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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_State_of_Thuringia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_of_Thuringia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Free State of Thuringia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_of_Thuringia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nature and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demographic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Current population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_and_spatial_tendencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_and_spatial_tendencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Natural and spatial tendencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_and_spatial_tendencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities,_towns_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities,_towns_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cities, towns and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities,_towns_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_minister-presidents_of_Thuringia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_minister-presidents_of_Thuringia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>List of minister-presidents of Thuringia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_minister-presidents_of_Thuringia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_2024_state_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2024_state_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>September 2024 state election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2024_state_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agriculture and forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industry and mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_economic_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_economic_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>General economic parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_economic_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Energy and water supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>School system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Universities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Universities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Personalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thuringia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95" title="ቲውሪንገን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቲውሪንገን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="تورينغن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تورينغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinchia" title="Turinchia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turinchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinxa" title="Turinxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turinxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen_suyu" title="Thüringen suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Thüringen suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCringiya" title="Türingiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türingiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%86" title="تورینقن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورینقن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="টুরিঙেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুরিঙেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюрингия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тюрингия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цюрынгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цюрынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Турынгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турынгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюрингия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тюрингия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiringija" title="Tiringija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tiringija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ADngia" title="Turíngia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turíngia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durynsko" title="Durynsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Durynsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durinska" title="Durinska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Durinska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCringi" title="Tüüringi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüüringi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θουριγγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θουριγγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ACngia" title="Turìngia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turìngia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingio" title="Turingio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turingio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="تورینگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringe" title="Thuringe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thuringe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tueringen" title="Tueringen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tueringen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinxia" title="Turinxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turinxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A7%81%EA%B2%90%EC%A3%BC" title="튀링겐주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀링겐주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulinia" title="Tulinia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tulinia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թյուրինգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թյուրինգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ठुरुंगिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ठुरुंगिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durinska" title="Durinska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Durinska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiringija" title="Tiringija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tiringija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Тюринги – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тюринги" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDringaland" title="Þýringaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýringaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="תורינגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורינגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თიურინგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თიურინგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюрингия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тюрингия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%AEngiya" title="Turîngiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Turîngiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinjia" title="Turinjia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turinjia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABringene" title="Tīringene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīringene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiuringija" title="Tiuringija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiuringija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinge" title="Turinge – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turinge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCringia" title="Türingia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Türingia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCringia" title="Türingia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türingia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Тирингија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тирингија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="തുറിഞ്ചിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുറിഞ്ചിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थ्युरिंगेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थ्युरिंगेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თიურინგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თიურინგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="تورينجن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تورينجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="تورینگن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورینگن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Тюринг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тюринг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen_(deelstaat)" title="Thüringen (deelstaat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thüringen (deelstaat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureng" title="Tureng – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tureng" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टुरिङेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टुरिङेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="テューリンゲン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テューリンゲン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Туьринген – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туьринген" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCringen" title="Tüüringen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tüüringen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ADngia" title="Turíngia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turíngia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingiya" title="Turingiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turingiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تھورنگیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھورنگیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freistaat_Th%C3%BCringen" title="Freistaat Thüringen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Freistaat Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%86" title="تورینګن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورینګن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6ringen" title="Döringen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Döringen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyngia" title="Turyngia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turyngia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ADngia" title="Turíngia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turíngia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCringiya" title="Türingiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türingiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringe" title="Thüringe – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Thüringe" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinga" title="Turinga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Turinga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюрингия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тюрингия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ACngia" title="Turìngia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turìngia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringie" title="Thuringie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thuringie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyringia" title="Tyringia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tyringia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ٿرينجيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرينجيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur%C3%ADnsko" title="Durínsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Durínsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingija" title="Turingija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turingija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="تویرینگن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تویرینگن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Тирингија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тирингија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiringija" title="Tiringija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tiringija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingia" title="Turingia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turingia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түрингия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Түрингия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐทือริงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐทือริงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тӯринген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯринген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тюрингія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тюрингія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="تورینگن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تورینگن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turinxa" title="Turinxa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turinxa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrin%C3%A4n" title="Türinän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türinän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" title="图林根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图林根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טורינגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורינגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thuringia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E6%A0%B9" title="圖靈根 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖靈根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringiya" title="Thuringiya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Thuringiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen" title="Thüringen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Thüringen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thuringia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thuringia (disambiguation)">Thuringia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thüringen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thüringen (disambiguation)">Thüringen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Free State of Thuringia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="de"><small><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat Thüringen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Free State of Thuringia"><img alt="Flag of Free State of Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thuringia" title="Flag of Thuringia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Free State of Thuringia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Free State of Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia" title="Coat of arms of Thuringia">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg/250px-Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg/375px-Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg/500px-Locator_map_Thuringia_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thuringia&params=50_51_40_N_11_3_7_E_type:city(2120237)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°51′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°3′7″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.86111°N 11.05194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.86111; 11.05194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Landtag of Thuringia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Voigt" title="Mario Voigt">Mario Voigt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Thuringia" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">19 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,171 km<sup>2</sup> (6,244 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,120,237</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">130/km<sup>2</sup> (340/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thuringian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€71.430 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€33,656 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-TH</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DEG</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.928<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">12th of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thueringen.de/">thueringen.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 280px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 280px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="300" data-zoom="5" data-lat="51.1" data-lon="10.5" data-overlays="["_0bcfffe6e7a0a4850b558e9edde7e69060bfc78a"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/51.1/10.5/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,280x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thuringia&revid=1268981756&groups=_0bcfffe6e7a0a4850b558e9edde7e69060bfc78a" width="280" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,280x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Thuringia&revid=1268981756&groups=_0bcfffe6e7a0a4850b558e9edde7e69060bfc78a 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Map</div></div></div> <p><b>Thuringia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Free State of Thuringia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany's</a> 16 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> is the capital and largest city. Other cities include <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. Thuringia is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. It has been known as "the green heart of Germany" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das grüne Herz Deutschlands</i></span>) from the late 19th century due to its broad, dense forest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Thuringia is in the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">left-bank tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>. </p><p>Thuringia is home to the <a href="/wiki/Rennsteig" title="Rennsteig">Rennsteig</a>, Germany's best-known <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking trail</a>. Its winter resort of <a href="/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany" title="Oberhof, Germany">Oberhof</a> makes it a well-equipped <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> destination – half of Germany's 136 <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympic</a> gold medals had been won by Thuringian athletes as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thuringia was favoured by or was the birthplace of three key intellectuals and leaders in the arts: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>. The state has the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Ilmenau" title="Technische Universität Ilmenau">Ilmenau University of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus-Universit%C3%A4t_Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauhaus-Universität Weimar">Bauhaus University of Weimar</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Duchy of Thuringia</a> was established around 631 AD by <a href="/wiki/King_Dagobert_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dagobert I">King Dagobert I</a>. The modern state was established in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_the_Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> through a merger of the <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>, save for <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Thuringia came under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet occupation zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>, and its borders were reformed, to become <a href="/wiki/Geographic_contiguity" title="Geographic contiguity">contiguous</a>. Thuringia became part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">administrative reforms</a>, and divided into the Districts of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt" title="Bezirk Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Suhl" title="Bezirk Suhl">Suhl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Gera" title="Bezirk Gera">Gera</a>. Thuringia was re-established in 1990 following <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, slightly re-drawn, and became one of the <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">new states</a> of the Federal Republic of Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_symbols">Etymology and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Thuringia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png/170px-Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png/255px-Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png/340px-Vollwappen_Wettiner_Landgraf_Albrecht_1265.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia#Landgraves_of_Thuringia" title="Coat of arms of Thuringia">Coat of arms of the landgraves of Thuringia</a> (1265)</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Thuringia</i> or <i>Thüringen</i> derives from the Germanic tribe <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>, who emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. Their origin is largely unknown. An older theory claims that they were successors of the <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a>, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> today. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus</a> first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses. </p><p>The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Landgraviate of Thuringia</a> was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards the state known as Thuringia ceased to exist; nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains in the north, the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a> river in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Forest" title="Franconian Forest">Franconian Forest</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> river in the west. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leipzig" title="Treaty of Leipzig">Treaty of Leipzig</a>, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettins</a>. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> territories around <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> joined Thuringia in 1945. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia" title="Coat of arms of Thuringia">coat of arms of Thuringia</a> shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin. The eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thuringia" title="Flag of Thuringia">flag of Thuringia</a> is a white-red bicolor, derived from the white and red stripes of the Ludowingian lion. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse" title="Coat of arms of Hesse">coat of arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hesse" title="Flag of Hesse">flag of Hesse</a> are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, since they are also derived from the Ludowingian symbols. </p><p>Symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the <i><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_sausage" title="Thuringian sausage">Bratwurst</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Forest</a>, because a large amount of the territory is forested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the earlier history of the region, see <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Duchy of Thuringia</a>.</div> <p>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribe who occupied it around AD 300, Thuringia came under <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> domination in the 6th century. </p><p>Thuringia became a <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgraviate">landgraviate</a> in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thuringia#Ludowinger" title="List of rulers of Thuringia">Ludowingian</a> line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Thuringian_Succession" title="War of the Thuringian Succession">War of the Thuringian Succession</a> (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin dynasty</a> of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>, the nucleus of the later <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_and_Albertine_Wettins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernestine and Albertine Wettins">Ernestine</a> branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "<a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Saxon duchies</a>", consisting, among others, of the states of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Saxe-Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Jena" title="Saxe-Jena">Saxe-Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha" title="Saxe-Gotha">Saxe-Gotha</a>. </p><p>Thuringia generally accepted the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> was suppressed as early as 1520;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> of 1525. In <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a> and elsewhere, the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> found many adherents. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a>, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the <a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a> district, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, and to a small degree in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> and its immediate vicinity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern German <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">black-red-gold tricolour flag's</a> first appearance anywhere in a German-ethnicity <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, within what today comprises Germany, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Flag of Germany">occurred in 1778</a> as the state flag of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Principality of Reuss-Greiz</a>, a defunct principality in the modern state's borders. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg/250px-Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg/375px-Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg/500px-Thuringische_staaten1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4767" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Thuringian States in 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the <a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">German Mediatisation</a> from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> organized in 1806. The 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871 during the Prussian-led <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> were <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> and the two principalities of <a href="/wiki/Reuss_Elder_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Elder Line">Reuss Elder Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuss_Younger_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Younger Line">Reuss Younger Line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_State_of_Thuringia">Free State of Thuringia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Free State of Thuringia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">State of Thuringia (1920–1952)</a></div> <p>In 1920, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, these small states merged into one state, called the Free State of Thuringia (<i>Freistaat Thüringen</i>); only <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a> voted to join <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> instead. <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> became the new capital. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia#State_of_Thuringia_(1920_-_1933)" title="Coat of arms of Thuringia">coat of arms of this new state</a> was simpler than those of its predecessors. The <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> of the newly established state first convened in 1920 in Weimar. Its deputies were elected for three years according to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, with a minimum voting age of 21. Between 1920 and 1932, under the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Thuringian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic">six <i>Landtag</i> elections</a> were held. </p><p>Thuringia was one of the states where the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> first gained real political power during the Weimar Republic. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a> in the state <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> won six deputies to the Thuringian <i>Landtag</i> in the December 1929 election. In this position, he removed from the Thuringian police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazis. He also ensured that, whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, a Nazi was given that post. Following the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a> in Berlin, the <i>Landtag</i> was formally abolished as a result of the "<a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Reich" title="Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich">Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich</a>" of 30 January 1934, which replaced the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>. Thuringia was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a> with multiple subcamps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being controlled briefly by the US following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, from July 1945 the state of Thuringia came under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> and was expanded to include parts of Prussian Saxony, such as the areas around <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>. Erfurt became the new capital of Thuringia. <a href="/wiki/Ostheim" title="Ostheim">Ostheim</a>, an exclave of <i><a href="/wiki/Landkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis">Landkreis</a></i> Eisenach, was ceded to Bavaria. </p><p>In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> dissolved its states, and created districts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of the German Democratic Republic">Bezirke</a></i></span>) instead. The three districts that shared the former territory of Thuringia were Erfurt, <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> Kreis was part of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> Bezirk. </p><p>The present State of Thuringia was recreated with slightly altered borders during <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Thuringia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the northwest going clockwise; Thuringia borders on the German states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG/220px-Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG/330px-Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG/440px-Meuselbach_Viehberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meuselbach-Schwarzm%C3%BChle" title="Meuselbach-Schwarzmühle">Meuselbach-Schwarzmühle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Highland" title="Thuringian Highland">Thuringian Highland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Goldene_Aue" title="Goldene Aue">Goldene Aue</a>, a fertile floodplain around <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Helme_(river)" title="Helme (river)">Helme</a> as most important river. The north-west includes the <a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a>, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the <a href="/wiki/Leine" title="Leine">Leine</a> river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200 sq mi) wide <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Basin" title="Thuringian Basin">Thuringian Basin</a>, a very fertile and flat area around the <a href="/wiki/Unstrut" title="Unstrut">Unstrut</a> river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCn" title="Dün">Dün</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainleite" title="Hainleite">Hainleite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windleite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windleite (page does not exist)">Windleite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user" title="Kyffhäuser">Kyffhäuser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Schrecke" title="Hohe Schrecke">Hohe Schrecke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schm%C3%BCcke" title="Schmücke">Schmücke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finne_(hills)" title="Finne (hills)">Finne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettersberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettersberg">Ettersberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steigerwald_(Erfurt)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steigerwald (Erfurt) (page does not exist)">Steigerwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6rselberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hörselberge (page does not exist)">Hörselberge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainich" title="Hainich">Hainich</a>. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahner_H%C3%B6he_(hills)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahner Höhe (hills) (page does not exist)">Fahner Höhe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heilinger_H%C3%B6hen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heilinger Höhen (page does not exist)">Heilinger Höhen</a>. South of the Thuringian Basin is the state's largest mountain range, marked by the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> in the north-west, the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Highland" title="Thuringian Highland">Thuringian Highland</a> in the middle and the <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Forest" title="Franconian Forest">Franconian Forest</a> in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Beerberg" title="Großer Beerberg">Großer Beerberg</a> (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> river valley, dividing it from the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n_Mountains" title="Rhön Mountains">Rhön Mountains</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Grabfeld" title="Grabfeld">Grabfeld</a> plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loquitz" title="Loquitz">Loquitz</a> valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the White Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Holzland" title="Thuringian Holzland">Holzland</a> in the north, the flat and fertile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlasenke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlasenke (page does not exist)">Orlasenke</a> in the middle and the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a>, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of White Elster) is the <a href="/wiki/Osterland" title="Osterland">Osterland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a> along <a href="/wiki/Plei%C3%9Fe" title="Pleiße">Pleiße</a> river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area. </p><p>There are two large rivers in Thuringia. The <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, with its tributaries the <a href="/wiki/Unstrut" title="Unstrut">Unstrut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Thuringia)" title="Ilm (Thuringia)">Ilm</a> and White Elster, drains the most part of Thuringia. The <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> – the headwater of the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> – drains the south-west and west of the state. Furthermore, some small areas on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, itself a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleiloch_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bleiloch Dam (page does not exist)">Bleiloch Dam</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohenwarte_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohenwarte Dam (page does not exist)">Hohenwarte Dam</a> on the River Saale, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Leibis-Lichte_Dam" title="Leibis-Lichte Dam">Leibis-Lichte Dam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goldisthal_Pumped_Storage_Station" title="Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station">Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station</a> in the Thuringian Highlands. Thuringia is Germany's only state with no connection to navigable waterways. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Centroid" title="Centroid">geographic centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic</a> is in Thuringia, within the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Vogtei,_Thuringia" title="Vogtei, Thuringia">Vogtei</a> next to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>. The centre of Thuringia is eight kilometres south of the capital's <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Cathedral</a>, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Rockhausen" title="Rockhausen">Rockhausen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thuringia's climate is <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> with humid westerly winds predominating. Increasingly as one moves from the north-west to the south-east, the climate shows continental features: winters can be cold for long periods, and summers can become warm. Dry periods are often recorded, especially within the Thuringian Basin, leeward to mountains in all directions. It is Germany's driest area, with annual precipitation of only 400 to 500 mm. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artern" title="Artern">Artern</a>, in the north-east, is warm and dry, with a mean annual temperature of 8.5 °C and mean precipitation of 450 mm; contrast this with wet, cool <a href="/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany" title="Oberhof, Germany">Oberhof</a>, in the Thuringian Forest, where temperature averages only 4.4 °C and mean annual precipitation reaches 1300 mm. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Weimar_Airport" title="Erfurt–Weimar Airport">Erfurt–Weimar Airport</a>, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.7<br />(12.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.6<br />(−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.2<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.5<br />(−10.3) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(0.90) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(1.43) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(2.31) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(1.80) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(1.28) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">534.7<br />(21.05) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(5.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">165.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2 </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.7 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B274; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4 </td> <td style="background: #727272; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #555555; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,706.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI9120normals-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> / SKlima.de<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_and_environment">Nature and environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nature and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg/220px-Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg/330px-Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg/440px-Ruppberg_Sonnenaufgang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> in winter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg/220px-WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg/330px-WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg/440px-WAK_SEEB_INSELSBG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Inselsberg" title="Großer Inselsberg">Großer Inselsberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">beech</a> as its predominant species, as can still be found in the <a href="/wiki/Hainich" title="Hainich">Hainich</a> mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and <a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">spruce</a> would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">pine</a>. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months. </p><p>Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> surface mines around <a href="/wiki/Ronneburg,_Thuringia" title="Ronneburg, Thuringia">Ronneburg</a> have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the <a href="/wiki/Werra" title="Werra">Werra</a> river, caused by discharges of <a href="/wiki/K%2BS" title="K+S">K+S</a> salt mines around <a href="/wiki/Unterbreizbach" title="Unterbreizbach">Unterbreizbach</a> and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers. </p><p>Environment and nature protection has been of growing importance and attention since 1990. Large areas, especially within the forested mountains, are protected as natural reserves, including Thuringia's first national park within the <a href="/wiki/Hainich_National_Park" title="Hainich National Park">Hainich</a> mountains, founded in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Rhön Biosphere Reserve">Rhön Biosphere Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest_Nature_Park" title="Thuringian Forest Nature Park">Thuringian Forest Nature Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Harz_Nature_Park" title="South Harz Nature Park">South Harz Nature Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_history">Demographic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was at the border between <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> territories, marked by the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river. The main Slavic tribe in what is now Thuringia were the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs proper</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">unified</a> all tribes in what is now southern half of Eastern Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a> movement led to the assimilation of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic people</a> between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (<a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>) kept growing). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1834 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,172,375</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1864 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,435,115</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1890 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,737,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1910 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,160,692</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,932,242</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+35.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,737,865</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.6%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,759,084</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,730,368</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1988 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,723,268</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,411,387</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,188,589</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,110,396</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.6%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik" class="extiw" title="de:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 1981 census projected that Thuringia's population would reach 2,221,222 by 2011. The population counted in the 2011 census was 2,181,603, which is about 1.78% less. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Significant foreign resident populations <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31 December 2022)</th> <th>Population (31 December 2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>32,150</td> <td>34,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>16,435</td> <td>22,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>14,255</td> <td>14,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>13,475</td> <td>14,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>6,250</td> <td>10,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>4,340</td> <td>5,305 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>4,130</td> <td>5,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>5,320</td> <td>5,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>4,715 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>7,385</td> <td>4,040 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_population">Current population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current population is 2,120,237 (31 December 2020) with an annual rate of decrease of about 0.5%, which varies widely between the local regions. In 2012, 905,000 Thuringians lived in a municipality with more than 20,000 inhabitants, this is an <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> rate of 42% which continues to rise. </p><p>In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a> (3,100), <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a> (3,000), <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a> (2,100) and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Germany" title="Ukrainians in Germany">Ukrainians</a> (2,000). The number of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a> have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities. </p><p>The Thuringian population has a significant <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_and_spatial_tendencies">Natural and spatial tendencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural and spatial tendencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> was about 1.8 children per women in the 1970s and 1980s, shrinking to 0.8 in 1994 during the economic crisis after the reunification and rose again to more than 1.4 children in 2010, which is a higher level than in West Germany. Nevertheless, there are only 17,000 births compared to 27,000 deaths per year, so that the annual natural change of the Thuringian population is about −0.45%. In 2015 there were 17,934 births, the highest number since 1990. </p><p>Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> (19 per 1000), +1,400 to <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> (14 per 1000), +1,400 to <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Only with <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (+1,700), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (+1,200), <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (+1,100) and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (−2,800) and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (−900). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities,_towns_and_villages"><span id="Cities.2C_towns_and_villages"></span>Cities, towns and villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cities, towns and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_municipalities_in_Thuringia" title="List of towns and municipalities in Thuringia">List of towns and municipalities in Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thuringia_by_population" title="List of cities in Thuringia by population">List of cities in Thuringia by population</a></div> <p>Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>District </th> <th>Pop. 31 December 2020<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Change* </th> <th>CoA </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> </td> <td>independent </td> <td align="right">213,692 </td> <td align="right">+0.68 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/150px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/200px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erfurt: St. Severus' Church and Cathedral"><img alt="Erfurt: St. Severus' Church and Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg/200px-Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg/300px-Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg/400px-Church_complex_in_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> </td> <td>independent </td> <td align="right">110,731 </td> <td align="right">+0.47 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Jena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/100px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/150px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wappen_Jena.svg/200px-Wappen_Jena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jena: City centre and Carl Zeiss' high-rises"><img alt="Jena: City centre and Carl Zeiss' high-rises" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/200px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/300px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG/400px-Zentrum_Jenas_im_Tal_2008-05-24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> </td> <td>independent </td> <td align="right">92,126 </td> <td align="right">−0.55 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Gera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Gera.svg/100px-Wappen_Gera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Gera.svg/150px-Wappen_Gera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Gera.svg/200px-Wappen_Gera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gera: Untermhaus district, St. Mary's Church and White Elster river"><img alt="Gera: Untermhaus district, St. Mary's Church and White Elster river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg/200px-Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg/300px-Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg/400px-Blick_vom_Rathausturm_%C3%BCber_Gera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> </td> <td>independent </td> <td align="right">65,098 </td> <td align="right">+0.35 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Weimar_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DEU_Weimar_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Weimar_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DEU_Weimar_COA.svg/150px-DEU_Weimar_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/DEU_Weimar_COA.svg/200px-DEU_Weimar_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="658" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weimar: City centre"><img alt="Weimar: City centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg/200px-Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg/300px-Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg/400px-Weimar_-_Blick_zu_Herderkirche_%26_Stadtschloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a> </td> <td align="right">45,273 </td> <td align="right">−0.05 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotha-Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gotha-Wappen.svg/100px-Gotha-Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gotha-Wappen.svg/150px-Gotha-Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gotha-Wappen.svg/200px-Gotha-Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="593" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gotha: Friedenstein Castle"><img alt="Gotha: Friedenstein Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG/200px-Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG/300px-Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG/400px-Schloss-Friedenstein01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a> </td> <td align="right">40,969 </td> <td align="right">−0.35 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg/100px-Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg/150px-Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg/200px-Wappen_der_Stadt_Nordhausen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="814" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nordhausen: City centre"><img alt="Nordhausen: City centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg/200px-Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg/300px-Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg/400px-Nordhausen_-_inner_city_by_Vincent_Eisfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wartburgkreis" title="Wartburgkreis">Wartburgkreis</a> </td> <td align="right">41,970 </td> <td align="right">−0.12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Eisenach.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen_Eisenach.svg/100px-Wappen_Eisenach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen_Eisenach.svg/150px-Wappen_Eisenach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen_Eisenach.svg/200px-Wappen_Eisenach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2482" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eisenach: Wartburg castle"><img alt="Eisenach: Wartburg castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg/200px-Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg/300px-Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg/400px-Eisenach_von_G%C3%B6pelskuppel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a> </td> <td>independent </td> <td align="right">36,395 </td> <td align="right">−1.68 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Suhl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wappen_Suhl.svg/100px-Wappen_Suhl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wappen_Suhl.svg/150px-Wappen_Suhl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wappen_Suhl.svg/200px-Wappen_Suhl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2551" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suhl0030.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Suhl: City centre"><img alt="Suhl: City centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Suhl0030.JPG/200px-Suhl0030.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Suhl0030.JPG/300px-Suhl0030.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Suhl0030.JPG/400px-Suhl0030.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis" title="Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis">Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis</a> </td> <td align="right">35,799 </td> <td align="right">−0.38 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg/100px-WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg/150px-WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg/200px-WappenMuehlhausenThueringen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mühlhausen: City wall at Frauentor gate"><img alt="Mühlhausen: City wall at Frauentor gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG/200px-Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG/300px-Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG/400px-Vor_dem_Frauentor_M%C3%BChlhausen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a> </td> <td align="right">31,101 </td> <td align="right">−1.27 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Altenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wappen_Altenburg.svg/100px-Wappen_Altenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wappen_Altenburg.svg/150px-Wappen_Altenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Wappen_Altenburg.svg/200px-Wappen_Altenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altenburg: City centre with the Red Spires"><img alt="Altenburg: City centre with the Red Spires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg/200px-Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg/300px-Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg/400px-Altenburg_Frauenfels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1765" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Average annual change in percent within the last three years (13 December 2009 to 31 December 2012), adjusted from incorporations and the 2011 Census results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Thuringia - 2018</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">None</a> or other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:71.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">71.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">EKD Protestants</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:20.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:7.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDR">GDR</a> period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 20.8% of the population in 2018. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> formed 7.6% of the population, while 71.6% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>). Catholic regions are <a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a> in the northwest and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n_Mountains" title="Rhön Mountains">Rhön Mountains</a> around <a href="/wiki/Geisa" title="Geisa">Geisa</a> in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a> in Thuringia without any societal influence. </p><p>The Protestant parishes of Thuringia belong to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Central_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Central Germany">Evangelical Church in Central Germany</a> or to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Hesse_Electorate-Waldeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck">Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a> region). Catholic dioceses are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Erfurt" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Erfurt">Erfurt</a> (most of Thuringia), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dresden-Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen">Dresden-Meissen</a> (eastern parts) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fulda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda">Fulda</a> (Rhön around <a href="/wiki/Geisa" title="Geisa">Geisa</a> in the very west). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="EKD Protestant membership in 2011 (municipalities)"><img alt="EKD Protestant membership in 2011 (municipalities)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/120px-Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/180px-Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/240px-Evangelisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">EKD Protestant membership in 2011 (municipalities)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Catholic membership in 2011 (municipalities)"><img alt="Catholic membership in 2011 (municipalities)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/120px-Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/180px-Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png/240px-Katholisch_Th%C3%BCringen.png 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catholic membership in 2011 (municipalities)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thuringia is a stronghold for the far right <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD), the party emerged as the largest in Thuringia in the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 national elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the party got 22.7%, while in 2021 they got 24.0%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thuringia is notable for being the first and only state in Germany where the communist party that ruled former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> until 1989, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke), and the new <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) have seen their first-ever first place finish in a state election. Die Linke in <a href="/wiki/2019_Thuringian_state_election" title="2019 Thuringian state election">2019</a>, and the AfD in <a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_minister-presidents_of_Thuringia">List of minister-presidents of Thuringia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of minister-presidents of Thuringia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minister-presidents_of_Thuringia" title="List of minister-presidents of Thuringia">List of minister-presidents of Thuringia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_2024_state_election">September 2024 state election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: September 2024 state election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024 Thuringian state election</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) became the largest party with 33% of the vote (and 36% of the seats), its best ever performance and the first time it placed first in a state election in Germany. The incumbent governing coalition suffered dramatic losses; the Left had split up, with new <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW)</a> becoming the more popular part, while the remaining Left lost more than half of its support and fell to fourth place on 13%. The 130+ year old SPD, which since late 2021 rules Germany under Chancellor Olaf Scholz, recorded its worst result in any postwar state election, barely passing the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> of 5%. The other two parties of the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a> in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP), did not pass the threshold and lost all of their seats, which contributed to the break-up of that coalition on November 6th. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) recorded small gains and came second with 24%. The newly-founded <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance BSW</a> debuted in third place at 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AfD in Thuringia became the first <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">far-right</a> party in Germany since World War II to win a state election.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #F8F9FA )"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg/360px-2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg/540px-2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg/720px-2024_Thuringian_Landtag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Party-list</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Constituency</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Total<br />seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">+/–</th></tr><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00A2DE"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD)</td><td style="text-align:right">396,704</td><td style="text-align:right">32.84</td><td style="text-align:right">3</td><td style="text-align:right">408,011</td><td style="text-align:right">34.33</td><td style="text-align:right">29</td><td style="text-align:right">32</td><td style="text-align:right">+10</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#151518"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU)</td><td style="text-align:right">285,141</td><td style="text-align:right">23.61</td><td style="text-align:right">12</td><td style="text-align:right">397,927</td><td style="text-align:right">33.48</td><td style="text-align:right">11</td><td style="text-align:right">23</td><td style="text-align:right">+2</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#792351"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht</a> (BSW)</td><td style="text-align:right">190,448</td><td style="text-align:right">15.77</td><td style="text-align:right">15</td><td style="text-align:right">28,478</td><td style="text-align:right">2.40</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">15</td><td style="text-align:right">+15</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#BE3075"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke)</td><td style="text-align:right">157,641</td><td style="text-align:right">13.05</td><td style="text-align:right">8</td><td style="text-align:right">180,207</td><td style="text-align:right">15.16</td><td style="text-align:right">4</td><td style="text-align:right">12</td><td style="text-align:right">–17</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E3000F"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD)</td><td style="text-align:right">73,088</td><td style="text-align:right">6.05</td><td style="text-align:right">6</td><td style="text-align:right">92,510</td><td style="text-align:right">7.78</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">6</td><td style="text-align:right">–2</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#409A3C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne)</td><td style="text-align:right">38,289</td><td style="text-align:right">3.17</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">19,092</td><td style="text-align:right">1.61</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–5</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F7A800"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FW)</td><td style="text-align:right">15,371</td><td style="text-align:right">1.27</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">33,405</td><td style="text-align:right">2.81</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFED00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP)</td><td style="text-align:right">13,582</td><td style="text-align:right">1.12</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">18,706</td><td style="text-align:right">1.57</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–5</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#45AD4C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Action Party for Animal Welfare">Action Party for Animal Welfare</a> (APfT)</td><td style="text-align:right">12,113</td><td style="text-align:right">1.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0A3C5B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> (WU)</td><td style="text-align:right">6,780</td><td style="text-align:right">0.56</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">4,192</td><td style="text-align:right">0.35</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E16B0B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a> (Familie)</td><td style="text-align:right">5,722</td><td style="text-align:right">0.47</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E72D71"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> (BD)</td><td style="text-align:right">5,508</td><td style="text-align:right">0.46</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF820A"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> (Piraten)</td><td style="text-align:right">3,718</td><td style="text-align:right">0.31</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">449</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF6400"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP)</td><td style="text-align:right">2,389</td><td style="text-align:right">0.20</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,196</td><td style="text-align:right">0.18</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DF221D"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany</a> (MLPD)</td><td style="text-align:right">1,342</td><td style="text-align:right">0.11</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">617</td><td style="text-align:right">0.05</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DDDDBB"></td><td>Other</td><td colspan="2"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,696</td><td style="text-align:right">0.23</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">1,207,836</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">44</td><td style="text-align:right">1,188,486</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">44</td><td style="text-align:right">88</td><td style="text-align:right">–2</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="10" style="color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 )"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>1,207,836</td><td>99.15</td><td></td><td>1,188,486</td><td>97.56</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>10,354</td><td>0.85</td><td></td><td>29,704</td><td>2.44</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>1,218,190</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td>1,218,190</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>1,655,343</td><td>73.59</td><td></td><td>1,655,343</td><td>73.59</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="10" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=LW&wJahr=2024&zeigeErg=Land">Results</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thuringia is divided into 17 districts (<i>Landkreise</i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)" title="Eichsfeld (district)">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz_(district)" title="Greiz (district)">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen_(district)" title="Hildburghausen (district)">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-Kreis" title="Ilm-Kreis">Ilm-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis" title="Kyffhäuserkreis">Kyffhäuserkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Holzland-Kreis" title="Saale-Holzland-Kreis">Saale-Holzland-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Orla-Kreis" title="Saale-Orla-Kreis">Saale-Orla-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld-Rudolstadt" title="Saalfeld-Rudolstadt">Saalfeld-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden-Meiningen" title="Schmalkalden-Meiningen">Schmalkalden-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda_(district)" title="Sömmerda (district)">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg_(district)" title="Sonneberg (district)">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis" title="Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis">Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburgkreis" title="Wartburgkreis">Wartburgkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia,_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Thuringia showing the boundaries of the districts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg/330px-Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg/495px-Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg/660px-Thuringia%2C_administrative_divisions_2024_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Thuringia</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, there are five urban districts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> (G)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> (J)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a> (SHL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> (WE)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG/220px-Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG/330px-Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG/440px-Zentrum_Jenas_2008-05-24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jen_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen Tower">Jen Tower</a> is a symbol of East Germany's economy. According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg/220px-OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg/330px-OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg/440px-OPEL_Eisenach_Gesamtansicht_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opel_Eisenach" title="Opel Eisenach">Opel Eisenach</a> manufacturing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg/220px-TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg/330px-TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg/440px-TEAG_Hauptsitz_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="2093" /></a><figcaption>TEAG Thüringer Energie AG in Erfurt, the largest electric utility company in Thuringia</figcaption></figure> <p>Thuringia's economy is marked by the economic transition that happened after the German reunification and led to the closure of most of the factories within the Land. The unemployment rate reached a peak in 2005. Since that year, the economy has seen an upturn and the general economic situation has improved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_forestry">Agriculture and forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Agriculture and forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Basin" title="Thuringian Basin">Thuringian Basin</a> or the smaller <a href="/wiki/Goldene_Aue" title="Goldene Aue">Goldene Aue</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlasenke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlasenke (page does not exist)">Orlasenke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osterland" title="Osterland">Osterland</a> are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector. </p><p>Meat production and processing is also an important activity, with swine, cattle, chickens and turkeys in focus. Furthermore, there are many milk and cheese producers, as well as laying hens. Trout and carp are traditionally bred in aquaculture in many villages. </p><p>Most agricultural enterprises are large cooperatives, founded as <a href="/wiki/Landwirtschaftliche_Produktionsgenossenschaft" title="Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft">Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft</a> during the GDR period, and meat producers are part of multinational companies. Traditional private peasant agriculture is an exception, as is organic farming. </p><p>Thuringia's only wine-growing district is around <a href="/wiki/Bad_Sulza" title="Bad Sulza">Bad Sulza</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Thuringia)" title="Ilm (Thuringia)">Ilm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> valley. Its production is marketed as <a href="/wiki/Saale-Unstrut" title="Saale-Unstrut">Saale-Unstrut</a> wines. </p><p>Forestry plays an important role in Thuringia because 32% of the Thuringian territory is forested. The most common trees are spruce, pine and beech. There are many wood and pulp-paper factories near the forested areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_mining">Industry and mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industry and mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenoptik" title="Jenoptik">Jenoptik</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, where <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> started its car production in the 1920s and an <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrdruf,_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrdruf, Thuringia">Ohrdruf</a>) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990. </p><p>Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a>. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> surface mining around <a href="/wiki/Meuselwitz" title="Meuselwitz">Meuselwitz</a> near <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> mining districts were established around 1900. These are the <i>Südharzrevier</i> in the north of the state, between <a href="/wiki/Bischofferode" title="Bischofferode">Bischofferode</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Ro%C3%9Fleben" title="Roßleben">Roßleben</a> in the east with <a href="/wiki/Sondershausen" title="Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a> at its centre, and the <i>Werrarevier</i> on the Hessian border around <a href="/wiki/Vacha,_Germany" title="Vacha, Germany">Vacha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</a> in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the <i>Südharzrevier</i> was abandoned, whereas <a href="/wiki/K%2BS" title="K+S">K+S</a> took over the mines in the <i>Werrarevier</i>. Between 1950 and 1990, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was <a href="/wiki/Ronneburg,_Thuringia" title="Ronneburg, Thuringia">Ronneburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> in eastern Thuringia and the operating company <a href="/wiki/Wismut_(mining_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wismut (mining company)">Wismut</a> was under direct Soviet control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_economic_parameters">General economic parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General economic parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020. </p><p>The unemployment rate reached its peak of 17.1% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 5.3% in 2019, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem. </p><p>The economic progress is quite different between the regions of Thuringia. The big cities along the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">A4 motorway</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> and their surroundings are booming, whereas nearly all the rural regions, especially in the north and east, have little economic impetus and employment, which is a big issue in regional planning. Young people in these areas often have to commute long distances, and many emigrate soon after finishing school. </p><p>The unemployment rate stood at 5.9% in 2023 and was higher than the German average.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate in % </td> <td>15.4 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td>17.1 </td> <td>15.6 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>11.2 </td> <td>11.4 </td> <td>9.8 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tourism is an important branch of the economy. Thuringia has a number of well known destinations: <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg castle</a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site), <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Classical Weimar</a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site), <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_and_its_Sites_in_Weimar,_Dessau_and_Bernau" title="Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau">Bauhaus Weimar</a> (UNESCO World Heritage Site), <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany" title="Oberhof, Germany">Oberhof</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rennsteig" title="Rennsteig">Rennsteig</a> (ridge walk). City tourism with the centers of Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, Eisenach and Mühlhausen is experiencing dynamic growth. A total of around 9.2 million overnight stays were booked in 2016, compared to 8.3 million ten years earlier. Around 6% of the bookings were made by foreign guests.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wartburg"><img alt="Wartburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/120px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/180px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/240px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument in Weimar"><img alt="Goethe–Schiller Monument in Weimar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/84px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/127px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg/169px-Goethe_Schiller_Weimar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="2914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument">Goethe–Schiller Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thuringian Forest"><img alt="Thuringian Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg/96px-Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg/144px-Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg/192px-Falkenstein_Th%C3%BCringen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oberhof"><img alt="Oberhof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg/111px-Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg/166px-Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg/222px-Schanzenanlage_im_Kanzlersgrund_bei_Oberhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany" title="Oberhof, Germany">Oberhof</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erfurt skyline"><img alt="Erfurt skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/120px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/180px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/240px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> skyline</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krämerbrücke in Erfurt"><img alt="Krämerbrücke in Erfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg/120px-Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg/180px-Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg/240px-Kraemerbruecke_und_Aegidienkirche_Erfurt_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5861" data-file-height="3953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oldtown of Mühlhausen"><img alt="Oldtown of Mühlhausen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg/120px-Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg/180px-Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg/240px-Muehlhausen_Marienkirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oldtown of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedenstein Palace, Gotha"><img alt="Friedenstein Palace, Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG/120px-Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG/180px-Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG/240px-Schloss_Friedenstein_Gotha_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedenstein_Palace" title="Friedenstein Palace">Friedenstein Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/220px-Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/330px-Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/440px-Die_A4_bei_Lobeda-West_mit_der_Saaletalbr%C3%BCcke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">Bundesautobahn 4</a> near Jena</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/220px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/330px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/440px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6958" data-file-height="3479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Hauptbahnhof" title="Erfurt Hauptbahnhof">Erfurt Central Station</a> is an important junction on the German rail network.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J24_014_Hp_Anger,_ET_623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg/220px-J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg/330px-J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg/440px-J24_014_Hp_Anger%2C_ET_623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5604" data-file-height="3736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Stadtbahn" title="Erfurt Stadtbahn">Erfurt Stadtbahn</a> at Anger (city centre)</figcaption></figure> <p>As Germany's most central state, Thuringia is an important hub of transit traffic. The transportation infrastructure was in very poor condition after the <a href="/wiki/GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDR">GDR</a> period. Since 1990, many billions of Euros have been invested to improve the condition of roads and railways within Thuringia. </p><p>During the 1930s, the first two <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">motorways</a> were built across the Land, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">A4 motorway</a> as an important east–west connection in central Germany and the main link between <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and south-west Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A9 motorway</a> as the main north–south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The A4 runs from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> via <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At <a href="/wiki/Hermsdorf,_Thuringia" title="Hermsdorf, Thuringia">Hermsdorf</a> junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_71" title="Bundesautobahn 71">A71</a> crosses the Land in southwest–northeast direction, connecting <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> via <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a>, Erfurt and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sangerhausen" title="Sangerhausen">Sangerhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. The crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the <a href="/wiki/Rennsteig_Tunnel" title="Rennsteig Tunnel">Rennsteig Tunnel</a>) and large bridges. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_73" title="Bundesautobahn 73">A73</a> starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in Bavaria. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_38" title="Bundesautobahn 38">A38</a> is another west–east connection in the north of Thuringia running from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> via <a href="/wiki/Heilbad_Heiligenstadt" title="Heilbad Heiligenstadt">Heiligenstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">federal highways</a> complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (<i>Bundesverkehrswegeplan</i> 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 247 (page does not exist)">B247</a> from Gotha to <a href="/wiki/Leinefelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Leinefelde">Leinefelde</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>'s connection to the national road network, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 19 (page does not exist)">B19</a> from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to <a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 88 (page does not exist)">B88</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_281&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 281 (page does not exist)">B281</a> for strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a> region. </p><p>The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian Railway">Thuringian Railway</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> via <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> with <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saal_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saal Railway">Saal Railway</a> from Halle/Leipzig via <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. The former has an hourly <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">IC</a> service from <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Leipzig/Halle_high-speed_railway" title="Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway">Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway</a>, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway</a>. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Hauptbahnhof" title="Erfurt Hauptbahnhof">Erfurt's central station</a>, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the <a href="/wiki/Neudietendorf%E2%80%93Ritschenhausen_railway" title="Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway">Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway</a> from Erfurt to <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weimar%E2%80%93Gera_railway" title="Weimar–Gera railway">Weimar–Gera railway</a> from Erfurt to <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sangerhausen%E2%80%93Erfurt_railway" title="Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway">Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway</a> from Erfurt to <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gotha%E2%80%93Leinefelde_railway" title="Gotha–Leinefelde railway">Gotha–Leinefelde railway</a> from Erfurt to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halle%E2%80%93Kassel_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle–Kassel railway">Halle–Kassel railway</a> from Halle via <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> to Kassel and the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Hof_railway" title="Leipzig–Hof railway">Leipzig–Hof railway</a> from Leipzig via <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof</a>. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour. </p><p>A few small airports are in Thuringia. In public transport is <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Weimar_Airport" title="Erfurt–Weimar Airport">Erfurt–Weimar Airport</a>, used for charter flights to the Mediterranean and other holiday destinations. In private flights, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Altenburg_Airport" title="Leipzig–Altenburg Airport">Leipzig–Altenburg Airport</a> is a further key airport. </p><p>International hub airports are <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a> in adjacent states. </p><p>Thuringia is the only state without barge or ship waterways; its rivers are too small to be navigable to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_water_supply">Energy and water supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Energy and water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped storage stations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Goldisthal_Pumped_Storage_Station" title="Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station">Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohenwarte_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohenwarte Dam (page does not exist)">Hohenwarte Dam</a>. </p><p>The water supply is granted by the big dams, like the <a href="/wiki/Leibis-Lichte_Dam" title="Leibis-Lichte Dam">Leibis-Lichte Dam</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Highland" title="Thuringian Highland">Thuringian Highland</a>, making a drinking water exporter of Thuringia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Health care provision in Thuringia improved after 1990, as did the level of general health. Life expectancy rose, nevertheless it is still a bit lower than the German average. This is caused by a relatively unhealthy lifestyle of the Thuringians, especially in high consumption of grains, industrial seed oils, refined carbohydrates and alcohol, which led to significant higher rates of obesity compared to the German average. </p><p>Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the educational system is part of the sovereignty of the Länder; therefore each Land has its own school and college system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_system">School system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: School system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a></div> <p>The Thuringian school system was developed after the reunification in 1990, combining some elements of the former <a href="/wiki/GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDR">GDR</a> school system with the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> school system. Most German school rankings attest that Thuringia has one of the most successful education systems in Germany, resulting in high-quality outcomes. </p><p>Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel" title="Friedrich Fröbel">Friedrich Fröbel</a> lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergartens</a> there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regelschule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regelschule (page does not exist)">Regelschule</a>. The former leads to the <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a> found elsewhere in Germany. </p><p>Thuringia is home to a K-12 international school in the city of Weimar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.this-weimar.com/about-us">Thuringia International School</a> (ThIS). The school was established in the year 2000 and is accredited by the Council of International Schools and authorised to offer the International Baccalaureate PYP, MYP and DP. Students who graduate from the school are able to gain admission to colleges and universities around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities">Universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude,_Jena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/220px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/330px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg/440px-Friedrich-Schiller-Universit%C3%A4t_Hauptgeb%C3%A4ude%2C_Jena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University Jena">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a> is the largest university in Thuringia and one of the best in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and polytechnics (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i></span>). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Ilmenau" title="Technische Universität Ilmenau">Technische Universität Ilmenau</a> with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_University,_Weimar" title="Bauhaus University, Weimar">Bauhaus University Weimar</a> with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>. </p><p>The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fachhochschule_Erfurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fachhochschule Erfurt (page does not exist)">Erfurt</a> (4,500 students), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule_Jena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena (page does not exist)">Jena</a> (5,000 students), <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Nordhausen University of Applied Sciences">Nordhausen</a> (2,500 students) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fachhochschule_Schmalkalden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fachhochschule Schmalkalden (page does not exist)">Schmalkalden</a> (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%BCringer_Fachhochschule_f%C3%BCr_%C3%B6ffentliche_Verwaltung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thüringer Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (page does not exist)">Gotha</a> with 500 students, the <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_Franz_Liszt,_Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar">College of Music "Franz Liszt"</a> in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule (page does not exist)">Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule</a> in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRH_Fachhochschule_f%C3%BCr_Gesundheit_Gera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera (page does not exist)">SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera</a></i>) in Gera (500 students). The most recent institution of higher education in Thuringia is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duale_Hochschule_Gera-Eisenach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (page does not exist)">Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach</a> (1400 students), a cooperative state college founded in 2016 through a merger of the colleges (<i>Berufsakademie</i>) in Gera and Eisenach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thuringia's leading research centre is <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a>. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities">Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm" title="Georg Böhm">Georg Böhm</a> (1661–1733), composer and organist of the Baroque period, born in <a href="/wiki/Hohenkirchen,_Thuringia" title="Hohenkirchen, Thuringia">Hohenkirchen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750), composer and musician of the Baroque period, born in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> (1811–1886), Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, teacher and Franciscan tertiary, lived in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813–1883), composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor, sojourns in Weimar and <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (1864–1949), composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hofkapellmeister</i></span>) <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johann Sebastian Bach"><img alt="Johann Sebastian Bach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/97px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/146px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/195px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FLiszt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Liszt"><img alt="Franz Liszt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FLiszt.jpg/86px-FLiszt.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FLiszt.jpg/130px-FLiszt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FLiszt.jpg/173px-FLiszt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="3451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardWagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Wagner"><img alt="Richard Wagner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/86px-RichardWagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/130px-RichardWagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/173px-RichardWagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></div> </li> </ul></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546), friar (Observant Augustinian), Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation, educated in <a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus_Eisenach" title="Lutherhaus Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, translation of the New Testament from Greek into German at <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (1749–1832), writer and statesman, went to live in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Schiller">Friedrich von Schiller</a> (1759–1805), poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright; professor of history at the University of Jena before relocating to Weimar<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chamber of Martin Luther at Wartburg castle"><img alt="Chamber of Martin Luther at Wartburg castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG/120px-Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG/180px-Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG/240px-Wartburg-Lutherstube.02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chamber of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe_(Stieler_1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"><img alt="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/97px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/146px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg/195px-Goethe_%28Stieler_1828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Schiller"><img alt="Friedrich Schiller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/88px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/132px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/176px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></div> </li> </ul></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a> O.P. (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1260</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1328</span>), theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> (1472–1553), Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving, lived his last years in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a> (1744–1803), philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic, introduces the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a></i></span> in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kritische Wälder</i></span> (1769), served as General Superintendent in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland" title="Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland">Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland</a> (1762–1836), physician, most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany, born in Langensalza</li><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> (1769–1821), French military and political leader, twin <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a>, 14 October 1806, met <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> at the governor's palace in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, 2 October 1808 (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Vous êtes un homme. Quel âge avez-vous ? – Soixante ans. – Vous êtes bien conservé. Vous avez écrit des tragédies ?"</i></span>) (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Voilà un homme"</i></span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770–1831), philosopher, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">the Phenomenology of Spirit</a>, extraordinary Professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a> (1816–1888), maker of optical instruments commonly known for the company he founded, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss Jena</a>, born in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818–1883), philosopher, economist, social scientist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist, PhD awarded by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> (1821–1868), linguist, he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language</li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> (1833–1897), composer and pianist, frequent sojourns at <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (1834–1919), biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, and artist, discovered, described, and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and stem cell, professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Haeckel"><img alt="Ernst Haeckel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ernst_Haeckel.jpg/91px-Ernst_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ernst_Haeckel.jpg/137px-Ernst_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ernst_Haeckel.jpg/182px-Ernst_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Max Weber"><img alt="Max Weber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/90px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/135px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/180px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Zeiss"><img alt="Carl Zeiss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png/93px-Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png/140px-Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png/186px-Carl_Zeiss_from_Auerbach_1907.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otto Schott"><img alt="Otto Schott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg/80px-Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg/120px-Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg/160px-Friedrich_Otto_Schott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a></div> </li> </ul></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">Ernst Abbe</a> (1840–1905), physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer, laid the foundations of modern optics, co-owner of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss Jena</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</a> (1844–1900), philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer, lived his last years in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> (1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher, professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schott" title="Otto Schott">Otto Schott</a> (1851–1935), chemist, glass technologist, and the inventor of borosilicate glass, founder of <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> (1861–1925), Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist, worked to establish various practical endeavors, including Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, and anthroposophical medicine, invited to work as an editor at the Goethe Matenadaran in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_de_Velde" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a> (1863–1957), Belgian painter, architect and interior designer, established the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Saxon-Grand_Ducal_Art_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School">Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920), sociologist, philosopher, and political economist, often cited as among the three founding creators of sociology, born in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (1864–1949), leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, director of the Weimar Court Orchestra (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hofkapellmeister</i></span>) 1889–94</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassily_Kandinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassily Kandinsky">Vassily Kandinsky</a> (1866–1944), influential Russian painter and art theorist, credited with painting the first purely abstract works, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> master, Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger" title="Lyonel Feininger">Lyonel Feininger</a> (1871–1956), German-American painter and leading exponent of Expressionism, also worked as a caricaturist and comic strip artist, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> master, Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> (1872–1950), French politician, three times Prime Minister of France, imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> (1879–1940), Swiss German painter; his highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> master, Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> (1883–1969), architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> (1886–1969), German-American architect, widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture, joined the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Jean Arp</a> (1886–1966), German-French, or Alsatian, sculptor, painter, poet and abstract artist, studied at the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Saxon-Grand_Ducal_Art_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School">Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a> (1891–1969), painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war, born in Untermhaus (today <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_Hoffmeister" title="Cuno Hoffmeister">Cuno Hoffmeister</a> (1892–1968), German <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, observer and discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor planets">minor planets</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Sonneberg_Observatory" title="Sonneberg Observatory">Sonneberg Observatory</a>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a> (1909–1951), Nazi SS officer, executed for war crimes</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uziel_Gal" title="Uziel Gal">Uziel Gal</a> (1923–2002), Israeli gun designer, best remembered as the designer and namesake of the Uzi submachine gun, born in Weimar</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jorge Semprún">Jorge Semprún</a> (1923–2011), Spanish writer and politician, deported to <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a>, realization of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Mère blafarde, tendre sœur"</span></span> for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kunstfest</i></span> art festival, Weimar, summer 1995</li><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (1928-2024), German-American physicist, co-laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000</li><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Kittel" title="Marcel Kittel">Marcel Kittel</a> (born 1988 in <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a>), professional cyclist</li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roth_(cyberneticist)" title="Michael Roth (cyberneticist)">Michael Roth</a> (1936–2019), engineer</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Thüringen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtyːʁɪŋən]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/De-Th%C3%BCringen.ogg\/De-Th%C3%BCringen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Th\u00fcringen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/De-Th%C3%BCringen.ogg/De-Th%C3%BCringen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Th%C3%BCringen.ogg" title="File:De-Thüringen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat Thüringen</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtyːʁɪŋən]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=gem&tabelle=gg000102&startpage=99&csv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=1&SZDT=&anzahlH=-1&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&zeit=2020%7C%7Cs1&anzahlZellen=2199">"Upps"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3FGGglied%3D1%26GGTabelle%3Dgem%26tabelle%3Dgg000102%26startpage%3D99%26csv%3D%26richtung%3D%26sortiere%3D%26vorspalte%3D1%26SZDT%3D%26anzahlH%3D-1%26fontgr%3D12%26mkro%3D%26AnzeigeAuswahl%3D%26XLS%3D%26auswahlNr%3D%26felder%3D0%26felder%3D1%26felder%3D2%26zeit%3D2020%257C%257Cs1%26anzahlZellen%3D2199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de"</a>. <i>Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder+%7C+Gemeinsames+Statistikportal&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt%2C+Bruttowertsch%C3%B6pfung+%7C+Statistikportal.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fvgrdl%2Fergebnisse-laenderebene%2Fbruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=gem&tabelle=gg000102&startpage=99&csv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=1&SZDT=&anzahlH=-1&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&zeit=2020%7C%7Cs1&anzahlZellen=2199%7D%7D">"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik"</a>. <i>statistik.thueringen.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistik.thueringen.de&rft.atitle=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3FGGglied%3D1%26GGTabelle%3Dgem%26tabelle%3Dgg000102%26startpage%3D99%26csv%3D%26richtung%3D%26sortiere%3D%26vorspalte%3D1%26SZDT%3D%26anzahlH%3D-1%26fontgr%3D12%26mkro%3D%26AnzeigeAuswahl%3D%26XLS%3D%26auswahlNr%3D%26felder%3D0%26felder%3D1%26felder%3D2%26zeit%3D2020%257C%257Cs1%26anzahlZellen%3D2199%257D%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerein_Fur_Naturkunde2009" class="citation book cs1">Verein Fur Naturkunde, Kassel (30 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63kWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Das+gr%C3%BCne+Herz+Deutschlands%22"><i>A. Trinius (1898)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+Trinius+%281898%29&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft.aulast=Verein+Fur+Naturkunde&rft.aufirst=Kassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63kWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Das%2Bgr%25C3%25BCne%2BHerz%2BDeutschlands%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080222113531/http://www.leg-thueringen.de/index.php?id=1982&L=1">"Thüringen - Training Grounds for Olympic Athletes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg-thueringen.de/index.php?id=1982&L=1">the original</a> on 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%C3%BCringen+-+Training+Grounds+for+Olympic+Athletes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg-thueringen.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1982%26L%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/">"Buchenwald war überall"</a>. <i>aussenlager-buchenwald.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aussenlager-buchenwald.de&rft.atitle=Buchenwald+war+%C3%BCberall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aussenlager-buchenwald.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCEI9120normals-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916130052/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Erfurt-Weimar_10554.csv">"Erfurt-Weimar Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erfurt-Weimar+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FErfurt-Weimar_10554.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sklima-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sklima_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2">"Monatsauswertung"</a>. <i>sklima.de</i> (in German). SKlima<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sklima.de&rft.atitle=Monatsauswertung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsklima.de%2Fdatenbank_auswertung.php%3Ftab%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2022.de/datenbank/online/?locale=en">"Census Database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergebnisse.zensus2022.de%2Fdatenbank%2Fonline%2F%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zensus2022.de/EN/Census_results/_inhalt.html">"Census results: Census 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+results%3A+Census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zensus2022.de%2FEN%2FCensus_results%2F_inhalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis//online?operation=table&code=12521-0021&bypass=true&levelindex=0&levelid=1716497121275#abreadcrumb">"Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023"</a>. 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+groups+of+foreign+residents+by+31+December+2023&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-genesis.destatis.de%2Fgenesis%2F%2Fonline%3Foperation%3Dtable%26code%3D12521-0021%26bypass%3Dtrue%26levelindex%3D0%26levelid%3D1716497121275%23abreadcrumb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span> German Statistical Office. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018</a> EKD, January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-far-right-populist-afd-no-gains-small-losses/a-59330183">"Germany's far-right populist AfD: No gains, small losses"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+far-right+populist+AfD%3A+No+gains%2C+small+losses&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-far-right-populist-afd-no-gains-small-losses%2Fa-59330183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/far-right-afd-we-have-a-clear-mandate-to-govern/a-70105904">"Germany's far-right AfD: 'We have a clear mandate to govern'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 1 September 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901221728/https://www.dw.com/en/far-right-afd-we-have-a-clear-mandate-to-govern/a-70105904">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+far-right+AfD%3A+%27We+have+a+clear+mandate+to+govern%27&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffar-right-afd-we-have-a-clear-mandate-to-govern%2Fa-70105904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-far-right-elections-victory-afd-cdu-olaf-scholz/">"German far right wins first major election since World War II"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F2192%2Fumfrage%2Fdurchschnittliche-arbeitslosenquote-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170119/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007">"Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online"</a>. <i>www-genesis.destatis.de</i>. 13 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007">the original</a> on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-genesis.destatis.de&rft.atitle=Federal+Statistical+Office+Germany+-+GENESIS-Online&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-genesis.destatis.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2Fdata%3Bsid%3D8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3%3Foperation%3DergebnistabelleUmfang%26levelindex%3D3%26levelid%3D1542098063701%26downloadname%3D13211-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?tabelle=GE000802%7C%7CAnk%FCnfte,+%DCbernachtungen+und+Aufenthaltsdauer+der+G%E4ste+in+Beherbergungsst%E4tten+nach+ausgew%E4hlten+Gemeinden+(ohne+Camping)">"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3Ftabelle%3DGE000802%257C%257CAnk%25FCnfte%2C%2B%25DCbernachtungen%2Bund%2BAufenthaltsdauer%2Bder%2BG%25E4ste%2Bin%2BBeherbergungsst%25E4tten%2Bnach%2Bausgew%25E4hlten%2BGemeinden%2B%28ohne%2BCamping%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thuringia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thuringia">Thuringia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thuringia#Q1205" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Thuringia">Thuringia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thueringen.de/">Official government site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thueringen-entdecken.de/en/home">Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thueringen-regional.de/">Official Directory</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Thuringian flags at <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fotw.vexillum.com/flags/de-th.html">"Thuringia (Germany)"</a>. Fotw.vexillum.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thuringia+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Fotw.vexillum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffotw.vexillum.com%2Fflags%2Fde-th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Schmöger" class="citation web cs1">Marcus Schmöger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flaggenkunde.de/deutscheflaggen/de-th.htm">"Thüringen"</a>. Flaggenkunde.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Th%C3%BCringen&rft.pub=Flaggenkunde.de&rft.au=Marcus+Schm%C3%B6ger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaggenkunde.de%2Fdeutscheflaggen%2Fde-th.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThuringia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62366">Thuringia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template talk:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Thuringia"><img alt="Flag of Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free State of Thuringia</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)" title="Eichsfeld (district)">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz_(district)" title="Greiz (district)">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen_(district)" title="Hildburghausen (district)">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-Kreis" title="Ilm-Kreis">Ilm-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis" title="Kyffhäuserkreis">Kyffhäuserkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Holzland-Kreis" title="Saale-Holzland-Kreis">Saale-Holzland-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Orla-Kreis" title="Saale-Orla-Kreis">Saale-Orla-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld-Rudolstadt" title="Saalfeld-Rudolstadt">Saalfeld-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden-Meiningen" title="Schmalkalden-Meiningen">Schmalkalden-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda_(district)" title="Sömmerda (district)">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg_(district)" title="Sonneberg (district)">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis" title="Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis">Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburgkreis" title="Wartburgkreis">Wartburgkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg SR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138407449">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1223647/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059979-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82255658">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933497h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933497h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Durynsko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128467&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457849">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b9bcg4kf5v11">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/3378">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559845605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ff2ee1ad-febe-4b48-8999-e77870b62744">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08752087?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027251691">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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