taliban conquest of Kabul in September 1996 until November 2001 the United Front controlled roughly 30% of Afghanistan's population in provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapisa_Province" title="Kapisa Province">Kapisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Parwan_Province" title="Parwan Province">Parwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samangan_Province" title="Samangan Province">Samangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gh%C5%8Dr_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghōr Province">Ghōr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamyan_Province" title="Bamyan Province">Bamyan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_intervention">Foreign intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign intervention">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the 1990s, Iran was the primary state sponsor of the Northern Alliance,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> along with India and Russia. By contrast, the Taliban were supported by Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Because of Indian influence in the Alliance, Pakistan feared a Northern Alliance victory would result in Pakistan's encirclement by India on one side and an Indian-allied Northern Alliance on the other.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> During the 1990s, Turkey also supported the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Israel was initially not critical of the Taliban, as both governments opposed Iran, and the Mossad reached out to the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-israel-33">[33]</a> However, later, under pressure from United States and Turkey, Israel instead began reaching out to the Northern Alliance, even though it remained suspicious of the Alliance's pro-Iran position.<a href="#cite_note-israel-33">[33]</a> Due to Indian backing of Karzai's administration and a consequent overwhelming support for India among Karzai's Afghan government officials, Pakistan looked to neutralise this threat by cultivating the Taliban in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The assistance provided by India was extensive, including uniforms, ordnance, mortars, small armaments, refurbished Kalashnikovs, combat and winter clothes, as well as funds.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2001 alone, according to several international sources, 28,000–30,000 Afghans, who took refuge in Pakistan during Afghan jihad, 14,000–15,000 Afghan Taliban and 2,000–3,000 Al Qaeda militants were fighting against anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan as a roughly 45,000 strong military force.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Girardet-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rashid_2000_91-38">[38]</a> Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> – then as Chief of Army Staff – was responsible for sending thousands of Pakistanis to fight alongside the Taliban and Bin Laden against the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Washington_University-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-39">[39]</a> Of the estimated 28,000 Afghan refugees returned from Pakistan fighting in Afghanistan, 8,000 were militants recruited in <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">madrassas</a> filling regular Taliban ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-36">[36]</a> A 1998 document by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> confirms that "20–40 percent of [regular] Taliban soldiers are returned Afghans from Pakistani refugee camps".<a href="#cite_note-George_Washington_University-25">[25]</a> Human Rights Watch wrote in 2000: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Of all the foreign powers involved in efforts to sustain and manipulate the ongoing fighting [in Afghanistan], Pakistan is distinguished both by the sweep of its objectives and the scale of its efforts, which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and ... directly providing combat support.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-40">[40]</a></blockquote> After Taliban captured Kabul, Iran's assistance to the Northern Alliance increased dramatically. Iran established an "<a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">airbridge</a>" between <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and the Afghan airbases of <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulyab">Kulyab</a> to ferry large quantities of arms to the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-airbridge-41">[41]</a> For example, it was reported that on one day alone in 1997, 13 Iranian flights arrived at Bagram. In another instance, Iran was believed to have been found sending 700 tons of arms via Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-airbridge-41">[41]</a> On August 1, 1997 the Taliban launched an attack on Sheberghan, the main military base of Abdul Rashid Dostum. Dostum has said the reason the attack was successful was due to 1500 Pakistani commandos taking part and that the Pakistani air force also gave support.<a href="#cite_note-Clements2-42">[42]</a> In October to November 1998, the Northern Alliance used Iranian and Russian arms to recapture territory from the Taliban near the Uzbekistan and Tajikistan border.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1998, Iran accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> in support of Taliban forces and directly accused Pakistani troops for "war crimes at <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_(2)-44">[44]</a> The same year Russia said that Pakistan was responsible for the military expansion of the Taliban in northern Afghanistan by sending large numbers of Pakistani troops, some of whom had subsequently been taken as prisoners by the anti-Taliban United Front.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Trust_of_India-45">[45]</a> In 2000, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo against military support to the Taliban, with UN officials explicitly singling out Pakistan. The UN secretary-general implicitly criticized Pakistan for its military support and the Security Council stated it was "deeply distress[ed] over reports of involvement in the fighting, on the Taliban side, of thousands of non-Afghan nationals".<a href="#cite_note-UN-46">[46]</a> In July 2001, several countries including the United States, accused Pakistan of being "in violation of U.N. sanctions because of its military aid to the Taliban".<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Times_(2)-47">[47]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">British Intelligence</a> reported that the ISI was taking an active role in several Al Qaeda training camps.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-48">[48]</a> The ISI helped with the construction of training camps for both the Taliban and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Litwak-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-50">[50]</a> From 1996 to 2001 the <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> became a state within the Taliban state.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times-51">[51]</a> Bin Laden sent Arab and Central Asian Al-Qaeda militants to join the fight against the United Front among them his <a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">Brigade 055</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-52">[52]</a> With the fall of Kabul to anti-Taliban forces in November 2001, ISI forces worked with and helped Taliban militias who were in full retreat.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In November 2001, Taliban, Al-Qaeda combatants and ISI operatives were safely evacuated from Kunduz on <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> cargo aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a> bases in <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Areas">Northern Areas</a> in what has been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_airlift" title="Kunduz airlift">"Airlift of Evil"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www_newyorker_com10-54">[54]</a> The role of the Pakistani military has been described by international observers as well as by the anti-Taliban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud as a "creeping invasion".<a href="#cite_note-Maley-55">[55]</a> The "creeping invasion" proved unable to defeat the severely outnumbered anti-Taliban forces.<a href="#cite_note-Maley-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taliban_massacres">Taliban massacres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taliban massacres">edit</a>]</div> According to a 55-page report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-57">[57]</a> UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-57">[57]</a> They also said, that "[t]hese have been highly systematic and they all lead back to the [Taliban] Ministry of Defense or to Mullah Omar himself".<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-57">[57]</a> Al Qaeda's so-called <a href="/wiki/055_Brigade" title="055 Brigade">055 Brigade</a> was also responsible for mass-killings of Afghan civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_Rashid/The_Telegraph-36">[36]</a> The report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters "carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people".<a href="#cite_note-Newsday_2001-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-papillonsartpalace.com-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmad_Shah_Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ahmad Shah Massoud">edit</a>]</div> After longstanding battles especially for the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a> forces alongside allied <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a> forces were defeated by the Taliban and their allies in 1998. Dostum subsequently went into exile. Ahmad Shah Massoud remained the only major anti-Taliban leader inside the country who was able to defend vast parts of his territory against the Pakistani Army, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, not once leaving Afghanistan except for diplomatic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud money and a position of power to make him stop his resistance. Massoud declined. He explained in one interview: <blockquote>The Taliban say: "Come and accept the post of prime minister and be with us", and they would keep the highest office in the country, the presidentship. But for what price?! The difference between us concerns mainly our way of thinking about the very principles of the society and the state. We can not accept their conditions of compromise, or else we would have to give up the principles of modern democracy. We are fundamentally against the system called "the Emirate of Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-Interview-60">[60]</a></blockquote> <blockquote>There should be an Afghanistan where every Afghan finds himself or herself happy. And I think that can only be assured by democracy based on consensus.<a href="#cite_note-St._Petersburg_Times-61">[61]</a></blockquote> Massoud wanted to convince the Taliban to join a political process leading towards democratic elections in a foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-Interview-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proposal_for_Peace-62">[62]</a> He also stated: <blockquote>The Taliban are not a force to be considered invincible. They are distanced from the people now. They are weaker than in the past. There is only the assistance given by Pakistan, Osama bin Laden and other extremist groups that keep the Taliban on their feet. With a halt to that assistance, it is extremely difficult to survive.<a href="#cite_note-St._Petersburg_Times-61">[61]</a></blockquote> In early 2001 the United Front employed a new strategy of local military pressure and global political appeals.<a href="#cite_note-Steve_Coll:_Ghost_Wars-63">[63]</a> Resentment was increasingly gathering against Taliban rule from the bottom of Afghan society including the Pashtun areas.<a href="#cite_note-Steve_Coll:_Ghost_Wars-63">[63]</a> In total, estimates range up to one million people fleeing the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Parliament-64">[64]</a> Many civilians fled to the area of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a> concluded in its documentary "Inside the Taliban": "The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>".<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-39">[39]</a> In the areas under his control Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Rights">Women's Rights</a> Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3b-67">[67]</a> At the same time he was very wary not to revive the failed Kabul government of the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Steve_Coll:_Ghost_Wars-63">[63]</a> Already in 1999 the United Front leadership ordered the training of police forces specifically to keep order and protect the civilian population in case the United Front would be successful.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> In early 2001 Ahmad Shah Massoud addressed the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> asking the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> help to the people of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Parliament-64">[64]</a> He stated that the Taliban and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> had introduced "a very wrong perception of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>" and that without the support of Pakistan and Bin Laden the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for up to a year.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Parliament-64">[64]</a> On this visit to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had gathered information about a large-scale attack on U.S. soil being imminent.<a href="#cite_note-gwu.edu-68">[68]</a> On September 9, 2001, two Arab <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attackers</a>, allegedly belonging to Al Qaeda, posing as journalists, detonated a bomb hidden in a video camera while interviewing <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Massoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Massoud">Ahmed Shah Massoud</a> in the Takhar province of Afghanistan. Commander Massoud died in a helicopter that was taking him to a hospital. He was buried in his home village of <a href="/wiki/Bazarak,_Panjshir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazarak, Panjshir">Bazarak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Valley" title="Panjshir Valley">Panjshir Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The funeral, although taking place in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people. The assassination of Massoud is considered to have a strong connection to the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">attacks in the U.S.</a> two days later, which killed nearly 3,000 people and which appeared to be the terrorist attack that Massoud had warned against in his speech to the European Parliament several months earlier. <a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Neill" title="John P. O'Neill">John P. O'Neill</a> was a counter-terrorism expert and the Assistant Director of the FBI until late 2001. He retired from the FBI and was offered the position of director of security at the World Trade Center (WTC). He took the job at the WTC two weeks before 9/11. On September 10, 2001, John O'Neill told two of his friends, <blockquote>We're due. And we're due for something big. ... Some things have happened in Afghanistan [referring to the assassination of Massoud]. I don't like the way things are lining up in Afghanistan. ... I sense a shift, and I think things are going to happen. ... soon.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-70">[70]</a></blockquote> O'Neill died the following day, when the south tower collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-70">[70]</a> After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, United Front troops ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul with American air support in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>, using intelligence reports offered by Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Six_plus_Two_Group_on_Afghanistan" title="Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan">Six plus Two Group</a> meetings at the United Nations Headquarters. In November and December 2001 the United Front gained control of much of the country and played a crucial role in establishing the post-Taliban interim government of Hamid Karzai in late 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_9/11">Post 9/11</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post 9/11">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_government_(early_2001).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png/220px-Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png/330px-Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png/440px-Taliban_government_%28early_2001%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Territorial control of Northern Alliance before the U.S invasion of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg/220px-Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg/330px-Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg/440px-Northern_Alliance_troops_line_a_runway_at_Bagram_Airbase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>United Front troops lined up next to the runway at <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Airfield" title="Bagram Airfield">Bagram Airfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parwan_Province" title="Parwan Province">Parwan Province</a>. (December 16, 2001)</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States in 2001, the United Front succeeded in retaking Kabul from the Taliban with air support from US-led forces during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>. Despite fears of a return to the chaos similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%931996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)">1992–1996 civil war</a>, all the Afghan leaders met in Germany to create a new government. <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> was chosen to lead the country and most key positions were given to Tajik members of the Northern Alliance. This created a major international issue. While Pakistan has always favored Afghanistan's major ethnic group, the Pashtun, India saw an opportunity for increasing its regional power by jumping on board with the support of the Northern Alliance in the early days of the war.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> With both nations seeking to increase or maintain their regional power through opposing factions on the ground, observers came to view the conflict in Afghanistan as a proxy-war between the two state powers.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> From 2002 to 2004, war activity in Afghanistan was relatively calm. By 2006, however, with the support of Pakistan and Iran, a Taliban insurgency gained increasing strength. In 2010, Afghan President Karzai decided that the only way to end the Taliban insurgency was to call for peace. This process became accepted and supported by all international partners of Afghanistan, except by several key figures of the Northern Alliance such as Abdullah Abdullah, Ahmad Zia Massoud, Mohammad Mohaqiq, and others. The opposition, by then splintered into several parties, warned that Karzai's appeasement policy could come at the cost of Afghanistan's political and economic development, including the progress made in areas such as education and women's rights. Because NATO excluded the Karzai administration and the opposition leaders were excluded from secret talks with the Taliban, Karzai's political rhetoric was increasingly adjusted to Taliban demands, United Front leaders, and in late 2011, regrouped to oppose a return of the Taliban to Afghanistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Between 1996 and 2001, the Northern Alliance blocked the Taliban and al-Qaeda from gaining control of the entirety of Afghanistan. Many internally displaced persons found shelter in areas controlled by Ahmad Shah Massoud. After the September 2001 attacks in the United States, U.S. air raids followed by ground troops of the United Front ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul. Between November and December 2001, the United Front gained control of most major Afghan cities. Had it not been for the United Front, the U.S. would have needed to deploy large number of ground troops, as was done in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. The United Front was influential in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_Transitional_Administration_personnel" title="List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel">transitional Afghan Government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> from 2001 until 2004. Notably, Mohammed Fahim became the Vice President and Defense Minister, <a href="/wiki/Yunus_Qanuni" title="Yunus Qanuni">Yunus Qanuni</a> became the Minister of Education and Security Advisor and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a> became the Foreign Minister. Most foreign observers expected this dominance to continue and for Fahim or Qanuni to be selected as Karzai's Vice President in the 2004 elections. However, Karzai instead selected <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zia_Massoud" title="Ahmad Zia Massoud">Ahmad Zia Massoud</a>, younger brother of the former United Front leader Ahmad Shah Massoud. Karzai easily won the 2004 Presidential election with 55.4% of the vote, followed by three former leaders of the Northern Alliance, Quanuni (16.3%), Mohaqiq (11.7%) and Dostum (10%). Some of the military strength of the UIF has now been absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Afghanistan">military of Afghanistan</a>, while many of the remaining soldiers were disarmed through a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> program. The existence and strength of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a> has significantly reduced the threat of the former UIF elements attempting to use military action against the new NATO-backed Afghan government. Most of the country's senior military personnel are former members of the UIF, including <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)">Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan_Mohammadi" title="Bismillah Khan Mohammadi">Bismillah Khan Mohammadi</a>. Some members of the alliance are now part of the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Front_(Afghanistan)" title="United National Front (Afghanistan)">United National Front (Afghanistan)</a> which is led by Rabbani and includes some former leaders of the UIF such as Yunus Qanuni, Mohammed Fahim, and Abdul Rashid Dostum. The United National Front has positioned itself as a "loyal" opposition to Hamid Karzai. Others like <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a> claim to be loyal to Hamid Karzai while, however, following their own agenda. Abdullah Abdullah, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">doctor of medicine</a> and one of Ahmad Shah Massoud's closest friends, ran as an independent candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2009 Afghan presidential election">2009 Afghan presidential election</a> and came in second place. On November 1, 2009, Abdullah, however, quit the <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff election</a> because of widespread allegations of election fraud. Some of his followers wanted to take to the streets but Abdullah called for calm. <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Khalili" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Khalili">Massoud Khalili</a>, another of Ahmad Shah Massoud's close friends, became ambassador to India and subsequently to Turkey, while the younger brother of Massoud, Ahmad Wali Massoud, serves as ambassador to the United Kingdom. Massoud's ex-commander Bismillah Khan Mohammadi was chief-of-staff of the Afghan National Army, then as Minister of the Interior followed by Minister of Defense. One of Massoud's close intelligence agents, Amrullah Saleh, became director of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) in 2004 but had to resign in 2010. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_(2011)">Reformation (2011)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reformation (2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Front of Afghanistan">National Front of Afghanistan</a></div> The National Front of Afghanistan, which was created by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zia_Massoud" title="Ahmad Zia Massoud">Ahmad Zia Massoud</a>, Abdul Rashid Dostum and Mohammad Mohaqiq in late 2011 to oppose peace talks with Taliban, is generally considered as a reformation of the military wing of the United Front.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Times-74">[74]</a> Meanwhile, much of the political wing has reunited under the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Change_and_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Change and Hope">National Coalition of Afghanistan</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khaama_Press-76">[76]</a> Former head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (NDS), <a href="/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh" title="Amrullah Saleh">Amrullah Saleh</a>, created a new movement, <a href="/wiki/Basej-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Basej-i Milli">Basej-i Milli</a>, with support among the youth. It mobilized about 10,000 people in an anti-Taliban demonstration in the capital Kabul in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_(1)-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Persian-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOLOnews-79">[79]</a> Former Northern Alliance strongman <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Fahim">Mohammed Fahim</a>, Vice President of Afghanistan, remained in an alliance with Hamid Karzai until Fahim's death in 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_resurgence">2021 resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2021 resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a></div> Following a takeover of Kabul and much of Afghanistan by the Taliban in 2021, the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a>, led by Ahmad Massoud, son of late Afghan politician Ahmad Shah Massoud, and Vice President Amrullah Saleh started gathering strength in the Panjshir Valley.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The flag of the ‘Northern Alliance’ or the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan was hoisted for the first time since 2001 in the Panjshir Valley, signalling their return. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_issues_(1996–2001)">Human rights issues (1996–2001)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human rights issues (1996–2001)">edit</a>]</div> The human rights situation during combat was heavily dependent on the specific commander and his troops. The situation for different leaders and their troops of the United Front thus shows sharp contrasts. Also, the quality of life of the Afghan population was heavily dependent on the specific leader that was directly controlling the area in which they lived. Sharp contrasts could also be witnessed regarding life and structures in those areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_of_Ahmad_Shah_Massoud">Area of Ahmad Shah Massoud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Area of Ahmad Shah Massoud">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Province" title="Panjshir Province">Panjshir</a> area, some other parts of <a href="/wiki/Parwan_Province" title="Parwan Province">Parwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Thakhar</a> province. Some parts of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakshan</a> were under his influence while others were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakshan</a> was the home region of Rabbani. Massoud created institutions which were structured into several committees: political, health, education and economic.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> In the area of Massoud women and girls were allowed to work and to go to school,<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> and in at least two known instances Massoud personally intervened against cases of forced marriage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-82">[82]</a> Women also did not have to wear the Afghan burqa.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> While it was Massoud's stated conviction that men and women are equal and should enjoy the same rights, he also had to deal with Afghan traditions which he said would need a generation or more to overcome. In his opinion that could only be achieved through education.<a href="#cite_note-Webster_University_Press_Book-24">[24]</a> Hundreds of thousands of Afghans fled from the Taliban to the areas controlled by Massoud.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Parliament_(2)-83">[83]</a> There was a huge humanitarian problem as there was not enough to eat for both the existing population and the internally displaced Afghans. In 2001, Massoud and a French journalist described the bitter situation of the displaced people and asked for humanitarian help.<a href="#cite_note-EU_Parliament_(2)-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_of_Abdul_Rashid_Dostum">Area of Abdul Rashid Dostum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Area of Abdul Rashid Dostum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG/220px-011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG/330px-011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG/440px-011215-F-3961R-018_Northern_Alliance_troops_under_General_Dostum%27s_command_in_Mazar-e_Sharif.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>Northern Alliance troops under General Dostum's command in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-e Sharif">Mazar-e Sharif</a>, December 2001</figcaption></figure> Until the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> by the Taliban in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> controlled the following provinces: <a href="/wiki/Samangan_Province" title="Samangan Province">Samangan</a>, Balkh, <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghlan" title="Baghlan">Baghlan</a> provinces. According to Human Rights Watch many of the violations of international humanitarian law committed by the United Front forces date from 1996–1998<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-84">[84]</a> when Dostum controlled most of the north. According to Human Rights Watch in 1997, some 3,000 captured Taliban soldiers were summarily executed in and around Mazar-i Sharif by Dostum's <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a> forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Pahlawan" title="Abdul Malik Pahlawan">Abdul Malik Pahlawan</a>. The killings followed Malik's withdrawal from a brief alliance with the Taliban and the capture of the Taliban forces who were trapped in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-40">[40]</a> With the U.S. War on Terror, troops loyal to Dostum also returned to combat. In December 2001, during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a>, between 250 and 3,000 (depending on sources) Taliban prisoners were shot and/or suffocated to death in metal truck containers. The prisoners were killed while being transferred from <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sheberghan" title="Sheberghan">Sheberghan</a>. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre" title="Dasht-i-Leili massacre">Dasht-i-Leili massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-Iol2002-05-02-85">[85]</a> In 2009, Dostum denied the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Dostum belonged to those commanders making their own, often draconian, laws. Human Rights Watch has released documents alleging widespread crimes targeted against the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-40">[40]</a> Human Rights Watch asked to actively discourage and refuse support in any way to any group or coalition that includes commanders with a record of serious violations of international humanitarian law standards, specifically naming <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mohaqiq" title="Muhammad Mohaqiq">Muhammad Mohaqiq</a>, a senior commander of the <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Wahdat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezb-e Wahdat">Hezb-e Wahdat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a>, leader of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawah_Organisation_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan">Ittehad-e Islami</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Pahlawan" title="Abdul Malik Pahlawan">Abdul Malik Pahlawan</a>, a former senior <a href="/wiki/Junbish-i_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Junbish-i Milli">Junbish-i Milli</a> commander.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dancing_boys">Dancing boys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dancing boys">edit</a>]</div> Commanders and other members of the Northern Alliance sexually abused dancing boys they and their friends owned as part of a regional custom known as <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">bacha bazi</a> (boy play), a practice which was downplayed and covered up by United States and Afghan authorities.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)">War in Afghanistan (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Alliance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhady1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"</a>. Asian Survey. 35 (7): 621–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645419">10.2307/2645419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">2645419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Pashtuns+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=621-634&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645419&rft.aulast=Ahady&rft.aufirst=Anwar-ul-Haq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0828/nat_1_taliban.html">"Fateful Victory"</a>. 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Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+the+Cranes%3A+A+Reporter%27s+Journey+Through+Three+Decades+of+War+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=August+3%2C+2011&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.au=Edward+Girardet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid_2000_91-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_91_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashid2000">Rashid 2000</a>, p. 91 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRashid2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpQI6HKV-ZY">"Inside the Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Taliban&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxpQI6HKV-ZY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm">"Pakistan's support of the taliban"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+support+of+the+taliban&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fafghan2%2FAfghan0701-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-airbridge-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-airbridge_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-airbridge_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awljDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">Iran in Crisis?: Nuclear Ambitions and the American Response</a>. Zed Books. 4 July 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848137110" title="Special:BookSources/9781848137110"><bdi>9781848137110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+Crisis%3F%3A+Nuclear+Ambitions+and+the+American+Response&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=9781848137110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawljDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements2-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements2_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictafghanis00clem">Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictafghanis00clem/page/n92">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-402-8&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictafghanis00clem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5CATmJzU0wC&pg=PT318">Persian Dreams: Moscow and Tehran Since the Fall of the Shah</a>. Potomac Books. September 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597976466" title="Special:BookSources/9781597976466"><bdi>9781597976466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Dreams%3A+Moscow+and+Tehran+Since+the+Fall+of+the+Shah&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2011-09&rft.isbn=9781597976466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5CATmJzU0wC%26pg%3DPT318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_(2)-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_(2)_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072614/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/34079877.html?dids=34079877:34079877&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+16%2C+1998&author=Pamela+Constable&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Afghanistan%3A+Arena+for+a+New+Rivalry&pqatl=google">"Afghanistan: Arena for a New Rivalry"</a>. Washington Post. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/34079877.html?dids=34079877:34079877&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+16%2C+1998&author=Pamela+Constable&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Afghanistan%3A+Arena+for+a+New+Rivalry&pqatl=google">the original</a> on July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Arena+for+a+New+Rivalry&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2Faccess%2F34079877.html%3Fdids%3D34079877%3A34079877%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DSep%2B16%252C%2B1998%26author%3DPamela%2BConstable%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DAfghanistan%253A%2BArena%2Bfor%2Ba%2BNew%2BRivalry%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press_Trust_of_India-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Press_Trust_of_India_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050128030041/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980812/22450054.html">"Pak involved in Taliban offensive – Russia"</a>. Express India. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980812/22450054.html">the original</a> on 2005-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+India&rft.atitle=Pak+involved+in+Taliban+offensive+%E2%80%93+Russia&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Fie%2Fdaily%2F19980812%2F22450054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-46"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml">"Afghanistan & the United Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+%26+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Flatest%2Fafghan%2Fun-afghan-history.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Times_(2)-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Times_(2)_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED02FA7F968789D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"U.S. presses for bin Laden's ejection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a>. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+presses+for+bin+Laden%27s+ejection&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DWT%26p_theme%3Dwt%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0ED02FA7F968789D%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-921-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litwak-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Litwak_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwak2007" class="citation book cs1">Litwak, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regimechange00robe/page/309">Regime change: U.S. strategy through the prism of 9/11</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regimechange00robe/page/309">309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8642-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regime+change%3A+U.S.+strategy+through+the+prism+of+9%2F11&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8642-3&rft.aulast=Litwak&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregimechange00robe%2Fpage%2F309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-50"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2011" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Kevin (2011). Confronting Al-Qaeda. Naval Institute Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-503-5"><bdi>978-1-59114-503-5</bdi></a>. <q>the Pakistani military's Inter-services Intelligence Directorate (IsI) provided assistance to the taliban regime, to include its military and al Qaeda–related terrorist training camps</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Al-Qaeda&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-503-5&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Times-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Times_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Times_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913183649/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C08%5C31%5Cstory_31-8-2008_pg3_4">"Book review: The inside track on Afghan wars by Khaled Ahmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\story_31-8-2008_pg3_4">the original</a> on 2008-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+The+inside+track+on+Afghan+wars+by+Khaled+Ahmed&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2008%5Cstory_31-8-2008_pg3_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-52"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc&feature=search">"Brigade 055"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brigade+055&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGrugy2txSvc%26feature%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2007" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Zahid (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warindistantcoun0000isby/page/49">Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle With Militant Islam</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warindistantcoun0000isby/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-769-6"><bdi>978-0-85368-769-6</bdi></a>. <q>However, Pakistani intelligence agencies maintained some degree of cooperation with the Taliban elements fleeing the fighting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontline+Pakistan%3A+The+Struggle+With+Militant+Islam&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-769-6&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Zahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarindistantcoun0000isby%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www_newyorker_com10-54"><a href="#cite_ref-www_newyorker_com10_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. 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EU media. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massoud+in+the+European+Parliament+2001&rft.pub=EU+media&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dt78N6Q5VD60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-65"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpQI6HKV-ZY">"Inside the Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Taliban&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxpQI6HKV-ZY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Alliance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929130330/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/inside-the-taliban-3274/Overview">"Inside the Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a>. 2007. 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1990s in Afghanistan">1990s in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_establishments_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1996 establishments in Afghanistan">1996 establishments in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:2000s in Afghanistan">2000s in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2001_disestablishments_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:2001 disestablishments in Afghanistan">2001 disestablishments in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="Category:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_Islamic_organizations" title="Category:Defunct Islamic organizations">Defunct Islamic organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_party_alliances_in_Afghanistan" 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