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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gadara/Gadora_in_Peraea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gadara/Gadora_in_Peraea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gadara/Gadora in Peraea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gadara/Gadora_in_Peraea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliny_the_Elder_and_Josephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliny_the_Elder_and_Josephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pliny the Elder and Josephus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliny_the_Elder_and_Josephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In the Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites_named_Perea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites_named_Perea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other sites named Perea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites_named_Perea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hasmonean incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herodian_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herodian_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Herodian incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herodian_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="بيرية (فلسطين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرية (فلسطين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A4a" title="Peräa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peräa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE)" title="Περαία (Εγγύς Ανατολή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περαία (Εγγύς Ανατολή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Perea (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perea (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea_(eskualdea)" title="Perea (eskualdea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perea (eskualdea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9r%C3%A9e_(Palestine)" title="Pérée (Palestine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pérée (Palestine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84" title="페레아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페레아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea_(wilayah)" title="Perea (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perea (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5)" title="פראיה (חבל ארץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פראיה (חבל ארץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" title="Perea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereia" title="Pereia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pereia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Перея (Палестина) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перея (Палестина)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95" title="پێریە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێریە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereja_(Sveta_zemlja)" title="Pereja (Sveta zemlja) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pereja (Sveta zemlja)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraia_(Palestiina)" title="Peraia (Palestiina) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peraia (Palestiina)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereen" title="Pereen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pereen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="پیریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea_(Holy_Land)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (Holy Land)">Perea (Holy Land)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Portion of the Herodian kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Perea_(surname)" title="Perea (surname)">Perea (surname)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/280px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/420px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/First_century_Iudaea_province.gif/560px-First_century_Iudaea_province.gif 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Perea and its surroundings in the 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg/220px-RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg/330px-RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg/440px-RomanEmpire_117-oriente.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> 106–630 CE</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Perea</b> or <b>Peraea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Περαία, "<a href="/wiki/Peraia" title="Peraia">the country beyond</a>") was the term used mainly during the early Roman period for part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>. It lay broadly east of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, which were situated on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, and southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>. </p><p>Perea was part of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> and his descendants, and later of subsequent <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perea was a slender piece of land east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. It stretched from Wadi Yabis in the north to <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Wadi Mujib</a> (Nahal Arnon) in the south. The region extended from the Jordan River westwards to the foothills eastward towards <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> (then known as Philadelphia). Josephus notes that Perea's northern boundary was near <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a>, while to the east, it bordered the territories of <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a> and Philadelphia (both part of the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a>. To the south, it was adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Land of Moab</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a> marking its southernmost fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encompassing roughly 2,625 square kilometers, Josephus was accurate in stating that Perea surpassed <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in size, as Galilee spanned approximately 2,200 square kilometers. Josephus depicted Perea mainly as "desert" and "rugged," with pockets of well-cultivated areas, a feature now undergoing transformation due to extensive irrigation initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of what would at one point in history become known as Peraea or Perea was part of <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Trans-Jordan</a>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period changed hands between the states of the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataean Arabs</a>, and the Jewish Hasmoneans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg/220px-Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg/330px-Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg/440px-Rome-Seleucia-Parthia_200bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Kingdom">Seleucid Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars#Fifth_Syrian_War_(202–195_BC)" title="Syrian Wars">200 BCE</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Perea was the portion of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> occupying the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan River valley</a>, from a point about one third the way down the lower <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> (i.e. the segment connecting the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>), to a point about one third down the eastern shore of the Dead Sea; it did not extend very far to the east. Herod the Great's kingdom was bequeathed to four heirs, of which <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> received both Perea and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dedicated the city of <a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a> in the north of the Dead Sea to the wife of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, Julia Augusta, born <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia Drusilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 39 CE, Perea and Galilee were transferred from disfavoured Antipas to <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his death in 44 CE, Agrippa's merged territory was made a province again, including <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a> and for the first time, Perea.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that time<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perea was part of the shifting Roman provinces to its west: Judaea, and later <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, Palaestina and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>. Attested mostly in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' books, the term was in rarer use in the late Roman period. It appears in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>' Greek language geographical work, <i><a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon</a></i>, but in the Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan (Bible)">Transjordan</a></i> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gadara/Gadora_in_Peraea"><span id="Gadara.2FGadora_in_Peraea"></span>Gadara/Gadora in Peraea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gadara/Gadora in Peraea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadara or Gadora<sup id="cite_ref-Rocca_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacAdam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAdam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Perea (identified as Tell Jadur near <a href="/wiki/Al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Salt">Al-Salt</a>) was the chief city or metropolis of Perea (a Jewish city, not to be confused with Gadara of the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>−a Hellenistic city).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> conquest of Judea led by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 63 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a>, proconsul of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)#Syria_in_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>, split the former <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a> into five districts of legal and religious councils known as <a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">synedria</a> (in Jewish context better known as <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">sanhedrins</a>) and based at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amathus,_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amathus, Palestine">Amathus</a> (Perea) and Gadara (either in Perea at <a href="/wiki/Al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Salt">Al-Salt</a>, in the Decapolis at <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at biblical <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> in Judea, mentioned by Josephus under a Hellenised form of its Semitic name, Gadara, edited to "Gazara" in the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb edition</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pliny_the_Elder_and_Josephus">Pliny the Elder and Josephus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pliny the Elder and Josephus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>c. 78 CE <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his work, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, Book 5(15) wrote;</li></ul> <blockquote><p>['Greater Judea' or '<a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Provincia Iudaea</a>', incorporates Samaria and Idumea into an expanded territory.] The part of Judaea adjoining Syria is called Galilee, and that next to Arabia and Egypt Peraea. Peraea is covered with rugged mountains, and is separated from the other parts of Judaea by the river Jordan (in the original Latin: "Supra Idumaeam et Samariam Iudaea longe lateque funditur. Pars eius Syriae iuncta Galilaea vocatur, Arabiae vero et Aegypto proxima Peraea, asperis dispersa montibus et a ceteris Iudaeis Iordane amne discreta.")<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>c. 75 CE <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, Book 3(3) wrote;</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Peraea ...much larger indeed [than Galilee], is generally desert and rugged, and too wild for the growth of delicate fruits. In some parts, however the soil is loamy and prolific, and trees of various kinds cover the plains ; but the olive-tree, the vine, and the palm tree, are those principally cultivated. It is also sufficiently irrigated by mountain streams ; and (should these in the dog-days fail) by ever flowing springs. In length, it extends from Machaerus to Pella : in breadth, from Philadelphia to the Jordan : its northern districts being bounded, as we have already said, by Pella ; and those on the west, by the river. The land of Moab forms its southern limit ; while Arabia and Silbonitis, with Philadelphia and Gerasa, constitute its eastern boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_authors">Other authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> does not use the term Perea in his <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i>, but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". And he enumerates the "Perean" cities; Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros in this district.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_in_the_Bible" title="Transjordan in the Bible">Transjordan in the Bible</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the Transjordan region was home to the Israelite tribes <a href="/wiki/Reuben" title="Reuben">Reuben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad" title="Tribe of Gad">Gad</a>, and the half <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a>. The original text does not use the word "Perea", but rather a Hebrew term (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עבר הירדן‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿeven hayyarden</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'beyond the Jordan'). In some cases, the Tanakh uses the related term <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>, which usually refers only to the northern part of the Transjordan, to refer to all the region east of the Jordan River. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> commentators speak of Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus#Later_Perean_ministry" title="Ministry of Jesus">Perean Ministry</a>, beginning with his departure from Galilee (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">Matthew 19</a>:1; <a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">Mark 10</a>:1) and ending with the anointing by Mary in <a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">Matthew 26</a>:6) or his journey towards <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> commencing from Mark 10:32. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sites_named_Perea">Other sites named Perea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other sites named Perea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> who were deported from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and forcibly settled in the <a href="/wiki/New_Julfa" title="New Julfa">New Julfa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> named a major village "Perea" in honor of the important significance of Perea as the resting place of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasmonean_incorporation">Hasmonean incorporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hasmonean incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom established in 167-160 BCE under Judas Maccabeus"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom established in 167-160 BCE under Judas Maccabeus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Judas_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom established in 167-160 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 161-143 BCE under Jonathan Apphus (after conquest of Perea)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 161-143 BCE under Jonathan Apphus (after conquest of Perea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Jonathan_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 161-143 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> (after conquest of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 142-135 BCE under Simon Thassi"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 142-135 BCE under Simon Thassi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/120px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/180px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/240px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 142-135 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 134-104 BCE under John Hyrcanus (after conquest of Samaria and Idumea)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 134-104 BCE under John Hyrcanus (after conquest of Samaria and Idumea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/70px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/105px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG/141px-Judea_Johannes_Hyrcanus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 134-104 BCE under <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 104-103 BCE under Aristobulus I (after conquest of Galilee)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 104-103 BCE under Aristobulus I (after conquest of Galilee)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/84px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/126px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG/167px-Judea_Aristobulus_I.PNG 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 104-103 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 103-76 BCE under Alexander Jannaeus (after conquest of Iturea)"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 103-76 BCE under Alexander Jannaeus (after conquest of Iturea)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/70px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/105px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/141px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 103-76 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (after conquest of <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom in 76-67 BCE under Salome Alexandra"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom in 76-67 BCE under Salome Alexandra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/70px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/105px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG/141px-Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom in 76-67 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hasmonean Kingdom collapse in 67-66 BCE under Hyrcanus II"><img alt="Hasmonean Kingdom collapse in 67-66 BCE under Hyrcanus II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/70px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/105px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG/141px-Judea_na_Pompeius.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hasmonean Kingdom collapse in 67-66 BCE under <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herodian_incorporation">Herodian incorporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Herodian incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a> of Judaea</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG/105px-Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG/158px-Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG/210px-Rijk_Herodes_de_Grote.PNG 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_after_Herod.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Herod's kingdom was divided between his sons"><img alt="Herod's kingdom was divided between his sons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Judea_after_Herod.png/105px-Judea_after_Herod.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Judea_after_Herod.png/158px-Judea_after_Herod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Judea_after_Herod.png/210px-Judea_after_Herod.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herod's kingdom was divided between his sons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg/85px-Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg/128px-Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg/170px-Palestine_in_the_time_of_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_(including_New_Testament_times)_(1900)_(14576629399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg/73px-A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg/110px-A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg/146px-A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_%28including_New_Testament_times%29_%281900%29_%2814576629399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/71px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/107px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/143px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_incorporation">Later incorporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perea in c.350 CE according to Eusebius and Jerome (map as reconstructed by George Adam Smith, 1915)."><img alt="Perea in c.350 CE according to Eusebius and Jerome (map as reconstructed by George Adam Smith, 1915)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg/73px-Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg/109px-Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg/145px-Palestine_according_to_Eusbius_and_Jerome_-_Smith_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perea in c.350 CE according to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (map as reconstructed by George Adam Smith, 1915).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/101px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/152px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg/202px-Israel_Byzantine_5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="839" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan (Bible)">Transjordan (Bible)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amathus,_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amathus, Palestine">Amathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKokkinos2016" class="citation cs2">Kokkinos, Nikos (2016-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004306592/B9789004306592_012.xml">"11 An Approach to Herodian Peraea"</a>, <i>Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology</i>, Brill, pp. 271–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004306592_012">10.1163/9789004306592_012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30659-2"><bdi>978-90-04-30659-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viewing+Ancient+Jewish+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=11+An+Approach+to+Herodian+Peraea&rft.pages=271-272&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004306592_012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30659-2&rft.aulast=Kokkinos&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004306592%2FB9789004306592_012.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokkinos2016" class="citation cs2">Kokkinos, Nikos (2016-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004306592/B9789004306592_012.xml">"11 An Approach to Herodian Peraea"</a>, <i>Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology</i>, Brill, pp. 271–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004306592_012">10.1163/9789004306592_012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30659-2"><bdi>978-90-04-30659-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viewing+Ancient+Jewish+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=11+An+Approach+to+Herodian+Peraea&rft.pages=271-272&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004306592_012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30659-2&rft.aulast=Kokkinos&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004306592%2FB9789004306592_012.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=6&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=3&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.6.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.6.3&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D6%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D3%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=9&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=1&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.9.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.9.1&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D9%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D1%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=9&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=6&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.9.6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.9.6&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D9%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D6%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>. and note 1164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=11&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=6&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.11.6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.11.6&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D11%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D6%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>. and notes 1370, 1376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two cities of Perea, Abela and Iulias (Livias), make an exception, having been kept by <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> (Mason, S. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=13&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=2&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.13.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.13.2&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D13%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D2%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>.) to his death c. 100 CE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocca-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rocca_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2015" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXHDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188"><i>Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classic World</i></a>. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism / Texte Und Studien Zum Antiken Judentum, Volume 122 (reprint of 2008 Mohr Siebeck ed.). Wipf and Stock. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498224543" title="Special:BookSources/9781498224543"><bdi>9781498224543</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0721-8753">0721-8753</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod%27s+Judaea%3A+A+Mediterranean+State+in+the+Classic+World&rft.series=Texts+and+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism+%2F+Texte+Und+Studien+Zum+Antiken+Judentum%2C+Volume+122&rft.pages=188&rft.edition=reprint+of+2008+Mohr+Siebeck&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0721-8753&rft.isbn=9781498224543&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXHDCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAdam-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacAdam_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAdam2018" class="citation book cs1">MacAdam, Henry Innes (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2lI8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122"><i>Geography, Urbanisation and Settlement Patterns in the Roman Near East</i></a>. Routledge Revivals. Variorum Collected Studies, CS 735 (reprint of 2002 Ashgate ed.). Routledge. p. VI/16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-74056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-74056-3"><bdi>978-1-138-74056-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography%2C+Urbanisation+and+Settlement+Patterns+in+the+Roman+Near+East&rft.series=Routledge+Revivals.+Variorum+Collected+Studies%2C+CS+735&rft.pages=VI%2F16&rft.edition=reprint+of+2002+Ashgate&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-74056-3&rft.aulast=MacAdam&rft.aufirst=Henry+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2lI8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitto1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kitto" title="John Kitto">Kitto, John</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fc0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA723"><i>The Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature</i></a>. Newman & Ivison. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fc0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA723">723</a>. <q>GADARA was the chief city or metropolis of Peraea, lying in the district termed Gadaritis, some small distance from the southern extremity of the sea of Galilee, sixty stadia from Tiberias, to the south of the river Hieromax, and also of the Scheriat-al-Mandhur (Joseph. Antiq. xiii. 13. 3; Polyb. v. 71. 3; Joseph. De Bell. Jud. iv. 8. 3; Plin. Hist. Nat. v. 15). It was fortified, and stood on a hill of limestone. Its inhabitants were mostly heathens. Josephus says of it in conjunction with Gaza and Hippos 'they were Grecian cities' (Antiq. xvii. 11. 4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Newman+%26+Ivison&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Kitto&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfc0UAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrkowski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Piotrkowski, Meron M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1583196">"When Did Alexander Yannai Capture Which Gadara?"</a>. <i>Jewish Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 266–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F094457011797248453">10.1628/094457011797248453</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>What may be concluded from these observations is that it was probably Gadara of the Peraea, not the more famous city [Gadara] of the Decapolis, that Yannai conquered early in his reign, as indicated in War 1.86 // Ant 13.356. This allows us to maintain an early dating of 102/101 BCE for the conquest of Gadara of the Peraea, alongside Amathus, while it also allows us to accept the inscription of 84 BCE as providing a <i>terminus post quem</i> for the conquest of the Gadara of the Decapolis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=When+Did+Alexander+Yannai+Capture+Which+Gadara%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-276&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F094457011797248453&rft.aulast=Piotrkowski&rft.aufirst=Meron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1583196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=14&chapter=5&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=4&up.x=&up.y=&text=anti&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>AJ</i></a>. 14.5.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AJ&rft.pages=14.5.4&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D14%26chapter%3D5%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D4%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Danti%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+14.5.4">AJ14.5.4</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.: "And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at Jerusalem, the second at <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Gadara</a>, the third at Amathus, the fourth at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, and the fifth at <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> in Galilee."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius (57 BCE), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ("Ant." xiv 5, § 4)." via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S&search=Gabinius">Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin</a>:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamatBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Malamat, Abraham; Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>. <q>Jewish Trans-Jordan reached from the hellenized city Pella (Fahal) in the north to Machaerus, east of the Dead Sea, in the south. Its western border was the Jordan River, and in the east it extended until the territory of the Greek cities Gerasa and Philadelphia. The settled area of the Peraea was divided into two parts. The smaller and doubtlessly less populated area lay north of the Jabbok. Its most important settlement was Amathus, a strong fortress from the Hellenistic period that had been conquered by Alexander Jannai and had become a Jewish town of some importance, the seat of a local Sanhedrin in the days of Gabinius and the capital of a toparchy. However, the majority of the Jews in Trans-Jordan lived south of the Jabbok, across the river from north-eastern Judea. The capital of this region was Gador (Es-Salt), which was considered the capital of the entire Peraea. South of Gador lay Abila (Abel-shittim) and Beth-haramata, and still farther to the south was the fortress Machaerus. Thus, geographically, the situation of Jewish Trans-Jordan was marked by two characteristics: its nearness to and common border with Judea and its location within the generally hostile neighborhood of the Greek cities to the east and north.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Ben-Sasson%2C+Haim+Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjewishp00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḲornfeldMazarMaier1982" class="citation book cs1">Ḳornfeld, Geʾalyahu; Mazar, Benjamin; Maier, Paul L. (1 January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Josephus, the Jewish War: Newly Translated with Extensive Commentary and Archaeological Background Illustrations</i></a>. Zondervan Publishing House. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-39210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-39210-1"><bdi>978-0-310-39210-1</bdi></a>. <q>...Jewish TransJordan was represented by two councils: one in Gadara (Gedor), identified as E-tell in Peraea, near modern es-Salt in Jordan, and the other in Amathus (Hamthan), southeast of the Sea of Galilee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+Jewish+War%3A+Newly+Translated+with+Extensive+Commentary+and+Archaeological+Background+Illustrations&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-310-39210-1&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%B2ornfeld&rft.aufirst=Ge%CA%BEalyahu&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Maier%2C+Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Getzel M. (3 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&pg=PA284"><i>The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 284, n. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2"><bdi>978-0-520-93102-2</bdi></a>. <q>The problem of indicating precise ancient boundaries in Transjordan is difficult and complex and varies according to the time period under discussion. After the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106 A.D. Gerasa and Philadelphia were included in it. Nonetheless, Ptolemy—who was writing in the second century A.D. but did not record places by Roman provinces—described them as being in (the local geographical unit of) Coele Syria (5.14.18). Furthermore, Philadelphia continued to describe itself on its coins and in inscriptions of the second and third centuries A.D. as being a city of Coele Syria; see above, Philadelphia, n. 9. As for the boundaries of the new province, the northern frontier extended to a little beyond the north of Bostra and east [words missing!]; the western border ran somewhat east of the Jordan River valley and the Dead Sea but west of the city of Madaba (see M. Sartre, <i>Trois ét.</i>, 17-75; Bowersock, ZPE<sub>5</sub>, [1970] 37-39; id., <i>JRS</i>61 [1971] 236–42; and especially id.. <i>Arabia</i>, 90-109). Gadara in Peraea is identified today with es-Salt near Tell Jadur, a place that is near the western boundary of the province of Arabia. And this region could have been described by Stephanos as being located "between Coele Syria and Arabia."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Settlements+in+Syria%2C+the+Red+Sea+Basin%2C+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=284%2C+n.+1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93102-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Getzel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqdPcxuNthcC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1999" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Eric M. (1999). Meyers, Eric M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA113"><i>Sepphoris on the Eve of the Great Revolt. Papers of the 2nd International Conference on Galilee in Antiquity, 1997, Duke University</i></a>. Duke Judaic studies, volume 1. Eisenbrauns. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060408" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060408"><bdi>9781575060408</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sepphoris+on+the+Eve+of+the+Great+Revolt.+Papers+of+the+2nd+International+Conference+on+Galilee+in+Antiquity%2C+1997%2C+Duke+University&rft.series=Duke+Judaic+studies%2C+volume+1&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781575060408&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznYoChYVIrcC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063545/http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20V">"PLINY'S NATURAL HISTORY - Book V"</a>. <i>masseiana.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20V">the original</a> on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masseiana.org&rft.atitle=PLINY%27S+NATURAL+HISTORY+-+Book+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masseiana.org%2Fpliny.htm%23BOOK%2520V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Plinius_SecundusSillig1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sillig" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Sillig">Sillig, Julius</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHw9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA339"><i>Naturalis historia</i></a>. Teubner. p. 339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalis+historia&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus&rft.au=Sillig%2C+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYHw9AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pliny.nh5.html">"Pliny the Elder: Natural History, Book V"</a>. <i>www.thelatinlibrary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thelatinlibrary.com&rft.atitle=Pliny+the+Elder%3A+Natural+History%2C+Book+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fpliny.nh5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavius_Josephus1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9">"BOOK III. CHAPTER 3. A Description of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea"</a>. <i>The Jewish War of Flavius Josephus: A New Translation</i>. Vol. 2. Houlston and Stoneman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BOOK+III.+CHAPTER+3.+A+Description+of+Galilee%2C+Samaria%2C+and+Judea&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+War+of+Flavius+Josephus%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Houlston+and+Stoneman&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrMVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silbonitis is a textual error for Sebonitis, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmil_Schürer_D.D._M.A.Aeterna_Press" class="citation book cs1">Emil Schürer D.D. M.A.; Aeterna Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7k3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1513"><i>A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ: Two Divisions in Five Volumes</i></a>. Aeterna Press. p. 1513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People+in+the+Time+of+Jesus+Christ%3A+Two+Divisions+in+Five+Volumes&rft.pages=1513&rft.pub=Aeterna+Press&rft.au=Emil+Sch%C3%BCrer+D.D.+M.A.&rft.au=Aeterna+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7k3BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ptolemy, Geographia Book 5 Ch.15:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2004" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A. H. M. (30 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSFLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA500">"Appendix 2. Ptolemy"</a>. <i>The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2nd Edition</i>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-748-0"><bdi>978-1-59244-748-0</bdi></a>. <q>Ptolemy's divisions of Palestine (v. xv) appear to follow popular lines. They are Galilee, Samaria, Judaea (with a subdivision 'across the Jordan'), and Idumaea. These divisions were also for the most part, as Josephus' survey of Palestine (Bell., III. iii. 1-5, §§ 35-57) shows, official. Josephus, however, does not recognize Idumaea, merging it in Iudaea, and definitely distinguishes Peraea from Judaea. Had Ptolemy derived his divisions from an official source, he would probably have followed this scheme, and in particular would have used the official term Peraea instead of the periphrasis 'across the Jordan'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+2.+Ptolemy&rft.btitle=The+Cities+of+the+Eastern+Roman+Provinces%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-748-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSFLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24872441_0002"><i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i></a>. J. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24872441_0002/page/533">533</a>. <q>[Ptolemy] describes the Peraea by a periphrasis as the eastern side of Jordan which may imply that the name [Peraea] was no longer in vogue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb24872441_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3dYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870974-9"><bdi>978-0-19-870974-9</bdi></a>. <q>Ptolemy's <i>Geographica</i> provided a great compendium of knowledge in terms of the placements of cities and lands in the ancient world, information that would form the basis of medieval cartography, resulting in a standard Ptolemaic map of Asia, including Palestine. The information about Judaea appears in Book 5, where <i>pars Asphatitem lacum</i> are mentioned as well as the main cities. In the region east of the Jordan, there are sites that are not all easy to determine: Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros (Ptolemy, Geogr. 5: 15: 6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870974-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3dYCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/perea.html">Perea</a> entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(encyclopaedist)" title="James Wood (encyclopaedist)">Wood, James</a>, ed. (1907). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/P#Perea" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/P">Perea</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. London and New York: Frederick Warne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perea&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerea" class="Z3988"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perea&oldid=1253264765">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perea&oldid=1253264765</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judea_(Roman_province)" title="Category:Judea (Roman province)">Judea (Roman province)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_regions" title="Category:New Testament regions">New Testament regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire">Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Jordan" title="Category:Regions of Jordan">Regions of Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jordan_in_the_Roman_era" title="Category:Jordan in the Roman era">Jordan in the Roman era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herodian_kingdom" title="Category:Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Category:Herodian tetrarchy">Herodian tetrarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transjordan_(region)" title="Category:Transjordan (region)">Transjordan (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herod_Agrippa" title="Category:Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herod_Antipas" title="Category:Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Nuttall_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Nuttall_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Nuttall Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Nuttall Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 03:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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