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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_van_Itali%C3%AB" title="Ermengarde van Italië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ermengarde van Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ерменгарда (Италия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерменгарда (Италия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_od_Italije" title="Ermengarda od Italije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ermengarda od Italije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_(filla_de_Llu%C3%ADs_II_el_Jove)" title="Ermengarda (filla de Lluís II el Jove) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ermengarda (filla de Lluís II el Jove)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_von_Italien" title="Ermengarde von Italien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ermengarde von Italien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερμενγάρδη της Ιταλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερμενγάρδη της Ιταλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_de_Italia" title="Ermengarda de Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ermengarda de Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_(fille_de_Louis_II_le_Jeune)" title="Ermengarde (fille de Louis II le Jeune) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ermengarde (fille de Louis II le Jeune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_Talijanska" title="Ermengarda Talijanska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ermengarda Talijanska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengard_dari_Italia" title="Ermengard dari Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ermengard dari Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_(figlia_di_Ludovico_II_il_Giovane)" title="Ermengarda (figlia di Ludovico II il Giovane) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ermengarda (figlia di Ludovico II il Giovane)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_der_Franken" title="Ermengarde der Franken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ermengarde der Franken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_de_Provence" title="Ermengarda de Provence – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ermengarda de Provence" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Ирменгарда Итальянская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирменгарда Итальянская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Ерменгард од Италије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерменгард од Италије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarda_Italijanska" title="Ermengarda Italijanska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ermengarda Italijanska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengard_av_Italien" title="Ermengard av Italien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ermengard av Italien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ірменгарда Італійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірменгарда Італійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%83%E8%8A%92%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7" title="義大利的埃芒加德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利的埃芒加德" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Provence&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermengard of Provence">Ermengard of Provence</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen consort of Provence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ermengard of Italy</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Proven%C3%A7al_royal_consorts" title="List of Provençal royal consorts">Queen consort of Provence</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">879 – 887</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">896/897</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boso_of_Provence" title="Boso of Provence">Boso of Provence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelberga_of_Provence" title="Engelberga of Provence">Engelberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Engelberga" title="Engelberga">Engelberga</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ermengard of Italy</b> (died 896/897) was the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Provence">queen of Provence</a> as the spouse of <a href="/wiki/King_Boso" class="mw-redirect" title="King Boso">King Boso</a>. She was the second and only surviving child of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Louis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Louis II">Emperor Louis II</a>. In her early life, she was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>, the junior <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>, but whether the marriage actually occurred or not is still debated among historians. In 871, Ermengard and her family were taken hostage by <a href="/wiki/Adelchis_of_Benevento" title="Adelchis of Benevento">Adelchis of Benevento</a> but were later freed. In 876, Ermengard married Boso, a nobleman with connections to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, and became queen upon his accession to the throne of Provence in 879. After her husband's death in 887, she ruled the kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> during the minority of their son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_engagement_to_Constantine">Early life and engagement to Constantine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and engagement to Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ermengard was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Louis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Louis II">Emperor Louis II</a>, who ruled over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Engelberga" title="Engelberga">Engelberga</a>,.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ermengard's granduncle was Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her youth, she was instructed in the scriptures by <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_Bibliothecarius" title="Anastasius Bibliothecarius">Anastasius Bibliothecarius</a>, the chief archivist of the papal <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 869, the courts of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empires</a> entered into discussions to arrange an alliance against the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> in southern Italy. During the negotiations, in addition to a military alliance, a marriage between Ermengard and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>, the eldest son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden coin showing Constantine with Emperor Basil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Golden coin showing Constantine (right) with Emperor Basil I (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ermengard and Constantine were betrothed in 870 or 871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, an ambassador was sent by Louis to the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingian and Frankish <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">annals</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annales Bertiniani</a></i> referred to Ermengard in 879 as "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">filia imperatoris Italiae et desponsata imperatori Greciae</i></span></i>" (<i><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">daughter of the emperor of Italy and engaged to the emperor of Greece</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></i>). However, the annals erroneously refer to Ermengard's betrothed as Basil, not Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the marriage actually occurred is still debated among historians. The historians <a href="/wiki/Charles_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" title="Charles Previté-Orton">Charles Previté-Orton</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Ohnsorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Ohnsorge (page does not exist)">Werner Ohnsorge</a> take the position that they married, but Shaun Tougher argues that there is no evidence of this,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering the arrangement more of a child's engagement than a true marriage, given that Constantine would have been either 13 or 14 at the time and many Byzantine men married at age 15.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis refused to hand over Ermengard to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> sent by the Byzantines to bring her to the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance between the empires failed to come into fruition, and in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prosopographie_der_mittelbyzantinischen_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit">Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit</a></i></span> (<i><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Prosopography of the Middle Byzantine Period</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></i>), its authors, including the <a href="/wiki/Byzantinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantinist">Byzantinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Ralph-Johannes Lilie</a>, argue that the marriage of Ermengard and Constantine did not either. Instead, the correspondence between Louis and Basil reveal a feud over the right to the imperial Roman title,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basil refusing to yield the status of <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> to Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956237_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956237-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 871, Ermengard and her family were held hostage by <a href="/wiki/Adelchis_of_Benevento" title="Adelchis of Benevento">Adelchis of Benevento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained in captivity until September; during that time, rumors circulated that the imperial family were dead. The bishop of Benevento managed to have them freed, and Ermengard is not mentioned by chronicles until her marriage in 876.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_of_Provence">Queen of Provence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Queen of Provence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 876, sometime between February and June,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the approval of Charles, Ermengard was married to <a href="/wiki/Boso_of_Provence" title="Boso of Provence">Boso of Provence</a>, who was a nobleman with close relations to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on her betrothal to Constantine, the medievalist <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poupardin" title="René Poupardin">René Poupardin</a> placed Ermengard somewhere between 17 and 25 years old at the time of her marriage to Boso.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard198878_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard198878-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 879, the <a href="/wiki/West_Frankish_king" class="mw-redirect" title="West Frankish king">West Frankish king</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a> died. Boso intended to have himself elected as the new monarch of West Francia, but ended up as ruler of Provence. His rise to the throne of Provence was aided by Ermengard and her mother Engelberga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988411_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988411-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Constance Bouchard states that "Ermengard was indeed quoted at the time as saying that she, daughter of the Roman emperor, who had once been affianced to the Greek emperor, would not want to live if she could not make her own husband king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard198877_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard198877-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three surviving children: a son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a>, and two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Engelberga_of_Provence" title="Engelberga of Provence">Engelberga</a> and an unnamed child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 878, Ermengard and her husband welcomed <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> after the pontiff fled <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The couple made a good impression on John, revealed by his correspondence with Ermengard's mother Engelberga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190186–87_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190186–87-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boso died in 887, leaving his children under the protection of Ermengard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, Ermengard travelled with her son to the court of her cousin Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a>, and according to the <a href="/wiki/East_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frankish">East Frankish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a></i>, she managed to convince Charles to, as Bouchard puts it, "'quasi-adopt' Boso's young son Louis as his own son".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901144_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901144-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 890, Louis was elected to succeed to his father's kingdom of Provence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the minority of her son, Queen Ermengard ruled Provence as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901160–161_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901160–161-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ermengard died in 896/897.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901162_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901162-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 897, Ermengard's son Louis requested prayers for the repose of the souls of both his parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While nominally the son of Basil I, some historians speculate that Constantine was actually the son of the future <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199722–23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199722–23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ25702html_Irmengard_(#23548)]_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ25702/html">Irmengard (#23548)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988410_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchard1988">Bouchard 1988</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190178_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2001">Herrin 2001</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199722–23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199722–23_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994118_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdontz1956">Adontz 1956</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 23 & 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956237-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956237_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901163_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard198878-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard198878_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchard1988">Bouchard 1988</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988411-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988411_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchard1988">Bouchard 1988</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard198877-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard198877_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchard1988">Bouchard 1988</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouchard1988413_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchard1988">Bouchard 1988</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901142_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190186–87-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin190186–87_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901144-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901144_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901160–161-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901160–161_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901162-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901162_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901167-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoupardin1901167_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoupardin1901">Poupardin 1901</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermengard_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdontz1956" class="citation journal cs1">Adontz, Nicholas (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Adontz1956Basil/page/n17/mode/2up">"Basil I, the Armenian (Emperor of Byzantium 867–886)"</a>. <i>Armenian Review</i>. <b>9</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=Basil+I%2C+the+Armenian+%28Emperor+of+Byzantium+867%E2%80%93886%29&rft.volume=9&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Adontz&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAdontz1956Basil%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouchard1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1988). "The Bosonids or Rising to Power in the Late Carolingian Age". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (3) (3 ed.). Society for French Historical Studies]: 407–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286367">10.2307/286367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286367">286367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bosonids+or+Rising+to+Power+in+the+Late+Carolingian+Age&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-431&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286367%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bouchard&rft.aufirst=Constance+Brittain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin, Judith</a> (2001). <i>Women in Purple: Rulers of Medieval Byzantium</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11780-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Purple%3A+Rulers+of+Medieval+Byzantium&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11780-5&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a></span>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6"><bdi>978-0-813-51198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-813-51198-6&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoupardin1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poupardin" title="René Poupardin">Poupardin, René</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leroyaumedeprove00poupuoft/page/162/mode/2up"><i>Le Royaume de Provence Sous Les Carolingiens (855-933?)</i></a> (in French). Librairie Émile Bouillon. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14019078M">14019078M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Royaume+de+Provence+Sous+Les+Carolingiens+%28855-933%3F%29&rft.pub=Librairie+%C3%89mile+Bouillon&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14019078M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Poupardin&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleroyaumedeprove00poupuoft%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (1998–2013). <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopographie_der_mittelbyzantinischen_Zeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit">Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit</a></i> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1998%2F2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1994). <i>The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Personal Relationships and Political Ideologies</i> (PhD thesis). St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F14582">10023/14582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Personal+Relationships+and+Political+Ideologies&rft.inst=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F14582&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1997" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1997). <i>The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Politics+and+People&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10811-0&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErmengard+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians_footer" title="Template talk:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pippinids,_Arnulfings_and_Carolingians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids, Arnulfings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Legend: → ≡ "father of",  <b>·</b>  ≡ "brother of"</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Begga" title="Begga">Begga</a>, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Pippinids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carloman → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pepin I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a> → <a href="/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted" title="Childebert the Adopted">Childebert the Adopted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pippinids" title="Pippinids">Arnulfings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*_Arnulf_of_Metz_→_Chlodulf_of_Metz_*_Ansegisel_→_Pepin_II,_his_sons"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz" title="Arnulf of Metz">Arnulf of Metz</a> → <a href="/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz" title="Chlodulf of Metz">Chlodulf of Metz</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ansegisel" title="Ansegisel">Ansegisel</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal" title="Pepin of Herstal">Pepin II</a>, his sons</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne" title="Drogo of Champagne">Drogo</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arnulf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Rouen_(died_730)" title="Hugh of Rouen (died 730)">Hugh of Champagne</a></li> <li>Godfrey</li> <li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/125px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/188px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png/250px-Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder" title="Grimoald the Elder">Grimoald I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)" title="Carloman (mayor of the palace)">Carloman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifo_(noble)" title="Grifo (noble)">Grifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a></li> <li>Jerome</li> <li>Remigius</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childebrand_I" title="Childebrand I">Childebrand I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nibelung I → <i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungids" title="Nibelungids">Nibelungids</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early<br /><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charles_Martel"><b>Sons of Charles Martel</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Carloman, Mayor of the Palace">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drogo,_Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drogo, Mayor of the Palace">Drogo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_coin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/125px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/188px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Charlemagne_coin.JPG/250px-Charlemagne_coin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin III">Pepin III</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Younger" title="Charles the Younger">Charles the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a></li> <li>Lothair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz" title="Drogo of Metz">Drogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)" title="Hugh (abbot of Saint-Quentin)">Hugh</a></li> <li>Theoderic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pepin</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel" title="Bernard, son of Charles Martel">Bernard</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie" title="Wala of Corbie">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie" title="Adalard of Corbie">Adalhard</a></li> <li>Bernhar</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Sons_of_Charlemagne"><b>Sons of Charlemagne</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pepin,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Pepin, Count of Vermandois">Pepin, Count of Vermandois</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vermandois" title="Count of Vermandois">Counts of Vermandois</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/125px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/188px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg/250px-Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens" title="Arnulf of Sens">Arnulf of Sens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ermengard</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis the Blind</a> → <i><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II" title="Lothair II">Lothair II</a> → <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh, Duke of Alsace">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Provence" title="Charles of Provence">Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin I of Aquitaine">Pepin I</a>, son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a> → <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a> → Godfrey</li> <li>Otto<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a> → Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saxony" title="Hugh of Saxony">Hugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bernard_(son_of_Charles_the_Fat)" title="Bernard (son of Charles the Fat)">Bernard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold</a> → Adalbert</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>,<br />sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis the Stammerer</a> → <a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Child" title="Charles the Child">Charles the Child</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carloman,_son_of_Charles_the_Bald" title="Carloman, son of Charles the Bald">Carloman</a><br />Lothair the Lame</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Pepin</li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West<br />Francia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="West_Francia_was_in_the_hands_of_the_Robertians_from_888_until_898._It_was_the_last_Carolingian_kingdom.">West Francia was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li>Arnulf</li> <li>Drogo</li> <li>Rorico</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denier_Chinon_954,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/125px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/188px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg/250px-Denier_Chinon_954%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a></li> <li>Henry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair IV</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_(archbishop_of_Reims)" title="Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)">Arnulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>, sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Louis of Lower Lorraine">Louis</a></li> <li>Charles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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