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</li> <li id="toc-Canonicity_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonicity_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canonicity and theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canonicity_and_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canonicity and theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canonicity_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hellenistic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_in_the_era_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_in_the_era_of_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity in the era of the Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_in_the_era_of_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_in_the_Reformation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_in_the_Reformation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Controversy in the Reformation era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_in_the_Reformation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modern status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_as_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_as_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reliability as history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_as_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">2 Maccabees</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Makkabe%C3%ABrs" title="2 Makkabeërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="2 Makkabeërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سفر المكابيين الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر المكابيين الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Другая кніга Макавеяў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другая кніга Макавеяў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Втора книга Макавейска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора книга Макавейска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Buach_der_Makkab%C3%A4a" title="2. Buach der Makkabäa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="2. Buach der Makkabäa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Levr_ar_Vakabeed" title="Eil Levr ar Vakabeed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Levr ar Vakabeed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segon_llibre_dels_Macabeus" title="Segon llibre dels Macabeus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segon llibre dels Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._kniha_Makabejsk%C3%A1" title="2. kniha Makabejská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="2. kniha Makabejská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Buch_der_Makkab%C3%A4er" title="2. Buch der Makkabäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="2. Buch der Makkabäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%27_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Β' Μακκαβαίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β' Μακκαβαίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_libro_de_los_Macabeos" title="Segundo libro de los Macabeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segundo libro de los Macabeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-a_libro_de_la_Makabeoj" title="2-a libro de la Makabeoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2-a libro de la Makabeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabearren_II._Liburua" title="Makabearren II. Liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makabearren II. Liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="مکابیان دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکابیان دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Livre_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Deuxième Livre des Maccabées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deuxième Livre des Maccabées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Makkabee%C3%ABrs" title="2 Makkabeeërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="2 Makkabeeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Leabhar_na_Macabaech" title="Dara Leabhar na Macabaech – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dara Leabhar na Macabaech" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="माकाबेवस आचें दुसरें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="माकाबेवस आचें दुसरें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%ED%95%98" title="마카베오하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카베오하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_knjiga_o_Makabejcima" title="Druga knjiga o Makabejcima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga knjiga o Makabejcima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Kedua" title="Kitab Makabe yang Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Makabe yang Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_libro_dei_Maccabei" title="Secondo libro dei Maccabei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secondo libro dei Maccabei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%27" title="ספר מקבים ב' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר מקבים ב'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Wamakabayo_II" title="Kitabu cha Wamakabayo II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Wamakabayo II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_II_Maccabaeorum" title="Liber II Maccabaeorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber II Maccabaeorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeusok_m%C3%A1sodik_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Makkabeusok második könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makkabeusok második könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Втора книга Макавејска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора книга Макавејска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky_faharoan%27_ny_Makabeo" title="Boky faharoan' ny Makabeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky faharoan' ny Makabeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="سفر المكابيين التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر المكابيين التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_2_Makabe" title="Kitab 2 Makabe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab 2 Makabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Makkabee%C3%ABn" title="2 Makkabeeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="2 Makkabeeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Makkabeerbok" title="Andre Makkabeerbok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre Makkabeerbok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_makkabearbok" title="Andre makkabearbok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andre makkabearbok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Ksi%C4%99ga_Machabejska" title="2 Księga Machabejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="2 Księga Machabejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Macabeus" title="II Macabeus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="II Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabayop_iskay_%C3%B1iqin_qillqasqan" title="Makabayop iskay ñiqin qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makabayop iskay ñiqin qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Вторая книга Маккавейская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая книга Маккавейская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2 Maccabees" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_kniha_Machabejcov" title="Druhá kniha Machabejcov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá kniha Machabejcov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_knjiga_o_Makabejcima" title="Druga knjiga o Makabejcima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Druga knjiga o Makabejcima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_makkabilaiskirja" title="Toinen makkabilaiskirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen makkabilaiskirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_Mackabeerboken" title="Andra Mackabeerboken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra Mackabeerboken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Aklat_ng_mga_Macabeo" title="Ikalawang Aklat ng mga Macabeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Aklat ng mga Macabeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="2 மக்கபேயர் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2 மக்கபேயர் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="หนังสือมัคคาบี ฉบับที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือมัคคาบี ฉบับที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Друга книга Макавеїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга книга Макавеїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deuterocanonical book chronicling the Maccabean Revolt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>2 Maccabees</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Second Book of Maccabees</b>, <b>Second Maccabees</b>, and abbreviated as <b>2 Macc.</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical book</a> which recounts the persecution of Jews under King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against him. It concludes with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> general <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a> in 161 BC by <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>, the leader of the Maccabees. </p><p>2 Maccabees was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> by an unknown <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora Jew</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a>. It was likely written some time between 150 and 100 BC. Together with the book <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a>, it is one of the most important sources on the Maccabean Revolt. The work is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees but rather its own independent rendition of the historical events of the Maccabean Revolt. It both starts and ends its history earlier than 1 Maccabees, beginning with an incident with the Seleucid official <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(minister)" title="Heliodorus (minister)">Heliodorus</a> attempting to tax the Second Temple in 178 BC, and ending with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a> in 161 BC. Some scholars believe the book to be influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Pharisaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaic">Pharisaic</a> tradition, with sections that include an endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>. </p><p>The book, like the other <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a prominent Greek collection of Jewish scripture. It was not promptly translated to Hebrew or included in the Masoretic Hebrew canon, the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. While possibly read by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Jews">Greek-speaking Jews</a> in the two centuries after its creation, later <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> did not consider the work canonical or important. Early Christians did honor the work, and it was included as a <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> work of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christians still consider the work deuterocanonical; <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christians do not regard 2 Maccabees as canonical, although many include 2 Maccabees as part of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a>, noncanonical books useful for the purpose of edification. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_and_composition_date">Authorship and composition date</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship and composition date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of 2 Maccabees is not identified, but he claims to be <a href="/wiki/Abridgement" title="Abridgement">abridging</a> a 5-volume work by <a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Cyrene" title="Jason of Cyrene">Jason of Cyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This longer work <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">is not preserved</a>, and it is uncertain how much of the present text of 2 Maccabees is copied from Jason's work. The author wrote in Greek, as there is no particular evidence of an earlier Hebrew version. A few sections of the book, such as the Preface, Epilogue, and some reflections on morality are generally assumed to come from the author, not from Jason. Scholars disagree on both when Jason's work was written and when 2 Maccabees was written. Many scholars argue that Jason's work was likely published by a contemporary of the Maccabean Revolt, around 160–140 BCE, although all that is known for sure is that it was before 2 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-duggan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duggan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars suggest 2 Maccabees was composed at some point from 150–100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally considered that the work must have been written no later than the 70s BC, given that the author seems unaware that <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> would defeat the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a> and make Judea a Roman protectorate in 63 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-duggan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duggan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was possibly modified some after creation, but reached its final form in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Greek Jewish scriptures. The Septuagint version also gave the work its title of "2 Maccabees" to distinguish it from the other <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">books of the Maccabees</a> in it; the original title of the work, if any, is unknown. </p><p>The author appears to be an Egyptian Jew, possibly writing from the capital in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Alexandria</a>, addressing other diaspora Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duggan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duggan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> style of the writer is educated and erudite, and he is familiar with the forms of rhetoric and argument of the era. The beginning of the book includes two letters sent by Jews in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a> encouraging the celebration of the feast day set up to honor the purification of the temple (<a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>). If the author of the book inserted these letters, the book would have to have been written after 188 <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">SE</a> (~124 BC), the date of the second letter. Some commentators hold that these letters were a later addition, while others consider them the basis for the work.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapters of 2 Maccabees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_157.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><i>Vision of Judas Maccabee</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2 Maccabees both starts and ends its history earlier than <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> does, instead covering the period from the high priest <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> (180 BC) to the defeat of Nicanor in 161. The exact focus of the work is debated. All agree that the work has a moralistic tenor, showing the triumph of Judaism, the supremacy of God, and the just punishment of villains. Some see it as a paean to Judas Maccabeus personally, describing the background of the Revolt to write a biography praising him; some see its focus as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, showing its gradual corruption by Antiochus IV and how it was saved and purified;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936&ndash;38_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936&ndash;38-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others see the focus as the city of Jerusalem and how it was saved;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz20083,_512_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz20083,_512-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others disagree with all of the above, seeing it as written strictly for literary and entertainment value. </p><p>The author is interested in providing a theological interpretation of the events; in this book God's interventions direct the course of events, punishing the wicked and restoring the Temple to his people. Some events appear to be presented out of strict chronological order to make theological points, such as the occasional "<a href="/wiki/Flash_forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash forward">flash forward</a>" to a villain's later death. The numbers cited for sizes of armies may also appear exaggerated, though not all of the manuscripts of this book agree. </p><p>After the introductory stories of the controversies at the Temple and the persecutions of Antiochus IV, the story switches to its narrative of the Revolt itself. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Dedication" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Dedication">Feast of the Dedication</a> of the Temple is instituted. The Seleucid general Nicanor threatens the newly dedicated Temple. After his death, the festivities for the dedication are concluded. A special day is dedicated to commemorate the Jewish victory in the month of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the day before "<a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>'s Day" (<a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work explicitly urges diaspora Jews to celebrate both Hanukkah and Nicanor's Day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2 Maccabees consists of 15 chapters. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapters_1_and_2" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">1:1–2:18</a>: Two letters to the Jews of Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Epitomist's_preface" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">2:19–32</a>: Epitomist's preface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_3" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(minister)" title="Heliodorus (minister)">Heliodorus</a> attempts to tax the Temple of Jerusalem's treasury, but is repelled. (~178 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_4" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 4</a>: High Priest <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a> of the Temple of Jerusalem is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Jason_(High_Priest)" title="Jason (High Priest)">Jason</a>; Jason is then succeeded by the corrupt <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a>; Onias III is murdered. (~175–170 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_5" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 5</a>: Jason attempts to overthrow Menelaus. King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> returns from the second expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Syrian War">Sixth Syrian War</a> in Egypt, defeats Jason's supporters, sacks Jerusalem, loots the Temple treasury, and kills and enslaves local Jews as retribution for the perceived revolt. Jason is forced into exile. (168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_5" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 6</a>: The Temple is converted into a syncretic Greek-Jewish worship site. Antiochus IV issues decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices, such as circumcision, keeping kosher, and keeping the Sabbath. <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar</a> the scribe is tortured and killed after refusing to eat pork. (168–167 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_7" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 7</a>: Martyrdom of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman and her seven sons</a> after torture by Antiochus IV.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_8" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 8</a>: Start of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(general)" title="Gorgias (general)">Gorgias</a>, and Ptolemy son of Dorymenes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Battle of Emmaus</a>. (~166–165 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_9" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">9:1–10:9</a>: Antiochus IV is stricken with disease by God. He belatedly repents and writes a letter attempting to make peace before dying in Persia. Judas conquers Jerusalem, cleanses the Temple, and establishes the festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. (~164 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_10" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">10:10–38</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lysias_(Syrian_chancellor)" title="Lysias (Syrian chancellor)">Lysias</a> becomes regent. Governor <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Macron" title="Ptolemy Macron">Ptolemy Macron</a> attempts to cement peace with the Jews, but is undermined by anti-Jewish nobles and commits suicide. The <a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Maccabees campaign in outlying regions</a> against <a href="/wiki/Timothy_of_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy of Ammon">Timothy of Ammon</a> and others. (~163 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_11" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 11</a>: Lysias leads a military expedition to Judea. Judas defeats him at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Battle of Beth Zur</a>. Four documents detailing negotiations with Lysias and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. (~160s BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_12" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 12</a>: More accounts of the campaigns in outlying regions against Timothy, Gorgias, and others. (~163 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_13" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">Chapter 13</a>: Lysias orders the execution of unpopular High Priest Menelaus. Judas harries Lysias's expedition with minor victories. Lysias leaves and returns to the capital of Antioch to face the usurper Philip. (~163–162 BC, likely near in time to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Battle of Beth Zechariah</a> described in 1 Maccabees)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Chapter_14" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">14:1–15:36</a>: <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> becomes King. <a href="/wiki/Alcimus" title="Alcimus">Alcimus</a>, who had replaced Menelaus as High Priest, is affirmed by Demetrius I. Nicanor is appointed governor of Judea. Nicanor and Judas enter negotiations for peace, but are subverted by Alcimus, who complains to the king; Judas's arrest is ordered. Nicanor threatens to destroy the Temple. In a dream vision, Onias III and the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> give Judas a divine golden sword. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a>, Judas defeats and kills Nicanor, preserving the sanctity of the Temple. The Day of Nicanor festival is established. (~161 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_of_2_Maccabees#Epilogue" title="Chapters of 2 Maccabees">15:37–39</a>: Epitomist's epilogue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonicity_and_theology">Canonicity and theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canonicity and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png/260px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png/390px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png/520px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_156.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><i>Rider on the Horse</i> with golden armor, who appears in Chapter 3 to fight Heliodorus, from <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern" class="extiw" title="commons:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> regard 2 Maccabees as canonical. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek-speaking Jews were the original audience addressed by the work. Both 1 and 2 Maccabees appear in some manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most works in the Septuagint which were Greek translations of Hebrew originals, 2 Maccabees was a Greek work originally. While not a problem for Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jews</a> nor Christians (whose scriptures were written in Greek), other Jews who kept to the Hebrew version of the Jewish Scriptures never included it. Hellenistic Judaism slowly waned as many of its adherents either converted to Christianity or switched to other languages, and 2 Maccabees thus did not become part of the Jewish canon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198327_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198327-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the most famous Jewish writer of the first century whose work was preserved, does not appear to have read 2 Maccabees, for example; neither does <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither book of the Maccabees were found among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Essene" class="mw-redirect" title="Essene">Essenes</a>, a Jewish sect hostile to the Hasmoneans and their memory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various works such as <a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a> (a 2nd-century AD work) indicate that the age of prophecy ended with Alexander the Great, and 2 Maccabees, a work clearly written later, thus could not be prophetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200858-61_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200858-61-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, it was hypothesized that the author of 2 Maccabees might have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharasaic</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oesterley_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oesterley-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pharisees emphasized adherence to Jewish law and disputed with the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>. They criticized how the Hasmoneans took a dual role of both Chief Priest and King, and demanded that they cede one of the titles (usually the kingship, which was expected <a href="/wiki/Davidic_dynasty_in_Bible_prophecy" title="Davidic dynasty in Bible prophecy">to be held by one of the family lineage of King David</a>). Hasmonean King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> is recorded as organizing a massacre of his political opponents, and many went into exile. The theory goes that 2 Maccabees praises Judas for saving the temple, but excludes mention of how his brothers and extended family later took the throne, and might have been written by a Pharisee from Judea writing in Egyptian exile. The work's emphasis on adherence to the Law even on pain of martyrdom, keeping the Sabbath, and the promise of a future resurrection seem to fit with the Pharisees' ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, other scholars disagree that the author shows any signs of such inclinations, and belief in a future resurrection of the dead was not limited to only Pharisees; scholars since the 1980s have tended to be skeptical of the proposed connection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008168,_442_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008168,_442-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989571&ndash;572_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989571&ndash;572-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology of the work is an update to the "<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a>" history seen in older Jewish works. The classical Deuteronomist view had been that when Israel is faithful and upholds the covenant, the Jews prosper; when Israel neglects the covenant, God withdraws his favor, and Israel suffers. The persecution of Antiochus IV stood in direct contradiction to this tradition: the most faithful Jews were the ones who suffered the most, while those who abandoned Jewish practices became wealthy and powerful. The author of 2 Maccabees attempts to make sense of this in several ways: he explains that the suffering was a swift and merciful corrective to set the Jews back on the right path. While God had revoked his protection of the Temple in anger at the impious High Priests, his wrath turns to mercy upon seeing the suffering of the martyrs. The work also takes pains to ensure that when setbacks occur, some sort of sin or error was at fault. For those truly blameless, such as the martyrs, the author invokes life after death: that post-mortem rewards and punishments would accomplish what might have been lacking in the mortal world.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva-OHA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These references to the resurrection of the dead despite suffering and torture were part of a new current in Judaism also seen in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, a work the authors of 2 Maccabees were likely familiar with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198363&ndash;70_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198363&ndash;70-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would prove especially influential among Roman-era Jews who converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2009129&ndash;130_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2009129&ndash;130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva-OHA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_in_the_era_of_the_Roman_Empire">Christianity in the era of the Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity in the era of the Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilastro_con_icone,_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg/310px-Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg/465px-Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg/620px-Pilastro_con_icone%2C_600-650_ca._03_solomone_e_i_maccabei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine-style fresco at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua" title="Santa Maria Antiqua">Santa Maria Antiqua</a> church in Rome, likely painted around 650 AD. It depicts the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman and her seven sons</a> (here named Solomne) and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar</a>, their teacher. The story of their martyrdom is the most famous part of 2 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> tradition, the Septuagint was used as the basis for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The inclusion of 2 Maccabees in some copies of the Septuagint saw it a part of various early canon lists and manuscripts, albeit sometimes as part of an appendix. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382, if the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a> is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon which included both 1 and 2 Maccabees, but neither 3 nor 4. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (405 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (393 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Council of Carthage (397 AD)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Council of Carthage (419 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all seemed to think that 2 Maccabees was canonical, either by explicitly saying so or citing it as scripture. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (c. 397 AD) had seemingly inconsistent positions: they directly excluded 2 Maccabees from canon, but did say that the book was useful; yet in other works, both cited 2 Maccabees as if it was scripture, or lists it among scriptural works.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200859_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200859-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologically, the major aspects of 2 Maccabees that resonated with Roman-era Christians and medieval Christians were its stories of <a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">martyrology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> in its stories of <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman with seven sons</a>. Christians made sermons and comparisons of Christian martyrs to the Maccabean martyrs, along with the hope of an eventual salvation; <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> compared the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">persecuted Christians of Lyon</a> to the Maccabean martyrs, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-signori_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signori-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several churches were dedicated to the "Maccabean martyrs", and they are among the few pre-Christian figures to appear on the calendar of saints' days.<sup id="cite_ref-berger_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cult to the Maccabean martyrs flourished in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, the former capital of the Seleucids; Augustine of Hippo found it ironic and fitting that the city that named Antiochus IV now revered those he persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one awkward aspect was that the martyrs had died upholding Jewish Law in an era when many Christians felt that the Law of Moses was not merely obsolete, but actively harmful. Christian authors generally downplayed the Jewishness of the martyrs, treating them as proto-Christians instead.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2009_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2009-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200887-89_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200887-89-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-signori_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signori-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_in_the_Reformation_era">Controversy in the Reformation era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversy in the Reformation era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/290px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/435px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg/580px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_workshop_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>The Triumph of Judas Maccabeus</i>, a 1630s work by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. The scene depicted is from 2 Maccabees: After a <a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">campaign in Idumea</a>, some Jews fell against Gorgias's forces. According to the epitomist, these Jews died because they had idols on them; Judas makes a <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a> in recompense. This offering would become cited in the 1400s and 1500s as a defense of Catholic doctrine on <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>2 Maccabees was in a position of being an official part of the canon, but as a deuterocanonical work and thus subtly lesser than the older scriptures during the early 1500s. <a href="/wiki/Josse_van_Clichtove" title="Josse van Clichtove">Josse van Clichtove</a>, in his work <i>The Veneration of Saints</i>, cited 2 Maccabees as support for the idea of <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">dead saints interceding for the salvation of the living</a>; in Chapter 15, during a dream vision, both the earlier high priest Onias III and the prophet Jeremiah are said to pray for whole of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-pelikan_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelikan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also cited 2 Maccabees as support for <a href="/wiki/Prayers_for_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayers for the dead">prayers for the dead</a>, the reverse case of the living praying for the salvation of souls suffering in purgatory. </p><p>The book became controversial due to opposition from <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and other reformers during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> of the 1500s. Luther had a very high opinion of scripture, but precisely because of this, he wished for the canon to be strict. He would eventually demote the deuterocanonical works to "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a>"; still useful to read and part of the 1534 version of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, but set aside in their own separate section and not accepted as a sound basis for Christian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther had several complaints. One was that it was an abridgment of another work, rather than a single divinely inspired author.<sup id="cite_ref-signori_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signori-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was a general preference for using the Hebrew Bible as the basis for the Old Testament, rather than the Latin Vulgate or the Greek Septuagint.<sup id="cite_ref-signori_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signori-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was with the prevailing Catholic interpretation and use of one story: that of Judas making a "<a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a>" of silver after some of his troops were slain and found with idols, so that the dead might be delivered from their sin.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passage was used as an example of the efficacy of monetary <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> paid to the Catholic Church to free souls from <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> by some Catholic authors of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva-OHA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther disagreed with both indulgences and the concept of purgatory, and in his 1530 work <i>Disavowl of Purgatory</i>, he denied that 2 Maccabees was a valid source to cite.<sup id="cite_ref-pelikan_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelikan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther was reported as having said: "I am so great an enemy to the second book of the Maccabees, and to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, that I wish they had not come to us at all, for they have too many heathen unnaturalities."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reformer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Calvin">Jean Calvin</a> agreed with Luther's criticism of 2 Maccabees, and added his own criticism as well. Calvin propounded <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, the doctrine that God has chosen the elect, and nothing can change this. Thus, the arguments from Clichtove and other Catholics that cited 2 Maccabees for the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a> was suspect to him: for Calvin, salvation was strictly God's choice, and not a matter that dead saints could intervene on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another issue Calvin and other Protestants raised was the self-effacing epilogue to 2 Maccabees, which Calvin took as an admission from the epitomist that he was not divinely inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this, the Catholic Church went the opposite direction. While earlier Church Fathers had considered the deuterocanonical books useful but lesser than the main scriptures, the Catholic Church now affirmed that 2 Maccabees (and other deuterocanonical works) were in fact fully reliable as scripture at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pelikan_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelikan-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_status">Modern status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2 Maccabees is still used to endorse the doctrine of resurrection of the dead, intercession of saints, and prayers for the dead to be released from purgatory in the Catholic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Lectionary#Catholic_Mass_Lectionary_and_the_Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a> makes use of texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, along with texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a>, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings during a <a href="/wiki/Mass_for_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass for the Dead">Mass for the Dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches consider the book canonical. As in antiquity, the most notable section remains the martyrs, who are celebrated as saints by a variety of feast days. They are especially honored in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, perhaps due to suffering persecution themselves; the mother of seven sons is known as <a href="/wiki/Mar_(title)" title="Mar (title)">Marth</a> Shmouni in that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Protestant tradition, the book remains non-canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay1994_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay1994-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bibles</a> stopped including the apocrypha, leading to a loss of relevance for 2 Maccabees. Still, the book is treated at least somewhat respectfully. The twentieth century evangelical author <a href="/wiki/James_B._Jordan" title="James B. Jordan">James B. Jordan</a>, for example, argues that while 1 Maccabees "was written to try and show the Maccabean usurpers as true heirs of David and as true High Priests" and is a "wicked book", a "far more accurate picture of the situation is given in 2 Maccabees."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article VI of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> defines 2 Maccabees as useful but not the basis of doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in 2 Maccabees are held in high esteem by the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>, who faced persecution in their history.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva2018_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_influence">Literary influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literary influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png/240px-Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png/360px-Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png/480px-Sent_Salomoen_martyr-08.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>A 1517 German depiction of the crucified Jesus, the mother, and her seven sons in the boiling cauldron.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most influential part of 2 Maccabees was its stories of the martyrdom of Eleazar and the woman with seven sons; various works expanded the story to add more details such as the woman's name (variously called Hannah, Miriam, Shmouni, and other names) and their story. A prominent early example is the book of <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a>, written by a 1st-century Jewish author who used 2 Maccabees as a direct source (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>). 4 Maccabees discusses in detail the martyrdoms described in 2 Maccabees, but provides a different interpretation of them. While 2 Maccabees attempts to arouse sympathy and emotions (<i>pathos</i>), 4 Maccabees was written by someone schooled in <a href="/wiki/Stoic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoic philosophy">Stoic philosophy</a>. As such, in its depiction, the martyred woman and Eleazar calmly discuss matters with their oppressors; they use reason and intellectual argument to stay calm and defy Antiochus IV. 4 Maccabees takes the idea of the resurrection of the dead even more directly than 2 Maccabees and Daniel: if God will revive those who suffer for obeying God's law, then it makes perfect sense to obey the greater ruler rather than the lesser ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198326_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198326-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To a lesser degree, the book <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> evinces familiarity with 2 Maccabees; while the setting is different (it is set fifty years before the Maccabean Revolt in Egypt, not Judea), <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar the scribe</a> appears in it, and the depictions of turmoil and suffering among Egyptian Jews are influenced by 2 Maccabees. The Christian <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> possibly makes a reference to 2 Maccabees as well, or has similar knowledge of the Maccabean martyr tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later work that directly expanded 2 Maccabees was the <i><a href="/wiki/Yosippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosippon">Yosippon</a></i> of the 10th century, which includes a paraphrase of parts of the Latin translation of 2 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Jews, there had been practically no interest in 2 Maccabees itself for a millennium;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Yosippon</i> was a rare exception of medieval Jews rediscovering the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200890_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200890-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like in Christian works, the story of the mother and her seven sons was the most retold and influential.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability_as_history">Reliability as history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reliability as history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2 Maccabees has traditionally been considered a somewhat lesser source on the history of the Maccabean Revolt than 1 Maccabees by secular historians, especially in the 19th century. This is for a number of reasons: it wears its religious moralizing openly; it skips around in time and place at parts, rather than the chronological approach in 1 Maccabees; and it includes a number of implausible claims directly in contention with 1 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-oesterley_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oesterley-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, most scholars continue to agree that 1 Maccabees is a superior source on the military history of the revolt: it was written by a Judean who names and describes locations accurately compared to the occasional geographic blunders of 2 Maccabees written by an Egyptian, includes far more details on maneuvers and tactics than the simple depictions of battle in 2 Maccabees, and its figures for elements such as troop counts and casualties are considered more reliable than the wildly inflated numbers in 2 Maccabees. (For example, 2 Maccabees implausibly claims that there were 35,000 Syrian casualties at the Battle of Adasa, a number likely far larger than the entire Seleucid force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989360_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989360-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) 2 Maccabees was also written in a "pathetic" in the sense of <i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a></i> style, appealing to emotions and sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200878&ndash;80_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200878&ndash;80-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeptical historians considered this a sign that the epitomist was not interested in historical accuracy much, but merely telling a good story.<sup id="cite_ref-hongiman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongiman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grabbe_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in rehabilitating 2 Maccabees as a source on par with 1 Maccabees by scholars. In particular, there was a growing recognition that a politically slanted history, as 1 Maccabees is, could be just as biased and unreliable as the religiously slanted history that 2 Maccabees is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoran20123;_519&ndash;520_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoran20123;_519&ndash;520-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deeply devout observer could still be describing true events, albeit with a religious interpretation of them. By the 1930s, historians generally came to the conclusion that the historical documents present in 2 Maccabees – while seemingly out of chronological order – were likely legitimate and matched what would be expected of such Seleucid negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence supported many of the references made to Seleucid leadership, causing historians to think that Jason and the epitomist must have had better knowledge of internal Seleucid affairs than the author of 1 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200840&ndash;44_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200840&ndash;44-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example, 2 Maccabees appears to be more reliable and honest on the date of the death of Antiochus IV. Archaeological evidence supports the claim in 2 Maccabees he died before the cleansing of the Temple, while 1 Maccabees moves his death later to hide the fact that Lysias abandoned his campaign in Judea not due to the efforts of the Maccabees at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Battle of Beth Zur</a>, but rather to respond to political turmoil resulting from Antiochus's death. 2 Maccabees writes that Antiochus's decrees were targeted against Judea and Samaria, which historians find more likely than the claim in 1 Maccabees that he demanded religious standardization across the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even to the extent that 2 Maccabees is still distrusted as history to a degree, the fact that it is a genuinely independent source is considered invaluable to historians. Many events in the Hellenistic and Roman periods have only passing mentions that they occurred; those that do have a detailed source often only have a single such detailed source, leaving it difficult to determine that author's biases or errors. For example, the <a href="/wiki/First_Roman-Jewish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Roman-Jewish War">Great Revolt</a> against the Romans in 64–73 AD is only closely recorded by Josephus's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>. The Maccabean Revolt having two independent detailed contemporary histories is a rarity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early manuscripts of the Septuagint were not uniform in their lists of books.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 Maccabees is found in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> which includes all of 1, 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees, as well as the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts#Part_I:_A–Z" title="Septuagint manuscripts">Codex Venetus</a>. 2 Maccabees is missing from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (which lacks any of the books of Maccabees) and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (which includes 1 and 4 Maccabees, but neither 2 nor 3 Maccabees). Additionally, other ancient fragments have been found, albeit with some attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Antioch" title="Lucian of Antioch">Lucian of Antioch</a> who is considered to have "improved" some of his renditions with unknown other material, leading to variant readings. Pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> translations exist, as well as a fragment in <a href="/wiki/Akhmimic_Coptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmimic Coptic">Akhmimic Coptic</a>, but they mostly match the Greek, or the Lucianic renditions of the Greek in the case of the Syriac versions.<sup id="cite_ref-hanhart_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanhart-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanhart" title="Robert Hanhart">Robert Hanhart</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the Greek text in 1959 with a second edition published in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoran201219_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoran201219-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hanhart_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanhart-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μακκαβαίων Β´</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Makkabaíōn 2</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 2 Maccabees is largely an abridgment of another's work, the person who wrote 2 Maccabees is often referred to as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epitomist" class="extiw" title="wikt:epitomist">epitomist</a>" or "epitomator" rather than "author".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Daniel R. Schwartz</a> argues for an "early" date of publication of around 150–140 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz20088&ndash;15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz20088&ndash;15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Stuckenbruck & Gurtner argue for between 150–120 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuckenbruck_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuckenbruck-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Jonathan A. Goldstein</a> argues for Jason of Cyrene's history published at sometime during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (103 to 76 BC), and the abridged 2 Maccabees with the introductory letters by 76 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1983121&ndash;122_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1983121&ndash;122-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>John R. Bartlett argues for "almost anywhere in the last 150 years B.C."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the scholarly consensus is not entirely unanimous; <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Honigman" title="Sylvie Honigman">Sylvie Honigman</a> argues it was written in the Hasmonean kingdom rather than Egypt, and its portrayal of Judas's brother Simon Thassi was still positive overall. This view is usually discounted as 2 Maccabees is seen as downplaying Simon, along with various geographic mistakes that suggest a diaspora author.<sup id="cite_ref-hongiman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongiman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Few scholars believe the introductory letters to be authentic, but some do suggest that they were compiled by the same epitomist who made the rest of the work. Some notable scholarly positions include: <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Niese" title="Benedikt Niese">Benedikt Niese</a> believed that the letters were integral to the work. Jonathan Goldstein considers the letters forgeries and later additions. Daniel R. Schwartz believes that they are a later addition, and further that the date was actually 148 SE, not 188 SE, and was a reference not to the date of the letter, but the date of the original cleansing of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008519&ndash;525_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008519&ndash;525-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%202:23&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 2:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duggan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duggan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duggan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duggan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2021" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Michael W. (2021). "2 Maccabees". In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 168–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.10">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689643.013.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190689667" title="Special:BookSources/9780190689667"><bdi>9780190689667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=168-187&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.10&rft.isbn=9780190689667&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz20088&ndash;15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz20088&ndash;15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 8–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuckenbruck-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuckenbruck_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruckGurtner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1E6_DwAAQBAJ"><i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567658135" title="Special:BookSources/9780567658135"><bdi>9780567658135</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism+Volume+One&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780567658135&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft.au=Gurtner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1E6_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1983121&ndash;122-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1983121&ndash;122_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1983">Goldstein 1983</a>, p. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1973215&ndash;219_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1973">Bartlett 1973</a>, p. 215–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hongiman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hongiman_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hongiman_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongiman2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Honigman" title="Sylvie Honigman">Hongiman, Sylvie</a> (2014). <i>Tales of High Priests and Taxes: The Books of the Maccabees and the Judean Rebellion against Antiochos IV</i>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 65–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520958180" title="Special:BookSources/9780520958180"><bdi>9780520958180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+High+Priests+and+Taxes%3A+The+Books+of+the+Maccabees+and+the+Judean+Rebellion+against+Antiochos+IV&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=65-94&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520958180&rft.aulast=Hongiman&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008519&ndash;525-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008519&ndash;525_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 519–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936&ndash;38-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington200936&ndash;38_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2009">Harrington 2009</a>, p. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz20083,_512-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz20083,_512_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, pp. 3, 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2015:36&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 15:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koller, A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleodyssey.org/passages/related-articles/purim">Purim</a>, accessed 17 January 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owd9zig7i1oC&pg=PA369"><i>Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West</i> (2004)</a>, Anchor Bible Reference Library, <a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Alan F. Segal</a>, p. 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2003" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, E. Earle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentinea0000elli/"><i>The Old Testament in early Christianity: Canon and interpretation in the light of modern research</i></a>. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592442560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592442560"><bdi>978-1592442560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+early+Christianity%3A+Canon+and+interpretation+in+the+light+of+modern+research&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1592442560&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=E.+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtestamentinea0000elli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198327-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198327_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1983">Goldstein 1983</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200886_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_B._Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&q=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+By+David+Noel+Freedman,+Allen+C.+Myers,"><i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i></a> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdman. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802824004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802824004"><bdi>978-0802824004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=426&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=Eerdman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0802824004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26q%3DEerdmans%2BDictionary%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBible%2BBy%2BDavid%2BNoel%2BFreedman%2C%2BAllen%2BC.%2BMyers%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2004" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2004). <i>The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</i> (1st paperback ed.). San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060684655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060684655"><bdi>978-0060684655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls+%3A+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0060684655&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200858-61-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200858-61_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 58-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oesterley-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oesterley_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oesterley_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOesterley1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._O._E._Oesterley" title="W. O. E. Oesterley">Oesterley, William O. E.</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobo0000oest_h1g1/"><i>An Introduction to the Books of the Apocrypha</i></a>. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 315–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Books+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315-326&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Oesterley&rft.aufirst=William+O.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontobo0000oest_h1g1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008168,_442-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008168,_442_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 168, 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989571&ndash;572-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989571&ndash;572_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-Kochva1989">Bar-Kochva 1989</a>, p. 571–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva-OHA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSilva-OHA_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2021" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (2021). "Biblical Theology and the Apocrypha". In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 534–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.27">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689643.013.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190689667" title="Special:BookSources/9780190689667"><bdi>9780190689667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biblical+Theology+and+the+Apocrypha&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=534-550&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.27&rft.isbn=9780190689667&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (2020). <i>Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 142–146; 151–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501136757" title="Special:BookSources/9781501136757"><bdi>9781501136757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell%3A+A+History+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pages=142-146%3B+151-158&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781501136757&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198363&ndash;70-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198363&ndash;70_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1983">Goldstein 1983</a>, p. 63–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2009129&ndash;130-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington2009129&ndash;130_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2009">Harrington 2009</a>, p. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berger_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Berger (page does not exist)">Berger, Albrecht</a> (2012). "The Cult of the Maccabees in the Eastern Orthodox Church". In <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Signori" title="Gabriela Signori">Signori, Gabriela</a> (ed.). <i>Dying for the Faith, Killing for the Faith: Old-Testament Faith-Warriors (1 and 2 Maccabees) in Historical Perspective</i>. Brill. p. 107–111; 116–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9"><bdi>978-90-04-21104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Maccabees+in+the+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.btitle=Dying+for+the+Faith%2C+Killing+for+the+Faith%3A+Old-Testament+Faith-Warriors+%281+and+2+Maccabees%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=107-111%3B+116-119&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21104-9&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html">"Letter of Innocent I on the Canon of Scripture"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Innocent+I+on+the+Canon+of+Scripture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2005" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). <i>A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament</i> (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597522392" title="Special:BookSources/1597522392"><bdi>1597522392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+survey+of+the+history+of+the+canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=570&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1597522392&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html">"Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)"</a>, <i>The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage</i>, Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV.+%28Greek+xxvii.%29&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+217+Blessed+Fathers+who+assembled+at+Carthage&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.F. Westcott, <i>A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament</i> (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3816.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Council of Carthage (A.D. 419)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Council+of+Carthage+%28A.D.+419%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3816.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_in_Trullo" class="citation book cs1">Council in Trullo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3820.htm"><i>The Apostolic Canons. Canon 85</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Canons.+Canon+85&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Council+in+Trullo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm"><i>On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Doctrine+Book+II+Chapter+8%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F12022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200859-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200859_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-signori-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-signori_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-signori_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-signori_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-signori_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignori2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Signori" title="Gabriela Signori">Signori, Gabriela</a> (2012). "Introduction". <i>Dying for the Faith, Killing for the Faith: Old-Testament Faith-Warriors (1 and 2 Maccabees) in Historical Perspective</i>. Brill. p. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9"><bdi>978-90-04-21104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Dying+for+the+Faith%2C+Killing+for+the+Faith%3A+Old-Testament+Faith-Warriors+%281+and+2+Maccabees%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21104-9&rft.aulast=Signori&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapina2012" class="citation book cs1">Lapina, Elizabeth (2012). "The Maccabees and the Battle of Antioch". In <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Signori" title="Gabriela Signori">Signori, Gabriela</a> (ed.). <i>Dying for the Faith, Killing for the Faith: Old-Testament Faith-Warriors (1 and 2 Maccabees) in Historical Perspective</i>. Brill. p. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9"><bdi>978-90-04-21104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maccabees+and+the+Battle+of+Antioch&rft.btitle=Dying+for+the+Faith%2C+Killing+for+the+Faith%3A+Old-Testament+Faith-Warriors+%281+and+2+Maccabees%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21104-9&rft.aulast=Lapina&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2009-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2009_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoslyn-Siemiatkoski2009" class="citation book cs1">Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel (2009). <i>Christian Memories of the Maccabean Martyrs</i>. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan. p. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60279-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Memories+of+the+Maccabean+Martyrs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Palgrave+Mcmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60279-3&rft.aulast=Joslyn-Siemiatkoski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200887-89-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200887-89_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 87-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RKD <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">Netherlands Institute for Art History</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/images/218003">Peter Paul Rubens and studio of Peter Paul Rubens</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:39–45&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:39–45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pelikan-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pelikan_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pelikan_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pelikan_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav</a> (1984) [1983]. <i>Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)</i>. The Christian Tradition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 136–137; 261; 266; 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-65376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-65376-5"><bdi>0-226-65376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+of+Church+and+Dogma+%281300-1700%29&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.series=The+Christian+Tradition&rft.pages=136-137%3B+261%3B+266%3B+276&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-226-65376-5&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2015:12–16&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 15:12–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiers2001" class="citation book cs1">Hiers, Richard H. (2001). <i>The Trinity Guide to the Bible</i> (Pbk. ed.). Harrisburg, Penn.: Trinity Press International. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563383403" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563383403"><bdi>978-1563383403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Penn.&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=Pbk.&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1563383403&rft.aulast=Hiers&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2009" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9U4T2aYQJ8C&pg=PA81"><i>Forgotten scriptures: the selection and rejection of early religious writings</i></a> (1st ed.). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664233570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664233570"><bdi>978-0664233570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+scriptures%3A+the+selection+and+rejection+of+early+religious+writings&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0664233570&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9U4T2aYQJ8C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:39–45&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:39–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1893) [1566]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/luther/tabletalk.v.i.html">"Of God's Word: XXIV"</a>. <i>The Table-Talk of Martin Luther</i>. trans. William Hazlitt. Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)">LCC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=BR332.T4&searchType=1&recCount=25">BR332.T4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+God%27s+Word%3A+XXIV&rft.btitle=The+Table-Talk+of+Martin+Luther&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lutheran+Publication+Society&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fluther%2Ftabletalk.v.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200860&ndash;61_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Calvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin, Jean</a> (2008) [1559]. "Book 3, Chapter 5, Section 8–9". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/institutes.v.vi.html"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beveridge_(historian)" title="Henry Beveridge (historian)">Beveridge, Henry</a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 440–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598561685" title="Special:BookSources/9781598561685"><bdi>9781598561685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+3%2C+Chapter+5%2C+Section+8%26ndash%3B9&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=440-441&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781598561685&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Finstitutes%2Finstitutes.v.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New Catholic encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America. 2003. pp. 20, 26, 390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=20%2C+26%2C+390&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1997" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (March 13, 1997). <i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4"><bdi>0-19-826954-4</bdi></a>. <q>Finally on 8 April 1546, by a vote of 24 to 15, with 16 abstentions, the Council issued a decree (<i>De Canonicis Scripturis</i>) in which, for the first time in the history of the Church, the question of the contents of the Bible was made an absolute article of faith and confirmed by an <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft.isbn=0-19-826954-4&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title=""><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Canons_and_Decrees_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Session_IV/Canonical_Scriptures"><i>Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent/Session IV/Canonical Scriptures</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Alois_Buckley" title="Theodore Alois Buckley">Buckley, Theodore Alois</a>. 1851 [1546] – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=1851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Canons_and_Decrees_of_the_Council_of_Trent_Buckley.djvu/50" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent Buckley.djvu/50">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ellis, P. F. (2003). "Maccabees, Books of". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (Second ed.). Washington, DC: Thomson Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maccabees%2C+Books+of&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingmaronite.com/resources/feast-days/st-shmouni-and-her-seven-sons-martyrs-1-august/">St Shmouni and her Seven Sons – Martyrs – 1 August</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynekMurre-van_den_Berg2007" class="citation book cs1">Synek, Eva; <a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre-van den Berg, Heleen</a> (2007). "Chapter 12: Syriac Christianity; Chapter 21: Eastern Christian Hagiographical Traditions, Oriental Orthodox: Syriac Hagiography". In Perry, Kenneth (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i>. Book Publishers. pp. 266, 444–445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631234234" title="Special:BookSources/9780631234234"><bdi>9780631234234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Syriac+Christianity%3B+Chapter+21%3A+Eastern+Christian+Hagiographical+Traditions%2C+Oriental+Orthodox%3A+Syriac+Hagiography&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=266%2C+444-445&rft.pub=Book+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780631234234&rft.aulast=Synek&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Murre-van+den+Berg%2C+Heleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsay1994-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay1994_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1994" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, William M. (1 January 1994). <i>Westminster Guide to the Books of the Bible</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25380-6"><bdi>978-0-664-25380-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Reformers countered by pointing out that 2 Maccabees was a book of the Apocrypha; Protestants would accept as authoritative Old Testament only the canon of the Hebrew scriptures. ... The Reformers did grant that the Apocrypha was valuable. ... these books, while useful "for edification," were not authoritative for doctrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Guide+to+the+Books+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25380-6&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Jordan" title="James B. Jordan">Jordan, James B.</a> (2007). <i>The Handwriting on the Wall: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Vision" title="American Vision">American Vision</a>. p. 580.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handwriting+on+the+Wall%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Daniel&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=American+Vision&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion#VI">"Articles of Religion"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=Articles+of+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fbook-common-prayer%2Farticles-religion%23VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva2018-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deSilva2018_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2018" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (2018). <i>Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2"><bdi>978-1-4934-1307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Apocrypha%3A+Message%2C+Context%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1307-2&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198326-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein198326_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1983">Goldstein 1983</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 88. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2011:35–36&version=nrsv">Hebrews 11:35–36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (2002). <i>The Septuagint as Christian Scripture</i>. T&T Clark. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08737-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08737-9"><bdi>0-567-08737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint+as+Christian+Scripture&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-567-08737-9&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski-2012_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoslyn-Siemiatkoski2012" class="citation book cs1">Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel (2012). "The Mother And Seven Sons in Late Antique And Medieval Ashkenazi Judaism: Narrative Transformations and Communal Identity". In <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Signori" title="Gabriela Signori">Signori, Gabriela</a> (ed.). <i>Dying for the Faith, Killing for the Faith: Old-Testament Faith-Warriors (1 and 2 Maccabees) in Historical Perspective</i>. Brill. p. 129–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9"><bdi>978-90-04-21104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mother+And+Seven+Sons+in+Late+Antique+And+Medieval+Ashkenazi+Judaism%3A+Narrative+Transformations+and+Communal+Identity&rft.btitle=Dying+for+the+Faith%2C+Killing+for+the+Faith%3A+Old-Testament+Faith-Warriors+%281+and+2+Maccabees%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=129-134&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21104-9&rft.aulast=Joslyn-Siemiatkoski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemberger1992" class="citation book cs1">Stemberger, Günter (1992). "The Maccabees in Rabbinic Tradition". <i>The Scriptures and the Scrolls: Studies in Honour of A.S. van der Woude on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday</i>. E. J. Brill. p. 192–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maccabees+in+Rabbinic+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Scriptures+and+the+Scrolls%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+A.S.+van+der+Woude+on+the+Occasion+of+his+65th+Birthday&rft.pages=192-203&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Stemberger&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200890-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200890_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989360-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-Kochva1989360_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-Kochva1989">Bar-Kochva 1989</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200878&ndash;80-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200878&ndash;80_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grabbe-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2020). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonaean Rule, and Herod the Great (174–4 BCE)</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 95. T&T Clark. pp. 80–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8"><bdi>978-0-5676-9294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+The+Maccabean+Revolt%2C+Hasmonaean+Rule%2C+and+Herod+the+Great+%28174%26ndash%3B4+BCE%29&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies&rft.pages=80-84&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-9294-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoran20123;_519&ndash;520-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoran20123;_519&ndash;520_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoran2012">Doran 2012</a>, p. 3; 519–520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200840&ndash;44-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz200840&ndash;44_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2008">Schwartz 2008</a>, p. 40–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortier-Young2011" class="citation book cs1">Portier-Young, Anathea (2011). <i>Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802870834" title="Special:BookSources/9780802870834"><bdi>9780802870834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Against+Empire%3A+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802870834&rft.aulast=Portier-Young&rft.aufirst=Anathea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Gleason Jr. (2007). <i>A survey of Old Testament introduction</i> ([Rev. and expanded]. ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. pp. 81, 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802484345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802484345"><bdi>978-0802484345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+Old+Testament+introduction&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=81%2C+82&rft.edition=%5BRev.+and+expanded%5D.&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0802484345&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Gleason+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanhart-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanhart_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanhart_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhartKappler1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanhart" title="Robert Hanhart">Hanhart, Robert</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kappler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kappler (page does not exist)">Kappler, Werner</a> (1976). <i>Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graece. Maccabaeorum liber II</i> (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 9–11, 26–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-53405-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-53405-1"><bdi>3-525-53405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septuaginta%3A+Vetus+Testamentum+Graece.+Maccabaeorum+liber+II&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=9-11%2C+26-33&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3-525-53405-1&rft.aulast=Hanhart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kappler%2C+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoran201219-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoran201219_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoran2012">Doran 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (1989). <i>Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521323525" title="Special:BookSources/0521323525"><bdi>0521323525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas+Maccabaeus%3A+The+Jewish+Struggle+Against+the+Seleucids&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521323525&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1973" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, John R. (1973). <i>The First and Second Books of the Maccabees</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+and+Second+Books+of+the+Maccabees&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Doran_(born_1940)" title="Robert Doran (born 1940)">Doran, Robert</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Attridge" title="Harold W. Attridge">Attridge, Harold W.</a> (ed.). <i>2 Maccabees: A Critical Commentary</i>. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800660505" title="Special:BookSources/9780800660505"><bdi>9780800660505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Maccabees%3A+A+Critical+Commentary&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=Hermeneia&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780800660505&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (2009) [1988]. <i>The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6"><bdi>978-1-60899-113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maccabean+Revolt%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Biblical+Revolution&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-113-6&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._Goldstein" title="Jonathan A. Goldstein">Goldstein, Jonathan A.</a> (1983). <i>II Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary</i>. The Anchor Bible Series. Vol. 41A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-04864-5"><bdi>0-385-04864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=II+Maccabees%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible+Series&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-385-04864-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Schwartz, Daniel R.</a> (2008). <i>2 Maccabees</i>. Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019118-9"><bdi>978-3-11-019118-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Maccabees&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Commentaries+on+Early+Jewish+Literature&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019118-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borchardt, Francis. 2016. "Reading Aid: 2 Maccabees and the History of Jason of Cyrene Reconsidered." <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i> 47, no. 1: 71–87.</li> <li>Coetzer, Eugene. 2016. "Heroes and Villains in 2 Maccabees 8:1–36: A Rhetorical Analysis." <i>Old Testament Essays</i>: 419–33.</li> <li>Doran, Robert. 1981. <i>Temple Propaganda: The Purpose and Character of 2 Maccabees.</i> Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 12. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association.</li> <li>Habicht, C. 1976. "Royal Documents in II Maccabees." <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i> 80: 1–18.</li> <li>Janowitz, Naomi. 2017. <i>The Family Romance of Martyrdom In Second Maccabees.</i> New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Kosmin, P. 2016. "Indigenous Revolts in 2 Maccabees: The Persian Version." <i>Classical Philology</i> 111, no. 1: 32–53.</li> <li>Stewart, Tyler A. 2017. "Jewish Paideia: Greek Education in the Letter of Aristeas and 2 Maccabees." Journal for the Study of Judaism 48, no. 2: 182–202.</li> <li>Trotter, Jonathan R. 2017. "2 Maccabees 10:1–8: Who Wrote It and Where Does It Belong?" <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i> 136, no. 1: 117–30.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_Maccabees&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Maccabees</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>NRSV text of 2 Maccabees: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%201:1–7:42&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 1:1–7:42</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%208:1–11:38&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 8:1–11:38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:1–15:39&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:1–15:39</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://librivox.org/search?title=2+Maccabees&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>2 Maccabees</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>2 Maccabees </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small>Catholic and Orthodox</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">OT</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Current Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">OT</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Older Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">OT</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Qahat">Testament of Qahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Amram" title="Visions of Amram">Visions of Amram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Testament of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Aseneth" title="Joseph and Aseneth">Joseph and Aseneth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Baruch">1 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Esther">Additions to the Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other apocrypha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo"> Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209748#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209748#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209748#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174587301">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/198908857">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316752433">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293615908">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114495-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81120406">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120148731">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120148731">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000521066&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058725">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684818705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286501905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516033606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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