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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Before colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 French colonial rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moussa_Traoré_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moussa_Traoré_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Moussa Traoré regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moussa_Traoré_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-party_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-party_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Multi-party democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-party_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Mali_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Mali_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Northern Mali conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Mali_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_in_Central_Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_in_Central_Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Conflict in Central Mali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_in_Central_Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s_coups_and_Assimi_Goïta_junta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s_coups_and_Assimi_Goïta_junta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s_coups_and_Assimi_Goïta_junta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_and_cercles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_cercles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Regions and cercles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_cercles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Transport infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities_in_Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities_in_Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Largest cities in Mali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities_in_Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Gender equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.1 Gender relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_of_opportunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_of_opportunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.2 Area of opportunity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_of_opportunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.3 Efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mali</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 251 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-251" aria-hidden="true" > 251 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A" title="ማሊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D" title="ܡܐܠܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܐܠܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Malí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="মালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Малі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Малі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="माली देस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माली देस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ལི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Malí" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maari" title="Maari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Maari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مالي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مالي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A9" title="މާލީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މާލީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BCts%CA%BCin_Bitoo%CA%BC_Hahoodzo" title="Táłkááʼtsʼin Bitooʼ Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłkááʼtsʼin Bitooʼ Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malio" title="Malio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maly" title="Maly – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maly" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali" title="Maali – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maali" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%C3%AD" title="Mailí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mailí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malee" title="Malee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Malee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0ili" title="Màili – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Màili" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Malí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="માલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC" title="말리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Մալի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="মালি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মালি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMali" title="IMali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Malí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalii" title="Maalii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maalii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಾಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia" title="Malia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Malia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AE" title="Malî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Malî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດມາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດມາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia" title="Malia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malis" title="Malis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%E1%BB%B3" title="Malỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Malỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="മാലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ri" title="Māri – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Māri" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="مالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯃꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မာလီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာလီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="マリ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%8A" title="ߡߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߓߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߓߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali" title="Maali – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maali" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali" title="Maali – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maali" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalii" title="Maalii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maalii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="ម៉ាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Малі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Малі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="माली – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AFi" title="Malïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Malïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92" title="මාලි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාලි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مالي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مالي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMali" title="IMali – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMali" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali" title="Maali – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maali" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(bansa)" title="Mali (bansa) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mali (bansa)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="மாலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမႃႇလီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမႃႇလီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82)" title="మాలి (దేశం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాలి (దేశం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศมาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A" title="ማሊ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ማሊ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Малӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Малӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мали – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мали" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Малі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="مالى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مالى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82%C3%AC" title="Małì – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Małì" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliy%C3%A4n" title="Maliyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Maliyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C" title="馬里 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬里" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(Tiko)" title="Mali (Tiko) – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mali (Tiko)" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מאלי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C" title="馬里 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬里" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malis" title="Malis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Malis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malit%C3%B2" title="Malitò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Malitò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AC" title="Malì – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Malì" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mali" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89" title="ⵎⴰⵍⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⵍⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=17_N_4_W_type:country">17°N 4°W / 17°N 4°W / 17; -4</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landlocked country in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mali (disambiguation)">Mali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Mali</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Official names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي (Jumhūriyyet Māli)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Mali Tɔgɔbadugu</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamasheq languages">Tamasheq</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Tagduda n Mali / ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Mali Laamaa</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mali"><img alt="Flag of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mali"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mali" title="Coat of arms of Mali"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French) "Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen" (<a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>) "One people, one goal, one faith"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Le_Mali" title="Le Mali">Le Mali</a>" (French)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Malian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Malian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=bm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bm" label="bamanankan ‪(bm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ht&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ht" label="Kreyòl ayisyen ‪(ht)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMalian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mali (green)"><img alt="Location of Mali (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Mali_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Mali (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=12_39_N_8_0_W_type:city">12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">13 national languages</a><a href="#cite_note-Lingua_2023-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-LangNat-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Bozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escarpment_Dogon" title="Escarpment Dogon">Dogon, Toro So</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maninka_language" title="Maninka language">Maninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senara_language" title="Senara language">Senufo, Senara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Songhay, Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-French-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">Spoken languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Bozo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Dafing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>33.3% <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a></li><li>13.3% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li><li>9.6% <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li><li>9.6% <a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li><li>8.8% <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinke</a></li><li>8.7% <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a></li><li>5.9% <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a></li><li>3.5% <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li><li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a></li><li>4.5% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mali">other</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-7">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Islam</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">other</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Malian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Mali">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Ma%C3%AFga_(officer)" title="Abdoulaye Maïga (officer)">Abdoulaye Maïga</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1235</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudanese Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merger with <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 1959</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution of the Mali Federation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declaration of the Republic of Mali </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-bbc_com-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,990,607<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">61st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">215th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $61.625 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ML-13">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,639<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ML-13">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21.309 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ML-13">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">123rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $912<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ML-13">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2010)</th><td class="infobox-data">33.0<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-14">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.410<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">188th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mali" title="Telephone numbers in Mali">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B223" class="mw-redirect" title="+223">+223</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ML" title="ISO 3166-2:ML">ML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ml" title=".ml">.ml</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mali,<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> officially the Republic of Mali,<a href="#cite_note-18">[d]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area" title="List of African countries by area">eighth-largest country in Africa</a>, with an area of over 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-bbc_com-11">[9]</a> The country is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, and to the west by <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The population of Mali is 24,478,595,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-20">[16]</a> 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>. The country has 13 official languages, of which <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> is the most commonly spoken. The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>'s northern borders reach deep into the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a> and has the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a> rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa)<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West <a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a> that controlled <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (for which <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> is named), the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> (for which Mali is named), and the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> with its 14th-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, culture and knowledge, with <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> becoming a renowned place of learning with its <a href="/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu" title="University of Timbuktu">university</a>, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> absorbed the empire in 1468,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">not verified in body</a>] followed by a <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadian</a> army <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" title="Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire">which defeated the Songhai in 1591</a>. In the late 19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>; as the Sudanese Republic, <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">a brief federation with Senegal</a> was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. In January 2012, an <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict_(2012%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)">armed conflict broke out in northern Mali</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">Tuareg rebels</a> took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> of a new state, <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> The conflict was complicated by <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">a military coup</a> in March 2012<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-29">[25]</a> and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a> in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. <a href="/wiki/Malian_presidential_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian presidential election, 2013">Presidential elections</a> were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and <a href="/wiki/Malian_parliamentary_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian parliamentary election, 2013">legislative elections</a> were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Mali is taken from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>. It means "the place where the king lives"<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> and carries a connotation of strength.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> Fourteenth-century Maghrebi traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> reported that the capital of the empire was called Mali.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> tradition tells that the legendary first emperor <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a> changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the <a href="/wiki/Sankarani_River" title="Sankarani River">Sankarani River</a> and that it was possible to find villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A study of Malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means "New Mali", and that Mali could have formerly been the name of a city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[31]</a> Another theory suggests that Mali is a <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a> pronunciation of the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mande peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> It is suggested that a sound shift led to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar segment /nd/ shifts to /l/ and the terminal vowel denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to /mali/.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">History of Mali</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_colonization">Before colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before colonization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MALI_empire_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MALI_empire_map.PNG/220px-MALI_empire_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MALI_empire_map.PNG/330px-MALI_empire_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MALI_empire_map.PNG/440px-MALI_empire_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>'s peak</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/330px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/440px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The pages above are from <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu Manuscripts</a> written in Sudani script (a form of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> alone.</figcaption></figure> The rock art in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in the region.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used by around 500 BC. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a>, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including <a href="/wiki/Dia,_Mali" title="Dia, Mali">Dia</a> which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Arazi-39">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djenne-Djenno" class="mw-redirect" title="Djenne-Djenno">Djenne-Djenno</a>, which lasted from around 300 BC to 900 AD. By the sixth century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakri</a> in 1068,<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (by 1397) as Barmandana,<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> and a few geographical details in the work of <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> in gold, salt, other precious commodities, and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> majorly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> from c. 1312 – c. 1337.<a href="#cite_note-p1-43">[39]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdom">Sahelian kingdoms</a> had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities.<a href="#cite_note-p1-43">[39]</a> The earliest of these empires was the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>, which was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>-speaking people.<a href="#cite_note-p1-43">[39]</a> The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth century until 1078, when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirina" title="Battle of Kirina">Battle of Kirina</a> in 1235, culminated in a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> under the command of the exiled prince <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, which led to the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Sosso_Empire" title="Sosso Empire">Sosso Empire</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TombouctouPachalik_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/210px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/315px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/TombouctouPachalik_4.png/420px-TombouctouPachalik_4.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Pashalik of Timbuktu</a> (yellow-striped) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty of Morocco</a> (outlined black) within the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> (outlined red), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1591</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GriotsSambala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GriotsSambala.jpg/220px-GriotsSambala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GriotsSambala.jpg/330px-GriotsSambala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GriotsSambala.jpg/440px-GriotsSambala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sambala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambala">Sambala</a>, king of Médina (<a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a>, Mali), 1890. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Joann%C3%A8s_Barbier" title="Joannès Barbier">Joannès Barbier</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> later formed on the upper <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, and reached the height of power in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">Moroccan invasion</a> of 1591 under the command of <a href="/wiki/Judar_Pasha" title="Judar Pasha">Judar Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">establishment of sea routes by the European powers</a>, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> At that time, the Mali Empire's abundance in wealth expanded its commercial assets of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. One of the worst <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)" title="John Iliffe (historian)">John Iliffe</a>, "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>."<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonial_rule">French colonial rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French colonial rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg/170px-Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg/255px-Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg/340px-Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Cotton being processed in <a href="/wiki/Niono" title="Niono">Niono</a> into 180 kg (400 lb) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, c. 1950</figcaption></figure> Mali fell under the control of France during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> In November 1915, a large <a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">anti-French uprising</a> broke out among the tribes in the regions of present-day Mali and Burkina Faso.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> The last resistance was suppressed only in September 1916. During the suppression of the uprising, over 100 villages were destroyed by French colonial troops.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Independent_Mali-48">[44]</a> In January 1959, Mali and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> united to become the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Independent_Mali-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, and that date is now the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days" title="List of national independence days">Independence Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> was elected the first president.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> He quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources.<a href="#cite_note-p2-44">[40]</a> In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Moussa Traoré</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> a day which is now commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moussa_Traoré_regime">Moussa Traoré regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moussa Traoré regime">edit</a>]</div> The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">drought</a> from 1968 to 1974,<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> in which famine killed thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg/220px-Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg/330px-Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg/440px-Place_de_la_libert%C3%A9_-_Bamako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire"</figcaption></figure> Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied.<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization in the late 1980s, but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a> who had migrated to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> during the drought.<a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants.<a href="#cite_note-nonviolent-54">[50]</a> Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.<a href="#cite_note-nonviolent-54">[50]</a> From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les évenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.<a href="#cite_note-nesbitt-55">[51]</a> 26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people who were killed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The coup is remembered as Mali's <a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">March Revolution of 1991</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-party_democracy">Multi-party democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multi-party democracy">edit</a>]</div> Opposition parties were legalized, a transitional government was formed and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">new democratic constitution</a> to be approved by a national referendum.<a href="#cite_note-nesbitt-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-p3-51">[47]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Alpha Oumar Konaré</a> won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution. <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a>, a retired general who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising, was elected in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-p4-59">[55]</a> During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_modern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in modern Africa">Slavery</a> persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-61">[57]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (2012)">Tuareg Rebellion of 2012</a>, ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their former masters.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Mali_conflict">Northern Mali conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Mali conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">International Criminal Court investigation in Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_(6904946068).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg/220px-Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg/330px-Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg/440px-Le_Mali_confront%C3%A9_aux_sanctions_et_%C3%A0_lavanc%C3%A9e_des_rebelles_islamistes_%286904946068%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012</figcaption></figure> In January 2012 <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">a Tuareg rebellion</a> began in northern Mali, led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA).<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> In March, military officer <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Sanogo" title="Amadou Sanogo">Amadou Sanogo</a> seized power in <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">a coup d'état</a>, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring its independence as <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> However, Islamist groups, including <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)</a>, who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the north<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> with the goal of implementing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> On 11 January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">intervened</a> at the request of the interim government of president <a href="/wiki/Dioncounda_Traor%C3%A9" title="Dioncounda Traoré">Dioncounda Traoré</a>. On 30 January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals.<a href="#cite_note-kidal_retaken-69">[65]</a> On 2 February, French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> joined Dioncounda Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Hollande_Timbuktu-70">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/220px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/330px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg/440px-Northern_Mali_conflict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013</figcaption></figure> In August 2013, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Keita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keita">Ibrahim Boubacar Keita</a> was elected as the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Mali">president of Mali</a> in the second round of <a href="/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election" title="2013 Malian presidential election">the election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_in_Central_Mali">Conflict in Central Mali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflict in Central Mali">edit</a>]</div> In the central Mali province of <a href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti</a>, conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula (or Fulani) people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a> Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> as the Fula move into new areas.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed "self-defense groups"<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a> to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamists</a> linked to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a> While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunistic ends".<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a> Added a top Mali military commander:<blockquote>I’ve discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a cover.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a></blockquote> The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-75">[71]</a> The government denies this.<a href="#cite_note-:5-75">[71]</a> One such militia is the Dogon group <a href="/wiki/Dan_Na_Ambassagou" title="Dan Na Ambassagou">Dan Na Ambassagou</a>, created in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako,_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg/220px-Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg/330px-Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg/440px-Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako%2C_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Sidibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Modibo Sidibe">Modibo Sidibe</a> voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Malian_presidential_election" title="2018 Malian presidential election">2018 Malian presidential election</a> held on 29 July 2018,<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> no candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the first round. A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Mali" title="Rally for Mali">Rally for Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Soumaïla Cissé">Soumaïla Cissé</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_and_Democracy" title="Union for the Republic and Democracy">Union for the Republic and Democracy</a>, and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> In September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Humanitarian_Dialogue" title="Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue">Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue</a> negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in central Mali".<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> However, the group has been blamed for the <a href="/wiki/March_2019_attacks_against_Fulani_herders" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders">24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula villagers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The group denied the attack, but afterwards Malian president Keita ordered the group to disband.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, <a href="/wiki/Adama_Dieng" title="Adama Dieng">Adama Dieng</a>, warned of a growing <a href="/wiki/Ethnicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicization">ethnicization</a> of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">displaced</a> by the conflict in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of attacks occurring around <a href="/wiki/Mopti" title="Mopti">Mopti</a>. It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and <a href="/wiki/Mondoro" title="Mondoro">Mondoro</a> killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> President Keïta declared that "no military coup will prevail in Mali", continuing by saying that he does not think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot worry us".<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> On 1 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">IS-GS</a> militants killed at least 50 soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indelimane_attack" title="2019 Indelimane attack">2019 Indelimane attack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_Region" title="Ménaka Region">Ménaka Region</a> of Mali.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s_coups_and_Assimi_Goïta_junta">2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020 Malian coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 Malian coup d'état</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_attacks_in_Mali" title="List of terrorist attacks in Mali">List of terrorist attacks in Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg/220px-Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg/330px-Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg/440px-Comit%C3%A9_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d%27Etat_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People" title="National Committee for the Salvation of the People">National Committee for the Salvation of the People</a>, September 2020</figcaption></figure> Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Soumaïla Cissé">Soumaïla Cissé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June.<a href="#cite_note-cnews-91">[87]</a> In July, President Keïta dissolved the constitutional court. Members of the military led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a> and Colonel-Major <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl_Wagu%C3%A9" title="Ismaël Wagué">Ismaël Wagué</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kati,_Mali" title="Kati, Mali">Kati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulikoro_Region" title="Koulikoro Region">Koulikoro Region</a>, began a mutiny on 18 August 2020.<a href="#cite_note-cnews-91">[87]</a> President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boubou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Boubou Cissé">Boubou Cissé</a> were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-cnews-91">[87]</a> Wagué announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People" title="National Committee for the Salvation of the People">National Committee for the Salvation of the People</a> (CNSP) and promised elections in the future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were quiet.<a href="#cite_note-cnews-91">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) condemned the coup and demanded that Keïta be reinstated as president.<a href="#cite_note-neighbours-92">[88]</a> On 12 September 2020, the CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after, <a href="/wiki/Bah_Ndaw" title="Bah Ndaw">Bah N'daw</a> was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost four months after had been promised under the initial agreement.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Tensions between the civilian transitional government and the military ran high after the handover of power in September 2020. The tensions came to a head on 24 May 2021 after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup – <a href="/wiki/Sadio_Camara" title="Sadio Camara">Sadio Camara</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modibo_Kone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modibo Kone (page does not exist)">Modibo Kone</a> – were replaced by N'daw's administration.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Later that day, journalists reported that three key civilian leaders – President N'daw, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Moctar_Ouane" title="Moctar Ouane">Moctar Ouane</a> and Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Doucour%C3%A9" title="Souleymane Doucouré">Souleymane Doucouré</a>, were being detained in a military base in <a href="/wiki/Kati,_Mali" title="Kati, Mali">Kati</a>, outside Bamako.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goïta was sworn into office as the new interim president.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaliWar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/220px-MaliWar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/330px-MaliWar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MaliWar.svg/440px-MaliWar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Mali. For a detailed map, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Mali War detailed map">here</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2022 and 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">Islamic State in the Greater Sahara</a> saw major gains in the <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a>, occupying large swathes of territory in southeastern Mali. <a href="/wiki/Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiderm%C3%A8ne" title="Tidermène">Tidermène</a> were also captured by the group.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_africatoday-97">[93]</a> By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous government and establishment of the junta.<a href="#cite_note-npr-98">[94]</a> On 10 January 2022, Mali announced the closure of its borders and recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries in response to sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Operation Barkhane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> On 2 May, the military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting an additional step in the deterioration of Malian–French relations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> This latest announcement has been criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate".<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> A UN panel reported that in the first three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing humanitarian assistance over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, the Russian foreign minister, visited Bamako on 7 February 2023 and said that Moscow would continue to help Mali improve its military capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> In June 2023, Mali removed French, the language of its former colonizer, as an official language with the approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in <a href="/wiki/2023_Malian_constitutional_referendum" title="2023 Malian constitutional referendum">a referendum</a> conducted by the junta.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> On 7 September 2023, al-Qaeda linked <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin">JNIM</a> militants <a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_and_Bamba_attacks" title="Tombouctou and Bamba attacks">attacked</a> a vessel on the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, killing at least 154 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> In July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Framework_for_the_Defense_of_the_People_of_Azawad" title="Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad">CSP-DPA</a> rebels and JNIM militants killed dozens of Russian mercenaries and Malian government forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten_(2024)" title="Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024)">Battle of Tinzaouaten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> On 5 August 2024 the Republic of Mali announced that it was severing diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> On 17 September 2024, al-Qaeda linked JNIM militants <a href="/wiki/2024_Bamako_attacks" title="2024 Bamako attacks">attacked several locations</a> across <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, killing at least 77 people and injuring 255 others.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Geography of Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mali_sat.png/220px-Mali_sat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mali_sat.png/330px-Mali_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mali_sat.png/440px-Mali_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Mali</figcaption></figure> Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_north" title="25th parallel north">25°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/13th_meridian_west" title="13th meridian west">13°W</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5°E</a>. Mali borders Algeria to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Mali_border" title="Algeria–Mali border">the north-northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Mali–Niger border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Mali_border" title="Burkina Faso–Mali border">the south-east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Mali_border" title="Ivory Coast–Mali border">the south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Mali_border" title="Guinea–Mali border">the south-west</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Mali–Senegal border">the west</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Mauritania_border" title="Mali–Mauritania border">the north-west</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_der_Fatima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hand_der_Fatima.jpg/220px-Hand_der_Fatima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hand_der_Fatima.jpg/330px-Hand_der_Fatima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hand_der_Fatima.jpg/440px-Hand_der_Fatima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Landscape in <a href="/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Mali map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> At 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-7">[6]</a> Mali is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">24th-largest country</a> in the world and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area" title="List of African countries by area">eighth-largest country in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> It is comparable in size to South Africa or <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. Most of the country lies in the southern <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>, which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudanian savanna</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-geography-114">[110]</a> Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Adrar_des_Ifoghas" title="Adrar des Ifoghas">Adrar des Ifoghas</a> massif lies in the northeast. Mali lies in the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_zone#Torrid_Zone" title="Geographical zone">torrid zone</a> and is among the hottest countries in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equator" title="Thermal equator">thermal equator</a>, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country.<a href="#cite_note-geography-114">[110]</a> Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent.<a href="#cite_note-geography-114">[110]</a> Late April to early October is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geography-114">[110]</a> The vast northern desert part of Mali has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (Köppen climate classification BSh) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The southern areas have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a>. (Köppen climate classification Aw) In review, Mali's climate is tropical, with March to May being the hot, dry season. June to October is rainy, humid and mild. November to February is the cool, dry season. Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, <a href="/wiki/Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, salt and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured + indicated + inferred).<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north zone was identified.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, and inadequate <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">supplies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geography-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali" title="Wildlife of Mali">Wildlife of Mali</a></div> Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders: <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta_flooded_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna">Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="West Saharan montane xeric woodlands">West Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-118">[114]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-119">[115]</a> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics of Mali</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimi_Goita,_August_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png/220px-Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png/330px-Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png/440px-Assimi_Goita%2C_August_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assimi_Goita" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimi Goita">Assimi Goita</a>, interim president of Mali since <a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 Malian coup d'état</a></figcaption></figure> Until the military coup of 22 March 2012,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Mali was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a> The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> branches of government.<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a> The system of government can be described as "<a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a>".<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a> Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and is limited to two terms.<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The president serves as a <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of state">chief of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a> of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-p14-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a> is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Following the 2007 elections, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_and_Progress_(Mali)" title="Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Mali)">Alliance for Democracy and Progress</a> held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary,<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a> Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter.<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-p15-125">[121]</a> The transition government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February 2022, to February 2024.<a href="#cite_note-New_Election-131">[127]</a> In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">ECOWAS</a> agreed to lift sanctions on the country.<a href="#cite_note-ECOWAS_sanctions_lifted-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali" title="Foreign relations of Mali">Foreign relations of Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="France–Mali relations">France–Mali relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Rutte_and_Tour%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3668" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Former President of Mali <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9" title="Amadou Toumani Touré">Amadou Toumani Touré</a> and Minister-president of the Netherlands <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_(2023-03-19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg/220px-Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg/330px-Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg/440px-Malick_Diaw_and_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Representatives of Mali and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> at the 2nd International Parliamentary Conference “Russia-Africa” in Moscow, 19 March 2023</figcaption></figure> Until 2012, Mali's foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West in general and <a href="/wiki/Mali-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali-United States relations">with the United States</a> in particular have improved significantly.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> Mali has a longstanding yet ambivalent relationship with France, a <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">former colonial ruler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> Mali was active in regional organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> until its suspension over the <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 Malian coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, is one of Mali's major foreign policy goals.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a> and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a> In early 2019, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> claimed responsibility for an attack on a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> base in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. 25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al Qaeda's stated reason for the attack was Chad's re-establishing diplomatic ties with Israel. The base was attacked in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anguelhok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anguelhok (page does not exist)">Anguelhok</a>, a village located in an especially unstable region of the country.<a href="#cite_note-p17-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Military of Mali</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Mali's military forces</a> consist of an army, which includes land forces and air force,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's Ministry of Defense and Veterans, <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">headed by a civilian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_cercles">Regions and cercles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regions and cercles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Regions of Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles of Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes of Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali,depuis_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of former regions of Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png/220px-Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png/330px-Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png/440px-Cartes_des_r%C3%A9gions_du_Mali%2Cdepuis_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Mali since 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Mali exhibiting its eight regions and capital district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mali_Regions.png/360px-Mali_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Mali_Regions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="443" usemap="#ImageMap_1c9fd35f5b5256f2" resource="/wiki/File:Mali_Regions.png" /><map name="ImageMap_1c9fd35f5b5256f2"><area href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" shape="rect" coords="139,113,239,150" alt="Tombouctou Region" title="Tombouctou Region" /><area href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" shape="rect" coords="264,110,309,141" alt="Kidal Region" title="Kidal Region" /><area href="/wiki/Gao_Region" shape="rect" coords="268,176,308,204" alt="Gao Region" title="Gao Region" /><area href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" shape="rect" coords="164,220,219,247" alt="Mopti Region" title="Mopti Region" /><area href="/wiki/Koulikoro_Region" shape="rect" coords="69,176,147,203" alt="Koulikoro Region" title="Koulikoro Region" /><area href="/wiki/Kayes_Region" shape="rect" coords="10,232,67,264" alt="Kayes Region" title="Kayes Region" /><area href="/wiki/Bamako" shape="rect" coords="6,301,75,329" alt="Bamako" title="Bamako" /><area href="/wiki/Bamako" shape="rect" coords="88,277,100,289" alt="Bamako" title="Bamako" /><area href="/wiki/Sikasso" shape="rect" coords="89,305,150,329" alt="Sikasso" title="Sikasso" /><area href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou_Region" shape="rect" coords="121,257,179,281" alt="Ségou Region" title="Ségou Region" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Mali exhibiting its eight regions and capital district.</figcaption></figure> Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and the District of Bamako.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Each region has a governor.<a href="#cite_note-pictures-138">[134]</a> The implementation of the two newest regions, Taoudénit (formerly part of Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka (formerly <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_Cercle" title="Ménaka Cercle">Ménaka Cercle</a> in Gao Region), has been ongoing since January 2016;<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-malijet-140">[136]</a> a governor and transitional council has been appointed for both regions.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Since 2023, Mali has added nine new regions to its administrative structure, bringing the total to 19 regions plus the district of Bamako. This reorganization aims to improve governance and bring public services closer to local populations. This initiative continues the decentralization efforts that began with the creation of the Taoudénit and Ménaka regions in 2016. The nineteen regions in turn are subdivided into 159 <a href="/wiki/Cercle_(Mali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercle (Mali)">cercles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cercle_(Mali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercle (Mali)">815</a> <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">communes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">régions</a> and Capital District are:<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No </th> <th>Region name</th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Population Census 2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Capital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamako Capital District">Bamako Capital District</a></td> <td align="right">252 </td> <td>4 227 569 </td></tr> <tr> <td>01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayes_Region" title="Kayes Region">Kayes</a></td> <td align="right">62,914 </td> <td>1 840 329 </td></tr> <tr> <td>02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koulikoro_Region" title="Koulikoro Region">Koulikoro</a></td> <td align="right">71,178 </td> <td>2 255 157 </td></tr> <tr> <td>03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikasso_Region" title="Sikasso Region">Sikasso</a></td> <td align="right">21,378 </td> <td>1 533 123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou_Region" title="Ségou Region">Ségou</a></td> <td align="right">31,996 </td> <td>2 455 263 </td></tr> <tr> <td>05 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti</a></td> <td align="right">49,077 </td> <td>935 579 </td></tr> <tr> <td>06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou</a></td> <td align="right">180,781 </td> <td>974 278 </td></tr> <tr> <td>07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a></td> <td align="right">89,532 </td> <td>727 517 </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal</a></td> <td align="right">151,430 </td> <td>83 192 </td></tr> <tr> <td>09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taoud%C3%A9nit_Region" title="Taoudénit Region">Taoudénit</a></td> <td align="right">323,326 </td> <td>100 358 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_Region" title="Ménaka Region">Ménaka</a></td> <td align="right">81,040 </td> <td>318 876 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Bougouni </td> <td align="right">41,052 </td> <td>1 570 979 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Dioila </td> <td align="right">12,984 </td> <td>675 965 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Nioro </td> <td align="right">24,179 </td> <td>678 061 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Koutiala </td> <td align="right">14,739 </td> <td>1 169 882 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Kita </td> <td align="right">44,175 </td> <td>681 671 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Nara </td> <td align="right">26,213 </td> <td>307 777 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Bandiagara </td> <td align="right">25,709 </td> <td>868 916 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>San </td> <td align="right">15,516 </td> <td>820 807 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Douentza </td> <td align="right">63,515 </td> <td>170 189 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Total </td> <td align="right">1,240,192 </td> <td>22 395 489 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Economy of Mali</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mali" title="Talk:Mali">the talk page</a>. (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djenne_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Djenne_market.jpg/220px-Djenne_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Djenne_market.jpg/330px-Djenne_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Djenne_market.jpg/440px-Djenne_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>A market scene in <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Mali_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Mali exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalabougou_potters_(6392346).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg/170px-Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg/255px-Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg/340px-Kalabougou_potters_%286392346%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalabougou" title="Kalabougou">Kalabougou</a> potters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png/220px-Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png/330px-Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png/440px-Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Cotton processing at CMDT</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">Central Bank of West African States</a> handles the financial affairs of Mali and additional members of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>. Mali is considered one of the poorest countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> The average worker's annual salary is approximately US$1,500.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development of Mali</figcaption></figure> Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali (<a href="/wiki/SOTELMA" class="mw-redirect" title="SOTELMA">SOTELMA</a>) and the Cotton Ginning Company (<a href="/wiki/Compagnie_malienne_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement_du_textile" title="Compagnie malienne pour le développement du textile">CMDT</a>), were expected to be privatized in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>]. The programme increased social and economic conditions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>], and led to Mali joining the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> on 31 May 1995.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Mali is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">OHADA</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-148">[144]</a> The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen since. In 2002, the GDP amounted to US$3.4 billion,<a href="#cite_note-p9-149">[145]</a> and increased to US$5.8 billion in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> which amounts to an approximately 17.6% annual growth rate. Mali is a part of the "Franc Zone" (Zone Franc), which means that it uses the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>. Mali is connected with the French government by agreement since 1962 (creation of <a href="/wiki/BCEAO" class="mw-redirect" title="BCEAO">BCEAO</a>). Today all seven countries of BCEAO (including Mali) are connected to French Central Bank.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Mali was ranked 136th out of 139 in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the country's largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory Coast.<a href="#cite_note-Goldenhope-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-marshall-153">[149]</a> During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Goldenhope-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-marshall-153">[149]</a> In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock, and agriculture amount to 80% of Mali's exports.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15% of Malian workers are employed in the service sector.<a href="#cite_note-marshall-153">[149]</a> Seasonal variations lead to regular <a href="/wiki/Temporary_employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary employment">temporary unemployment</a> of agricultural workers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a>, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Goldenhope-152">[148]</a> The emergence of gold as Mali's leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Other natural resources include <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, salt, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Mali" title="List of power stations in Mali">List of power stations in Mali</a></div> Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry Textile du Mali, or ITEMA.<a href="#cite_note-state-146">[142]</a> Mali has made efficient use of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, consisting of over half of Mali's electrical power. In 2002, 700 <a href="/wiki/KWh#Multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">GWh</a> of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-marshall-153">[149]</a> Energie du Mali is an electric company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. Only 55 percent of the population in cities have access to EDM.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_infrastructure">Transport infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mali" title="Transport in Mali">Transport in Mali</a></div> In Mali, there is a railway that connects to bordering countries. There are also approximately 29 airports, of which 8 have paved runways.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxicabs</a>. A significant sum of the population is dependent on <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Demographics of Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg/170px-Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg/255px-Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg/340px-Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo</a> girl in Bamako</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <caption>Population in Mali<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-20">[16]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2021, Mali's population was an estimated 21.9 million<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-20">[16]</a>. Mali's population grew from 7.7 million in 1982 to 19.9 million in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5%–10% of Malians are <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, which has over 2 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> In 2007, about 48% of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> The median age was 15.9 years.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> in 2014 was 45.53 births per 1,000, and the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females).<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> Mali has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by infant mortality rate">world's highest rates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_in_Mali">Largest cities in Mali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Largest cities in Mali">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">List of cities in Mali</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mali" title="Template:Largest cities of Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Mali" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Mali <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2009 Census<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamako_037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamako"><img alt="Bamako" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bamako_037.jpg/120px-Bamako_037.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bamako_037.jpg/180px-Bamako_037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bamako_037.jpg/240px-Bamako_037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Solartainer_in_Foh_(Sikasso-region)_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sikasso"><img alt="Sikasso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg/120px-Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg/180px-Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg/240px-Solartainer_in_Foh_%28Sikasso-region%29_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1279" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Capital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamako Capital District">Bamako</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,810,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sikasso_Region" title="Sikasso Region">Sikasso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">226,618 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koutiala" title="Koutiala">Koutiala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sikasso_Region" title="Sikasso Region">Sikasso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou_Region" title="Ségou Region">Ségou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayes" title="Kayes">Kayes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayes_Region" title="Kayes Region">Kayes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mopti" title="Mopti">Mopti</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabancoro" title="Kalabancoro">Kalabancoro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koulikoro_Region" title="Koulikoro Region">Koulikoro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,173 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kati,_Mali" title="Kati, Mali">Kati</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koulikoro_Region" title="Koulikoro Region">Koulikoro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San,_Mali" title="San, Mali">San</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou_Region" title="Ségou Region">Ségou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,967 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/220px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/330px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/440px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> are nomadic inhabitants of northern Mali.</figcaption></figure> Mali's population encompasses a number of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan">sub-Saharan</a> ethnic groups. The <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up 36.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> Collectively, the Bambara, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khassonk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Khassonké">Khassonké</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinké</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>), all part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandé">Mandé</a> group, constitute 50% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> Other significant groups are the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> (17%), <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Voltaic</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> (6%), and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a> (10%).<a href="#cite_note-factbook-136">[132]</a> In Mali and in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, the Moors are also known as <a href="/wiki/Azawagh_Arabs" title="Azawagh Arabs">Azawagh Arabs</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. They speak mainly <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a>, one of the regional <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In the far north, there is a division between <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a>-descended <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamasheq">Tamasheq</a> people, due to the historical spread of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">slavery</a> in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-61">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> has persisted in Mali for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French authorities</a> around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a>, as well as French, Irish, Italian and Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the <a href="/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma people</a> (1% of the nation's population).<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> This conflict also plays a role in the continuing <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict_(2012%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)">Northern Mali conflict</a> where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> who are trying to establish <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Spoken Languages in Mali (2009 Census)<a href="#cite_note-instat-mali.org-170">[166]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Spoken Languages</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:51.82%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">51.82%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:8.29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dogon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon language">Dogon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:6.48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.48%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soninké language">Maraka / Soninké</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:5.69%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.69%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:5.27%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.27%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:5.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.12%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:3.77%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.77%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:3.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Senufo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Senufo language">Senufo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:2.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.03%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1.89%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.89%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Bozo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.58%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.58%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonké</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:1.07%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.07%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maure_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maure language (page does not exist)">Maure</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.43%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.43%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Dafing</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.41%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.41%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.33%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.03%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Other Malian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Other African</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:0.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other foreign</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not Stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:0.75%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.75%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Mother Tongues in Mali (2009 Census)<a href="#cite_note-instat-mali.org-170">[166]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Mother Tongues</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:46.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">46.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:9.39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dogon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon language">Dogon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:7.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.12%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soninké language">Maraka / Soninké</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:6.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.33%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:5.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:5.58%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.58%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Minianka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minianka language">Minianka</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:4.29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:3.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Senufo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Senufo language">Senufo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:2.56%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.56%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:2.15%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Bozo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.85%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.85%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonké</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:1.17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maure_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maure language (page does not exist)">Maure</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Dafing</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.46%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.46%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.34%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.34%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.04%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.04%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Other Malian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Other African</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:0.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Foreign</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.08%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not Stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:0.69%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.69%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages of Mali</a></div> In January 2022, due to deteriorating relations between Mali and the French government, the Mali government announced making Bambara the official language.<a href="#cite_note-2022endfrench-171">[167]</a> In July 2023, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> was dropped as an official language, becoming instead a <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lingua_2023-2">[2]</a> At the same time, the 13 national languages,<a href="#cite_note-LangNat-3">[3]</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Bozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maninka_language" title="Maninka language">Maninke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a>, became official languages.<a href="#cite_note-Lingua_2023-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Mali is mainly <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>, which about 80 percent of the population can communicate in.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> Over 40 other <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a> are spoken by the various ethnic groups of Mali.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken natively in Mali were <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> by 51.5%, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> (8.3%), <a href="/wiki/Dogon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon language">Dogon</a> (6.6%) <a href="/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soninké language">Soninké</a> (5.7%), <a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a> (5.3%), <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a> (5.2%), <a href="/wiki/Minianka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minianka language">Minianka</a> (3.8%), <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a> (3.2%), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9noufo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sénoufo language">Sénoufo</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Tieyaxo Bozo</a> (1.6%), <a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Kassonké</a> (1.1%), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maure_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maure language (page does not exist)">Maure</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Dafing</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a>) (0.3%), other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Malian languages</a> (0.5%), other African languages (0.2%), and other non-African languages (0.2%); 0.7% did not declare their first language.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion in Mali</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion in Mali</a><a href="#cite_note-IRFR-173">[169]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:90%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">90%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christianity</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_entrance_(6862566).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg/170px-Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg/255px-Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg/340px-Mosque_entrance_%286862566%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque</figcaption></figure> Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century and remains the predominant religion in much of the region. An estimated 90% of Malians are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mali" title="Islam in Mali">Muslim</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a><a href="#cite_note-pew-174">[170]</a>), approximately 5% are Christian (about two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Mali">Roman Catholic</a> and one-third <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>) and the remaining 5% adhere to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion daily.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> The constitution establishes a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> and provides for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and the government largely respects this right.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been malleable and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have generally been amicable.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> After the 2012 imposition of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> rule in northern parts of the country, however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by <a href="/wiki/Open_Doors" title="Open Doors">Open Doors</a>, which described the persecution in the north as severe.<a href="#cite_note-DeutscheWelle-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenDoor-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education in Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg/220px-Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg/330px-Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg/440px-Lyc%C3%A9ens_kati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>High school students in <a href="/wiki/Kati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati">Kati</a></figcaption></figure> Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age 7, followed by six years of secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> Mali's actual primary school enrolment rate is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> In 2017, the primary school enrolment rate was 61% (65% of males and 58% of females).<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrolment rate was 15% (20% of males and 10% of females).<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bamako" title="University of Bamako">University of Bamako</a>, which includes four constituent universities, is the largest university in the country and enrols approximately 60,000 undergraduate and graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Health in Mali</a></div> Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and inadequate <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> In 2000, 62–65% of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind.<a href="#cite_note-p7-175">[171]</a> In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.<a href="#cite_note-p8-181">[177]</a> Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (ICRISAT) and the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation" title="Aga Khan Foundation">Aga Khan Foundation</a>, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/220px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/330px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg/440px-Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Village in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region</figcaption></figure> Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply.<a href="#cite_note-p8-181">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a>-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p8-181">[177]</a> Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p8-181">[177]</a> An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] among the lowest rates in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p8-181">[177]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (2006 and 2001 data).<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gender equality">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The Malian Constitution states that it protects women's rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> Provisions in the laws limit women's decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> The lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is a better investment for the parents.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in Mali, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based violence.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> The unstable government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_relations">Gender relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gender relations">edit</a>]</div> Religion, the patriarchal norms, and <a href="/wiki/Gender-based_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-based violence">gender-based violence</a> are major negative factors shaping the life of women in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within the household.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, childcare, etc. at a young age and are expected to take the main responsibility of household chores throughout their life. This hampers women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Gender-based violence in Mali happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in the Northern part of the country increased cases of kidnappings and rapes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> The conflict also reduced women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> At the household level, Malian women face gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape.<a href="#cite_note-:02-186">[182]</a> The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> In 2024, Mali officials pushed a bill that would criminalise <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mali" title="LGBTQ rights in Mali">homosexual relations</a> between men.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Area_of_opportunity">Area of opportunity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Area of opportunity">edit</a>]</div> The lack of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working outside the household are even participating in the Public Administration sector.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls still have lower enrollment rates and less access to formal education.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to become educated.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls participating and are inadequately distributed in the country because the training centers are focused in the urban cities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Although women do not have the same access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Out of 147 members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Recent decades show that women are slowly joining important decision-making positions which is changing the attitude and status of women in Mali, which has led to the promotion of women's rights in the political sphere.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Efforts">Efforts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Efforts">edit</a>]</div> Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women's rights in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> At the international, Mali signed the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Platform_for_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Platform for Action">Beijing Platform for Action</a> which suggest that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which is the foundation to women's rights promotion.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> At the national level, Mali's Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to all Malian citizens and discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme (PRSP) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the Malian Government seek to improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to support the importance of women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-:1-188">[184]</a> The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Culture of Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konoguel_Mosque_tower_(6439210).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg/170px-Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg/255px-Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg/340px-Konoguel_Mosque_tower_%286439210%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konoguel_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konoguel Mosque (page does not exist)">Konoguel Mosque</a> tower</figcaption></figure> The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-p13-190">[186]</a> Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called <a href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" title="Boubou (clothing)">boubous</a> that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-p13-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music of Mali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg/220px-Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg/330px-Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg/440px-Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mali Dogon Dance</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Malian musical traditions</a> are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>, who are known as "Keepers of Memories".<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> virtuoso musician <a href="/wiki/Toumani_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Toumani Diabaté">Toumani Diabaté</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">ngoni</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bassekou_Kouyate" title="Bassekou Kouyate">Bassekou Kouyate</a> the virtuoso of the electric <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">jeli ngoni</a>, the late roots and blues guitarist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farka_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ali Farka Touré">Ali Farka Touré</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> band <a href="/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaira_Arby" title="Khaira Arby">Khaira Arby</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Afro_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro pop music">Afro-pop</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Salif_Keita" title="Salif Keita">Salif Keita</a>, the duo <a href="/wiki/Amadou_et_Mariam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadou et Mariam">Amadou et Mariam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oumou_Sangare" class="mw-redirect" title="Oumou Sangare">Oumou Sangare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatoumata_Diawara" title="Fatoumata Diawara">Fatoumata Diawara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rokia_Traore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokia Traore">Rokia Traore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habib_Koit%C3%A9" title="Habib Koité">Habib Koité</a>. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-192">[188]</a> Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music,<a href="#cite_note-p29-193">[189]</a> Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers.<a href="#cite_note-p128-194">[190]</a> Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with jalis reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart.<a href="#cite_note-p128-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-p28-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Hamp%C3%A2t%C3%A9_B%C3%A2" title="Amadou Hampâté Bâ">Amadou Hampâté Bâ</a>, Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember.<a href="#cite_note-p28-195">[191]</a> The best-known novel by a Malian writer is <a href="/wiki/Yambo_Ouologuem" title="Yambo Ouologuem">Yambo Ouologuem</a>'s Le devoir de violence, which won the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">Prix Renaudot</a> but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-p128-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-p28-195">[191]</a> Other well-known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, <a href="/wiki/Massa_Makan_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Massa Makan Diabaté">Massa Makan Diabaté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Konat%C3%A9_(writer)" title="Moussa Konaté (writer)">Moussa Konaté</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fily_Dabo_Sissoko" title="Fily Dabo Sissoko">Fily Dabo Sissoko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p128-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-p28-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_football.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mali_football.jpg/220px-Mali_football.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mali_football.jpg/330px-Mali_football.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mali_football.jpg/440px-Mali_football.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Malian children playing football in a <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> village</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Mali" title="Football in Mali">most popular sport in Mali</a> is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p151-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-p55-197">[193]</a> which became more prominent after Mali hosted the <a href="/wiki/2002_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="2002 African Cup of Nations">2002 African Cup of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p151-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-p320-198">[194]</a> Most towns and cities have regular games;<a href="#cite_note-p320-198">[194]</a> the most popular teams nationally are <a href="/wiki/Djoliba_AC" title="Djoliba AC">Djoliba AC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stade_Malien" title="Stade Malien">Stade Malien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Real_Bamako" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Bamako">Real Bamako</a>, all based in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-p55-197">[193]</a> Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball.<a href="#cite_note-p55-197">[193]</a> Basketball is another major sport;<a href="#cite_note-p55-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mali_women%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Mali women's national basketball team">Mali women's national basketball team</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hamchetou_Maiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamchetou Maiga">Hamchetou Maiga</a>, competed at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutte_Traditionnelle" title="Lutte Traditionnelle">Traditional wrestling</a> (la lutte) is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-p320-198">[194]</a> The game <a href="/wiki/Oware" title="Oware">wari</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mancala" title="Mancala">mancala</a> variant, is a common pastime.<a href="#cite_note-p55-197">[193]</a> Mali featured a men's national team in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malian_Tea2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malian_Tea2.JPG/220px-Malian_Tea2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malian_Tea2.JPG/330px-Malian_Tea2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Malian_Tea2.JPG/440px-Malian_Tea2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Malian tea</figcaption></figure> Rice and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> are the staples of <a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian cuisine</a>, which is heavily based on cereal grains.<a href="#cite_note-p30-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-p146-203">[199]</a> Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from edible leaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab</a>, with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, beef, or goat).<a href="#cite_note-p30-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-p146-203">[199]</a> Malian cuisine varies regionally.<a href="#cite_note-p30-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-p146-203">[199]</a> Other popular dishes include <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">jollof rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maafe">maafe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Media of Mali</a></div> In Mali, there are several newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(Mali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Échos (Mali)">Les Echos</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Essor" title="L'Essor">L'Essor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Info_Matin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Info Matin (page does not exist)">Info Matin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouvel_Horizon_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nouvel Horizon (Mali) (page does not exist)">Nouvel Horizon</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_R%C3%A9publicain_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Républicain (Mali) (page does not exist)">Le Républicain</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9publicain_(Mali)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Républicain (Mali)">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_du_Mali" title="Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali">Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali</a> is the state-owned service. <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Telecommunications in Mali</a> include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Mali portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">Index of Mali-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mali" title="Outline of Mali">Outline of Mali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Bambara serves a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> spoken by around 80% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-p6-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɑːli/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/En-us-Mali.ogg\/En-us-Mali.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mali.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/En-us-Mali.ogg/En-us-Mali.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mali.ogg" title="File:En-us-Mali.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Bambara pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ma.li]</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a>: ߡߊߟߌ</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مالي</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>: Mali ka Fasojamana, <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko script</a>: ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, romanized: Renndaandi Maali</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جمهورية مالي, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Jumhūriyyāt Mālī</li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel">https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel</a> Académie N’Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ ] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel">Archived</a> 14 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lingua_2023-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lingua_2023_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lingua_2023_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lingua_2023_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf">"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION"</a> (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <q>Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.</q> [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02023-0401%2FPT-RM+DU+22+JUILLET+2023+PORTANT+PROMULGATION+DE+LA+CONSTITUTION&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2023%2Fmali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangNat-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LangNat_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LangNat_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf">"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE"</a> (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 21 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. <q>Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)</q> [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02017-0735%2FP-RM+DU+21+AOUT+2017+FIXANT+L%27ORGANISATION+ET+LES+MODALITES+DE+FONCTIONNEMENT+DES+STRUCTURES+DE+L%27EDUCATION+NON+FORMELLE&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2017%2Fmali-jo-2017-39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-French-4"><a href="#cite_ref-French_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf">"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION"</a> (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. <q>Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail.</q> [Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02023-0401%2FPT-RM+DU+22+JUILLET+2023+PORTANT+PROMULGATION+DE+LA+CONSTITUTION&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2023%2Fmali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p6-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p6_5-7">h</a> <a href="#Prof">Mali country profile</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2021-Mali_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2021-Mali_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. CIA.gov. 27 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Mali+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mali/">"Mali"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813150444/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mali/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fmali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBootyPivac2023" class="citation news cs1">Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417">"Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Assimi+Go%C3%AFta%3A+President+gets+sweeping+powers+in+new+Mali+constitution&rft.date=2023-07-23&rft.aulast=Booty&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft.au=Pivac%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-66282417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_com-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_com_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_com_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370">"Mali country profile"</a>. BBC News. 19 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+country+profile&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13881370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali">"Mali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.ML-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ML_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ML_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ML_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ML_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Mali%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D678%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-14"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">"Gini Index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075007/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORT+2023-24&rft.pages=274-277&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/">Which side of the road do they drive on?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/">Archived</a> 14 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. 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Retrieved 8 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458">"Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?"</a>. BBC News. 10 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190310072937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Mansa+Musa+the+richest+man+who+ever+lived%3F&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47379458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time">"Who is the richest person of all time?"</a>. The Week UK. December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week+UK&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+richest+person+of+all+time%3F&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2F954992%2Fwho-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w">"Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182302/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_29-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html">UN Security Council condemns Mali coup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html">Archived</a> 28 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html">"Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes"</a>. Le Monde. 12 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Mali+%E2%80%93+la+France+a+men%C3%A9+une+s%C3%A9rie+de+raids+contre+les+islamistes&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Fla-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolny2013" class="citation book cs1">Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Discovering the Empire of Mali</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477718896" title="Special:BookSources/9781477718896"><bdi>9781477718896</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. 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University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673">673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+Systems+of+Africa%3A+Interpretations+for+Use+in+the+Evaluation+of+Academic+Credentials&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967-01-01&rft.aulast=Sasnett&rft.aufirst=Martena+Tenney&rft.au=Sepmeyer%2C+Inez+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationalsyste0000sasn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperatoImperato2008" class="citation book cs1">Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. 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Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAku_Adjandeh2014" class="citation web cs1">Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf">"A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)"</a> (PDF). University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+STUDY+OF+PROVERBS+IN+THINGS+FALL+APART+AND+SUNDIATA%3A+AN+EPIC+OF+OLD+MALI+%28SUNDIATA%29&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Ghana%2C+Legon+%E2%80%93+Institute+of+African+Studies&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Aku+Adjandeh&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fugspace.ug.edu.gh%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F8845%2F1%2FA%2520Study%2520of%2520Proverbs%2520in%2520Things%2520Fall%2520Apart%2520and%2520Sundiata%253B%2520An%2520Epic%2520of%2520Old%2520Mali%2520%28Sundiata%29%2520-%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraft-Johnson1986" class="citation book cs1">Graft-Johnson, John Coleman De (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92">African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations</a>. Black Classic Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933121034" title="Special:BookSources/9780933121034"><bdi>9780933121034</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Glory%3A+The+Story+of+Vanished+Negro+Civilizations&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=9780933121034&rft.aulast=Graft-Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+Coleman+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLY5Lmc-To7cC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyle1999" class="citation book cs1">Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle">Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa</a>. University Press of America. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761814566" title="Special:BookSources/9780761814566"><bdi>9780761814566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+African+Civilization%3A+Precolonial+Africa&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780761814566&rft.aulast=Fyle&rft.aufirst=C.+Magbaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0001fyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p. 906. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arazi-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Arazi_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArazi" class="citation web cs1">Arazi, Noemie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444342/1/U591645.pdf">"Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources"</a> (PDF). University College London. Institute of Archaeology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213144217/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444342/1/U591645.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+College+London&rft.atitle=Tracing+History+in+Dia%2C+in+the+Inland+Niger+Delta+of+Mali+-Archaeology%2C+Oral+Traditions+and+Written+Sources&rft.aulast=Arazi&rft.aufirst=Noemie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1444342%2F1%2FU591645.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. Corpus, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl, Corpus, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-p1-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1_43-2">c</a> <a href="#Prof">Mali country profile</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-p2-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_44-13">n</a> <a href="#Prof">Mali country profile</a>. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)" title="John Iliffe (historian)">John Iliffe</a> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC">Africans: the history of a continent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225011/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC&pg=&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-68297-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68297-5">0-521-68297-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2003-2-page-35.htm#no3">La guerre coloniale du Bani-Volta, 1915-1916 (Burkina Faso, Mali)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121219/http://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2003-2-page-35.htm#no3">Archived</a> 29 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Autrepart, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> 14-18 Étions-nous bien défendus ?, Jean-Claude Flament, Société des écrivains, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent_Mali-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_Mali_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_Mali_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali">"Independent Mali"</a>. Britannica. 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119042637/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali/Independent-Mali">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Mali&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMali%2FIndependent-Mali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234345/http://maliembassy.us/index.php/2012-02-27-16-59-35/public-holidays">"Public Holidays"</a>. Embassy of the Republic of Mali to the United States. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maliembassy.us/index.php/2012-02-27-16-59-35/public-holidays">the original</a> on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Mali+to+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Public+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaliembassy.us%2Findex.php%2F2012-02-27-16-59-35%2Fpublic-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530011412/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/897ce24a48d43c82802565f700407640">Core document forming part of the reports of states parties: Mali</a>. United Nations Human Rights Website. </li> <li id="cite_note-p3-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_51-6">g</a> <a href="#Prof">Mali country profile</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mali-liberation/">"Liberation Day Commemorated in Mali"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042457/http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mali-liberation/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberation+Day+Commemorated+in+Mali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faglobalworld.com%2Fholidays-around-the-world%2Fmali-liberation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm">Mali's nomads face famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. 9 August 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-nonviolent-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nonviolent_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nonviolent_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616222251/http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=34&sobi2Id=10">"Nonviolent Conflict Summaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/index.php/movements-and-campaigns/movements-and-campaigns-summaries?sobi2Task%3Dsobi2Details%26catid%3D34%26sobi2Id%3D10">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. 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National Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204906/https://nationaltoday.com/martyrs-day-in-mali/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Today&rft.atitle=Martyr%27s+Day+in+Mali&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Mohsin&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationaltoday.com%2Fmartyrs-day-in-mali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurrittin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Turrittin, Jane (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4005962">"Mali: People Topple Traoré"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AlJazeera.com&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+military+leader+Goita+sworn+in+as+transitional+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F7%2Fassimi-goita-mali-military-leader-sworn-in-as-interim-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_africatoday-97"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_africatoday_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0fgbb9g">BBC Africa Today: Islamic State Sahel Province fighters seize commune in Mali</a>, BBC, 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511065705/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0fgbb9g">archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023, retrieved 31 May 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BBC+Africa+Today%3A+Islamic+State+Sahel+Province+fighters+seize+commune+in+Mali&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp0fgbb9g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-98"><a href="#cite_ref-npr_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/08/26/1196189708/islamic-state-mali-al-qaida-west-africa-extremist">NPR: Islamic State group almost doubled its territory in Mali in under a year, U.N. says</a>, NPR, 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827063702/https://www.npr.org/2023/08/26/1196189708/islamic-state-mali-al-qaida-west-africa-extremist">archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023, retrieved 27 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NPR%3A+Islamic+State+group+almost+doubled+its+territory+in+Mali+in+under+a+year%2C+U.N.+says&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F08%2F26%2F1196189708%2Fislamic-state-mali-al-qaida-west-africa-extremist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2022" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Baba (10 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mali-s-junta-deplores-new-sanctions-imposed-by-16763433.php">"Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc"</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711170446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1945588.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+Golden+Hope&rft.date=1998-05-13&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Briony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F1945588.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marshall_153-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2007" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse">World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</a>. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1367&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="May" class="citation book cs1">May, Jacques Meyer (1968). The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-848960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-848960-5"><bdi>978-0-02-848960-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Malnutrition+in+the+French+Speaking+Countries+of+West+Africa+and+Madagascar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-02-848960-5&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2004" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Bonnie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse">Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit?</a>. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic African Institute. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Mining+in+Africa%3A+For+Whose+Benefit%3F&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Nordic+African+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> African Development Bank, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine et al. (September 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf">DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI — Challenges and Priorities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916110947/http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf">Archived</a> 16 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. World Bank </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countryreports.org/country/Mali/transportation.htm">"Mali transportation, roads, railways and airports | - CountryReports"</a>. www.countryreports.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014085131/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Mali/transportation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.countryreports.org&rft.atitle=Mali+transportation%2C+roads%2C+railways+and+airports+%7C+-+CountryReports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryreports.org%2Fcountry%2FMali%2Ftransportation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982">"Population, total | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181332/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Population%2C+total+%7C+Data&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.POP.TOTL%3Fend%3D2018%26locations%3DML%26name_desc%3Dtrue%26start%3D1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/mali/demographics_profile.html">"Mali Demographics Profile 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107120928/http://www.indexmundi.com/mali/demographics_profile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mali+Demographics+Profile+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fmali%2Fdemographics_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Mali-Cities.html">"Mali: Regions, Major Cities & Localities"</a>. Population Statistics in Maps and Charts. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft.atitle=Mali%3A+Regions%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Localities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FMali-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Popenoe, Rebecca (2003) Feeding Desire – Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People. Routledge, London. pp. 16–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28096-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28096-6">0-415-28096-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortin2013" class="citation news cs1">Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280">"Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse"</a>. International Business Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102058/http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+Other+Crisis%3A+Slavery+Still+Plagues+Mali%2C+And+Insurgency+Could+Make+It+Worse&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.aufirst=Jacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fmalis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html">Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190141/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". National Geographic News. 5 December 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html">Kayaking to Timbuktu, Original National Geographic Adventure Article discussing Slavery in Mali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922151608/http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". National Geographic Adventure. December 2002/January 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacInnes-Rae2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_MacInnes-Rae" title="Rick MacInnes-Rae">MacInnes-Rae, Rick</a> (26 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057">"Al-Qaeda complicating anti-slavery drive in Mali"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305175918/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+complicating+anti-slavery+drive+in+Mali&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=MacInnes-Rae&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fal-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageGrayOliver1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage">The Cambridge History of Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521204132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521204132"><bdi>9780521204132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521204132&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Richard&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Hall, Bruce S. (2011) A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107002876" title="Special:BookSources/9781107002876">9781107002876</a>: "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. ... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Hirsch, Afua (6 July 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour">Mali's conflict and a 'war over skin colour'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081540/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour">Archived</a> 11 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian. </li> <li id="cite_note-instat-mali.org-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-instat-mali.org_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-instat-mali.org_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111002517/http://www.instat-mali.org/contenu/rgph/tdemo09_rgph.pdf">"4ème Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitat du Mali (RGPH)"</a> (PDF) (in French). Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat-mali.org/contenu/rgph/tdemo09_rgph.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4%C3%A8me+Recensement+General+de+la+Population+et+de+L%27Habitat+du+Mali+%28RGPH%29&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat-mali.org%2Fcontenu%2Frgph%2Ftdemo09_rgph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022endfrench-171"><a href="#cite_ref-2022endfrench_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/31/africa/mali-french-ambassador-expelled-intl/index.html">"Mali's military rulers say French ambassador has 72 hours to leave the country"</a>. CNN. 31 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213181820/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/31/africa/mali-french-ambassador-expelled-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mali%27s+military+rulers+say+French+ambassador+has+72+hours+to+leave+the+country&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F01%2F31%2Fafrica%2Fmali-french-ambassador-expelled-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819064921/http://www.instat-mali.org/contenu/rgph/rastr09_rgph.pdf">"4ème RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT DU MALI (RGPH-2009)"</a> [4th GENERAL POPULATION CENSUS AND HABITAT OF MALI (RGPH-2009)] (PDF) (in French). Mali National Institute of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat-mali.org/contenu/rgph/rastr09_rgph.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2019. 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Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p30-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p30_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p30_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p30_202-2">c</a> <a href="#Velton">Velton</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-p146-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p146_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p146_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p146_203-2">c</a> <a href="#Milet">Milet</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurison2002" class="citation book cs1">Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA652">Africa South of the Sahara 2003</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 652–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-131-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191638/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA652">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2003&rft.pages=652-53&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-131-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KBP7QbalX0C%26pg%3DPA652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatvina" class="citation web cs1">Batvina, Iryna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-country.com/africa/mali/traditions">"Culture of Mali"</a>. Best-Country.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173621/http://www.best-country.com/africa/mali/traditions">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best-Country.com&rft.atitle=Culture+of+Mali&rft.aulast=Batvina&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-country.com%2Fafrica%2Fmali%2Ftraditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Const" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920144209/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf">"Constitution of Mali"</a> (PDF) (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Mali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan1.un.org%2Fintradoc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2FCAFRAD%2FUNPAN002746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> A student-translated <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf">English version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912141413/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf">Archived</a> 12 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is also available.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Prof" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/copr/Mali.pdf">"Country profile: Mali"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. January 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+Mali&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Fcopr%2FMali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DiPiazza" class="citation book cs1">DiPiazza, Francesca Davis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55">Mali in Pictures</a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Learner Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6591-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-6591-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907193017/https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali+in+Pictures&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Learner+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-6591-8&rft.aulast=DiPiazza&rft.aufirst=Francesca+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR4Ovt7U_2IC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Milet" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milet, Eric & Manaud, Jean-Luc (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2">Mali</a> (in French). Editions Olizane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7"><bdi>978-2-88086-351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali&rft.pub=Editions+Olizane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-351-7&rft.au=Milet%2C+Eric&rft.au=Manaud%2C+Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Velton" class="citation book cs1">Velton, Ross (2004). Mali. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-077-0"><bdi>978-1-84162-077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-077-0&rft.aulast=Velton&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mali at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mali" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mali">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mali" class="extiw" title="c:Mali">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mali" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mali">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mali" class="extiw" title="q:Mali">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mali" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mali">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mali" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mali">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mali" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mali">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" class="extiw" title="voy:Mali">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primature.ml/">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609221350/http://primature.ml/">Archived</a> 9 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Mali" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Mali">Wikimedia Atlas of Mali</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192785">Mali</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">Mali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">Archived</a> 30 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370">Mali profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624085511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370">Archived</a> 24 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/possibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali">Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918152945/https://www.ictj.org/publication/possibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali">Archived</a> 18 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/ICTJ" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTJ">ICTJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Ngonifamily">Facebook group about Ngoni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219035049/https://www.facebook.com/Ngonifamily">Archived</a> 19 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, considered a traditional instrument of Mali; also known as Xalam, Jeli N'goni, Hoddu, Khalam, Tehardent, or Gambare</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MLI/Year/2012/Summary">Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084716/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MLI/Year/2012/Summary">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mali-population/">- Mali Population-Worldometer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mali_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_topics" title="Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mali_topics" title="Template talk:Mali topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mali_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mali_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mali_Empire" title="History of the Mali Empire">History of the Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali" title="Ebola virus disease in Mali">Ebola disease event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mali" title="Template:Borders of Mali">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mali" title="Environmental issues in Mali">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Mali" title="Category:Mountains of Mali">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_Mali" title="Category:National parks of Mali">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mali" title="List of rivers of Mali">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali" title="Wildlife of Mali">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mali" title="Elections in Mali">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali" title="Foreign relations of Mali">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali" title="Human rights in Mali">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mali">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mali" title="List of political parties in Mali">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Mali">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Mali" title="Foreign aid to Mali">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mali" title="Tourism in Mali">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mali" title="Transport in Mali">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mali" title="Category:Society of Mali">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mali" title="Prostitution in Mali">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malian_films" title="List of Malian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali" title="Polygamy in Mali">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mali" title="Public holidays in Mali">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mali" title="Outline of Mali">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali" title="Category:Mali">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" 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Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121632435">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266555391">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204327/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjx4XhmgGBVTQXH8pf4tqP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074505-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007504">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932407g">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153525248">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864838s">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932407g">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153525248">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864838s">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567492">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129937&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451065">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdc6tj4b06pst">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552529405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c35e6d5e-9011-32e5-a23f-9e7639b7350c">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d2c93d22-ce9b-4bf9-a67f-527c9d3d1710">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/aa1AXxLQ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02723844X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003455">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035750">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65843">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mali">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=17_N_4_W_type:country">17°N 4°W / 17°N 4°W / 17; -4</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali&oldid=1258936845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali&oldid=1258936845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali" title="Category:Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1960 establishments in Africa">1960 establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a 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