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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stem_Duchy_of_Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_Duchy_of_Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stem Duchy of Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_Duchy_of_Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_second_Saxon_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_second_Saxon_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Foundation of the second Saxon state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_second_Saxon_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Largest cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024_state_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_state_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2024 state election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_state_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_state_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_state_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Members of the state government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_state_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_European_Parliament_Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_European_Parliament_Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>2024 European Parliament Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_European_Parliament_Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Federal politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birthrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Birthrate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorbian_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorbian_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sorbian population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorbian_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motherland_of_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motherland_of_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Motherland of the Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motherland_of_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rock_climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Rock climbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Winter sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porcelain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porcelain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Porcelain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porcelain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saxony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakse" title="Sakse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sakse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%95" title="ዛክስን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዛክስን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ساكسونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساكسونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saho%C3%B1a" title="Sahoña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sahoña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen_suyu" title="Sachsen suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Sachsen suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksoniya" title="Saksoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="زاکسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زاکسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জাখসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাখসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саксония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Саксонія (федэральная зямля) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саксонія (федэральная зямля)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саксонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саксонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саксония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saggsn" title="Saggsn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saggsn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonija" title="Saksonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks" title="Saks – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saks" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Саксони – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саксони" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Saxònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saxònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80)" title="Саксони (федераллă çĕр) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саксони (федераллă çĕр)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasko" title="Sasko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sasko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassonia" title="Sassonia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sassonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsoni" title="Sacsoni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sacsoni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakska" title="Sakska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sakska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksimaa" title="Saksimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σαξονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαξονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sas%C3%B2gna" title="Sasògna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sasògna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajonia" title="Sajonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sajonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksio" title="Saksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="زاکسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاکسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe_(Land)" title="Saxe (Land) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saxe (Land)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen_(dielsteat)" title="Saksen (dielsteat) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saksen (dielsteat)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSacsain" title="An tSacsain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSacsain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagsainn" title="Sagsainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sagsainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%84%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="작센주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작센주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սաքսոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաքսոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="सैक्सोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैक्सोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakska" title="Sakska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sakska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saska_(pokrajina)" title="Saska (pokrajina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saska (pokrajina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85)" title="Саксони (зæхх) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саксони (зæхх)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxland" title="Saxland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saxland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassonia" title="Sassonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sassonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="סקסוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקסוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საქსონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქსონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Саксония еркін мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саксония еркін мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia" title="Saksonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saksonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonya" title="Saksonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saksonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саксония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajonia" title="Sajonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sajonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksija" title="Saksija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saksija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonija" title="Saksonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassonia" title="Sassonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sassonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakse_(Bundesland)" title="Sakse (Bundesland) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sakse (Bundesland)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasonia" title="Sasonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sasonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1szorsz%C3%A1g" title="Szászország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szászország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саксонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саксонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="സാക്സണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാക്സണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जाक्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जाक्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ساكسونيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساكسونيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="زاکسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زاکسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксония – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Саксония" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саксон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саксон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen_(deelstaat)" title="Saksen (deelstaat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saksen (deelstaat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen_(dailstoat)" title="Saksen (dailstoat) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Saksen (dailstoat)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="ザクセン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザクセン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassonia" title="Sassonia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sassonia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Саксони (латта) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Саксони (латта)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen_(l%C3%B6nj)" title="Saksen (lönj) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saksen (lönj)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%B2nia_(land)" title="Saxònia (land) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saxònia (land)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksoniya" title="Saksoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜ਼ਾਕਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਾਕਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سیکسنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیکسنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%86" title="زاخسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زاخسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sass%C3%B2nia" title="Sassònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sassònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassen_(Bundsland)" title="Sassen (Bundsland) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sassen (Bundsland)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia" title="Saksonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saksonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%B4nia" title="Saxônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saxônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksoniya" title="Saksoniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksoniya" title="Saksoniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe" title="Saxe – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Saxe" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia" title="Saxonia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Саксония (земля) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саксония (земля)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sass%C3%B2nia" title="Sassònia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sassònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen_(Buundeslound)" title="Saksen (Buundeslound) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saksen (Buundeslound)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia" title="Saksonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Saksonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A6%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سئڪسني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سئڪسني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasko" title="Sasko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sasko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%A1ka" title="Saška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks%C5%AF%C5%84ijo" title="Saksůńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saksůńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ساکسۆنیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساکسۆنیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Саксонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саксонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonija" title="Saksonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi_(osavaltio)" title="Saksi (osavaltio) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksi (osavaltio)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahonya" title="Sahonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sahonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சாக்சனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாக்சனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирекле дәүләт Саксония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирекле дәүләт Саксония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐซัคเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐซัคเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксония – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саксония" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonya" title="Saksonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saksonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саксонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саксонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="زاکسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زاکسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sas%C3%B2nia" title="Sasònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sasònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%A4n" title="Saxän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Saxän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen" title="Saksen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Saksen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%9E" title="萨克森自由州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨克森自由州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="זאקסן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זאקסן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saxony" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title="薩克遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩克遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonya" title="Saksonya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saksonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen" title="Sachsen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sachsen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨克森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern federal state in Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saxony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saxony (disambiguation)">Saxony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sachsen" redirects here. For various ships, see <a href="/wiki/Sachsen_(ship)" title="Sachsen (ship)"><i>Sachsen</i> (ship)</a>. For the German naval class, see <a href="/wiki/Sachsen-class_frigate" title="Sachsen-class frigate"><i>Sachsen</i>-class frigate</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Free State of Saxony</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat Sachsen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Upper Saxon-language text"><i lang="sxu">Freischdaad Saggsn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon language">Upper Saxon</a>)</span><br /><span title="Upper Sorbian-language text"><i lang="hsb">Swobodny stat Sakska</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Free State of Saxony"><img alt="Flag of Free State of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/120px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/180px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/240px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saxony" title="Flag of Saxony">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Free State of Saxony"><img alt="Coat of arms of Free State of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Saxony">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsenlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sachsenlied (page does not exist)">Sachsenlied</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenlied" class="extiw" title="de:Sachsenlied">de</a>]</span><br /><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Sachsenlied.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sachsenlied.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sachsenlied.ogg/Sachsenlied.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg/250px-Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg/375px-Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg/500px-Locator_map_Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saxony&params=51_1_37_N_13_21_32_E_type:city(4077937)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°1′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°21′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.02694°N 13.35889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.02694; 13.35889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Landtag of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Saxony">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kretschmer" title="Michael Kretschmer">Michael Kretschmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Saxony" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">38 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,415.66 km<sup>2</sup> (7,110.33 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2018)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,077,937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">220/km<sup>2</sup> (570/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€146.511 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€35,909 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-SN</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DED</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.933<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">8th of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsen.de/en/">www<wbr />.sachsen<wbr />.de<wbr />/en<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 280px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 280px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="300" data-zoom="5" data-lat="51.1" data-lon="10.5" data-overlays="["_2b1bc29688b85ed34162e9940dba5dd6ddc42191"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/51.1/10.5/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,280x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saxony&revid=1277867654&groups=_2b1bc29688b85ed34162e9940dba5dd6ddc42191" width="280" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,280x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saxony&revid=1277867654&groups=_2b1bc29688b85ed34162e9940dba5dd6ddc42191 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Map</div></div></div> <p><b>Saxony</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Free State of Saxony</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a landlocked <a href="/wiki/State_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Germany">state of Germany</a>, bordering the states of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, as well as the countries of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, and its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Saxony is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by area">tenth largest</a> of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by population">sixth most populous</a>, with more than 4 million inhabitants. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Saxony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saxony (disambiguation)">Saxony</a> has been in use for more than a millennium. It was used for the medieval <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, and twice for a republic. The first Free State of Saxony was established in 1918 as a constituent state of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was under Soviet occupation before it became part of communist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and was abolished by the government in 1952. Following <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with enlarged borders in 1990 and became one of the five <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">new states</a> of the Federal Republic of Germany. </p><p>The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a>, the area inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Old Saxony corresponds roughly to the modern German states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, and the Westphalian portion of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. Historically the region of Saxony has sometimes been referred to as Upper Saxony or Obersachsen in German to distinguish it from Lower Saxony. </p><p>The state is also home to a minority of <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> ethnic group native to the area, numbering an estimated 80,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-gebel6353_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gebel6353-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saxony" title="History of Saxony">History of Saxony</a></div> <p>Saxony has a long history as a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>), and finally as a <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kingdom</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>). In 1918, after Germany's defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, its monarchy was overthrown and a republican form of government was established under the current name. The state was broken up into smaller units during communist rule (1949–1989), but was re-established on 3 October 1990 on the reunification of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In prehistoric times, the territory of present-day Saxony was the site of some of the largest of the ancient central European <a href="/wiki/Circular_ditches" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular ditches">monumental temples</a>, dating from the fifth century BC. Notable archaeological sites have been discovered in Dresden and the villages of Eythra and <a href="/wiki/Zwenkau" title="Zwenkau">Zwenkau</a> near Leipzig. The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> presence in the territory of today's Saxony is thought to have begun in the first century BC. </p><p>Parts of Saxony were possibly under the control of the Germanic King <a href="/wiki/Marobod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marobod">Marobod</a> during the Roman era. By the late Roman period, several tribes known as the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> emerged, from which the subsequent state(s) draw their name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_Duchy_of_Saxony">Stem Duchy of Saxony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stem Duchy of Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a></div> <p>Since the late 6th century, the territory of modern-day Saxony and parts of Thuringia was populated by <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a>, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a>. It was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and subsequently organized as the <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legacy of this period is the modern ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> in Saxony. Eastern and western<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parts of present Saxony were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> at various times between 1075 and 1635 (with some intermissions), and <a href="/wiki/Schirgiswalde" title="Schirgiswalde">Schirgiswalde</a> (Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Šěrachów</i>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Šerachov</i>) remained a Bohemian exclave until 1809. Eastern parts were also ruled by Poland between 1002 and 1032, by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Jawor" title="Duchy of Jawor">Duchy of Jawor</a>, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a>-ruled Poland, from 1319 to 1346,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> from 1469 to 1490,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Krauschwitz" title="Krauschwitz">Pechern</a> (Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Pěchč</i>) was part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Duchy of Żagań">Duchy of Żagań</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesian</a> duchies formed in the course of the medieval fragmentation of Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining under the Piast dynasty until 1472. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg/230px-Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg/345px-Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg/460px-Heinrich_der_L%C3%B6we_und_Mathilde_von_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> (with his wife <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony</a>) being crowned as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first medieval <b>Duchy of Saxony</b> was a late <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> "<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchy</a>", which emerged around the start of the 8th century AD and grew to include the greater part of Northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, what are now the modern German states of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. Saxons converted to Christianity during this period, with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> outlawing pagan practices.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This geographical region is unrelated to present-day Saxony but the name moved southwards due to certain historical events (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a></div> <p>The territory of the Free State of Saxony became part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> by the 10th century, when the dukes of Saxony were also kings (or emperors) of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a>, or Saxon, dynasty. The <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Margravate of Meissen</a> was founded in 985 as a <a href="/wiki/Frontier_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier march">frontier march</a>, that soon extended to the <a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a> (Queis) river to the east and as far as the Ore Mountains. In the process of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>, settlement of German farmers in the sparsely populated area was promoted. Around this time, the <a href="/wiki/Billung" title="Billung">Billungs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> noble family, received extensive lands in Saxony. The emperor eventually gave them the title of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">dukes of Saxony</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Magnus, Duke of Saxony">Duke Magnus</a> died in 1106, causing the extinction of the male line of Billungs, oversight of the duchy was given to <a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothar of Supplinburg</a>, who also became emperor for a short time. </p><p>In 1137, control of Saxony passed to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Guelph</a> dynasty, descendants of Wulfhild Billung, eldest daughter of the last Billung duke, and the daughter of Lothar of Supplinburg. In 1180 large portions west of the Weser were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Bishops of Cologne</a>, while some central parts between the Weser and the Elbe remained with the Guelphs, becoming later the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>. The remaining eastern lands, together with the title of Duke of Saxony, passed to an <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian</a> dynasty (descended from <a href="/wiki/Eilika_of_Saxony" title="Eilika of Saxony">Eilika Billung</a>, Wulfhild's younger sister) and were divided in 1260 into the two small states of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Saxe-Wittenberg">Saxe-Wittenberg</a>. The former state was also named <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></i>, the latter <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxony" title="Upper Saxony">Upper Saxony</a></i>, thence the later names of the two <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circles</a> Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg. Both claimed the Saxon <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electoral privilege</a> for themselves, but the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a> accepted only Wittenberg's claim, with Lauenburg nevertheless continuing to maintain its claim. In 1422, when the Saxon electoral line of the Ascanians became extinct, the Ascanian <a href="/wiki/Eric_V_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg">Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> tried to reunite the Saxon duchies. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, had already granted Margrave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Warlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick the Warlike">Frederick IV the Warlike</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Meissen</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a>) an expectancy of the Saxon electorate in order to remunerate his military support. On 1 August 1425 Sigismund enfeoffed the Wettinian Frederick as Prince-Elector of Saxony, despite the protests of Eric V. Thus the Saxon territories remained permanently separated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> was then merged with the much larger Wettinian <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>; however, it used the higher-ranking title Electorate of Saxony and even the Ascanian coat-of-arms for the entire monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Saxony came to include <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>. Hence, the territory of the modern Free State of Saxony shares the name with the old Saxon stem duchy for historical and dynastic reasons rather than any significant ethnic, linguistic or cultural connection. In the 18th and 19th centuries Saxe-Lauenburg was colloquially called the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lauenburg">Duchy of Lauenburg</a>, which was held in a personal union by the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> from the 18th century to the Napoleonic wars, and in a personal union with Denmark (along with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a>) for much the 19th century. In 1876 it was absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Herzogtum_Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzogtum Lauenburg">Duchy of Lauenburg district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Province of Schleswig-Holstein</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_second_Saxon_state">Foundation of the second Saxon state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foundation of the second Saxon state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(1618).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/250px-Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/330px-Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/500px-Locator_Electoral_Saxony_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1618)</figcaption></figure> <p>Saxe-Wittenberg, mostly in modern <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, became subject to the <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">margravate of Meissen</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a> dynasty in 1423. This established a new and powerful state, occupying large portions of the present Free State of Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Bavaria (Coburg and its environs). Although the centre of this state was far to the southeast of the former Saxony, it came to be referred to as <b>Upper Saxony</b> and then simply <b>Saxony</b>, while the former Saxon territories in the north were now known as <b>Lower Saxony</b> (the modern term <a href="/wiki/Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a> deriving from this). </p><p>In 1485, Saxony was split in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leipzig" title="Treaty of Leipzig">Treaty of Leipzig</a>. A collateral line of the Wettin princes received what later became <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and founded several small states there (see <i><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></i>). Since these princes were allowed to use the Saxon coat of arms, in many towns of Thuringia, the coat of arms can still be found in historical buildings. </p><p>The remaining Saxon state became still more powerful, receiving <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1635)" title="Peace of Prague (1635)">Peace of Prague (1635)</a>. It also became known in the 18th century for its cultural achievements, although it was politically weaker than <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, states which oppressed Saxony from the north and south, respectively. </p><p>Between 1697 and 1763, two successive <a href="/wiki/Electors_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electors of Saxony">Electors of Saxony</a> were also elected <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Poland">Kings of Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Poland_and_Saxony" title="Personal union of Poland and Saxony">personal union</a>. Many landmarks in Saxony date from this period and contain remnants of the former close Polish-Saxon relation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> on the facades and in the interiors of palaces, churches, edifices, etc. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Cathedral" title="Dresden Cathedral">Dresden Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritzburg_Castle" title="Moritzburg Castle">Moritzburg Castle</a>), and on numerous mileposts, and the close political and cultural relationship persisted well into the 19th century, with Saxony being the place of preparations for the Polish <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioning</a> powers,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the chief destinations for Polish refugees from partitioned Poland, including the artistic and political elite, such as composer <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, war hero <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1756, Saxony joined a coalition of Austria, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> against Prussia. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a> chose to attack preemptively and invaded Saxony in August 1756, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>). The Prussians quickly defeated Saxony and incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Saxon army</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>. At the end of the Seven Years' War, Saxony recovered its independence in the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Treaty of Hubertusburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-saxony1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map-saxony1900.png/220px-Map-saxony1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map-saxony1900.png/330px-Map-saxony1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map-saxony1900.png/440px-Map-saxony1900.png 2x" data-file-width="3653" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Saxony after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a></div> <p>In 1806, French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and established the Electorate of Saxony as a kingdom in exchange for military support. The <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a> Frederick Augustus III accordingly became King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a>. Frederick Augustus remained loyal to Napoleon during the wars that swept Europe in the following years; he was taken prisoner and his territories were declared forfeit by the allies in 1813, after the defeat of Napoleon. Prussia intended the annexation of Saxony but the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, France, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> to this plan resulted in the restoration of Frederick Augustus to his throne at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> although he was forced to cede the northern part of the kingdom to Prussia, which led to the loss of nearly 60% of the Saxon territory,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 40% of its population. Most of these lands were merged with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Duchy of Magdeburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a> and some smaller territories to become the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, a predecessor of the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lusatia" title="Lower Lusatia">Lower Lusatia</a> and part of the former Saxe-Wittenberg territory became part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a> and the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump</a> Kingdom of Saxony had roughly the same extent as the present state, albeit slightly smaller. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G5241.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/G5241.jpg/250px-G5241.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/G5241.jpg/330px-G5241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/G5241.jpg/500px-G5241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Saxony before the Congress of Vienna compared to present day Saxony</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, in 1815, the Kingdom of Saxony joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p510_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the politics of the Confederation, Saxony was overshadowed by Prussia and Austria. King <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony of Saxony">Anthony of Saxony</a> came to the throne of Saxony in 1827. Shortly thereafter, liberal pressures in Saxony mounted and broke out in revolt during 1830—a <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">year of revolution</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-p510_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolution in Saxony resulted in a constitution for the Kingdom of Saxony that served as the basis for its government until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-p510_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">1848–49 constitutionalist revolutions in Germany</a>, Saxony became a hotbed of revolutionaries, with anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and democrats including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a> taking part in the <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising in Dresden</a> in 1849. (Scenes of Richard Wagner's participation in the May 1849 uprising in Dresden are depicted in the 1983 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)">Wagner</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> as Richard Wagner.) The May uprising in Dresden forced King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_II_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus II of Saxony">Frederick Augustus II of Saxony</a> to concede further reforms to the Saxon government.<sup id="cite_ref-p510_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854 Frederick Augustus II's brother, King <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John of Saxony</a>, succeeded to the throne. A scholar, King John translated <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p510_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p510-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King John followed a federalistic and pro-Austrian policy throughout the early 1860s until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. During that war, Prussian troops overran Saxony without resistance and then invaded Austrian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Saxony was forced to pay an indemnity and to join the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-p511_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p511-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the North German Confederation, Prussia took over control of the Saxon postal system, railroads, military and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-p511_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p511-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, Saxon troops fought together with Prussian and other German troops against France.<sup id="cite_ref-p511_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p511-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, Saxony joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p511_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p511-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasko1950.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sasko1950.png/250px-Sasko1950.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sasko1950.png/330px-Sasko1950.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sasko1950.png/500px-Sasko1950.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>The Free State of Saxony 1945–1952</figcaption></figure> <p>After King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_III_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus III of Saxony">Frederick Augustus III of Saxony</a> abdicated on 13 November 1918, Saxony, remaining a constituent state of Germany (<a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>), became the Free State of Saxony under a new constitution enacted on 1 November 1920. In October 1923, when the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic</a>-led government in Dresden with <a href="/wiki/German_October" title="German October">hidden revolutionary intentions</a>, the Reich government under Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> used a <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsexekution" title="Reichsexekution">Reichsexekution</a></i> to send troops into Saxony to remove the Communists from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state retained its name and borders during the Nazi era as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Gau</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Gau Saxony</a>), but lost its quasi-autonomous status and its parliamentary democracy. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, under the secret Nazi programme <i><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a></i>, an estimated 15,000 people suffering from mental and physical disabilities, as well as a number of concentration camp inmates, were murdered at <a href="/wiki/Sonnenstein_Euthanasia_Centre" title="Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre">Sonnenstein killing centre</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a>. Numerous subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flossenburg_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Flossenburg concentration camp">Flossenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> concentration camps were operated in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the war drew to its end, U.S. troops under General <a href="/wiki/George_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Patton">George Patton</a> occupied the western part of Saxony in April 1945, while <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet troops occupied</a> the eastern part. That summer, the entire state was handed over to Soviet forces as agreed in the <a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1944)" title="London Protocol (1944)">London Protocol of September 1944</a>. Britain, the US, and the USSR then negotiated Germany's future at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>, all German territory East of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> was annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union, and, unlike in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the annexing powers were allowed to expel the inhabitants. During the following three years, <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia expelled</a> German-speaking people from their territories, and some of these expellees came to Saxony. Only a small area of Saxony lying east of the <a href="/wiki/Neisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neisse">Neisse</a> River and centred around the town of <a href="/wiki/Bogatynia" title="Bogatynia">Reichenau</a> (Bogatynia) was annexed by Poland. Traditional close relations of Saxony with neighbouring German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Egerland" title="Egerland">Egerland</a> were thus completely destroyed, making the border of Saxony along the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> a linguistic border. </p><p>Part of the former <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia_(1918-1933)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Prussia (1918-1933)">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">province of Lower Silesia</a> lay west of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> and therefore was separated from the bulk of its former province; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a> (SVAG) merged this territory into Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This former Silesian territory broadly corresponded with the Upper Lusatian territory annexed by Prussia in 1815. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_occupation_zone_state_elections" title="1946 Soviet occupation zone state elections">20 October 1946, SVAG organised elections for the Saxon state parliament</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landtag</i></span>), but many people were arbitrarily excluded from candidacy and suffrage, and the Soviet Union openly supported the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED). The new minister-president <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Friedrichs" title="Rudolf Friedrichs">Rudolf Friedrichs</a> (SED), had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> until April 1946. He met his Bavarian counterparts in the U.S. zone of occupation in October 1946 and May 1947, but died suddenly in mysterious circumstances the following month. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Max_Seydewitz" title="Max Seydewitz">Max Seydewitz</a>, a loyal follower of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany), including Saxony, was established in 1949 out of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> zone of <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Germany">Occupied Germany</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">constitutionally socialist state</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a>. In 1952 the government abolished the Free State of Saxony, and divided its territory into three <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic#Division_into_Bezirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic">Bezirke</a></i></span>: <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(Bezirk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (Bezirk)">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden_(Bezirk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden (Bezirk)">Dresden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt_(Bezirk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Marx-Stadt (Bezirk)">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a> (formerly and currently <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>). Areas around <a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a> were also part of the <a href="/wiki/Cottbus_(Bezirk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottbus (Bezirk)">Cottbus Bezirk</a>. </p><p>The Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with slightly altered borders in 1990, following <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. Besides the formerly Silesian area of Saxony, which was mostly included in the territory of the new Saxony, the free state gained further areas north of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> that had belonged to <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> until 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Saxony" title="List of mountains and hills of Saxony">List of mountains and hills of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Saxony" title="Natural regions of Saxony">Natural regions of Saxony</a></div> <p>The highest mountain in Saxony is the <a href="/wiki/Fichtelberg" title="Fichtelberg">Fichtelberg</a> (1,215 m) in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ore_Mountains" title="Western Ore Mountains">Western Ore Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Saxony" title="List of rivers of Saxony">List of rivers of Saxony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachsen2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sachsen2.gif/220px-Sachsen2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sachsen2.gif/330px-Sachsen2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sachsen2.gif/440px-Sachsen2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Saxony</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous rivers in Saxony. The <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> is the most dominant one. The <a href="/wiki/Neisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neisse">Neisse</a> defines the border between Saxony and Poland. Other rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Mulde" title="Mulde">Mulde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Elster" title="White Elster">White Elster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_and_towns">Largest cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Largest cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saxony_by_population" title="List of cities in Saxony by population">List of cities in Saxony by population</a></div> <p>The largest cities and towns in Saxony according to the 31 July 2022 estimate are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-SaxonyPopulations_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaxonyPopulations-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig forms a <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, known as <i>Ballungsraum Leipzig/Halle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter city is located just across the border of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. Leipzig shares, for instance, an <a href="/wiki/S-train" class="mw-redirect" title="S-train">S-train</a> system (known as <i>S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an airport<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Halle. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-right:60px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> </td> <td>612,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> </td> <td>560,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">3 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> </td> <td>246,537 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">4 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> </td> <td>87,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">5 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a> </td> <td>64,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">6 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a> </td> <td>56,443 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">7 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a> </td> <td>40,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">8 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Freital" title="Freital">Freital</a> </td> <td>39,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">9 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a> </td> <td>38,771 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">10 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> </td> <td>38,331 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Rathaus,_Nikolaikirche,_von_Norden_Leipzig_20180814_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig"><img alt="Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Altes_Rathaus%2C_Nikolaikirche%2C_von_Norden_Leipzig_20180814_001.jpg/120px-Altes_Rathaus%2C_Nikolaikirche%2C_von_Norden_Leipzig_20180814_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Altes_Rathaus%2C_Nikolaikirche%2C_von_Norden_Leipzig_20180814_001.jpg/250px-Altes_Rathaus%2C_Nikolaikirche%2C_von_Norden_Leipzig_20180814_001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4946" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden"><img alt="Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/120px-Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/180px-Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/240px-Dresden_from_Albertbr%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5489" data-file-height="3659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemnitz"><img alt="Chemnitz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg/120px-Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg/180px-Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg/240px-Altes_und_Neues_Rathaus_am_Chemnitzer_Marktplatz_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwickau_Hauptmarkt_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zwickau"><img alt="Zwickau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zwickau_Hauptmarkt_Panorama.jpg/120px-Zwickau_Hauptmarkt_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zwickau_Hauptmarkt_Panorama.jpg/250px-Zwickau_Hauptmarkt_Panorama.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plauen_i.V._Zentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plauen"><img alt="Plauen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plauen_i.V._Zentrum.jpg/120px-Plauen_i.V._Zentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plauen_i.V._Zentrum.jpg/250px-Plauen_i.V._Zentrum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Görlitz"><img alt="Görlitz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg/120px-18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg/180px-18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg/240px-18-09-29-G%C3%B6rlitz-RalfR-DJI_0418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freiberg"><img alt="Freiberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg/120px-Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg/250px-Freiberg-Petri-Obermarkt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freital-pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freital"><img alt="Freital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Freital-pano.jpg/120px-Freital-pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Freital-pano.jpg/250px-Freital-pano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Freital" title="Freital">Freital</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Bautzen_Germany_104.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bautzen"><img alt="Bautzen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/City_Bautzen_Germany_104.JPG/120px-City_Bautzen_Germany_104.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/City_Bautzen_Germany_104.JPG/250px-City_Bautzen_Germany_104.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-09-01_Wahlabend_Sachsen_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2019-09-01_Wahlabend_Sachsen_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93166.jpg/250px-2019-09-01_Wahlabend_Sachsen_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93166.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/2019-09-01_Wahlabend_Sachsen_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93166.jpg/330px-2019-09-01_Wahlabend_Sachsen_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Michael Kretschmer, Minister President since 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Saxony is a parliamentary democracy. A <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Minister President</a> heads the government of Saxony. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kretschmer" title="Michael Kretschmer">Michael Kretschmer</a> has been Minister President since 13 December 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_state_election">2024 state election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2024 state election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Saxony_state_election" title="2024 Saxony state election">2024 Saxony state election</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #F8F9FA )"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg/360px-2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg/540px-2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg/720px-2024_Saxony_Landtag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Party-list</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Constituency</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Total<br />seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">+/–</th></tr><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#151518"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a></td><td style="text-align:right">749,216</td><td style="text-align:right">31.91</td><td style="text-align:right">15</td><td style="text-align:right">805,231</td><td style="text-align:right">34.43</td><td style="text-align:right">27</td><td style="text-align:right">42</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00A2DE"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right">719,274</td><td style="text-align:right">30.63</td><td style="text-align:right">13</td><td style="text-align:right">794,176</td><td style="text-align:right">33.96</td><td style="text-align:right">28</td><td style="text-align:right">41</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#792351"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht</a></td><td style="text-align:right">277,173</td><td style="text-align:right">11.81</td><td style="text-align:right">15</td><td style="text-align:right">148,350</td><td style="text-align:right">6.34</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">15</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E3000F"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">172,002</td><td style="text-align:right">7.33</td><td style="text-align:right">9</td><td style="text-align:right">144,407</td><td style="text-align:right">6.17</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">9</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#409A3C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a></td><td style="text-align:right">119,964</td><td style="text-align:right">5.11</td><td style="text-align:right">4</td><td style="text-align:right">119,016</td><td style="text-align:right">5.09</td><td style="text-align:right">2</td><td style="text-align:right">6</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#BE3075"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a></td><td style="text-align:right">104,888</td><td style="text-align:right">4.47</td><td style="text-align:right">4</td><td style="text-align:right">149,120</td><td style="text-align:right">6.38</td><td style="text-align:right">2</td><td style="text-align:right">6</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F7A800"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a></td><td style="text-align:right">53,008</td><td style="text-align:right">2.26</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">113,042</td><td style="text-align:right">4.83</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#009332"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Saxons">Free Saxons</a></td><td style="text-align:right">52,195</td><td style="text-align:right">2.22</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">12,771</td><td style="text-align:right">0.55</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#45AD4C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_Animal_Welfare" title="Action Party for Animal Welfare">Action Party for Animal Welfare</a></td><td style="text-align:right">23,576</td><td style="text-align:right">1.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFED00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">21,003</td><td style="text-align:right">0.89</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">33,644</td><td style="text-align:right">1.44</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B5152B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a></td><td style="text-align:right">19,870</td><td style="text-align:right">0.85</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,607</td><td style="text-align:right">0.11</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF820A"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">6,842</td><td style="text-align:right">0.29</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E72D71"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a></td><td style="text-align:right">6,753</td><td style="text-align:right">0.29</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">972</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0A3C5B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a></td><td style="text-align:right">6,469</td><td style="text-align:right">0.28</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">1,819</td><td style="text-align:right">0.08</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#4AA79D"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right">4,483</td><td style="text-align:right">0.19</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">702</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0872ba"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance C">Alliance C</a></td><td style="text-align:right">4,368</td><td style="text-align:right">0.19</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#99cc33"></td><td><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei3</a></td><td style="text-align:right">3,286</td><td style="text-align:right">0.14</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF6400"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,966</td><td style="text-align:right">0.08</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">322</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#003366"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">Civil Rights Movement Solidarity</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,580</td><td style="text-align:right">0.07</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">752</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:yellow"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Holger_Zastrow" title="Holger Zastrow">Team Zastrow</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">6,984</td><td style="text-align:right">0.30</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DDDD00"></td><td>Solutions for our region</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">2,152</td><td style="text-align:right">0.09</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F5A419"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_(Germany)" title="Party of Progress (Germany)">Party of Progress</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">248</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DDDD00"></td><td>We Are Leipzig</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">382</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DCDCDC"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">2,038</td><td style="text-align:right">0.09</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">2,347,916</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">60</td><td style="text-align:right">2,338,735</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">60</td><td style="text-align:right">120</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="10" style="color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 )"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>2,347,916</td><td>99.16</td><td></td><td>2,338,735</td><td>98.78</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>19,783</td><td>0.84</td><td></td><td>28,964</td><td>1.22</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>2,367,699</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td>2,367,699</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>3,181,013</td><td>74.43</td><td></td><td>3,181,013</td><td>74.43</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_state_government">Members of the state government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Members of the state government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Kretschmer_cabinet" title="Second Kretschmer cabinet">Second Kretschmer cabinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Saxony">List of ministers-president of Saxony</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Government office </th> <th>Picture </th> <th>Name </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th width="150">State Secretary </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Saxony">Minister President</a> </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Michael_Kretschmer-v2_Pawel-Sosnowski_-_Querformat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kretschmer" title="Michael Kretschmer">Michael Kretschmer</a> </td> <td style="background:#000000"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands">CDU</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#EBEBEB;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Deputy of the Minister President </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther_Pressefoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther_Pressefoto.jpg/120px-Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther_Pressefoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther_Pressefoto.jpg/250px-Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther_Pressefoto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_G%C3%BCnther" title="Wolfram Günther">Wolfram Günther</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#008b00"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">B'90/Die Grünen</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#EBEBEB;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_for_Energy,_Climate_protection,_Environment_und_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate protection, Environment und Agriculture (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate protection, Environment und Agriculture</a> (SMEKUL) </td> <td>Gerd Lippold <p>Gisela Reetz </p> </td> <td style="background:#008b00"> </td> <td>B'90/Die Grünen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Deputy of the Minister President </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-12-15_Martin_Dulig_(Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen)_by_Sandro_Halank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2016-12-15_Martin_Dulig_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank.jpg/120px-2016-12-15_Martin_Dulig_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2016-12-15_Martin_Dulig_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank.jpg/250px-2016-12-15_Martin_Dulig_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dulig" title="Martin Dulig">Martin Dulig</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff0000" rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands">SPD</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#EBEBEB;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs,_Labour_and_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport</a> (SMWA) </td> <td>Hartmut Mangold <p>Ines Fröhlich </p> </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>SPD </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_the_Interior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of the Interior (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of the Interior</a> (SMI) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-03-01_Medal_Ceremony_4-man_bobsleigh_(Bobsleigh_%26_Skeleton_World_Championships_Altenberg_2020)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2020-03-01_Medal_Ceremony_4-man_bobsleigh_%28Bobsleigh_%26_Skeleton_World_Championships_Altenberg_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93034.jpg/120px-2020-03-01_Medal_Ceremony_4-man_bobsleigh_%28Bobsleigh_%26_Skeleton_World_Championships_Altenberg_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93034.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2020-03-01_Medal_Ceremony_4-man_bobsleigh_%28Bobsleigh_%26_Skeleton_World_Championships_Altenberg_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93034.jpg/250px-2020-03-01_Medal_Ceremony_4-man_bobsleigh_%28Bobsleigh_%26_Skeleton_World_Championships_Altenberg_2020%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93034.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_W%C3%B6ller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Wöller (page does not exist)">Roland Wöller</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td>Thomas Rechentin<br /><small>Head of office</small> </td> <td style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Finance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Finance (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Finance</a> (SMF) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Vorjohann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Vorjohann (page does not exist)">Hartmut Vorjohann</a> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td>Dirk Diedrichs<br /><small>Head of office</small> </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td>non-party </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Justice_and_for_Democracy,_European_Affairs_and_Equality" title="Saxon State Ministry of Justice and for Democracy, European Affairs and Equality">Saxon State Ministry of Justice and for Democracy, European Affairs and Equality</a> (SMJ) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Katja_Meier_Pressefoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Katja_Meier_Pressefoto.jpg/120px-Katja_Meier_Pressefoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Katja_Meier_Pressefoto.jpg/250px-Katja_Meier_Pressefoto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katja_Meier" title="Katja Meier">Katja Meier</a> </td> <td style="background:#008b00"> </td> <td>B'90/Die Grünen </td> <td>Mathias Weilandt <p>Gesine Märtens </p> </td> <td style="background:#008b00"> </td> <td>B'90/Die Grünen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Education (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Education</a> (SMK) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Piwarz_by_Stepro_IMG_1416_LR50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Christian_Piwarz_by_Stepro_IMG_1416_LR50.jpg/120px-Christian_Piwarz_by_Stepro_IMG_1416_LR50.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Christian_Piwarz_by_Stepro_IMG_1416_LR50.jpg/250px-Christian_Piwarz_by_Stepro_IMG_1416_LR50.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Piwarz" title="Christian Piwarz">Christian Piwarz</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td>Herbert Wolff </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Science,_Culture_and_Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Science, Culture and Tourism (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Science</a> (SMWK) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-12-15_Sebastian_Gemkow_(Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2016-12-15_Sebastian_Gemkow_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg/120px-2016-12-15_Sebastian_Gemkow_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2016-12-15_Sebastian_Gemkow_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg/250px-2016-12-15_Sebastian_Gemkow_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gemkow" title="Sebastian Gemkow">Sebastian Gemkow</a> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td rowspan="2">Andrea Franke </td> <td rowspan="2">CDU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Culture and Tourism (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a> (SMWK) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-12-15_Barbara_Klepsch_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2016-12-15_Barbara_Klepsch_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg/120px-2016-12-15_Barbara_Klepsch_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2016-12-15_Barbara_Klepsch_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg/250px-2016-12-15_Barbara_Klepsch_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%931.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="3622" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Klepsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Klepsch (page does not exist)">Barbara Klepsch</a> </td> <td>CDU </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs</a> (SMS) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-12-15_Petra_K%C3%B6pping_(Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2016-12-15_Petra_K%C3%B6pping_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%934.jpg/120px-2016-12-15_Petra_K%C3%B6pping_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%934.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2016-12-15_Petra_K%C3%B6pping_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%934.jpg/250px-2016-12-15_Petra_K%C3%B6pping_%28Landtagsprojekt_Sachsen%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%934.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="3318" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petra_K%C3%B6pping" title="Petra Köpping">Petra Köpping</a> </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>SPD </td> <td>Uwe Gaul<br /><small>(until July 5, 2021)</small><br />Sebastian Vogel<br /><small>(since July 6, 2021)</small><br />Dagmar Neukirch<br /> </td> <td style="background:#FF0000"> </td> <td>SPD </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_State_Ministry_of_Regional_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon State Ministry of Regional Development (page does not exist)">Saxon State Ministry of Regional Development</a> (SMR) </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK21321_Thomas_Schmidt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MJK21321_Thomas_Schmidt.jpg/120px-MJK21321_Thomas_Schmidt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MJK21321_Thomas_Schmidt.jpg/250px-MJK21321_Thomas_Schmidt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="4054" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Thomas Schmidt</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td>Frank Pfeil </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td>non-party </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskanzlei" title="Sächsische Staatskanzlei">Saxon State Chancellery</a> and State Minister of Federal matters and Media </td> <td style="padding:0;background-color:#777;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Schenk" title="Oliver Schenk">Oliver Schenk</a> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td>Thomas Popp<br /><small>Digital Administration and Administrative modernization (Member of the state government)</small><br /> <p>Conrad Clemens<br /><small>Authorized representative of the free state Saxony to the federal government of Germany</small><br /> </p> </td> <td style="background:#000000"> </td> <td>CDU </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_European_Parliament_Election">2024 European Parliament Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2024 European Parliament Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 European Parliament election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> received the highest percentage of votes in Saxony, winning 31.8% of the ballots. The other states where AfD has become the strongest party are <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. These four states were part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> like Saxony. Compared to the last election, AfD increased their votes in Saxony which was 25.3% in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> received 21.8% of the votes in Saxony and became the second strongest party in the 2024 EP election. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Sahra_Wagenknecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht">BSW</a> was in the third place by receiving 12.6% of the votes. <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> lost a significant proportion of their votes compared to the 2019 election. Their votes regressed from 11.7% to 4.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony has 16 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Saxony" title="Template:Electoral districts of Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_districts_of_Saxony" title="Template talk:Electoral districts of Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral districts of Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saxony&#124;link=Saxony_Electoral_districts_of_Saxony_in_the_German_Bundestag185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Electoral districts of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxony</a> in the German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordsachsen_(electoral_district)" title="Nordsachsen (electoral district)">Nordsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_I" title="Leipzig I">Leipzig I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_II" title="Leipzig II">Leipzig II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig-Land" title="Leipzig-Land">Leipzig-Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissen_(electoral_district)" title="Meissen (electoral district)">Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bautzen_I" title="Bautzen I">Bautzen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(electoral_district)" title="Görlitz (electoral district)">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge_(electoral_district)" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge (electoral district)">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_I" title="Dresden I">Dresden I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_II_%E2%80%93_Bautzen_II" title="Dresden II – Bautzen II">Dresden II – Bautzen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelsachsen_(electoral_district)" title="Mittelsachsen (electoral district)">Mittelsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_(electoral_district)" title="Chemnitz (electoral district)">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitzer_Umland_%E2%80%93_Erzgebirgskreis_II" title="Chemnitzer Umland – Erzgebirgskreis II">Chemnitzer Umland – Erzgebirgskreis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis_I" title="Erzgebirgskreis I">Erzgebirgskreis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_(electoral_district)" title="Zwickau (electoral district)">Zwickau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandkreis_(electoral_district)" title="Vogtlandkreis (electoral district)">Vogtlandkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Electoral districts of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Bavaria" title="Template:Electoral districts of Bavaria">Bavaria‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Berlin" title="Template:Electoral districts of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Brandenburg" title="Template:Electoral districts of Brandenburg">Brandenburg‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Bremen" title="Template:Electoral districts of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Hamburg" title="Template:Electoral districts of Hamburg">Hamburg‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Hesse" title="Template:Electoral districts of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Electoral districts of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Electoral districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Electoral districts of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Electoral districts of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Saarland" title="Template:Electoral districts of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Electoral districts of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Electoral districts of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_districts_of_Thuringia" title="Template:Electoral districts of Thuringia">Thuringia‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">List of Bundestag constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is divided into 10 districts: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg/290px-Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg/435px-Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg/580px-Landkreise_Sachsen_2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Map of Saxony's 10 districts</figcaption></figure> <p>  1. <a href="/wiki/Bautzen_(district)" title="Bautzen (district)">Bautzen</a> (BZ)<br />   2. <a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis" title="Erzgebirgskreis">Erzgebirgskreis</a> (ERZ)<br />   3. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a> (GR)<br />   4. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(district)" title="Leipzig (district)">Leipzig</a> (L)<br />   5. <a href="/wiki/Meissen_(district)" title="Meissen (district)">Meissen</a> (MEI) (Meissen)<br />   6. <a href="/wiki/Mittelsachsen" title="Mittelsachsen">Mittelsachsen</a> (FG)<br />   7. <a href="/wiki/Nordsachsen" title="Nordsachsen">Nordsachsen</a> (TDO)<br />   8. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a> (PIR)<br />   9. <a href="/wiki/Vogtlandkreis" title="Vogtlandkreis">Vogtlandkreis</a> (V)<br /> 10. <a href="/wiki/Zwickau_(district)" title="Zwickau (district)">Zwickau</a> (Z) </p><p>In addition, three cities have the status of an <a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">urban district</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">kreisfreie Stadt</i>): </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> (C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (DD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> (L)</li></ol> <p>Between 1990 and 2008, Saxony was divided into the three regions (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_(region)" title="Chemnitz (region)">Chemnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden_(region)" title="Dresden (region)">Dresden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(region)" title="Leipzig (region)">Leipzig</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Saxony_district_reform" title="2008 Saxony district reform">2008 Saxony district reform</a>, these regions – with some alterations of their respective areas – were called <i>Direktionsbezirke</i>. In 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landesdirektion_Sachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landesdirektion Sachsen (page does not exist)">Landesdirektion Sachsen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesdirektion_Sachsen" class="extiw" title="de:Landesdirektion Sachsen">de</a>]</span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_change">Population change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is a densely populated state if compared with more rural German states such as <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. However, the population has declined over time. The population of Saxony began declining in the 1950s due to emigration, a process which accelerated after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1989. After bottoming out in 2013, the population has stabilized due to increased immigration and higher fertility rates. The cities of Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, and the towns of Radebeul and Markkleeberg in their vicinity, have seen their populations increase since 2000. The following tables illustrate the foreign resident populations and the population of Saxony from 1816 to 2022: </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Significant foreign resident populations as of 31 December<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nationality </th> <th scope="col">Population (2022) </th> <th scope="col">| Population (2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>61,795</td> <td>65,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>31,310</td> <td>37,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>23,730</td> <td>25,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>15,725</td> <td>16,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>9,270</td> <td>14,605 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>11,620</td> <td>13,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>9,735</td> <td>10,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>7,130</td> <td>9,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>8,840</td> <td>9,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>7,675</td> <td>8,670 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1816</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1837</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,652,114</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+37.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1849</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,894,431</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1858</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,122,148</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,556,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,972,805</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1885</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,182,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,502,684</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1895</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,787,688</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,202,216</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+10.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1905</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,508,601</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,806,661</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1914</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,986,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,670,311</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,996,138</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,158,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,558,566</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,682,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1964</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,463,571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,419,187</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,152,857</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,775,873</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,384,192</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,056,799</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,038,131</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.5%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthrate">Birthrate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Birthrate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average number of children per woman in Saxony was 1.60 in 2018, the fourth-highest rate of all German states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Saxony, the highest is the <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> district with 1.77, while Leipzig is the lowest with 1.49. Dresden's fertility rate of 1.58 is the highest of all German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorbian_population">Sorbian population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sorbian population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>. There are currently between 45,000 and 60,000 Sorbs living in Saxony (Upper Lusatia region).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gebel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gebel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's Sorb minority is the remainder of the Slavic population that settled throughout Saxony in the early Middle Ages and over time slowly assimilated into the German speaking society. Many geographic names in Saxony are of Sorbic origin (including the three largest cities <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>). The Sorbic language and culture are protected by special laws and cities and villages in eastern Saxony that are inhabited by a significant number of Sorbian inhabitants have bilingual street signs and administrative offices provide service in both, German and Sorbian. The Sorbs enjoy cultural self-administration which is exercised through the <a href="/wiki/Domowina" title="Domowina">Domowina</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Minister President</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Tillich" title="Stanislaw Tillich">Stanislaw Tillich</a> is of Sorbian ancestry and has been the first leader of a German state from a national minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Saxony – 2011</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">fraction</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">EKD Protestants</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:21.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:3.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Evangelische Freikirchen</a></i></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:MediumTurquoise; width:0.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox churches</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Violet; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Silver; width:1.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:72.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">72.6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>As of 2011, 72.6% of people are not affiliated with any religion. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> represents the largest <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> denomination in the state, adhered to by 21.4% of the population. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> formed a minority of 3.8%. About 0.9% of the Saxons belonged to an Evangelical <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a> (<i>Evangelische Freikirche</i>, i.e. various Protestants outside the EKD), 0.3% to Orthodox churches and 1% to other religious communities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> (see above) still maintains its religious centre in Herrnhut and it is there where 'The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Watchwords" title="Daily Watchwords">Daily Watchwords</a>' (Losungen) are selected each year which are in use in many churches worldwide. In particular in the larger cities, there are numerous smaller religious communities. </p><p>The international <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Freiberg_Germany_Temple" title="Freiberg Germany Temple">Freiberg Germany Temple</a> which was the first of its kind in Germany, opened in 1985 even before its counterpart in Western Germany. It now also serves as a religious center for the church members in Poland, the Czech Republic, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor20100906_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor20100906-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leipzig, there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> community, which mainly caters to the population of Vietnamese origin, with one Buddhist temple built in 2008 and another one currently under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> faith also maintains a presence in Saxony's three largest cities with three (though small) <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of the state was 124.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,100 euros or 93% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 85% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the highest of the states of the former GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saxony has a "very high" <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> value of 0.930 (2018), which is at the same level as Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Germany Saxony is <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">ranked 9th</a>. </p> <table style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1ex"> <caption><b>Unemployment rate</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>17.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>17.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>18.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>17.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>14.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>12.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>11.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>10.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Saxony has, after Saxony-Anhalt,<sup id="cite_ref-Der_Arbeitsmarket_im_Juli_2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Der_Arbeitsmarket_im_Juli_2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most vibrant economy of the states of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (GDR). Its economy grew by 1.9% in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average. The eastern part of Germany, excluding <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, qualifies as an "Objective 1" development-region within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and was eligible to receive investment subsidies up to 30% until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FutureSAX" title="FutureSAX">FutureSAX</a>, a business plan competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microchip-makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Saxony" title="Silicon Saxony">Silicon Saxony</a>". The publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today, the automobile industry, machinery production, and services mainly contribute to the economic development of the region. </p><p>Saxony reported an average unemployment of 5.5% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leipzig area, which until recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments by <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/VW_Phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="VW Phaeton">VW Phaeton</a> factory in Dresden, and many parts suppliers, the automobile industry has again become one of the pillars of Saxon industry, as it was in the early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a> is another major Volkswagen location. <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a>, a former mining town, has emerged as a foremost location for solar technology. Dresden and some other regions of Saxony play a leading role in some areas of international biotechnology, such as electronic bioengineering. While these high-technology sectors do not yet offer a large number of jobs, they have stopped or even reversed the <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> that was occurring until the early 2000s in many parts of Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional universities have strengthened their positions by partnering with local industries. <a href="/wiki/Glash%C3%BCtte" title="Glashütte">Glashütte</a> is the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_watch_manufacturers" title="List of German watch manufacturers">German watchmaking industry</a> and home to highly regarded watch manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/A._Lange_%26_S%C3%B6hne" title="A. Lange & Söhne">A. Lange & Söhne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glash%C3%BCtte_Original" title="Glashütte Original">Glashütte Original</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden is the hub of Silicon Saxony."><img alt="Dresden is the hub of Silicon Saxony." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/120px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/180px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg/240px-Luftbild_AMD_Dresden_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dresden is the hub of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Saxony" title="Silicon Saxony">Silicon Saxony</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk is one of Germany's public broadcasters."><img alt="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk is one of Germany's public broadcasters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/120px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/250px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a></span></span> is one of Germany's public broadcasters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport is the main hub of DHL and the fifth-busiest airport in Europe in terms of cargo traffic."><img alt="Leipzig/Halle Airport is the main hub of DHL and the fifth-busiest airport in Europe in terms of cargo traffic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/120px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/180px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg/240px-Leipzig-Halle_Airport_Check-in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a> is the main hub of <a href="/wiki/European_Air_Transport_Leipzig" title="European Air Transport Leipzig">DHL</a> and the fifth-busiest airport in Europe in terms of cargo traffic.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glashütte is the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry."><img alt="Glashütte is the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg/120px-Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg/180px-Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg/240px-Glash%C3%BCtte_Original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Glash%C3%BCtte" title="Glashütte">Glashütte</a> is the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leipzig_VNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VNG – Verbundnetz Gas in Leipzig is the third-largest natural-gas importer in Germany."><img alt="VNG – Verbundnetz Gas in Leipzig is the third-largest natural-gas importer in Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leipzig_VNG.jpg/120px-Leipzig_VNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leipzig_VNG.jpg/250px-Leipzig_VNG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3639" data-file-height="2242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VNG_%E2%80%93_Verbundnetz_Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="VNG – Verbundnetz Gas">VNG – Verbundnetz Gas</a> in Leipzig is the third-largest natural-gas importer in Germany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porsche_Diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porsche customer center in Leipzig"><img alt="Porsche customer center in Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/120px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/180px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Porsche_Diamond.jpg/240px-Porsche_Diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> customer center in Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BMW production facility in Leipzig"><img alt="BMW production facility in Leipzig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/120px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/180px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg/240px-BMW_Leipzig_MEDIA_Download_Luftaufnahme_3_max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> production facility in Leipzig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen"><img alt="Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg/120px-160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg/180px-160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg/240px-160_Jahre_Waggonbau_in_Bautzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a> in Bautzen</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_trade">International trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is a strongly export-oriented economy. In 2018, exports amounted to 40.48 billion euros while imports stood at 24.41 billion euros. The largest export partner of Saxony is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with an amount of 6.72 billion euros, while the second largest export market are the United States with 3.59 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest exporting sectors are the automobile industry and mechanical engineering. </p><p>In April 2022, Saxony received about 84% of its imported oil and gas from Russia while nationally Germany only imported about one third from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly due to the pipeline network, which since the time of the GDR has been strongly integrated with the Soviet Union, similar to other states of Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is a renowned <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">tourist destination in Germany</a>. The cities of Dresden and Leipzig are two of Germany's most visited cities.<sup id="cite_ref-deutschertourismusverband_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutschertourismusverband-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas along the border with the Czech Republic, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Mountains" title="Lusatian Mountains">Lusatian Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland" title="Saxon Switzerland">Saxon Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a>, attract significant numbers of visitors. In addition, Saxony has well-preserved historic towns such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirna" title="Pirna">Pirna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stolpen" title="Stolpen">Stolpen</a> as well as numerous castles and palaces. New tourist destinations are developing, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Lake_District" title="Lusatian Lake District">Lusatian Lake District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany and Europe."><img alt="Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany and Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg/120px-Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg/250px-Dresden-nightpanorama-dri.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6132" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany and Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dresden Frauenkirche. It now serves as a symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies."><img alt="The Dresden Frauenkirche. It now serves as a symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/81px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/121px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg/162px-100130_150006_Dresden_Frauenkirche_winter_blue_sky-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="4559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a>. It now serves as a symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leipziger Neuseenland is a large lake district south of Leipzig, one of Germany's most vibrant cities."><img alt="Leipziger Neuseenland is a large lake district south of Leipzig, one of Germany's most vibrant cities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg/120px-Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg/250px-Markkleeberger_See_Bootsanlegestelle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neuseenland" title="Neuseenland">Leipziger Neuseenland</a> is a large lake district south of Leipzig, one of Germany's most vibrant cities.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_(Zuschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bastei bridge in Saxon Switzerland"><img alt="The Bastei bridge in Saxon Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/120px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/180px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/240px-Basteibr%C3%BCcke_morgens_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4825" data-file-height="3452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bastei" title="Bastei">Bastei</a> bridge in <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland" title="Saxon Switzerland">Saxon Switzerland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakotz_Bridge_26-12-2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rakotz bridge at Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau"><img alt="The Rakotz bridge at Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rakotz_Bridge_26-12-2014.JPG/120px-Rakotz_Bridge_26-12-2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rakotz_Bridge_26-12-2014.JPG/250px-Rakotz_Bridge_26-12-2014.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Rakotz bridge at <a href="/wiki/Azalea_and_Rhododendron_Park_Kromlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau">Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The historical city of Görlitz"><img alt="The historical city of Görlitz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg/120px-Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg/180px-Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg/240px-Goerlitz_stadtansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The historical city of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meissen001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Elbe valley with Meissen in the background"><img alt="The Elbe valley with Meissen in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meissen001.jpg/120px-Meissen001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meissen001.jpg/250px-Meissen001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe valley</a> with <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Moritzburg_(125549417).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saxony is home to numerous castles, such as Schloss Moritzburg north of Dresden."><img alt="Saxony is home to numerous castles, such as Schloss Moritzburg north of Dresden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Panorama_Moritzburg_%28125549417%29.jpeg/120px-Panorama_Moritzburg_%28125549417%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Panorama_Moritzburg_%28125549417%29.jpeg/250px-Panorama_Moritzburg_%28125549417%29.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saxony is home to numerous castles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Moritzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Moritzburg">Schloss Moritzburg</a></i> north of Dresden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Fichtelberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oberwiesenthal, Ore Mountains"><img alt="Oberwiesenthal, Ore Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Fichtelberg.jpg/120px-Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Fichtelberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Fichtelberg.jpg/250px-Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Fichtelberg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="8041" data-file-height="2145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oberwiesenthal" title="Oberwiesenthal">Oberwiesenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony's school system belongs to the most excelling ones in Germany. It has been ranked first in the German school assessment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insm-bildungsmonitor.de">Bildungsmonitor</a>) for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saxony has four large universities, six <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fachhochschulen</i></span> (Universities of Applied Sciences) and six <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art schools</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/250px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/330px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg/500px-TU-Dresden-Georg-Schumann-Bau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TU_Dresden" title="TU Dresden">TU Dresden</a> is the largest university in Saxony.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden University of Technology">Dresden University of Technology</a> (TU Dresden), founded in 1828, is one of Germany's oldest universities. With 36,066 students as of 2010, it is the largest <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> in Saxony and one of the ten largest universities in Germany. It is a member of <a href="/wiki/TU9" title="TU9">TU9</a>, a consortium of nine leading German Institutes of Technology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> is one of the oldest universities in the world and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany#Universities_by_date_of_establishment" title="List of universities in Germany">second-oldest</a> university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany, founded in 1409. Famous alumni include <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raila_Odinga" title="Raila Odinga">Raila Odinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, and nine Nobel laureates are associated with this university. </p><p>With over 11,000 students, the <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_University_of_Technology" title="Chemnitz University of Technology">Chemnitz University of Technology</a> is the third largest university in Saxony. </p><p>Established in 1765, the <a href="/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="Freiberg University of Mining and Technology">Freiberg University of Mining and Technology</a>, located in the former mining town of <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a>, is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saxony is home to several <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institutes">Max Planck Institutes</a> and research institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>. </p><p>One of the two main campuses of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> is located in Leipzig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Central Germany</a> as a cultural area. As such, throughout German history it played an important role in shaping <a href="/wiki/German_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="German culture">German culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_(2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/250px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/330px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg/500px-Budy%C5%A1in_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87anska_tafla_%282021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Boundary sign of <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a> / Budyšin in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>. Many place names in eastern Saxony are derived from Sorbian.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a> spoken in Saxony are combined in the group of "<a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon dialects</a>". Due to the inexact use of the term "Saxon dialects" in colloquial language, the Upper Saxon attribute has been added to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low Saxon</a>. Other German dialects spoken in Saxony are the dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, which have been affected by Upper Saxon dialects, and the dialects of the Vogtland, which are more affected by the <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> languages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a> (a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic language</a>) is spoken in the parts of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a> that are inhabited by the Sorbian minority. The Germans in Upper Lusatia speak distinct dialects of their own (Lusatian dialects). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motherland_of_the_Reformation">Motherland of the Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Motherland of the Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony is often seen as the <i><a href="/wiki/Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherland">motherland</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> until the late 20th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Saxony">Electoral Saxony</a>, a predecessor of today's Saxony, was the original birthplace of the Reformation. The <a href="/wiki/Electors_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electors of Saxony">elector</a> was Lutheran starting in 1525. The Lutheran church was organized through the late 1510s and the early 1520s. It was <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">officially established</a> in 1527 by <a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John the Steadfast</a>. Although some of the sites associated with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> also lie in the current state of Saxony-Anhalt (including <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansfeld" title="Mansfeld">Mansfeld</a>), today's Saxony is usually viewed as the formal successor to what used to be Luther's country back in the 16th century (i.e. the Electoral Saxony). </p><p>Martin Luther personally oversaw the Lutheran church in Saxony and shaped it consistently with <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">his own views and ideas</a>. The 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were heavily dominated by <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed faith">Reformed faith</a> made inroads with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">crypto Calvinists</a>, but was strongly persecuted in an overwhelmingly Lutheran state. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> became an important influence. In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> was set up on <a href="/wiki/Count_von_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Count von Zinzendorf">Count von Zinzendorf</a>'s property at <a href="/wiki/Herrnhut" title="Herrnhut">Herrnhut</a>. From 1525, the rulers were traditionally Lutheran and widely acknowledged as <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the faith">defenders of the Protestant faith</a>, although – beginning with <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a>, who was required to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland – its monarchs were exclusively Roman Catholic. That meant Augustus and the subsequent Electors of Saxony, who were Roman Catholic, ruled over a state with an almost entirely Protestant population. </p><p>In 1925, 90.3% of the Saxon population was Protestant, 3.6% was Roman Catholic, 0.4% was Jewish and 5.7% was placed in other religious categories.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, Saxony was incorporated into East Germany which pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>. After 45 years of Communist rule, the majority of the population has become unaffiliated. Nonetheless, even during this time Saxony remained an important place of religious dialogue and it was at <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> where the agreement on mutual recognition between the German Evangelical Church and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was signed in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg/250px-Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg/330px-Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg/500px-Red_Bull_Arena_Panorama_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6866" data-file-height="3862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Leipzig)" title="Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)">Red Bull Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2020, there were 4,447 registered sports clubs of various disciplines with over 600,000 members in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular sport in Saxony is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. With <a href="/wiki/RB_Leipzig" title="RB Leipzig">RB Leipzig</a> there is one Saxon team playing in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> as well as the European <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a>. Leipzig is notable for a longstanding football tradition, a Leipzig <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig" title="1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig">team</a> having been the first national football champion in German history. Another popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a> with <a href="/wiki/SC_DHfK_Leipzig_Handball" title="SC DHfK Leipzig Handball">SC DHfK Leipzig</a> playing in the <a href="/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga" title="Handball-Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>. On a local level sports such as <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> are popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_climbing">Rock climbing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rock climbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland_climbing_region" title="Saxon Switzerland climbing region">Saxon Switzerland climbing region</a></div> <p>Saxony prides itself to have been one of the first places in the world where modern recreational rock climbing was developed. <a href="/wiki/Falkenstein_(Saxon_Switzerland)" title="Falkenstein (Saxon Switzerland)">Falkenstein</a> rock in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Schandau" title="Bad Schandau">Bad Schandau</a> is considered to be the place were the German rock climbing tradition started in 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winter_sports">Winter sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Winter sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ore Mountains in southern Saxony are traditionally a region of winter sports. The ski ressort of <a href="/wiki/Oberwiesenthal" title="Oberwiesenthal">Oberwiesenthal</a> is the highest town of Germany, at an altitude of 900 m, though the surrounding mountains do not reach the same height as in the alpine areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a>. Thus, climate change is posing a certain threat to the development of winter sports business. There are a number of training facilities for the German Winter Olympics' team in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresdner_Gr%C3%BCner_Diamant_-_Neues_Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe_Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dresdner_Gr%C3%BCner_Diamant_-_Neues_Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe_Dresden.jpg/250px-Dresdner_Gr%C3%BCner_Diamant_-_Neues_Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dresdner_Gr%C3%BCner_Diamant_-_Neues_Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe_Dresden.jpg/330px-Dresdner_Gr%C3%BCner_Diamant_-_Neues_Gr%C3%BCnes_Gew%C3%B6lbe_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>The 'Dresden Green Diamond' – the largest natural green diamond – is part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Vault" title="Green Vault">Green Vault</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two major cultural centers of Saxony are <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. The two cities have each a unique character which is reflecting the role they played throughout Saxon and German history, Dresden being a political center while Leipzig has been a major trading city. Thus, Dresden is well known for the art collections of the former Saxon kings (<a href="/wiki/Dresden_State_Art_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden State Art Collections">Dresden State Art Collections</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Green_Vault" title="Green Vault">Green Vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a> as the most well-known parts). </p><p>Leipzig on the other hand never had a royal court, so its culture is borne largely by its citizens. The city is famous for its relationship with classical music and names like <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a> are linked to it. Over the past decades the city became famous for its modern art scene, most notably the Neue Leipziger Schule (<a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig School</a>) with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Neo_Rauch" title="Neo Rauch">Neo Rauch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porcelain">Porcelain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Porcelain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony was the first place in Europe to develop and produce white <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, a luxury good until then imported only from China. The <a href="/wiki/Meissen_Porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissen Porcelain">Meissen Porcelain</a> manufactory has been producing porcelain since 1710. It is one of the world's leading porcelain manufacturers and one of the oldest and most internationally known German luxury brands.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saxon_cuisine" title="Saxon cuisine">Saxon cuisine</a></div> <p>Saxon cuisine encompasses regional cooking traditions of Saxony. In general the cuisine is very hearty and features many peculiarities of Mid-Germany such as a great variety of <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a> which accompany the <a href="/wiki/Main_dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Main dish">main dish</a> and the fashion to serve potato dumplings (Klöße/<a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del" title="Knödel">Knödel</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">side dish</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. Also much <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> is used in Saxon cuisine. The area around Dresden is home to the easternmost wine region in Germany (see: <a href="/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)" title="Saxony (wine region)">Saxony (wine region)</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthem">Anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saxony (as other German states) has its own anthem, dating back to the monarchy of the 19th century. 'Gott segne Sachsenland' (God save Saxony) is based on the melody of <a href="/wiki/God_save_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="God save the King">God save the King</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saxony" title="Portal:Saxony">Saxony portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_(wine_region)" title="Saxony (wine region)">Saxony (wine region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Sachsen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈzaksn̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dd\/De-Sachsen.ogg\/De-Sachsen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Sachsen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/De-Sachsen.ogg/De-Sachsen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Sachsen.ogg" title="File:De-Sachsen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a>: <i>Saggsn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: <i lang="hsb">Sakska</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Freistaat Sachsen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzaksn̩]</a></span>; Upper Saxon: <i>Freischdaad Saggsn</i>; Upper Sorbian: <i lang="hsb">Swobodny stat Sakska</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">[ˈswɔbɔdnɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈstat<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsakska]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de"</a>. <i>Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder+%7C+Gemeinsames+Statistikportal&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt%2C+Bruttowertsch%C3%B6pfung+%7C+Statistikportal.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fvgrdl%2Fergebnisse-laenderebene%2Fbruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database"</a>. <i>Global Data Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gebel6353-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gebel6353_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGebel2002" class="citation book cs1">Gebel, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501090225/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6353/1/Gebel-Language_and_ethnic_national_identity.pdf"><i>Language and ethnic national identity in Europe: the importance of Gaelic and Sorbian to the maintenance of associated cultures and ethno cultural identities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Middlesex University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6353/1/Gebel-Language_and_ethnic_national_identity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00112980">The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe</a>". <i>Antiquity</i>, Volume 78, Issue 300. pp. 314–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brather" title="Sebastian Brather">Brather, Sebastian</a>. (2001; 2nd ed. 2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110209952/html">Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa</a></i>. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110206098</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plauen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Plauen">"Plauen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plauen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogusławski1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogusławski, Wilhelm (1861). <i>Rys dziejów serbo-łużyckich</i> (in Polish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+finds+sympathy+in+Germany%27s+east%2C+Putin%27s+old+stomping+ground%3A+As+Berlin+faces+calls+to+deepen+its+support+for+Ukraine%2C+attitudes+in+Saxony+show+competing+pressures+on+German+leaders&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Stanley-Becker&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.au=Guinan-Bank%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F04%2F15%2Fgermany-ukraine-communist-east-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValeBethkenhagen1982" class="citation journal cs1">Vale, Michel; Bethkenhagen, Jochen (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40470040">"The Development of GDR Economic Relations with the USSR"</a>. <i>International Journal of Politics</i>. <b>12</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8783">0012-8783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40470040">40470040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+GDR+Economic+Relations+with+the+USSR&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40470040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8783&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Bethkenhagen%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40470040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutschertourismusverband-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deutschertourismusverband_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschertourismusverband.de/fileadmin/Mediendatenbank/PDFs/Zahlen_Daten_Fakten_2012_aktuell.pdf">Zahlen Daten Fakten 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101015058/http://www.deutschertourismusverband.de/fileadmin/Mediendatenbank/PDFs/Zahlen_Daten_Fakten_2012_aktuell.pdf">Archived</a> 1 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German), German National Tourist Board</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/4323186">"Still Troubled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Still+Troubled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F4323186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKultus" class="citation web cs1">Kultus, Staatsministerium für. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schule.sachsen.de/error404.html">"Fehler 404 – sachsen.de"</a>. <i>www.schule.sachsen.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schule.sachsen.de&rft.atitle=Fehler+404+%E2%80%93+sachsen.de&rft.aulast=Kultus&rft.aufirst=Staatsministerium+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schule.sachsen.de%2Ferror404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812092534/https://tu-freiberg.de/en/university/profiles/history">"From the history of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg"</a>. <i>tu-freiberg.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-freiberg.de/en/university/profiles/history">the original</a> on 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tu-freiberg.de&rft.atitle=From+the+history+of+the+TU+Bergakademie+Freiberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftu-freiberg.de%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fprofiles%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsen-tourismus.de/en/travel-topics/art-culture/motherland-of-the-reformation/">"Motherland of the Reformation"</a>. <i>sachsen-tourismus.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sachsen-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Motherland+of+the+Reformation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsen-tourismus.de%2Fen%2Ftravel-topics%2Fart-culture%2Fmotherland-of-the-reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/media/3320&ved=2ahUKEwjUh6uiztfpAhWKFMAKHbW8DpYQFjACegQIBRAC&usg=AOvVaw1xmR136YlRRPfMCxfjH_cG">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE-Mail" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">E-Mail, Annegret Müller Referentin Öffentlichkeitsarbeit / Pressesprecherin +49 341 21631-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710223203/https://www.sport-fuer-sachsen.de/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/?tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Bid%5D=654&tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Baction%5D=show&tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Bcontroller%5D=PressManagement&cHash=0cd8f0d3dda23366d10ae368459b0d50">"Pressemitteilungen"</a>. <i>Landessportbund Sachsen</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sport-fuer-sachsen.de/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/?tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Bid%5D=654&tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Baction%5D=show&tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%5Bcontroller%5D=PressManagement&cHash=0cd8f0d3dda23366d10ae368459b0d50">the original</a> on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landessportbund+Sachsen&rft.atitle=Pressemitteilungen&rft.aulast=E-Mail&rft.aufirst=Annegret+M%C3%BCller+Referentin+%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbeit+%2F+Pressesprecherin+%2B49+341+21631-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport-fuer-sachsen.de%2Fde%2Fpresse%2Fpressemitteilungen%2F%3Ftx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%255Bid%255D%3D654%26tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%255Baction%255D%3Dshow%26tx_ifabprins_pressmanagement%255Bcontroller%255D%3DPressManagement%26cHash%3D0cd8f0d3dda23366d10ae368459b0d50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Langenscheidt, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Venohr" title="Bernd Venohr">Bernd Venohr</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Lexikon der deutschen Weltmarktführer. Die Königsklasse deutscher Unternehmen in Wort und Bild</i>. Deutsche Standards Editionen, Köln 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86936-221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86936-221-2">978-3-86936-221-2</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollockThomas1952" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, James K.; Thomas, Homer (1952). <i>Germany in Power and Eclipse</i>. New York, NY: Dylan Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+Power+and+Eclipse&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dylan+Hill.&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxony&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saxony" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saxony">Saxony</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saxony#Q1202" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Saxony">Saxony</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sachsen.de/en/">Official governmental portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62467">Saxony</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Saxony25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Saxony25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Saxony</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg/40px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg/60px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_lubuskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeship</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxony</a></b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg/40px-POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg/60px-POL_woj_dolnoslaskie_FLAG_2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Karlovy_Vary_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="378" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region" title="Karlovy Vary Region">Karlovy Vary Region</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Usti_nad_Labem_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem Region</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Liberec_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberec_Region" title="Liberec Region">Liberec Region</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany1138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_Saxony,_Germany1138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Urban and rural districts in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxony</a>, Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bautzen_(district)" title="Bautzen (district)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgskreis" title="Erzgebirgskreis">Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(district)" title="Leipzig (district)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissen_(district)" title="Meissen (district)">Meißen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelsachsen" title="Mittelsachsen">Mittelsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordsachsen" title="Nordsachsen">Nordsachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz-Osterzgebirge" title="Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge">Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandkreis" title="Vogtlandkreis">Vogtlandkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_(district)" title="Zwickau (district)">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyerswerda" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annaberg_(district)" title="Annaberg (district)">Annaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aue-Schwarzenberg" title="Aue-Schwarzenberg">Aue-Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitzer_Land" title="Chemnitzer Land">Chemnitzer Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delitzsch_(district)" title="Delitzsch (district)">Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6beln_(district)" title="Döbeln (district)">Döbeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiberg_(district)" title="Freiberg (district)">Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenz_(district)" title="Kamenz (district)">Kamenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Land" title="Leipziger Land">Leipziger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau-Zittau" title="Löbau-Zittau">Löbau-Zittau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittlerer_Erzgebirgskreis" title="Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis">Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittweida_(district)" title="Mittweida (district)">Mittweida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldentalkreis" title="Muldentalkreis">Muldentalkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesa-Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Riesa-Großenhain">Riesa-Großenhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz_(district)" title="Sächsische Schweiz (district)">Sächsische Schweiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollberg_(district)" title="Stollberg (district)">Stollberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgau-Oschatz" title="Torgau-Oschatz">Torgau-Oschatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Feritzkreis" title="Weißeritzkreis">Weißeritzkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickauer_Land" title="Zwickauer Land">Zwickauer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">full list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Template talk:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Weimar Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Weimar_Republic_(1919–1933)131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">States of the Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Thuringia_(1920%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Thuringia (1920–1952)">Thuringia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(from 1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck-Pyrmont" title="Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches,_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Weimar Republic"><img alt="Map of the Weimar Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/175px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/263px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg/350px-Karte_des_Deutschen_Reiches%2C_Weimarer_Republik-Drittes_Reich_1919%E2%80%931937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Saxe-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(until 1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">Reuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized<br /><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg SR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1963" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405556964">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/201974690">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1233658/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sachsen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051176-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85164514">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119379010">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119379010">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sasko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128571&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX457374">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90605535">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555463005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2b568f1a-0bbc-4416-86ad-ced6ef6d56f4">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027308561">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006639">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxony&oldid=1277867654">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxony&oldid=1277867654</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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