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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weekly day of rest or time of worship given in the Bible as the seventh day</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbath in seventh-day churches</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KorenGodReposing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KorenGodReposing.jpg/235px-KorenGodReposing.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KorenGodReposing.jpg/353px-KorenGodReposing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KorenGodReposing.jpg/470px-KorenGodReposing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the first engraved Christian Bible in <a href="/wiki/Russian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian (language)">Russian</a> (1696), depicting <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> reposing on Sabbath</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> is a weekly day of <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">rest</a> or time of worship given in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as the seventh day. It is observed differently in <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Christianity</a> and informs a similar occasion in several other faiths. Observation and remembrance of Sabbath is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a>") considered to be the fourth in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> traditions, and the third in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> traditions. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" 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property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabbath">Sabbath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sabbath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i> is a verb meaning "to cease" or "to rest", its noun form meaning a time or day of cessation or rest. Its <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicized</a> pronunciation is <i>Sabbath.</i> A <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian language">Babylonian</a> <i>Sapattu<sup>m</sup></i> or <i>Sabattu<sup>m</sup></i> is reconstructed from the lost fifth <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a> creation account, which is read as: "<i>[Sa]bbatu</i> shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly". It is regarded as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <i>sa-bat</i> ("mid-rest"), rendered in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as <i>um nuh libbi</i> ("day of mid-repose").<sup id="cite_ref-ere_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ere-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dependent Greek cognate is <i>Sabbaton</i>, used in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> 68 times. Two inflections, Hebrew <i>Shabbathown</i> and Greek "σαββατισμός" (<i>Sabbatismós</i>), also appear. The Greek form is cognate to the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> verb <i>sabbatizo</i> (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2016:30&version=nrsv">Ex. 16:30</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023:32&version=nrsv">Lev. 23:32</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2026:34&version=nrsv">26:34</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2036:21&version=nrsv">2 Chr. 36:21</a>). In English, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> is cognate to these two forms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> uses the English form "sabbath(s)" 172 times. In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, "sabbath(s)" translates <i>Shabbath</i> all 107 times (including 35 plurals), plus <i>shebeth</i> three times, <i>shabath</i> once, and the related <i>mishbath</i> once (plural). In the New Testament, "sabbath" translates <i>Sabbaton</i> 59 times; <i>Sabbaton</i> is also translated as "week" nine times, by <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabbatai1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shabbatai1.jpg/220px-Shabbatai1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Shabbatai1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> in 1665</figcaption></figure> <p>The name form is "Shabbethai"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name appearing <a href="/wiki/Shabbethai_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbethai (biblical figure)">three times</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabbath_Year">Sabbath Year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sabbath Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a></div> <p>The Sabbath Year or <i><a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמטה</span>, <i>Sh<sup>e</sup>mittah</i>, literally "release"), is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. The term <i>shmita</i> is translated "release" five times in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> (from the root שמט, <i>shamat</i>, "<i>desist</i>, <i>remit</i>"). This year is also described in the Bible as a <i>shabbat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <i>shmita</i>, the land is left to lie <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> and all agricultural activity—including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting—is forbidden by Torah and <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By tradition, other cultivation techniques (such as watering, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, trimming and mowing) may be performed as preventative measures only, not to improve the growth of trees or plants; additionally, whatever fruits grow of their own accord during that year are deemed <i>hefker</i> (ownerless), not for the landowner but for the poor, the stranger, and the beasts of the field; these fruits may be picked by anyone. A variety of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of <i>shmita</i> produce. When the year ended, all debts, except those of foreigners, were to be cancelled (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0515.htm#1">Deut. 15:1–11</a>); in similar fashion, Torah requires a Hebrew slave who had worked for six years to go free in the seventh year. <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm#1">25</a> promises bountiful harvests to those who observe <i>shmita</i>, and describes its observance as a test of religious faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanakh">Tanakh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tanakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah">Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:1–2:4&version=nrsv">1:1–2:4</a>, God <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavens</a> and earth in six days (each day is defined as evening and morning) and <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">rests</a> on the seventh day, which he thus confers with special status.<blockquote><p>So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in Creation. —<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:3">Gen. 2:3</a></p></blockquote> This passage uses root form <i>shabath</i>, rather than intensified form <i>Shabbath</i>; neither the noun form nor a positive Sabbath command appears in Genesis. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%208:4&version=nrsv">8:4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's ark">Noah's ark</a> comes to "rest" in the seventh month (later revealed as the month of <i>Shabbathown</i>); here the word for "rest" is not <i>shabath</i> but its synonym <i>nuwach</i>, the root of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>'s name.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2016:23–30&version=nrsv">16:23–30</a>, immediately after the Exodus from Egypt, Sabbath is revealed as the day upon which <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> and manna gathering is to cease weekly; the first of many Sabbath commands is given, in both positive and negative forms.<blockquote><p>Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day, which is a Sabbath, there will be none .... Remain each of you in his place; let no one go out of his place on the seventh day. —<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Exodus+16:26">Ex. 16:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Exodus+16:29">16:29</a></p></blockquote>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2020:8–11&version=nrsv">20:8–11</a>, one month later, it is enjoined to be remembered as a memorial of Creation, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, the covenant revealed after God liberated Israel from Egyptian bondage. <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy</a>. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> your God. On it you shall not do any work .... For in six days the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. —<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Exodus+20:8">Ex. 20:8–11</a></p></blockquote> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2031:12–17&version=nrsv">31:12–17</a>, Sabbath is affirmed as a perpetual sign and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Biblical)">covenant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath breaking">Sabbath-breakers</a> are officially to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">cut off from the assembly or potentially killed</a>. Summarized again in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2035:2–3&version=nrsv">35:2–3</a>, verse 3 also restricts lighting of fire on the Sabbath.<blockquote><p>You shall kindle no fire in all your dwellings on the sabbath day. -Ex, 35:2-3</p></blockquote></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ten_Commandments" title="Category:Ten Commandments">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 145%; background-color:#cdf; padding:0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_(1).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-144px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-216px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-288px-MCC-31231_Mozes_toont_de_wetstafelen_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1.0em 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_thy_God" title="I am the Lord thy God">I am the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> thy God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">No other gods before me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">No graven images or likenesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">Not take the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s name in vain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">Honour thy father and thy mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">Thou shalt not commit adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">Thou shalt not steal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour" title="Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour">Thou shalt not bear false witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_covet" title="Thou shalt not covet">Thou shalt not covet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #cdf"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:1.0em 0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God" title="Finger of God">Finger of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">In Catholic theology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Template:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Template talk:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Commandments_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Commandments series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2016:31&version=nrsv">16:31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> is stated to be "Sabbath of Sabbaths". In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019&version=nrsv">19</a>, many of the Ten Commandments are repeated, including Sabbath (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:3&version=nrsv">19:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:30&version=nrsv">19:30</a>). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023&version=nrsv">23</a>, Moses defines weekly Sabbath, along with seven annual <a href="/wiki/High_Sabbaths" title="High Sabbaths">High Sabbaths</a>, which do not necessarily occur on weekly Sabbath and are additional to the weekly "L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s Sabbaths". One High Sabbath, <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Atonement">Day of Atonement</a>, is specifically defined as occurring from the evening of the prior day until the following evening. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2024:8&version=nrsv">24:8</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">showbread</a> is to be laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a> every Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2025:2–6&version=nrsv">25:2–6</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a></i> is given as a year of rest for land every seven years. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2026:2&version=nrsv">26:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2026:34–35&version=nrsv">26:34–35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2026:43&version=nrsv">26:43</a>, Sabbath is again enjoined, and Moses warns of the curse that if Israel disobeys, it will go into exile while the land enjoys Sabbaths denied to it during the time of rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2015:32–36&version=nrsv">15:32–36</a>, a man gathering firewood on Sabbath is put to death; the potential punishment for <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath breaking">desecrating Sabbath</a> (stoning) is the most severe in Jewish law. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2028–29&version=nrsv">28–29</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">offerings</a> for Sabbath, new moon, and High Sabbaths are enjoined.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%205:12–15&version=nrsv">5:12–15</a>, the Ten Commandments are restated; instead of referring again to Creation, Sabbath is enjoined to be observed as a memorial or sign of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption</a> of Israel from Egypt under God's protection.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection,_ca._1934-39_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Shofar_for_the_Sabbath_from_the_Matson_Collection%2C_ca._1934-39_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite Jew">Yemenite Jew</a> blowing the <i><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a></i> (ram's-horn trumpet) for Sabbath in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets">Prophets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%204:23&version=nrsv">4:23</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>'s patroness goes away suddenly to seek him, her husband questions why, since it was neither new moon nor Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2011:5–9&version=nrsv">11:5–9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Joash</a> becomes king, protected from usurper <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a> by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2016&version=nrsv">16</a>, the colonnade built for Sabbath use and its royal entranceway are removed from the temple by King <a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> mentions Sabbath repeatedly, including in its first and last chapters. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%201:13&version=nrsv">1:13</a>, he describes corrupted Sabbath tradition, called by God "your" assembly (as opposed to his own). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2056:1–8&version=nrsv">56:1–8</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2058:13–14&version=nrsv">58:13–14</a>, Isaiah commends honoring the holiness of Sabbath, rather than using it to go one's own way or to do idly as one pleases. Because of this passage, it is customary, in Judaism, to avoid talk about money or business matters on Sabbath; and, among <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>, to give full attention to spiritual matters, to perform only righteous activities, and to prepare only simple foods on Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2066:22–23&version=nrsv">66:22–23</a>, he foresees what is understood as the Messianic Kingdom, in which new moons and Sabbaths are occasions for the righteous to worship in God's presence, and to meditate on the unquenched fire consuming the wicked.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2017:19–27&version=nrsv">17:19–27</a>, Jeremiah declaims against carrying burdens out of houses or out of the city gates on Sabbath, as was commonly done by merchants in his day. Jeremiah also prophesies that Israel will be a desolation for seventy years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2025:11&version=nrsv">25:11</a>), interpreted later as land Sabbaths as also prophesied by Moses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2020:12–26&version=nrsv">20:12–26</a>, Ezekiel records God's giving of laws, precepts, and Sabbaths, and Israel's rejecting them; Sabbaths are explicitly called a sign between God and Israel. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2022:8&version=nrsv">22:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2022:23–31&version=nrsv">22:23–31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2023:38&version=nrsv">23:38</a>, he states that Israel has profaned and hidden its eyes from Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2044:24&version=nrsv">44:24</a>, Ezekiel foresees a Messianic Temple, in which the priests keep Sabbath as truly holy. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2045:17&version=nrsv">45:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2046:1–12&version=nrsv">46:1–12</a>, he sees the east gate shut on the "six working days" and open on Sabbath and new moon, and a prince making burnt offerings on those festivals as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Book of Hosea</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%202:11&version=nrsv">2:11</a>, casting Israel as an adulterous wife, God vows to end "her" festivals, new moons, and Sabbaths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Amos%208:5&version=nrsv">8:5</a>, Amos objects to those who inquire when Sabbath or new moon will be over so that marketing can begin again, classifying this practice as comparable to that of dishonest weights.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Samstug_(Saturday).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg/220px-Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg/330px-Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg/440px-Der_Samstug_%28Saturday%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>"Der Samstug (Sabbath)", Frederich Campe, 1800: German Jews, wearing baretta hats, gather outside a synagogue on Sabbath.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2092&version=nrsv">92</a> is a song specifically for Sabbath.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Lamentations%201:7&version=nrsv">1:7</a>, Israel's enemies gloat over its "cessation" (<i>mishbath</i>), after the destruction of the first temple. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Lamentations%202:6&version=nrsv">2:6</a>, this destruction and Israel's rejection is linked to Israel forgetting its appointed times and Sabbaths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%209:14&version=nrsv">9:14</a>, the Levites, who have called a public fast, thank God for Sabbath, the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvoth">mitzvoth</a> (commandments), and the Torah. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2010:31–33&version=nrsv">10:31–33</a>, the people respond by swearing not to buy on Sabbath or holy day. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%2013:15–22&version=nrsv">13:15–22</a>, Nehemiah observes many kinds of business transacted on Sabbath, rejects it as profanation, locks the city gates for the whole of Sabbath and has them guarded, and threatens force against merchants who spend the night outside. Sabbath begins after evening shadows fall on the gates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%209:32&version=nrsv">9:32</a>, the task of preparing Sabbath showbread is shown to have been assigned to kinsmen of <a href="/wiki/Korah" title="Korah">Korah</a> from the clan of <a href="/wiki/Kohath" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohath">Kohath</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:31&version=nrsv">23:31</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> assigns Levites to stand and sing thanks and praise whenever the burnt offerings are given for Sabbath, new moon, and the other designated days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%202:4&version=nrsv">2:4</a> (2:3, Hebrew) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%208:12–13&version=nrsv">8:12–13</a>, Solomon dedicates the first temple for daily, weekly, monthly, and annual offerings. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2023:4–8&version=nrsv">23:4–8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Joash</a> becomes king, protected from usurper <a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a> by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2031:3&version=nrsv">31:3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> rededicates the same offerings as Solomon. In the last chapter of the Tanakh in Hebrew order (at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2036:21&version=nrsv">36:21</a>), the prophecies of Moses and Jeremiah are combined as having been fulfilled in seventy years of captivity in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, during which the land kept its Sabbaths.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabbatarian_Meeting_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Sabbatarian_Meeting_House.jpg/220px-Sabbatarian_Meeting_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Sabbatarian_Meeting_House.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Oldest Sabbatarian Meeting House in America (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptist</a>), built in 1729 in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, now owned by <a href="/wiki/Newport_Historical_Society" title="Newport Historical Society">Newport Historical Society</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospels">Gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> contain several <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic</a> accounts, which <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> occasionally concurs in. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Capernaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcism in Capernaum">Exorcism in Capernaum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:21–39&version=nrsv">Mk. 1:21–39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:31–43&version=nrsv">Lk. 4:31–43</a>): Jesus makes a practice of teaching in the <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a> synagogue on Sabbath. One Sabbath he exorcises an <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">unclean spirit</a>, and also heals Peter's wife's mother. After sundown that day, he heals many people, and early in the morning of the first day, he goes out to pray alone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Sabbath" title="Lord of the Sabbath">Lord of the Sabbath</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2012:1–8&version=nrsv">Mt. 12:1–8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:23–28&version=nrsv">Mk. 2:23–28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%206:1–5&version=nrsv">Lk. 6:1–5</a>): When his disciples pick heads of wheat and eat them, Jesus tells objectors that, because Sabbath was made for man, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> is Lord of Sabbath. Sabbatarians believe that Sabbath-keeping is central to following Christ, and that he highly regarded Sabbath; some non-Sabbatarian Protestants and Catholics believe that Christ has power to <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">abrogate</a> Sabbath via a "better dispensation", and that he did so as with all <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial law">ceremonial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine that Christ "made" all Creation (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:3–10&version=nrsv">Jn. 1:3–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%201:16&version=nrsv">Col. 1:16</a>) implies that "Sabbath was made", and observed, by Christ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:27&version=nrsv">Mk. 2:27</a>), during Creation; this is taken as earning him the identification "Lord of Sabbath".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_of_the_Withered_Hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Healing of the Withered Hand">Healing of the Withered Hand</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2012:9–21&version=nrsv">Mt. 12:9–21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:1–6&version=nrsv">Mk. 3:1–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%206:6–11&version=nrsv">Lk. 6:6–11</a>): Knowing he is being watched, Jesus heals a man who had a withered hand, arguing that doing good and saving life is permitted and right on Sabbath. This passage follows his proclamation as Lord of Sabbath in Mark and Luke, but in Matthew follows his quotation of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%206:16&version=nrsv">Jer. 6:16</a> that he would give rest for his disciples' souls; this is taken as indicating Matthew intended to teach that Sabbath's true or spiritual fulfillment is found in coming to Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:1–6&version=nrsv">Mk. 6:1–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:16–30&version=nrsv">Lk. 4:16–30</a>): As is his custom, Jesus attends the <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> synagogue on Sabbath and <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">stands to read</a>. He preaches against skeptical demands for miracles and states that he is rejected there in his hometown.</li> <li>Events unique to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:9–18&version=nrsv">5:9–18</a>, Jesus heals a paralytic at the <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda" title="Pool of Bethesda">Pool of Bethesda</a> and tells him to carry his mat, spurring accusations of Sabbath-breaking. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%207:22–23&version=nrsv">7:22–23</a>, Jesus argues that healing in general is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a>, regarded as a cleansing ritual. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%209&version=nrsv">9</a>, Jesus makes clay with spittle on Sabbath and heals a man born blind, and is investigated by <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>.</li> <li>Events unique to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2013:10–17&version=nrsv">13:10–17</a>, Jesus heals a woman who had been bent over double for 18 years, arguing that setting her free is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of loosing one's animals to water them. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2014:1–6&version=nrsv">14:1–6</a>, Jesus heals a man with <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a> (swollen with fluid), arguing that this is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of rescuing an animal from a well. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2018:9–14&version=nrsv">18:9–14</a>, Jesus' parable of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisee_and_the_Publican" title="Pharisee and the Publican">Pharisee and the Publican</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> fasts twice a week, literally twice per Sabbath (the word <i>Sabbaton</i> means "week" by <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>, unique to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024&version=nrsv">24</a>, describing then-future <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypses</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, Jesus requests prayer (at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:20&version=nrsv">24:20</a>) that the coming time, when Judah must escape to the hills, not occur in winter or on Sabbath. Sabbatarians believe that Jesus based on this text expected Sabbath to be kept long after his death;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believe Jesus foresaw a non-Sabbatarian future community hampered by surrounding Sabbatarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027&version=nrsv">Mt. 27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015&version=nrsv">Mk. 15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023&version=nrsv">Lk. 23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019&version=nrsv">Jn. 19</a>): Jesus is crucified on Preparation Day, the day before Sabbath; differing <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">chronologies</a> interpret this either as <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Friday</a> (before weekly Sabbath) or <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Nisan 14</a> (before High Sabbath) or both. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph of Arimathaea">Joseph of Arimathaea</a> buries him before this Sabbath begins. The women who wished to prepare his body keep Sabbath rest according to the commandment, intending to finish their work on the first day of the week (the day after weekly Sabbath); one reading of the text permits "they rested" to include a hint that the body of Jesus rests on Sabbath as well. Seventh-day Sabbatarians see no change in God's law, regarding it as in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-wohlberg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wohlberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others regard Sabbath as changed by the cross, either to Lord's Day or to spiritual Sabbath.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028&version=nrsv">Mt. 28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016&version=nrsv">Mk. 16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024&version=nrsv">Lk. 24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020&version=nrsv">Jn. 20</a>): Jesus is raised from the dead by God and appears publicly on the first day of the week to several women. Jesus appears to Peter and again on the evening beginning the second day (i.e., after two disciples traveled seven miles from <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>, having begun when it was almost evening and getting dark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:28–36&version=nrsv">Lk. 24:28–36</a>). The text stating that "Jesus rose early on the first day of the week" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2016:9">Mk. 16:9</a>) is often inferred as speaking indirectly of Sabbath change; this conclusion is not direct in any Scripture, and the verse is not found in the two most ancient manuscripts (the <a href="/wiki/Sinaiticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaiticus">Sinaiticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209">Vaticanus</a>) and some other ancient manuscripts, though it appears in <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> in the second or third century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistles">Epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> 1-18: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:12&version=nrsv">1:12</a>, the distance from the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_mile" title="Biblical mile">"Sabbath journey"</a>, the distance Jewish law permitted one to walk on the Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202&version=nrsv">2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Spirit of God</a> is given to the disciples of Christ on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship; though the weekday is not mentioned, this is usually calculated as falling on the day after Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:13–45&version=nrsv">13:13–45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:13&version=nrsv">16:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2017:2&version=nrsv">17:2</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:4&version=nrsv">18:4</a>, as is his custom, Paul preaches on Sabbath to communal gatherings of Jewish and Gentile Christians, usually in synagogue, in <a href="/wiki/Pisidian_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisidian Antioch">Pisidian Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> (the meeting of Philippians was a riverside women's prayer group, in Gentile territory). Seventh-day Sabbatarians believe that Luke's recording Paul's sitting down in the synagogue indicates they kept a rest day and affirmed the seventh day as Sabbath,<sup id="cite_ref-wohlberg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wohlberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others believe that Paul merely preached on days that the Jewish portion of his audience would be available. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19–29&version=nrsv">15:19–29</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Decree">Apostolic Decree</a>, James proposes four limited rules for Gentile <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a> in response to the question of whether Gentiles should be directed to follow the Mosaic Law; the apostles then write that no greater burden is laid on the Gentiles. James also states that Moses is read every Sabbath, which can be construed either as discounting Moses as too unnecessary to promote (the Law being split into parts with Gentiles ordered to follow only <a href="/wiki/Noachide_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Noachide Laws">Noachide Laws</a>), or as supporting Moses as too ubiquitous to promote (the Law being a unity to grow into).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020&version=nrsv">Acts 20</a>: When the Christians meet to break bread, during an all-night worship service in <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a>, Paul preaches and raises Eutychus from the dead, the night after Sabbath (i.e., Saturday night and Sunday morning); the first day had begun at sundown (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2014:17–18&version=nrsv">Judg. 14:17–18</a>). Though Paul's special farewell service, this event is otherwise considered a regular Christian <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> observance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul then immediately walks eighteen miles from Troas to <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a>, boards a boat, and continues to <a href="/wiki/Mitylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitylene">Mitylene</a>. Seventh-day Sabbatarians state that Paul (as a lifelong Sabbath keeper) would not have done so on Sunday, if he had regarded Sunday as Sabbath. Non-Sabbatarians state that Paul did not keep any day of the week as Sabbath (citing his later passages) and that the early church met on the first day of the week but without rigor. First-day Sabbatarians state that he did not extend the travel prohibition to the first day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Romans">Book of Romans</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2014:5–6&version=nrsv">14:5–6</a>, without mentioning Sabbath, Paul emphasizes being fully convinced of one's practice, whether esteeming one day above another, or esteeming every day alike. Each interpretative framework regards this passage as demonstrating that ritual observance of others' Sabbaths is not required, but is optional according to the conscience of each individual Christian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:1&version=nrsv">11:1</a>, Paul exhorts readers to follow his example in religious practice as he follows Christ's. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:1–2&version=nrsv">16:1–2</a>, Paul encourages the setting aside of money on the day after Sabbath for a collection for the Christians in Jerusalem; it is not stated whether this is in conjunction with a first-day group meeting. As in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020&version=nrsv">Acts 20</a>, the word "week" translates <i>Sabbaton</i> in "the first day of the week".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:10–11&version=nrsv">4:10–11</a>, spiritual enslavement to special days, months, seasons, and years is rejected. In context, Paul speaks of enslavement to "the elemental things of the world" and "those weak and miserable principles" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:3&version=nrsv">4:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:9&version=nrsv">4:9</a>), and allegorizes the Israelites as "children who are to be slaves" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:24&version=nrsv">4:24</a>). The theme of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205&version=nrsv">5</a> is freedom. Seventh-day Sabbatarians believe Paul was promoting freedom in Sabbath observance and rejecting either observance of non-Levitical <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> practices, or else <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalistic</a> observance of Biblical festivals (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:9–17&version=nrsv">Col. 2:9–17</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believe Paul spoke about Judaizers and was rejecting seventh-day Sabbath as not prescribed in the New Covenant, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a> above and by freedom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:9–17&version=nrsv">2:9–17</a>, the rule is laid down that no one should pass judgment on anyone else in regard to High Sabbaths, new moon, and Sabbath. Paul states that these yet remain as a shadow of Messianic events that are still coming as of his writing. The withholding of judgment has been interpreted variously as indicating either maintenance, transference, or abolition of Sabbath. First-day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard the Mosaic law as being the "record of debt" (ESV) nailed to the cross. Some seventh-day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross, holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath (which preceded sin) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-lostday6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostday6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others regard Sabbath, new moon, and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hebrews">Book of Hebrews</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%204:1–11&version=nrsv">4:1–11</a>, Sabbath texts are analyzed with the conclusion that some form of Sabbath-keeping (<i>sabbatismos</i>) remains for God's people; the term generically means any literal or spiritual Sabbath-keeping.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%201:10&version=nrsv">1:10</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Beloved" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Beloved">John the Beloved</a> states that he was "in Spirit" in the "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>", a term apparently familiar to his readers, without mentioning Sabbath. First-day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was worshipping on <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>, the day of Christ's resurrection (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:7&version=nrsv">Acts 20:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:2&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 16:2</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> writings). Seventh-day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was brought by the Spirit into a vision of the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Lord">Day of the Lord</a> (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2058:13–14&version=nrsv">Is. 58:13–14</a>, etc.). Both lay claim to the name "Lord's Day" for Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2020:1–10&version=nrsv">20:1–10</a>, the millennial reign of Christ is described, which is often interpreted as a seventh (Sabbatical) <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deuterocanonical_and_Apocrypha">Deuterocanonical and Apocrypha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deuterocanonical and Apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Esdras%201:58&version=nrsvae">1:58</a> quotes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2036:21&version=nrsv">2 Chr. 36:21</a>, relying on the prophecies of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2025&version=nrsv">Jer. 25</a> and of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2026&version=nrsv">Lev. 26</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Esdras%205:52&version=nrsvae">5:52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua the High Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> lead the rededication of the altar for Sabbath, new moon, and (annual) holy feasts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%201:39–45&version=nrsvae">1:39–45</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, Jerusalem's Sabbaths become a reproach and profanation. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%202:32–41&version=nrsvae">2:32–41</a>, he wars against the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> and followers on Sabbath, one thousand of whom are killed after refusing to come out; <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> and his friends decree they will battle on Sabbath in <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>. In 9:34-49, <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a> prepares to attack on Sabbath but is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabeus">Jonathan Maccabeus</a>. In 10:34, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> declares that Jews will be free to celebrate feasts, Sabbaths, new moons, and solemn days, but is not received.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%205:25–26&version=nrsvae">5:25–26</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysian">Mysian</a> captain named Apollonius attacks all those celebrating Sabbath. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%206:6–11&version=nrsvae">6:6–11</a>, Antiochus criminalizes Sabbath and ancient fasts, and those keeping Sabbath secretly in caves are burned to death. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%208:26–28&version=nrsvae">8:26–28</a>, after defeating <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a>'s army, the men of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> leave off pursuit on Preparation Day, instead gathering spoil, occupying themselves about Sabbath, and praising and thanking God; after Sabbath they distribute the spoil to the maimed, widows, and orphans, and then themselves and their servants. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:38–39&version=nrsvae">12:38–39</a>, Judas's men reach <a href="/wiki/Adullam" title="Adullam">Adullam</a> and purify themselves when the seventh day comes, according to custom, and keep Sabbath there, burying those dead in battle on the day after, according to custom (i.e., the first day). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2015:1–4&version=nrsvae">15:1–4</a>, Nicanor resolves to attack Judas in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> on Sabbath but is entreated to forbear by the Jews accompanying him, who argue that the living Lord commanded the seventh day to be kept in holiness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith">Judith</a>: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judith%208:6&version=nrsvae">8:6</a>, Judith fasts and lives in a tent for three years and four months, except for Sabbath eve, Sabbath, new moon eve, new moon, and feasts and solemn days. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judith%2010:2&version=nrsvae">10:2</a>, it is repeated that she only dwelt in her house for Sabbath and feast days.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_books_not_from_biblical_canon">Religious books not from biblical canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious books not from biblical canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> 2.1-5: The five-year-old Jesus forms twelve sparrows out of clay on Sabbath, which then fly away, chirping; he also gathers together flowing water into pure pools by his word at the same time, and pronounces an efficacious curse on the child who disperses the pools. Jews object to Joseph about these things.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> 27: Jesus warns, "Fast as regards the world ... Observe the Sabbath as a Sabbath."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a> 2.5, 7.27: Herod commends the swift burial of Jesus because it is the day before Sabbath and the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Unleavened_Bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Unleavened Bread">Feast of Unleavened Bread</a>. That day, after the ninth hour (3:00 p.m.), the disciples mourn and weep "night and day until the Sabbath" (sunset or 6:00 p.m.; the idiom "night and day" can import a portion of a day).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a> (Acts of Pilate) 1.1, 2.6, 4.2, 6.1, 12.1-2, 15.6, 16.1-2: Annas, Caiaphas, and others accuse Jesus of polluting Sabbath and wanting to <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">destroy Torah</a>, because he healed on Sabbath. Joseph of Arimathea is arrested and sealed up in a room on the day of Jesus' death, the day before Sabbath; he is ordered by a council to be dishonored on the day after Sabbath, but is not found when the door is opened. Joseph later testifies (on the day before another Sabbath) that he had remained locked up all Sabbath but, on midnight the day after, beheld a lightning flash and was led outside by the risen Jesus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a>, in the latter half of the second century: Paul prays "on the Sabbath as the Lord's Day [<i>kyriake</i>] drew near."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a>, known from the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> monastic community, as well as a previously found copy, contains some of the most detailed Sabbath regulations anywhere: Sabbath is said to begin from when the setting sun "is above the horizon by its diameter"; any discussion of business or commerce on Sabbath is specifically forbidden, as is housecleaning, opening a container, or taking anything in or out of one's house; and the limit for walking outside one's city is set at 1000 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a>, or 2000 cubits if following a herd animal. One may bathe and drink water directly from the river on Sabbath, but not fill a container with water. Also, it is permitted to rescue a human being who falls into a well on the Sabbath, but significantly, not permitted to rescue an animal from a well on the Sabbath.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShabbatableS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ShabbatableS.jpg/160px-ShabbatableS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ShabbatableS.jpg/240px-ShabbatableS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ShabbatableS.jpg/320px-ShabbatableS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Table set for <i>Shabbat</i> eve</figcaption></figure> <p>Three primary interpretative frameworks exist, with many subcategories. Interpretation is complicated by the differing meanings attributed to unambiguous seventh-day Sabbath prior to the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>; the ambiguity of events after the resurrection, including first-day and seventh-day events (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:7&version=nrsv">Acts 20:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:2&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 16:2</a>, perhaps <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%201:10&version=nrsv">Rev. 1:10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:12&version=nrsv">Acts 1:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:13–45&version=nrsv">13:13–45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19–29&version=nrsv">15:19–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:13&version=nrsv">16:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2017:2&version=nrsv">17:2</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:4&version=nrsv">18:4</a>); and several early Christian observances being attested as daily or on nonspecific days (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:1–2&version=nrsv">Mk. 2:1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2019:47–20:1&version=nrsv">Lk. 19:47–20:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:42–47&version=nrsv">Acts 2:42–47</a>). Early Christians also observed Jewish practices as a sect of Judaism (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:1&version=nrsv">Acts 3:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:27–42&version=nrsv">5:27–42</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:18–26&version=nrsv">21:18–26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:5&version=nrsv">24:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2024:14&version=nrsv">24:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:22&version=nrsv">28:22</a>), and observed Tanakh feasts (Passover, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:3–4&version=nrsv">Acts 12:3–4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:6&version=nrsv">20:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%205:7–8&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 5:7–8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:20&version=nrsv">15:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jude%201:12&version=nrsv">Jude 12</a>; Pentecost, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:1&version=nrsv">Acts 2:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:21&version=nrsv">18:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:16&version=nrsv">20:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:8&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 16:8</a>; Atonement, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2027:9&version=nrsv">Acts 27:9</a>). Some interpreters of each framework consider the high regard for the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2031:31&version=nrsv">Jer. 31:31</a> (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:1–13&version=nrsv">Heb. 8:1–13</a>) as supporting their Sabbath positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_day">Seventh day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seventh day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbath in seventh-day churches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Havdal.jpg/220px-Havdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Havdal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Observing the Sabbath-closing <i><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">havdalah</a></i> ritual in 14th-century Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>At least two branches of Christianity keep a seventh-day Sabbath, though historically they are not derived one from the other: the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbatarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Sabbatarians">Seventh-day Sabbatarians</a>. Of different outlooks in some respects, they share others. Just as in the Jewish calendar, the Orthodox begin and end every ecclesial day at sunset, including the Sabbath. Both branches thus observe the Sabbath from what the civil calendar identifies as Friday sunset until Saturday sunset. Both identify the Sabbath with the day of rest established by God as stated in Genesis 2, a day to be kept holy. Both identify Jesus Christ as the Lord of the Sabbath, and acknowledge that he faithfully kept the Sabbath throughout his life on earth. Both accept the admonitions of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">St. Ignatius</a> on the keeping of the Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-Ignatius_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatius-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Sabbatarians">Seventh-day Sabbatarians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Sabbatarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seventh-day Sabbatarians rest on the seventh Hebrew day. Jewish <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i> is observed from sundown on <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a> until the appearance of three stars in the sky on <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> night; it is also observed by a minority of Christians. <a href="/wiki/Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat">Thirty-nine activities prohibited on <i>Shabbat</i></a> are listed in Tractate <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>). Customarily, <i>Shabbat</i> is ushered in by lighting <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> shortly before sunset, at <a href="/wiki/Halakhic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic">halakhically</a> calculated times that change from week to week and from place to place. Observance in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scriptures">Hebrew Scriptures</a> was universally from sixth-day evening to seventh-day evening (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2013:19">Neh. 13:19</a>, cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Leviticus%2023:32">Lev. 23:32</a>) on a <a href="/wiki/Seven-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven-day week">seven-day week</a>; <i>Shabbat</i> ends approximately one hour after sunset by rabbinical ordinance to extend the Tanakh's sunset-to-sunset Sabbath into the first day of the week. The Jewish interpretation usually states that the New Covenant (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2031:31&version=nrsv">Jer. 31:31</a>) refers to the future Messianic Kingdom. </p><p>Several Christian denominations (such as <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_Rest_Advent_Church" title="Sabbath Rest Advent Church">Sabbath Rest Advent Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">Church of God (Seventh Day)</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Church of God (disambiguation)">Churches of God</a>) observe Sabbath similarly to or less rigorously than Judaism, but observance ends at Saturday sunset instead of Saturday nightfall. Like the Jews with <i>Shabbat</i>, they believe that keeping <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Sabbath">seventh-day Sabbath</a> is a moral responsibility, equal to that of any of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, that honors God as Creator and Deliverer. The Christian seventh-day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2020:10&version=nrsv">Ex. 20:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2056:6–7&version=nrsv">Is. 56:6–7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2066:22–23&version=nrsv">66:22–23</a>) and remains part of the New Covenant after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:56&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:56</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:20&version=nrsv">Mt. 24:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:13&version=nrsv">Acts 16:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:10&version=nrsv">Heb. 8:10</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-wohlberg_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wohlberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many seventh-day Sabbatarians also use "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>" to mean the seventh day, based on Scriptures in which God calls the day "my Sabbath" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2031:13">Ex. 31:13</a>) and "to the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Exodus%2016:23">16:23</a>); some count Sunday separately as Lord's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship (but not for first-day rest, which would be considered breaking the Ten Commandments<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In this way, St. Ignatius saw believers "no longer observing the [Jewish] Sabbath, but living in the observance of the Lord's Day", and amplified this point as follows: "Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness .... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner, rejoicing in meditation on the law, not in relaxation of the body, admiring the workmanship of God, and not eating things prepared the day before, nor using lukewarm drinks, and walking within a prescribed space, nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them. And after the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of Christ keep the Lord's Day as a festival, the resurrection-day, the queen and chief of all the days."<sup id="cite_ref-Ignatius_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatius-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> official 28 fundamental beliefs (at 20) state:</p><blockquote><p>The beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God's unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative and redemptive acts. (Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, 6; 58:13, 14; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17; Eze. 20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15; Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Doctrinal Points of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(7th_day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (7th day)">Church of God (7th day)</a> (Salem Conference, at 17) state:</p><blockquote><p>We should observe the seventh day of the week (Saturday), from even to even, as the Sabbath of the Lord our God. Evening is at sunset when day ends and another day begins. No other day has ever been sanctified as the day of rest. The Sabbath Day begins at sundown on Friday and ends at sundown on Saturday. Genesis 2:1-3; Exodus 20:8-11; Isaiah 58:13-14; 56:1-8; Acts 17:2; Acts 18:4, 11; Luke 4:16; Mark 2:27-28; Matthew 12:10-12; Hebrews 4:1-11; Genesis 1:5, 13-14; Nehemiah 13:19.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both Jewish and Christian seventh-day interpretation usually state that Jesus' teachings relate to the Pharisaic position on Sabbath observance, and that Jesus kept seventh-day Sabbath throughout his life on earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sunday_law">Sunday law</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sunday law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a></div> <p>Noticing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue laws</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> in particular has traditionally taught that in the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">end times</a> a coalition of religious and secular authorities will enforce an international Sunday law; church pioneers saw observance of <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Sabbath">seventh-day Sabbath</a> as a "mark" or "seal" or test of God's people that seals them, even as those who do not observe Sunday Sabbath day rest will be persecuted and killed. <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a> interpreted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%207:25&version=nrsv">Dan. 7:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2013:15&version=nrsv">Rev. 13:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%207&version=nrsv">Rev. 7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2020:12–20&version=nrsv">Ezek. 20:12–20</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2031:13&version=nrsv">Ex. 31:13</a> in this way, describing the subject of persecution in prophecy as being about the Sabbath commandments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_day">First day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism#Sunday_Sabbatarians" title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarianism § Sunday Sabbatarians</a></div> <p>Most Christians worship communally on the first (Hebrew or Roman) day. In most Christian denominations (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>), the "<a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>) is the fulfillment of the "<a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a>" (Catholic Catechism 2175), which is kept in commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a>, and often celebrated with the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (Catholic Catechism 2177).<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often also the day of <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">rest</a>. Lord's Day is considered both the first day and the <a href="/wiki/The_eighth_day_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="The eighth day (Christian)">"eighth day"</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seven-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven-day week">seven-day week</a>, symbolizing both first creation and new creation (2174).<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Alternatively, in some calendars, Sunday is designated the seventh day of the week.) Relatively few Christians regard first-day observance as entailing all of the ordinances of <i>Shabbat</i>. This interpretation usually states that the Holy Spirit through the Apostles instituted the worship celebration of the first day to commemorate Jesus' resurrection, and that the New Covenant transfers Sabbath-keeping (whether defined as rest or communal worship or both) to the first day by implication.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Roman Catholicism, the transfer is described as based on their church's authority and <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman Catholics (and many Protestants) view the first day as a day for assembly for worship (2178, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2010:25&version=nrsv">Heb. 10:25</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but consider a day of rigorous rest not obligatory on Christians (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2014:5&version=nrsv">Rom. 14:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:16&version=nrsv">Col. 2:16</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics count the prohibition of servile work as transferred from seventh-day Sabbath to Sunday (2175-6),<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not hinder participation in "ordinary and innocent occupations".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, second-century father <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> believed in keeping perpetual Sabbath by repentance,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding that Gentile Christians need not rest as Jews were commanded;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he accepted extant non-Judaizing seventh-day Sabbatarian Christians "in all things as kinsmen and brethren".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In other Protestant denominations, Lord's Day is kept as a rest day with similar rigor as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Sabbath">Jewish Sabbath</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> 21:7-8, a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> Sabbatarian creed, states:</p><blockquote><p>As it is the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in His Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages, He has particularly appointed one day in seven, for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto him (Ex. 20:8, 20:10-11, Is. 56:2, 56:4, 56:6-7): which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week: and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week (Ge. 2:2-3, 1 Cor. 16:1-2, Ac. 20:7), which, in Scripture, is called the Lord's Day (Rev. 1:10), and is to be continued to the end of the world, as the Christian Sabbath (Ex. 20:8, 20:10, Mt. 5:17). This Sabbath is to be kept holy unto the Lord when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe an holy rest all the day from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations (Ex. 20:8, 16:23, 16:25-26, 16:29-30, 31:15-17, Is. 58:13, Neh. 13:15-19, 13:21-22), but also are taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of His worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy (Is. 58:13).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Likewise, the General Rules of the Methodist Church required "attending upon all the ordinances of God" including "the public worship of God" and prohibited "profaning the day of the Lord, either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling".<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assemblies">Assemblies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assemblies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a></div> <p>The following textual evidence for first-day assembly is usually combined with the notion that the rest day should follow the assembly day to support first-day Sabbatarianism. On the first day of the week (usually considered the day of <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits#Biblical" title="First Fruits">Firstfruits</a>), after Jesus has been raised from the dead (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2016:9">Mk. 16:9</a>), he appears to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a>, and others. "On the evening of that first day of the week" (Roman time), or the evening beginning the second day (Hebrew time), the resurrected Jesus appears at a meeting of ten apostles and other disciples (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2020:19">Jn. 20:19</a>). The same time of the week "a week later" (NIV) or, more literally, "after eight days again" inclusive (KJV), Jesus appears to the eleven apostles and others (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:26&version=nrsv">Jn. 20:26</a>). After Jesus ascends (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:9&version=nrsv">Acts 1:9</a>), on the feast of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (the 50th day from Firstfruits and thus usually calculated as the first day of the week), the Spirit of God is given to the disciples, who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship. Later, on one occasion in <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a>, the early Christians meet on the first day (Hebrew) to break bread and to listen to Christian preaching (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:7&version=nrsv">Acts 20:7</a>). Paul also states that the churches of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> should set aside donations on the first day for collection (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:2&version=nrsv">1 Cor. 16:2</a>). <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> 14:1 (AD 70-120?) contains an ambiguous text, translated by Roberts as, "But every Lord's day gather yourselves together, and break bread, and give thanksgiving";<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first clause in Greek, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:κατά">κατά</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:κυριακήν">κυριακήν</a></span></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:δέ">δέ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κύριος">κυρίου</a>", literally means "On the Lord's of the Lord",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and translators supply the elided noun (e.g., "day", "commandment" (from 13:7), or "doctrine").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gleason_Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleason Archer">Gleason Archer</a> regards this as clearly referring to Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breaking bread may refer to <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">Christian fellowship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">agape feasts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:42&version=nrsv">Acts 2:42</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:7&version=nrsv">20:7</a>). Other interpreters believe these references do not support the concept of transfer of the seventh-day rest, and some add that they do not sufficiently prove that Sunday observance was an established practice in the primitive New Testament church. </p><p>By the second century, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> stated, "We all gather on the day of the sun" (recalling both the creation of light and the resurrection);<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%201:13&version=nrsv">Is. 1:13</a> stated the eighth-day assembly marks the resurrection and the new creation: "He is saying there: 'It is not these sabbaths of the present age that I find acceptable, but the one of my own appointment: the one that, after I have set all things at rest, is to usher in the Eighth Day, the commencement of a new world.' (And we too rejoice in celebrating the Eighth Day; because that was when Jesus rose from the dead, and showed Himself again, and ascended into heaven.)"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Both_days">Both days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Both days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christians, especially <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a> distinguish between the Sabbath (seventh day) and Lord's Day (first day, or the Christian Sabbath) and sanctify both, an ancient practice derived from the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventh-day Adventists in several islands of the Pacific (Tonga; Western Samoa; Tokelau; Wallis & Futuna; Phoenix & Line Islands) observe Sunday as the practice on ships in the Pacific had been to change days at the 180° meridian. The islands were well to the east of this line, so the missionaries observed the Sabbath on the day sequence of the Western Hemisphere. However, the Tonga islands used the same days as New Zealand and Australia, so the missionaries were observing the seventh-day Sabbath on the day the secular authorities called Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay19904_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay19904-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a> (IDL) was placed east of Tonga to align its weekdays with New Zealand and Fiji. Consequently, Tonga's <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a> is UTC+13 rather than UTC−12:00, as it would be if the Date Line ran along the 180° meridian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene200280_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene200280-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the SDA church observes the Sabbath as though the IDL followed the 180° meridian. </p><p>When the International Date Line was moved, islanders who had been worshiping on Sabbath were suddenly worshiping on Sunday because of a man made international treaty. After much discussion within the church, it was decided that the islanders would continue to worship on the same day as they always had, even though the name of the day had been changed from Saturday to Sunday by decree. However this situation is not without conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>Note</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Governments are free to select the time zone of their choice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unspecified_day">Unspecified day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unspecified day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Sabbatarianism">Non-Sabbatarianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-Sabbatarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Sabbatarian">Non-Sabbatarians</a> affirm human liberty not to observe a weekly rest or worship day. While keepers of weekly days usually believe in religious liberty,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-Sabbatarians are particularly free to uphold Sabbath principles, or not, without limiting observance to either Saturday or Sunday. Some advocate Sabbath rest on any chosen day of the week, and some advocate Sabbath as a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ; the concept of "Lord's Day" is usually treated as synonymous with "Sabbath". The non-Sabbatarian interpretation usually states that Jesus' obedience and the New Covenant fulfilled the laws of Sabbath, which are thus often considered abolished or abrogated. </p><p>Some of Jesus' teachings are considered as redefining the Sabbath laws of the Pharisees (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2013:10–17&version=nrsv">Lk. 13:10–17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:16–18&version=nrsv">Jn. 5:16–18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%209:13–16&version=nrsv">9:13–16</a>). Since Jesus is understood to have fulfilled <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:28&version=nrsv">Mk. 2:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:17&version=nrsv">Mt. 5:17</a>), non-Sabbatarian Christians believe that they are not bound by Sabbath as <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalists</a> consider themselves to be. Non-Sabbatarians can thus exhibit either <a href="/wiki/Christian_liberty" title="Christian liberty">Christian liberty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a>. On principles of religious liberty, non-Sabbatarian Jews similarly affirm their freedom not to observe <i>Shabbat</i> as <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jews</a> do. </p><p>Non-Sabbatarian Christians also cite <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%203:2–3&version=nrsv">2 Cor. 3:2–3</a>, in which believers are compared to "a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written ... not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts"; this interpretation states that Christians accordingly no longer follow the Ten Commandments with dead orthodoxy ("tablets of stone"), but follow a new law written upon "tablets of human hearts". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%203:7–11&version=nrsv">3:7–11</a> adds that "if the ministry that brought death, which was engraved in letters on stone, came with glory ..., will not the ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious? .... And if what was fading away came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!" This is interpreted as teaching that new-covenant Christians are not under the Mosaic law, and that Sabbath-keeping is not required. Further, because "love is the fulfillment of the law" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2013:10&version=nrsv">Rom. 13:10</a>), the new-covenant "law" is considered to be based entirely upon love and to rescind Sabbath requirements. </p><p>Non-Sabbatarians who affirm that Sabbath-keeping remains for God's people (as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%204:9&version=nrsv">Heb. 4:9</a>) often regard this as present spiritual rest and/or future heavenly rest rather than as physical weekly rest. For instance, Irenaeus saw Sabbath rest from secular affairs for one day each week as a sign of the way that Christians were called to permanently devote themselves to God<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an eschatological symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis_2">Genesis 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genesis 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on Genesis 2:1-4, Sabbath is considered by seventh-day Sabbatarians to be the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, with God, Adam, and Eve being the first to observe it. In order to reconcile an <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> God with a resting on the seventh day of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a>, the notion of active cessation from labor, rather than passive rest, has been regarded as a more consistent reading of God's activity in this passage. Non-Sabbatarians and many first-day Sabbatarians consider this passage not to have instituted observance of Sabbath, which they place as beginning with Moses and the manna. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Walter Brueggemann</a> emphasizes Sabbath is rooted in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matthew_5">Matthew 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Matthew 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jesus' statement, "Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them," is highly debated. Some non-Sabbatarians and others such as <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> believe Jesus greatly reformed the Law and thus that Sabbath could only be justified if it were reaffirmed by Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a>, generally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, holds that, because Jesus accomplished all that was required by the law, thus "fulfilling" it, he made it unnecessary for anyone to do anything further. Strict Sabbatarians follow or expand <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>'s statement in <i>Reply to Faustus</i> that Jesus empowered his people to obey the law and gave additional commands that furthered its true intentions. This passage is often related to Colossians 2, from which maintenance, transference, or abolition of Sabbath are variously taught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colossians_2">Colossians 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Colossians 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:16–7&version=nrsv">Col. 2:16–7</a> ("Therefore let no one pass judgment on you in questions of food and drink, or with regard to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath. These are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance belongs to Christ.") is taken as affirming non-Sabbatarian freedom from obligations to Sabbath, whether this means only annual Sabbaths (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023:4–44&version=nrsv">Lev. 23:4–44</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-col2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-col2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or specifically weekly Sabbath (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023:1–3&version=nrsv">Lev. 23:1–3</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage's threefold categorization of events is parallel to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2028–29&version=nrsv">Num. 28–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2023:31&version=nrsv">1 Chr. 23:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%202:4&version=nrsv">2 Chr. 2:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%201:13&version=nrsv">Is. 1:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2045:17&version=nrsv">Ezek. 45:17</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023&version=nrsv">Lev. 23</a> mentions Sabbaths and festivals but not new moons). Accordingly, non-Sabbatarians and some first-day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates Sabbath-keeping is part of an <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> that is not mandatory (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:13&version=nrsv">Heb. 8:13</a>). Seventh-day Sabbatarians and strict first-day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates that weekly Sabbath remains to be kept as a shadow of things future to Paul's day<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or a memorial of creation past.<sup id="cite_ref-col2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-col2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:13–5&version=nrsv">Col. 2:13–5</a> states, "And you, who were dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh, God made alive together with him, having forgiven us all our trespasses, by canceling the record of debt that stood against us with its legal demands. This he set aside, nailing it to the cross. He disarmed the rulers and authorities and put them to open shame, by triumphing over them in him." The ESV footnote regards "<i>in it</i> (that is, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>)" as equivalent to the closing <i>in him</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>). First-day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard Sabbath as changed, either to Lord's Day or to spiritual Sabbath, by the Mosaic law being the "record of debt" (ESV) nailed to the cross. Some seventh-day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross, holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath (which preceded sin) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-lostday6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lostday6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see the "record of debt" (accusations) as distinct from God's unchanging law, believing it to be in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross,<sup id="cite_ref-wohlberg_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wohlberg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding Sabbath, new moon, and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrews_4">Hebrews 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hebrews 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">unique word</a> <i>sabbatismos</i> in Hebrews 4:9 is translated "rest" in the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized Version">Authorized Version</a> and others; "Sabbath rest" in the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> and other modern translations; "Sabbatism" (a <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Darby_Bible" title="Darby Bible">Darby Bible</a>; "Sabbath observance" in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriptures_98_Edition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriptures 98 Edition (page does not exist)">Scriptures 98 Edition</a>; and "Sabbath keeping" in the <a href="/wiki/Bible_in_Basic_English" title="Bible in Basic English">Bible in Basic English</a>. The word also appears in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>De Superstitione</i> 3 (Moralia 166A); <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a>, <i>Dialogue with Trypho</i> 23:3; <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Adversus Haereses</a></i> 30:2:2; <i>Martyrium Petri et Pauli</i> 1; and <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a></i> 2:36:2. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_T._Lincoln" title="Andrew T. Lincoln">Andrew Lincoln</a> states, "In each of these places the term denotes the observance or celebration of the Sabbath .... Thus the writer to the Hebrews is saying that since the time of Joshua an observance of the Sabbath rest has been outstanding."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabbatarians believe the primary abiding Christian duty intended is weekly Sabbath-keeping, while non-Sabbatarians believe it is spiritual or eschatological Sabbath-keeping; both meanings may be intended. Justin uses <i>sabbatismos</i> in <i>Trypho</i> 23:3 to mean weekly Sabbath-keeping. </p><p>However, Justin does not speak of Hebrews 4, instead holding that there is no longer any need for weekly Sabbath-keeping for anyone. <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, in the early third century, interpreted the term in Hebrews 4 to have special reference to a <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennial</a> Sabbath kingdom after six millennia of labor. <a href="/wiki/St._Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Chrysostom">St. Chrysostom</a> interpreted the term as having reference to three rests: God's rest from His labor on the seventh day, the rest of the Israelites in arriving in Canaan, and the heavenly (eschatological) rest for the faithful. He argued that the "rest" that "has been outstanding" is the heavenly rest, since the first two rests had already been going on. He also interpreted weekly Sabbath as a symbol of this heavenly rest: "And well did he conclude the argument. For he said not rest but 'Sabbath-keeping'; calling the kingdom 'Sabbath-keeping,' by the appropriate name, and that which they rejoiced in and were attracted by. For as, on the Sabbath He commands to abstain from all evil things; and that those things only which relate to the Service of God should be done, which things the Priests were wont to accomplish, and whatsoever profits the soul, and nothing else; so also [will it be] then."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Matthew Henry</a> calls this "a rest of grace, and comfort, and holiness, in the gospel state. And a rest in glory, where the people of God shall enjoy the end of their faith, and the object of all their desires .... undoubtedly the heavenly rest, which remains to the people of God, and is opposed to a state of labour and trouble in this world. It is the rest they shall obtain when the Lord Jesus shall appear from heaven .... God has always declared man's rest to be in him, and his love to be the only real happiness of the soul."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is taken to support the belief that Sabbath-keeping is a metaphor for the eternal "rest" that Christians enjoy in Christ, prefigured by the promised land of Canaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrews_8">Hebrews 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hebrews 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-Sabbatarians and some first-day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates Sabbath-keeping is not mandatory, because "in that he saith, a new covenant, he hath made the first old" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:13&version=nrsv">Heb. 8:13</a> KJV; or "obsolete" NIV). Seventh-day Sabbatarians and strict first-day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates the Law of God (including Sabbath) remains on the hearts of God's people to be kept, but not fallibly as in the older covenant (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:9–10&version=nrsv">Heb. 8:9–10</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ere-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ere_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinches,_T.G.2003" class="citation book cs1">Pinches, T.G. (2003). "Sabbath (Babylonian)". In Hastings, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVNqXDz4CE8C"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</i></a>. Vol. 20. Selbie, John A., contrib. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 889–891. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3698-4"><bdi>978-0-7661-3698-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbath+%28Babylonian%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=889-891&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3698-4&rft.au=Pinches%2C+T.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVNqXDz4CE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets. "emphasized by Professor <a href="/wiki/George_Aaron_Barton" title="George Aaron Barton">Barton</a>, who says: 'Each account is arranged in a series of sevens, the Babylonian in seven tablets, the Hebrew in seven days. Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series." Albert T. Clay, <i>The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel</i>, 1923, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">p. 74</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shabb<sup>e</sup>thay</i>, "restful", 7678</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm#2">Leviticus 25:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sabbatical Year: every seventh year, during which the land, according to the law of Moses, had to remain uncultivated (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm#2">Lev. 25:2–7</a>; comp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#10">Ex. 23:10–12</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0326.htm#34">Lev. 26:34–35</a>). Whatever grew of itself during that year was not for the owner of the land, but for the poor and the stranger and the beasts of the field." <i>Easton's Bible Dictionary</i>, 1897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabney" class="citation book cs1">Dabney, Robert L. "The Christian Sabbath: Its Nature, Design and Proper Observance". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/ethics/sabbath/sabbath_Dabney.html"><i>Discussions of Robert L. Dabney</i></a>. Vol. 1. Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics. pp. 497–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Sabbath%3A+Its+Nature%2C+Design+and+Proper+Observance&rft.btitle=Discussions+of+Robert+L.+Dabney&rft.pages=497-8&rft.pub=Center+for+Reformed+Theology+and+Apologetics&rft.aulast=Dabney&rft.aufirst=Robert+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fmaster%2Findex.html%3Fmainframe%3D%2Fethics%2Fsabbath%2Fsabbath_Dabney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln,_Prof._Andrew_T.1982" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Prof. Andrew T. (1982). "Sabbath, rest and eschatology in the New Testament". In Carson, D. A. (ed.). <i>From Sabbath to Lord's Day</i>. Zondervan. pp. 197–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbath%2C+rest+and+eschatology+in+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=From+Sabbath+to+Lord%27s+Day&rft.pages=197-220&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lincoln%2C+Prof.+Andrew+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Edwards, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminsterconfession.org/worship/perpetuity-and-change-of-the-sabbath.php"><i>First Sermon: The Perpetuity of the Sabbath</i></a>. <q>After the Christian dispensation was fully set up .... even then Christians were bound to a strict observation of the sabbath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Sermon%3A+The+Perpetuity+of+the+Sabbath&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminsterconfession.org%2Fworship%2Fperpetuity-and-change-of-the-sabbath.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Sabbath and the Gospels". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldslastchance.com/biblical-christian-beliefs/sabbath-in-the-bible.html"><i>Sabbath in the Bible</i></a>. World's Last Chance. 2004–2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sabbath+and+the+Gospels&rft.btitle=Sabbath+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=World%27s+Last+Chance&rft.date=2004%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldslastchance.com%2Fbiblical-christian-beliefs%2Fsabbath-in-the-bible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wohlberg-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wohlberg_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wohlberg_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wohlberg_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wohlberg_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlberg,_Steve2015" class="citation web cs1">Wohlberg, Steve (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=81">"Sabbath Basics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabbath+Basics&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.au=Wohlberg%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehorsemedia.com%2Farticles%2F%3Fd%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Ten Reasons why the Sabbath is <i>not Jewish</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=85"><i>Truth Left Behind</i></a>. 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ten+Reasons+why+the+Sabbath+is+not+Jewish&rft.btitle=Truth+Left+Behind&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehorsemedia.com%2Farticles%2F%3Fd%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScofield,_C.I.1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Scofield">Scofield, C.I.</a>, ed. (1984) [1909]. "Mark 16:9". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordnivscofiel00scof"><i>Oxford NIV Scofield Study Bible</i></a></span>. English, E. Schuyler, chmn. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordnivscofiel00scof/page/1047">1047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mark+16%3A9&rft.btitle=Oxford+NIV+Scofield+Study+Bible&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=1047&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordnivscofiel00scof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14335a.htm">"Sunday"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1913. <q>The practice of meeting together on the first day of the week for the celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is indicated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunday&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14335a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards,_H.M.S.1940" class="citation book cs1">Richards, H.M.S. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabbathtruth.com/faq/arguments-refuted/articletype/articleview/articleid/1026/if-the-early-christians-kept-sabbath-.aspx"><i>Hard Nuts Cracked</i></a>. p. 6. <q>After all there is nothing in the Scriptures to show that the celebration of the Lord's Supper was confined to any particular day of the week.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Nuts+Cracked&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Richards%2C+H.M.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabbathtruth.com%2Ffaq%2Farguments-refuted%2Farticletype%2Farticleview%2Farticleid%2F1026%2Fif-the-early-christians-kept-sabbath-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:46&version=nrsv">Acts 2:46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern,_David_H.1992" class="citation book cs1">Stern, David H. (1992). "Notes on Gal. 4:8-10". <i>Jewish New Testament Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Maryland" title="Clarksville, Maryland">Clarksville, Maryland</a>: Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-359-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/965-359-008-1"><bdi>965-359-008-1</bdi></a>. <q>When Gentiles observe these Jewish holidays ... out of fear induced by Judaizers who have convinced them that unless they do these things, God will not accept them, then they are not obeying the <i>Torah</i> but subjugating themselves to legalism .... An alternative interpretation, however, is that the 'days, months, seasons and years' of this passage do not refer to the Jewish holidays at all but to pagan Gentile feasts, naturally and directly reflecting 'those weak and miserable elemental spirits.' According to this understanding Sha'ul was worried that his ex-pagan converts might be returning to these pagan festivals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Gal.+4%3A8-10&rft.btitle=Jewish+New+Testament+Commentary&rft.place=Clarksville%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Jewish+New+Testament+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=965-359-008-1&rft.au=Stern%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lostday6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lostday6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lostday6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"6. Doesn't Colossians 2:14-17 do away with the seventh-day Sabbath?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabbathtruth.com/faq/advanced-topics/the-lost-day-of-history.aspx"><i>The Lost Day Of History</i></a>. Amazing Facts. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Doesn%27t+Colossians+2%3A14-17+do+away+with+the+seventh-day+Sabbath%3F&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Day+Of+History&rft.pub=Amazing+Facts&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabbathtruth.com%2Ffaq%2Fadvanced-topics%2Fthe-lost-day-of-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howard_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howard_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1997" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Kevin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTCsOwAACAAJ&q=the+feasts+of+the+lord"><i>The Feasts of the Lord</i></a>. Zion's Hope. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-7518-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-7518-3"><bdi>978-0-7852-7518-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feasts+of+the+Lord&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Zion%27s+Hope&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7852-7518-3&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTCsOwAACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bfeasts%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignatius-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Ignatius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">St. Ignatius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.iii.ix.html"><i>Epistle to the Magnesians</i></a>. Vol. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistle+to+the+Magnesians&rft.au=St.+Ignatius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.v.iii.ix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"8. But wasn't the Sabbath changed to Sunday at Christ's death or resurrection?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabbathtruth.com/faq/advanced-topics/the-lost-day-of-history.aspx"><i>The Lost Day Of History</i></a>. Amazing Facts. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+But+wasn%27t+the+Sabbath+changed+to+Sunday+at+Christ%27s+death+or+resurrection%3F&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Day+Of+History&rft.pub=Amazing+Facts&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabbathtruth.com%2Ffaq%2Fadvanced-topics%2Fthe-lost-day-of-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlberg,_Steve2015" class="citation web cs1">Wohlberg, Steve (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=81">"Anti-Sabbath Arguments: Are They Really Right?"</a>. <i>Truth Left Behind</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truth+Left+Behind&rft.atitle=Anti-Sabbath+Arguments%3A+Are+They+Really+Right%3F&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.au=Wohlberg%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehorsemedia.com%2Farticles%2F%3Fd%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310104717/http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">"Fundamental Beliefs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/index.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofgod-7thday.org/Publications/Doctrinal%20Points%20Final%20Proof.pdf">"Doctrinal Points of the Church of God (7th Day)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_West_Virginia" title="Salem, West Virginia">Salem, West Virginia</a>: The Church of God Publishing House. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Points+of+the+Church+of+God+%287th+Day%29&rft.place=Salem%2C+West+Virginia&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+Church+of+God+Publishing+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofgod-7thday.org%2FPublications%2FDoctrinal%2520Points%2520Final%2520Proof.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccc-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Catholic_Conference,_Inc.1997" class="citation book cs1">United States Catholic Conference, Inc. (1997). "You Shall Love the Lord Your God with All Your Heart, and with All Your Soul, and with All Your Mind, Article 3, The Third Commandment (2168-2195)". <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> (2d ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. pp. 580–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=You+Shall+Love+the+Lord+Your+God+with+All+Your+Heart%2C+and+with+All+Your+Soul%2C+and+with+All+Your+Mind%2C+Article+3%2C+The+Third+Commandment+%282168-2195%29&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=580-6&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.au=United+States+Catholic+Conference%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cardinal Gibbons, The Faith of Our Fathers (1917 edition), p. 72-73 (16th Edition, p. 111; 88th Edition, p. 89). "You may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation, and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday. The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday, a day which we never sanctify."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Virginian, October 3, 1947, p. 9, article "To Tell You the Truth." "For example, nowhere in the Bible do we find that Christ or the Apostles ordered that the Sabbath be changed from Saturday to Sunday. We have the commandment of God given to Moses to keep holy the Sabbath day, that is the 7th day of the week, Saturday. Today most Christians keep Sunday because it has been revealed to us by the [Roman Catholic] church outside the Bible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm">"Sabbath"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbath&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13287b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287a.htm">"Ten Commandments"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ten+Commandments&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13287a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287a.htm">"Sabbatarians"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbatarians&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13287a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Martyr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xii.html"><i>Dialogue with Trypho</i></a>. Vol. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+with+Trypho&rft.au=Justin+Martyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.iv.xii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Martyr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xxiii.html"><i>Dialogue with Trypho</i></a>. Vol. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+with+Trypho&rft.au=Justin+Martyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.iv.xxiii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Martyr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xlvii.html"><i>Dialogue with Trypho</i></a>. Vol. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+with+Trypho&rft.au=Justin+Martyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.iv.xlvii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/">"Westminster Confession of Faith"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2011_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011). <i>American Methodist Worship</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199774159" title="Special:BookSources/9780199774159"><bdi>9780199774159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.isbn=9780199774159&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Karen+B.+Westerfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14:1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-roberts.html"><i>Didache</i></a>. Translated by Roberts, Alexander. Early Christian Writings.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A1&rft.btitle=Didache&rft.pub=Early+Christian+Writings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fdidache-roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes,_M" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, M. <i>The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Greek+Texts+and+English+Translations&rft.au=Holmes%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrand,_Kenneth_A.1982" class="citation book cs1">Strand, Kenneth A. (1982). <i>The Sabbath in Scripture and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: Review and Herald Publishing Association. pp. 347–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sabbath+in+Scripture+and+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=347-8&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Strand%2C+Kenneth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_Kevin2002" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kevin (2002). <i>Sabbath Rest</i>. TEACH Services, Inc. pp. 37–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabbath+Rest&rft.pages=37-8&rft.pub=TEACH+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gleason_Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleason Archer">Archer, Gleason L</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202231015/http://www.tsbalan.com/books/Difficulties.pdf"><i>An Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 114. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsbalan.com/books/Difficulties.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Bible+Difficulties&rft.pages=114&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Gleason+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsbalan.com%2Fbooks%2FDifficulties.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Martyr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. <i>First Apology</i>. Vol. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Apology&rft.au=Justin+Martyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i>. Vol. 15. Translated by Staniforth, Maxwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistle+of+Barnabas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07158.htm">"Apostolic Constitutions (Book VIII)"</a>. <q>XXXIII. I Peter and Paul do make the following constitutions. Let the slaves work five days; but on the Sabbath day and the Lord's day let them have leisure to go to church for instruction in piety. We have said that the Sabbath is on account of the creation, and the Lord's day of the resurrection. Let slaves rest from their work all the great week, and that which follows it — for the one in memory of the passion, and the other of the resurrection; and there is need they should be instructed who it is that suffered and rose again, and who it is permitted Him to suffer, and raised Him again. Let them have rest from their work on the Ascension, because it was the conclusion of the dispensation by Christ. Let them rest at Pentecost, because of the coming of the Holy Spirit, which was given to those that believed in Christ. Let them rest on the festival of His birth, because on it the unexpected favour was granted to men, that Jesus Christ, the Logos of God, should be born of the Virgin Mary, for the salvation of the world. Let them rest on the festival of Epiphany, because on it a manifestation took place of the divinity of Christ, for the Father bore testimony to Him at the baptism; and the Paraclete, in the form of a dove, pointed out to the bystanders Him to whom testimony was borne. Let them rest on the days of the apostles: for they were appointed your teachers to bring you to Christ, and made you worthy of the Spirit. Let them rest on the day of the first martyr Stephen, and of the other holy martyrs who preferred Christ to their own life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Constitutions+%28Book+VIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F07158.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay19904-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay19904_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHay1990">Hay 1990</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene200280-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene200280_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene2002">Greene 2002</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/december-30-2011-the-day-no-one-in-samoa-will-ever-see/LIDCAXKOOVYFGAHDWYUBHRLX6U/">"December 30, 2011 - the day no one in Samoa will ever see"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=December+30%2C+2011+-+the+day+no+one+in+Samoa+will+ever+see&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fdecember-30-2011-the-day-no-one-in-samoa-will-ever-see%2FLIDCAXKOOVYFGAHDWYUBHRLX6U%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/samoa-time-shift-creates-sabbath-rift/D5VMOX364IYOFENCH4OHH5ELDU/">"Samoa time shift creates Sabbath rift"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=Samoa+time+shift+creates+Sabbath+rift&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fsamoa-time-shift-creates-sabbath-rift%2FD5VMOX364IYOFENCH4OHH5ELDU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz,_Richard_&_Michele1991" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz, Richard & Michele (1991). <i>Shabbat</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: Lederer Publications. pp. 11–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880226-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-880226-00-6"><bdi>1-880226-00-6</bdi></a>. <q>We have a remembrance–a physical Sabbath day–to remind us anew of our spiritual freedom in him .... Observance paints a sacred picture of what it is like to be united in faith with Messiah Yeshua. One other reason to observe Shabbat is <i>God has a blessing for us.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shabbat&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=11-2&rft.pub=Lederer+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-880226-00-6&rft.au=Berkowitz%2C+Richard+%26+Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.vi.xvii.html"><i>Against Heresies</i></a>. Vol. 3.16.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Heresies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.ix.vi.xvii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.vii.xxxiv.html"><i>Against Heresies</i></a>. Vol. 4.33.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Heresies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.ix.vii.xxxiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrueggemann2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann, Walter</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFQQAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Land: Place as Gift, Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith</i></a>. Overtures to Biblical Theology (2d ed.). Fortress Press. pp. 60, 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3462-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-3462-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-28</span></span>. <q>The tradition of Deuteronomy appeals for Sabbath on more historical grounds. Sabbath is rooted in the history of Exodus, which led to the land of fulfillment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land%3A+Place+as+Gift%2C+Promise%2C+and+Challenge+in+Biblical+Faith&rft.series=Overtures+to+Biblical+Theology&rft.pages=60%2C+225&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3462-9&rft.aulast=Brueggemann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFQQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-col2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-col2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-col2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Allen" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Allen. "Please explain Colossians 2:14". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabbathtruth.com/faq/frequently-asked-questions/articletype/articleview/articleid/929/please-explain-colossians-214.aspx"><i>The Law and the Sabbath</i></a>. pp. 113–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Please+explain+Colossians+2%3A14&rft.btitle=The+Law+and+the+Sabbath&rft.pages=113-116&rft.au=Walker%2C+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabbathtruth.com%2Ffaq%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2Farticletype%2Farticleview%2Farticleid%2F929%2Fplease-explain-colossians-214.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Notes on Col. 2:16-7". <i>Holy Bible, English Standard Version</i>. <q>The false teacher(s) were advocating a number of Jewish observances, arguing that they were essential for spiritual advancement .... The old covenant observances pointed to a future reality that was fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ (cf. Heb. 10:1). Hence, Christians are no longer under the Mosaic covenant (cf. Rom. 6:14–15; 7:1–6; 2 Cor. 3:4–18; Gal. 3:15–4:7). Christians are no longer obligated to observe OT dietary laws ('food and drink') or festivals, holidays, and special days ('a festival ... new moon ... Sabbath,' Col. 2:16), for what these things foreshadowed has been fulfilled in Christ. It is debated whether the Sabbaths in question included the regular seventh-day rest of the fourth commandment, or were only the special Sabbaths of the Jewish festal calendar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Col.+2%3A16-7&rft.btitle=Holy+Bible%2C+English+Standard+Version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern,_David_H.1992" class="citation book cs1">Stern, David H. (1992). "Notes on Col. 2:17". <i>Jewish New Testament Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Maryland" title="Clarksville, Maryland">Clarksville, Maryland</a>: Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc. p. 611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-359-008-1" title="Special:BookSources/965-359-008-1"><bdi>965-359-008-1</bdi></a>. <q><b>These are a shadow of things that are coming</b>, meaning the good things that will happen when <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Yeshua</a> returns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Col.+2%3A17&rft.btitle=Jewish+New+Testament+Commentary&rft.place=Clarksville%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=611&rft.pub=Jewish+New+Testament+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=965-359-008-1&rft.au=Stern%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span> Both verbs in 17a are present tense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln,_Prof._Andrew_T" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_T._Lincoln" title="Andrew T. Lincoln">Lincoln, Prof. Andrew T</a>. <i>From Sabbath to Lord's Day (symposium)</i>. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sabbath+to+Lord%27s+Day+%28symposium%29&rft.pages=213&rft.au=Lincoln%2C+Prof.+Andrew+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chrysostom" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf114.v.x.html">"6th Homily on the Epistle to the Hebrews"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6th+Homily+on+the+Epistle+to+the+Hebrews&rft.au=John+Chrysostom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf114.v.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry,_Matthew1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Henry, Matthew</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisecommentar00henr"><i>Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible</i></a></span>. Moody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802451903" title="Special:BookSources/9780802451903"><bdi>9780802451903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Commentary+on+the+Whole+Bible&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780802451903&rft.au=Henry%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisecommentar00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2002" class="citation book cs1">Greene, David (2002-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IId7Xyp7UnYC&pg=PA80"><i>Light and Dark: An exploration in science, nature, art and technology</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3403-5"><bdi>978-1-4200-3403-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Dark%3A+An+exploration+in+science%2C+nature%2C+art+and+technology&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3403-5&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIId7Xyp7UnYC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hay, David E. (1990-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spd.adventist.org/resources/Documents/Samoan%20Dateline/D_Hay_Article_on_Merritt_Kellogg_1990.pdf">"Mettitt Kellogg and the Pacific Dilemma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Record</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Record&rft.atitle=Mettitt+Kellogg+and+the+Pacific+Dilemma&rft.date=1990-01-27&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spd.adventist.org%2Fresources%2FDocuments%2FSamoan%2520Dateline%2FD_Hay_Article_on_Merritt_Kellogg_1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+Sabbath" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="Shabbat_(שבתCategory:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבת</span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Prayers</li><li>Rituals</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedid_Nefesh" title="Yedid Nefesh">Yedid Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhah Dodi">Lekhah Dodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Aleichem_(liturgy)" title="Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)">Shalom Aleichem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maftir" title="Maftir">Maftir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_meals" title="Shabbat meals">Shabbat meals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seudah_shlishit" title="Seudah shlishit">Seudah shlishit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triennial_cycle" title="Triennial cycle">Triennial cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket (Jewish dish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">Chopped liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helzel" title="Helzel">Helzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorschmack" title="Vorschmack">Vorschmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouna" title="Mouna">Mouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaneh" title="Kubaneh">Kubaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">Jachnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">Sabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapchik" title="Yapchik">Yapchik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blech" title="Blech">Blech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah_cover" title="Challah cover">Challah cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush#Rituals" title="Kiddush">Kiddush cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Melakha">Melakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_mile" title="Biblical mile">Biblical mile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat" title="Driving on Shabbat">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat" title="Electricity on Shabbat">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">Eruv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv_tavshilin" title="Eruv tavshilin">Eruv tavshilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv_techumin" title="Eruv techumin">Eruv techumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_food_preparation" title="Sabbath food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_(halacha)" title="Grama (halacha)">Grama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktzeh" title="Muktzeh">Muktzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat">Rabbinic prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinuy" title="Shinuy">Shinuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Shomer Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KosherSwitch" title="KosherSwitch">KosherSwitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomet_Institute" title="Zomet Institute">Zomet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_elevator" title="Shabbat elevator">Shabbat elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" title="Shabbat lamp">Shabbat lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_mode" title="Sabbath mode">Sabbath mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_pedestrian_crossing" title="Shabbat pedestrian crossing">Shabbat pedestrian crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbaton" title="Shabbaton">Shabbaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motza%27ei_Shabbat" title="Motza'ei Shabbat">Motza'ei Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush_levana" title="Kiddush levana">Kiddush levana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaveh_Malkah" title="Melaveh Malkah">Melaveh Malkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shabbat_topics" title="List of Shabbat topics">List of Shabbat topics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ten_Commandments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Commandments" title="Template talk:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ten_Commandments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God" title="Finger of God">Finger of God</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_thy_God" title="I am the Lord thy God">I am the Lord thy God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">Thou shalt have no other gods before me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">Honour thy father and thy mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">Thou shalt not commit adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">Thou shalt not steal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour" title="Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour">Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_covet" title="Thou shalt not covet">Thou shalt not covet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">lid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Mount_Sinai_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel)"><i>Descent from Mount Sinai</i> (Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)"><i>Moses</i> (c. 1513–1515 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_his_Ethiopian_wife_Zipporah" title="Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah"><i>Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah</i> (c. 1645-1650 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Breaking_the_Tablets_of_the_Law" title="Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law"><i>Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law</i> (1659 painting)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Total_Abstinence_Union_Fountain" title="Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain">Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Moses_(University_of_Notre_Dame)" title="Statue of Moses (University of Notre Dame)"><i>Moses</i> (1962 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(1968)" title="Moses (1968)"><i>Moses</i> (1968 sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_(3/3)" title="Moses (3/3)">3/3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1956 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dix_Commandements_(musical)" title="Les Dix Commandements (musical)"><i>Les Dix Commandements</i> (2000 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Musical" title="The Ten Commandments: The Musical"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2004 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(miniseries)" title="The Ten Commandments (miniseries)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(film)" title="The Ten (film)"><i>The Ten</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(2007_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (2007 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2007 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_(2010_American_drama_film)" title="I Am (2010 American drama film)"><i>I Am</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Movie" title="The Ten Commandments: The Movie"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2016 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">In Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Ten_Commandments" title="Alternatives to the Ten Commandments">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&oldid=1257718011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&oldid=1257718011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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