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href="#Pompey_during_Sulla's_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pompey during Sulla's civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pompey_during_Sulla's_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily,_Africa_and_Lepidus'_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily,_Africa_and_Lepidus'_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sicily, Africa and Lepidus' rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily,_Africa_and_Lepidus'_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sertorian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sertorian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sertorian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sertorian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Consulship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Consulship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First Consulship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Consulship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_the_pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_the_pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campaign against the pirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_the_pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Mithridatic_War_and_re-organisation_of_the_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Mithridatic_War_and_re-organisation_of_the_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Third Mithridatic War and re-organisation of the east</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_Mithridatic_War_and_re-organisation_of_the_east-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Third Mithridatic War and re-organisation of the east subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Third_Mithridatic_War_and_re-organisation_of_the_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Mithridatic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Mithridatic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Third Mithridatic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Mithridatic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-organisation_of_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-organisation_of_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Re-organisation of the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-organisation_of_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Rome_and_the_First_Triumvirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Rome_and_the_First_Triumvirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Return to Rome and the First Triumvirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Rome_and_the_First_Triumvirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_confrontation_to_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_confrontation_to_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>From confrontation to civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_confrontation_to_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Road_to_Pharsalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Road_to_Pharsalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>The Road to Pharsalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Road_to_Pharsalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Generalship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Literary heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology_of_Pompey's_life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology_of_Pompey's_life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Chronology of Pompey's life and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology_of_Pompey's_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pompey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%90%E1%8B%AD" title="ፖምፐይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖምፐይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بومبيوس الكبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بومبيوس الكبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneu_Pompeyo_Magno" title="Gneu Pompeyo Magno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gneu Pompeyo Magno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneu_Pompeyu_Magnu" title="Cneu Pompeyu Magnu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cneu Pompeyu Magnu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qney_Pompey" title="Qney Pompey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qney Pompey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87" title="পম্পে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পম্পে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гней Пампей Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гней Пампей Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Гнэй Пампэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гнэй Пампэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Помпей Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Помпей Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕང་ཕེ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕང་ཕེ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompej" title="Pompej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pompej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneu_Pompeu_Magne" title="Gneu Pompeu Magne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gneu Pompeu Magne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Аслă Гней Помпей – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Гней Помпей" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompejus" title="Pompejus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pompejus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AE%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πομπήιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πομπήιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeyo" title="Pompeyo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pompeyo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo" title="Pompeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pompeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponpeio" title="Ponpeio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ponpeio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="پومپه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پومپه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9e" title="Pompée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pompée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompejus" title="Pompejus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pompejus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneo_Pompeio_Magno" title="Cneo Pompeio Magno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cneo Pompeio Magno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%BC%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="그나이우스 폼페이우스 마그누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그나이우스 폼페이우스 마그누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Գնեոս Պոմպեոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնեոս Պոմպեոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompej_Veliki" title="Pompej Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pompej Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeio_Magne" title="Pompeio Magne – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pompeio Magne" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneo_Pompeo_Magno" title="Gneo Pompeo Magno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gneo Pompeo Magno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="גנאיוס פומפיוס מגנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנאיוס פומפיוס מגנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გნეუს პომპეუს მაგნუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გნეუს პომპეუს მაგნუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Гней Помпей Магнус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гней Помпей Магнус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompi" title="Pompi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pompi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Помпей Гней – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Помпей Гней" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B_(Pompey)" title="ປອມເປ (Pompey) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປອມເປ (Pompey)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnejs_Pompejs" title="Gnejs Pompejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gnejs Pompejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C4%97jus_Pomp%C4%97jus_Didysis" title="Gnėjus Pompėjus Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gnėjus Pompėjus Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4mpeio" title="Pômpeio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pômpeio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="പോംപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോംപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87" title="पोम्पे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोम्पे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გნეუს პომპეუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გნეუს პომპეუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بومبيوس الكبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بومبيوس الكبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD" title="Гней Помпей Магн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гней Помпей Магн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="グナエウス・ポンペイウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グナエウス・ポンペイウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A8u" title="Pompèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pompèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gney_Pompey" title="Gney Pompey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gney Pompey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੋਂਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਂਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompejusz" title="Pompejusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pompejusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeu" title="Pompeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pompeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Cneus Pompeius Magnus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cneus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гней Помпей Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гней Помпей Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pompei" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pompey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompej_Veliki" title="Pompej Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pompej Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гнеј Помпеј Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гнеј Помпеј Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompej" title="Pompej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pompej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pompeius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompejus" title="Pompejus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pompejus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeyo" title="Pompeyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pompeyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பாம்பே (உரோம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாம்பே (உரோம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ปอมปีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอมปีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гней Помпей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гней Помпей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="پومپی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پومپی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pompey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pompey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pompey (disambiguation)">Pompey (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gnaeus Pompeius (disambiguation)">Gnaeus Pompeius (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pompey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="la">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_Pompey_the_Great,_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/250px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/375px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/500px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7531" data-file-height="11424" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bust of Pompey, copy of an original from 70–60 BC, <a href="/wiki/Venice_National_Archaeological_Museum" title="Venice National Archaeological Museum">Venice National Archaeological Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 106 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">28 September 48 BC (aged 57)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>, Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albanum</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Military commander and politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> (70, 55, 52 BC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antistia_(wife_of_Pompey)" title="Antistia (wife of Pompey)">Antistia</a> (86–82 BC, divorced)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Pompey_the_Great#Aemilia_(82/81_BCE)" title="Wives of Pompey the Great">Aemilia</a> (82 BC, her death)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a> (79–61 BC, divorced)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(wife_of_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (wife of Pompey)">Julia</a> (59–54 BC, her death)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Metella" title="Cornelia Metella">Cornelia Metella</a> (52–48 BC, his death)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Magna" title="Pompeia Magna">Pompeia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_gens" title="Pompeia gens">Pompeia gens</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Campaign against the Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_civil_war" title="Hasmonean civil war">Hasmonean civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">3 <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Triumphs</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/230px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/345px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/460px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutus">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Pulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Clodius Pulcher">Clodius Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a></li></ul> <p>Events </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> <p>Places </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈŋnae̯ʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>pɔmˈpɛjjʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaŋnʊs]</a></span>; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as <b>Pompey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POM</span>-pee</i></a>) or <b>Pompey the Great</b>, was a general and statesman of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a>. Early in his career, he was a partisan and protégé of the Roman general and <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>; later, he became the political ally, and finally the enemy, of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. </p><p>A member of the senatorial nobility, Pompey entered into a military career while still young. He rose to prominence serving Sulla as a commander in <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">the civil war of 83–81 BC</a>. Pompey's success as a general while young enabled him to advance directly to his first <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a> without following the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i> (the required steps to advance in a political career). He was elected as consul on three occasions (70, 55, 52 BC). He celebrated three <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphs</a>, served as a commander in the <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, and in various other military campaigns. Pompey's early success earned him the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magnus" title="Magnus">Magnus</a></i> – "the Great" – after his boyhood hero <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. His adversaries gave him the nickname <i>adulescentulus carnifex</i> ("teenage butcher") for his ruthlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197829_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197829-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 60 BC, Pompey joined <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> in the informal political alliance known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, cemented by Pompey's marriage with Caesar's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(wife_of_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (wife of Pompey)">Julia</a>. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus (in 54 and 53 BC), Pompey switched to the political faction known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">optimates</a></i>—a conservative faction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Pompey and Caesar then began contending for leadership of the Roman state in its entirety, eventually leading to <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. Pompey was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a> in 48 BC, and he sought refuge in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, where he was assassinated by the courtiers of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIII">Ptolemy XIII</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PompeoMagno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PompeoMagno.jpg/180px-PompeoMagno.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PompeoMagno.jpg/270px-PompeoMagno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PompeoMagno.jpg/360px-PompeoMagno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Reputed statue of Pompey, now held at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Arconati,_Bollate" title="Villa Arconati, Bollate">Villa Arconati, Bollate</a>, brought from Rome in 1627 by Galeazzo Arconati</figcaption></figure> <p>Pompey was born in <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> on 29 September 106 BC, eldest son of a provincial noble called <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo</a>. Although the dominant <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_gens" title="Pompeia gens">family</a> in Picenum, Strabo was the first of his branch to achieve senatorial status in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; he completed the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">consul</a> in 89 BC, and acquired a reputation for greed, political duplicity, and military ruthlessness. Pompey began his career serving with his father in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War (91–87 BC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197813_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197813-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strabo died in 87 BC during the short-lived civil war known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></span>, although sources differ on whether he succumbed to disease, or was murdered by his own soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins195398_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins195398-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his death, Strabo was accused of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>; as his legal heir, Pompey was held responsible for the alleged crime and put on trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesley1892167–170_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesley1892167–170-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was acquitted, supposedly after agreeing to marry the <a href="/wiki/Publius_Antistius" title="Publius Antistius">judge's</a> daughter, <a href="/wiki/Antistia_(wife_of_Pompey)" title="Antistia (wife of Pompey)">Antistia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main issues at stake in 87 BC was the appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> as commander of the Roman army in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>, an opportunity to amass enormous wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015241–242_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015241–242-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his absence in the East, his political rivals led by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Cinna" title="Lucius Cornelius Cinna">Lucius Cornelius Cinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)" title="Gnaeus Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC)">Gnaeus Papirius Carbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Gaius Marius the Younger</a> regained control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoak1921145–146_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoak1921145–146-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla's return in 83 BC sparked <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">a civil war</a> within the Roman world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015272_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015272-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pompey_during_Sulla's_civil_war"><span id="Pompey_during_Sulla.27s_civil_war"></span>Pompey during Sulla's civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pompey during Sulla's civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></div> <p>In the year prior to Sulla's return Pompey had raised and equipped a full <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> from amongst his father's old clients and veterans in <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>. In the spring of 83 Sulla landed in <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundusium</a>. As he marched north-west towards <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Pompey led his own legion south to join him. The government in Rome sent out three separate armies in an attempt to prevent the union between Pompey's and Sulla's army. Pompey attacked one of these armies and routed it. The three enemy commanders, unable to agree on a course of action, withdrew. Soon after Pompey arrived at Sulla's camp. He was greeted by Sulla with the official title of <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> (General).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197824–25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197824–25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point in 83 BC, it is not clear when but definitely before the onset of winter, Sulla sent Pompey back to Picenum to raise more troops. When fighting broke out once more in 82 Sulla advanced towards Rome, while <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius">Metellus</a> (one of his lieutenants), supported by Pompey, campaigned against the consul Gaius Papirius Carbo in <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>. During this campaign Pompey acted as Metellus's cavalry commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197825–26_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197825–26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metellus and Pompey defeated Carbo's lieutenant, the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Carrinas_(praetor_82_BC)" title="Gaius Carrinas (praetor 82 BC)">Gaius Carrinas</a>, in a six-hour battle at the river Aesis, only to be blockaded by Carbo himself. When word of Sulla's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacriportus" title="Battle of Sacriportus">Battle of Sacriportus</a> reached them, Carbo retreated to his base at <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Ariminium</a>, severely harassed by Pompey's cavalry. Some time later Metellus defeated <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Censorinus_(Marian)" title="Gaius Marcius Censorinus (Marian)">Gaius Marcius Censorinus</a>, another of Carbo's lieutenants, Pompey's cavalry caught Censorinus's fleeing troops outside their base at <a href="/wiki/Senigallia" title="Senigallia">Sena Gallica</a>, defeating them and plundering the town. While Metellus remained in the north-west, Pompey seems to have transferred to Sulla's command in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197826_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197826-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey advanced south-west along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoletium</a>, where he joined Marcus Licinius Crassus, together they defeated Carrinas once again. Pompey laid siege to Carrinas in Spoletium but the latter managed to escape. Pompey resumed his march to join Sulla's command. Not long afterwards Pompey successfully ambushed another large force under Censorinus, which was trying to get through to <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Praeneste</a> where Carbo's consular colleague, Marius the Younger (who was the figurehead of the struggle against Sulla), was blockaded. It was the failure of these attempts to get through the Sullan blockade in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, added to Metellus's success in winning control of the north, which broke the back of the government's resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197826–27_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197826–27-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the campaigning season of 82, the government forces made one final effort to march to the relief of Praeneste. They mustered 10,000 legionaries and marched to join forces with the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucanians</a>, fierce enemies of Sulla, who had campaigned against them in the Social War.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursued by Pompey they united their forces and made for Praeneste. Unable to break through Sulla's blockade, they marched for undefended Rome, only to be caught just in time and defeated by Sulla at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate" title="Battle of the Colline Gate">Battle of the Colline Gate</a>. Pompey, who was pursuing the government forces, arrived just after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197827_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197827-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 82 BC, Sulla had expelled his opponents from Italy, and engineered his nomination as Dictator by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015245_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015245-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either through admiration of his abilities, or concern at his ambition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198549_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198549-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulla sought to consolidate his alliance with Pompey by persuading him to divorce Antistia, and marry his stepdaughter Aemilia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins195399_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins195399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> claims she was already pregnant by her former husband, and died in childbirth soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198550_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198550-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicily,_Africa_and_Lepidus'_rebellion"><span id="Sicily.2C_Africa_and_Lepidus.27_rebellion"></span>Sicily, Africa and Lepidus' rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sicily, Africa and Lepidus' rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The surviving Marians escaped to Sicily, where their ally <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Perperna_Veiento" title="Marcus Perperna Veiento">Marcus Perperna</a> was <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">propraetor</a>. They were supported by a fleet under Carbo, while <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(died_81_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (died 81 BC)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Africa">Roman province of Africa</a>. Perperna abandoned Sicily after Pompey landed on the island with a large force,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Carbo was captured and later executed. Pompey claimed this was justified by Carbo's alleged crimes against Roman citizens, but his opponents nicknamed him <i>adulescentulus carnifex</i>, or "young butcher", as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png/220px-Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png/330px-Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png/440px-Roman_Province_of_Africa_in_146_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Roman Province of Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Pompey now sailed for Africa, leaving Sicily in the hands of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Memmius_(brother-in-law_to_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Memmius (brother-in-law to Pompey)">Gaius Memmius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197830_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197830-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating and killing Ahenobarbus at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(81_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (81 BC)">Battle of Utica</a>, Pompey subdued <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and executed its king <a href="/wiki/Hiarbas_(king)" title="Hiarbas (king)">Hiarbas</a>, a Marian ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953100-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He restored the deposed <a href="/wiki/Hiempsal_II" title="Hiempsal II">Hiempsal</a> to the Numidian throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197830–31_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197830–31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, his troops began referring to him as <i>Magnus</i>, or "the Great", after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, a figure much admired by the Romans. Shortly thereafter, Pompey formally made this part of his <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On returning to Rome, he asked for a triumph to celebrate his victories, an unprecedented demand for someone so young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200228_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200228-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey refused to disband his army until Sulla agreed, although the latter tried to offset the impact by awarding simultaneous triumphs to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Murena_(praetor_88_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Murena (praetor 88 BC)">Lucius Licinius Murena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus_(consul_93_BC)" title="Gaius Valerius Flaccus (consul 93 BC)">Gaius Valerius Flaccus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197831–32_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197831–32-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime during this period, Pompey married Mucia Tertia, a member of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Caecilii_Metelli_family_tree" title="Caecilii Metelli family tree">Metellus</a> family. They had three children before their divorce in 61 BC; <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the younger">Pompey the younger</a>, usually known as Gnaeus, a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Magna" title="Pompeia Magna">Pompeia Magna</a>, and a younger son, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198550_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198550-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pompey is located in Italy"><img alt="Pompey is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/200px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/400px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.182%;left:39.711%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cosa"><img alt="Cosa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Cosa</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.727%;left:49.086%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Rome</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.727%;left:36.977%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mutina"><img alt="Mutina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Mutina</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.157%;left:21.875%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Sardinia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.603%;left:49.867%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Picenum"><img alt="Picenum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Picenum</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Italy relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Lepidan rebellion; key locations</div></div></div> <p>Pompey supported <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_78_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> as consul for 78 BC; Plutarch claims he did so against Sulla's advice, but most modern historians refute the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblitt2014415–16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblitt2014415–16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sulla died in 78 BC, Lepidus sought to block his state funeral and roll back some of Sulla's laws, then became <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of Cisalpine and <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a> in January 77 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Senate ordered him back to Rome, Lepidus refused to comply unless granted another term as consul, a proposal that was rapidly rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen199515_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen199515-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assembling an army, he began marching on Rome; the Senate responded with a series of measures, one of which was to appoint Pompey to a military command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen199516_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen199516-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Lepidus continued south, Pompey raised troops from among his veterans in Picenum, and moved north to besiege <a href="/wiki/Mutina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutina">Mutina</a>, capital of Cisalpine Gaul. The town was held by Lepidus' ally <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_(tribune_83_BC)" title="Marcus Junius Brutus (tribune 83 BC)">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, who surrendered after a lengthy siege, and was assassinated next day, allegedly on Pompey's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197842_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197842-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catulus then defeated Lepidus outside Rome, while Pompey marched against his rear, catching him near Cosa. Lepidus and the remnants of his army retreated to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197841–43_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197841–43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sertorian_War">Sertorian War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sertorian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></div> <p>The Sertorian War began in 80 BC when <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Quintus Sertorius</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_proscription" title="Sulla's proscription">proscribed</a> Marian general, initiated a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, where he was joined by other Roman exiles like Perperna. Supported by local <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> tribes, he took control of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> and repeatedly defeated Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius through skillful use of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. Sertorius defeated other Roman generals sent to oust him and soon conquered <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> as well. Backed by his allies in the Senate, Pompey was appointed military commander in Spain with proconsular authority in order to defeat Sertorius. This act was technically illegal as he had yet to hold public office, illustrating Pompey's preference for military glory, and disregard for traditional political constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004141–142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004141–142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey recruited 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, evidence of the threat posed by Sertorius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197844_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197844-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En route to Hispania, he subdued a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>, after which his army entered winter quarters near <a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197845_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197845-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 76 BC, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Portet" title="Col de Portet">Col de Portet</a> and entered the Iberian peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197846_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197846-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he would remain for the next five years. His arrival boosted the morale of Metellus' troops, while some rebels changed sides, but soon after he was defeated by Sertorius at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauron" title="Battle of Lauron">Battle of Lauron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> losing one third of his army while inflicting next to no losses on Sertorius' army. This was a serious blow to Pompey's prestige, who spent the rest of the year re-organising his army.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metellus' failure to dislodge Sertorius and Pompey's defeat meant the senatorial generals made no progress in the year. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Spain.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pompey is located in Spain"><img alt="Pompey is located in Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Relief_Map_of_Spain.png/400px-Relief_Map_of_Spain.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Relief_Map_of_Spain.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Spain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Relief_Map_of_Spain.png/800px-Relief_Map_of_Spain.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.155%;left:68.932%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Col de Portet"><img alt="Col de Portet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Col de Portet</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.124%;left:63.15%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lauron"><img alt="Lauron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Lauron</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.856%;left:64.741%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Valencia"><img alt="Valencia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Valencia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.948%;left:65.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sucro"><img alt="Sucro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Sucro</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.629%;left:65.422%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saguntum"><img alt="Saguntum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Saguntum</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.979%;left:44.442%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Clunia"><img alt="Clunia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Clunia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.649%;left:26.19%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Italica"><img alt="Italica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Italica</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.072%;left:18.252%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lusitania"><img alt="Lusitania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Lusitania</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.546%;left:87.755%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Narbo Martius"><img alt="Narbo Martius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Narbo Martius</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.196%;left:35.374%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vaccaei"><img alt="Vaccaei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Vaccaei</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Spain.png" title="File:Relief Map of Spain.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Sertorian War in Spain; key locations mentioned in article</div></div></div> <p>In 75 BC, Sertorius led the campaign against Metellus, while Pompey defeated his subordinates Perperna and Gaius Herennius outside <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valentia_75_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Valentia 75 BC">Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197848_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197848-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013117–118_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013117–118-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sertorius took over operations against Pompey, Metellus defeated his deputy <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Hirtuleius" title="Lucius Hirtuleius">Lucius Hirtuleius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Italica" title="Battle of Italica">Battle of Italica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197847_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197847-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013118_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013118-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey faced Sertorius in the indecisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sucro" title="Battle of Sucro">Battle of Sucro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197849_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197849-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013121–122_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013121–122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Sertorius defeated Pompey's right flank and nearly captured Pompey himself, but his legate <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Afranius_(consul)" title="Lucius Afranius (consul)">Lucius Afranius</a> defeated the Sertorian right. Sertorius withdrew inland, then turned to fight at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum_(75_BC)" title="Battle of Saguntum (75 BC)">Saguntum</a>, where Pompey lost 6,000 men, including his brother-in-law Memmius, reputedly his most effective subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197849–50_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197849–50-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013126_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sertorius himself suffered 3,000 casualties, one of whom was Hirtuleius.<sup id="cite_ref-ApCW1.110_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApCW1.110-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Metellus defeated Perperna in a separate battle, Sertorius was able to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Clunia" title="Clunia">Clunia</a> late in the year, where he repaired the walls to lure his opponents into a siege, while forming garrisons from other towns into a new field army. Once this was ready, he escaped from Clunia and used it to disrupt Roman logistics on land and by sea. Lack of supplies forced Metellus to quarter his troops in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, while Pompey wintered among the <a href="/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei">Vaccaei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dire straits caused by this stretch of the campaign and Sertorius' guerrilla warfare led Pompey to write a letter to the Senate asking for funds and men, and scolding their lack of support for him and Metellus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey's letter had the effect of galvanizing the Senate into sending him more men and funds. Reinforced by two more legions, in 74 BC he and Metellus began a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> against their enemy. As his chief opponent had lost most of his Roman legionaries and could no longer match him in the field, Pompey, along with Metellus, gained the upper hand, conquering more and more Sertorian cities, slowly grinding down Sertorius' revolt. By now, Sertorius was being undermined by internal divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953102_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953102-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discontent in Sertorius' coalition of Iberian and Roman forces came to a head in 72 or 73 BC when Perperna, leading a conspiracy with other prominent Sertorians, had Sertorius assassinated and assumed control of the rebel army. </p><p>Pompey engaged Perperna in battle and defeated him swiftly at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_near_Osca" title="Battle near Osca">Battle near Osca</a>. Perperna was captured and attempted to persuade Pompey to spare him by giving over Sertorius' correspondence, allegedly containing proof of communications between the rebel leader and leading men in Rome. Pompey burned the letters unread and executed Perperna, and then spent some time restructuring the local Roman administration, showing a lack of animosity towards his former opponents, which extended his patronage throughout Hispania and into southern Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004142_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004142-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey and his army remained in Hispania for a few years conquering the Sertorian remnants, and then marched back to Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Consulship">First Consulship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Consulship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Pompey's absence, Marcus Licinius Crassus was charged with suppressing the slave rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>. Pompey returned to Italy just before Crassus defeated the main rebel army in 71 BC, arriving in time to massacre 6,000 fugitives from the battle. His claim to have ended the war by doing so was a long-standing source of resentment for Crassus.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompey,_aureus,_71_BC,_RRC_402-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png/250px-Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png/375px-Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png/500px-Pompey%2C_aureus%2C_71_BC%2C_RRC_402-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> minted by Pompey for his second triumph in 71 BC, featuring the head of Africa on the obverse (celebrating his victory against <a href="/wiki/Hiarbas_(king)" title="Hiarbas (king)">Hiarbas</a>). The reverse shows Pompey in his triumphal chariot, with his son <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus</a> seated before and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> flying above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974412–413_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974412–413-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pompey was granted a second triumph for his victory in Hispania, and nominated for the consulship. Since he was both too young and technically ineligible, this required a special senatorial decree.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> suggests Pompey supported Crassus as his co-consul in order to put him under an obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men were elected consuls for 70 BC, but allegedly differed on almost every measure, rendering their term "politically barren and without achievement."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, their consulship did see the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">plebeian tribune</a> recover powers removed by Sulla. One of the most significant was the ability to veto Senatorial bills, an act often seen as a turning point in the politics of the late Republic. Although popular with the people, the measure must have been opposed by the <i>optimates</i>, and thus passing it required support from both consuls, although most extant sources barely mention Crassus.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_against_the_pirates">Campaign against the pirates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign against the pirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></div> <p>Pirates operated throughout the Mediterranean, while their fleets often formed temporary alliances with enemies of Rome, including Sertorius and Mithridates. Their power and range had increased over the past fifty years, partly because of the decline of traditional naval powers like <a href="/wiki/Rhodian_Peraia" title="Rhodian Peraia">Rhodes</a>, while previous attempts to subdue them had been unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETröster200920–21_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETröster200920–21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Romans routinely referred to their opponents as "pirates" or "brigands", and some historians argue it is more accurate to see them as a conventional enemy, rather than disorganised outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETröster200917_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETröster200917-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Principally based in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, in 68 BC they raided as far as <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a>, Rome's port, and kidnapped two senators, to general outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197866_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197866-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200243–44_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200243–44-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prompted by Pompey, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a>, tribune of the plebs in 67 BC, proposed the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis" title="Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis">Lex Gabinia</a></i>, giving him a mandate for their suppression. It granted him proconsular authority for three years in any province within 50 miles of the Mediterranean, along with the power to appoint legates and significant financial resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201489–90_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201489–90-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned by one man holding such wide-ranging powers, the Senate opposed the law but it was passed by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197868_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197868-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the difficulties Pompey faced came from officials who resented his authority. In Gaul, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_67_BC)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (consul 67 BC)">Piso</a> hampered his recruitment efforts, while in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Metellus</a> refused to comply with his instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197871,_74_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197871,_74-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey spread his forces throughout the Mediterranean to prevent the pirates escaping a Roman fleet by moving elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200247_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200247-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen legates were given specific areas to patrol, while he secured the grain route to Rome. These measures won him control of the western Mediterranean in just 40 days, after which his fleets moved to the east, forcing the pirates back to their bases in Cilicia. Pompey led the decisive assault on their stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracaesium</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korakesion" title="Battle of Korakesion">Battle of Korakesion</a> and concluding the war in only three months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197872_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197872-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of his opponents surrendered without fighting, thanks to Pompey's reputation for clemency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953102_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953102-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were granted lands in cities devastated during the Mithridatic War, notably <a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a>, renamed Pompeiopolis, and <a href="/wiki/Dyme" title="Dyme">Dyme</a> in Greece, with others sent to towns in Libya and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. These communities retained a strong attachment to both Rome and Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197873_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197873-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200247–48_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200247–48-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Mithridatic_War_and_re-organisation_of_the_east">Third Mithridatic War and re-organisation of the east</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third Mithridatic War and re-organisation of the east"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Mithridatic_War">Third Mithridatic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third Mithridatic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/250px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/375px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg/500px-1stMithritadicwar89BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Asia Minor and surrounding region, first century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 73 BC, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Lucullus_(consul_74_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 74 BC)">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a>, formerly one of Sulla's chief lieutenants, was made proconsul of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>, and commander in the Third Mithridatic War. The war began in 74 BC, when the last ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> died and left his kingdom to Rome, sparking an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>. Lucullus was a skilled general who won numerous victories, but claims he was protracting the war for "power and wealth" led to a Senate investigation, while by 69 BC his troops were weary and mutinous.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 68 BC, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Rex_(consul_68_BC)" title="Quintus Marcius Rex (consul 68 BC)">Quintus Marcius Rex</a> replaced Lucullus in Cicilia, while <a href="/wiki/Manius_Acilius_Glabrio_(consul_67_BC)" title="Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)">Manius Acilius Glabrio</a> received Bithynia. He also assumed leadership of the war against Mithridates, but failed to respond decisively when the latter re-occupied much of Pontus in 67 BC, then attacked <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, a Roman ally.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing an opportunity, in 66 BC Pompey used the <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Manilius" title="Gaius Manilius">tribunate</a> to pass the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Manilia" title="Lex Manilia">lex Manilia</a></i>, giving him extensive powers throughout Asia Minor in order to defeat Mithridates, in addition to those granted by the <i>lex Gabinia</i>. The <i>optimates</i> were privately horrified that one man should hold so much influence, but fearful of his popularity allowed the measure to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incensed at being replaced, Lucullus called Pompey a "vulture" who profited from the work of others, a reference both to his new command and claim to have finished the war against Spartacus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh1981107_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh1981107-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey agreed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, whom he persuaded to invade Armenia. When Mithridates offered a truce, Lucullus argued the war was over, but Pompey demanded concessions which could not be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outnumbered, Mithridates withdrew into Armenia, followed by Pompey, who defeated him at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lycus" title="Battle of the Lycus">Lycus</a> near the end of 66 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg/180px-Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg/270px-Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg/360px-Mithridates_VI_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>According to contemporary sources, Mithridates and a small contingent escaped the battle, outstripped their pursuers, and reached <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he took control of the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian Bosporus">Cimmerian Bosporus</a> from its Roman-backed ruler, his son <a href="/wiki/Machares" title="Machares">Machares</a>, who later committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Pompey invaded Armenia supported by <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Younger" title="Tigranes the Younger">Tigranes the Younger</a>, whose father quickly came to terms; in return for the restoration of Armenian territories taken by Lucullus, he paid a substantial cash indemnity<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed Roman troops to be based on his territory. </p><p>In 65 BC, Pompey set out to take Colchis, but to do so had first to <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">subdue</a> various local tribes and allies of Mithridrates. After winning a series of battles, he reached <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> and linked up with Servilius, admiral of his Euxine fleet, before a fresh revolt in <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> forced him to retrace his steps. Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Abas" title="Battle of the Abas">Abas</a> enabled him to impose terms on the Albanians and agree truces with other tribes on the northern side of the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey then wintered in Armenia, settling minor border contests and raids between his allies Phraates and Tigranes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relying on his naval blockade to wear down Mithridates, Pompey spent 64 BC annexing the independent and wealthy cities of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, which were incorporated into a new Roman province. In the process, he acquired large amounts of money and prestige, as well as criticism from his opponents in Rome, who argued doing so exceeded his authority. Meanwhile, an ageing Mithridates had been cornered in <a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a> by another of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II of Pontus</a>. An attempt to commit suicide by taking poison allegedly failed due to his habit of taking "precautionary antidotes", and he was killed by the rebels. Pharnaces sent his embalmed body to Pompey, in return for which he was granted the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> and made an ally of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-organisation_of_the_East">Re-organisation of the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Re-organisation of the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_eastern_settlement" title="Pompey's eastern settlement">Pompey's eastern settlement</a></div> <p>The final collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> allowed Pompey to annex <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> in 64 BC, but its dissolution destabilised the region, while many of its cities had used the power vacuum to achieve independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197893_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197893-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 63 BC, Pompey left <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and marched south, occupying coastal cities like <a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a>, before crossing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a> and capturing <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella, Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197896_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197896-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png/180px-Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png/270px-Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png/360px-Hyrcanus_II_Judea.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> (blue) in 63 BC, after losing the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a> (red) to the north</figcaption></figure> <p>Pompey's incursion further south, into <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, was occasioned on account of its inhabitants, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, having ravaged <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and Pompey wanting to bring a stop to it.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial onslaught was disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Civil War">Hasmonean Civil War</a>, in which Pompey backed Hyrcanus II over his brother Aristobulus II. When he compelled the latter to surrender <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, its defenders took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Romans first stormed</a>, then looted. Judea became a client kingdom ruled by Hyrcanus, while its northern section was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>, a league of semi-autonomous cities (see map). Both Judea and the League were made subordinate to the new province of Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organisational changes included creating the province of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a>, with the rest of Mithridates' territories distributed among Roman allies. Elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia</a> was restored to his throne, while Lesser Armenia was taken from Tigranes and incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, with Pompey's client <a href="/wiki/Deiotarus" title="Deiotarus">Deiotarus</a> becoming ruler of the new kingdom. Finally, Cilicia received the coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, previously a centre of piracy, along with other inland areas and reorganised into six parts.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions significantly increased Roman state income and presented Pompey with multiple opportunities to increase his personal wealth and patronage base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrill201757–97_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrill201757–97-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Rome_and_the_First_Triumvirate">Return to Rome and the First Triumvirate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return to Rome and the First Triumvirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla,_AR_denarius,_56_BC,_RRC_426-4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg/250px-Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg/375px-Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg/500px-Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla%2C_AR_denarius%2C_56_BC%2C_RRC_426-4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Denarius minted in 56 BC by Pompey's supporter <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_(quaestor_54_BC)" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla (quaestor 54 BC)">Faustus Sulla</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Souza2002174_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Souza2002174-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before his return to Italy in 62 BC, Pompey paid his troops bonuses totalling around 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978101_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978101-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite fears he intended to follow Sulla's example, they were dismissed upon arrival at Brundisium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19731_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19731-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His journey to Rome drew huge crowds wherever he stopped, showing that although opinion in the Senate was divided, Pompey remained as popular as ever with the masses. He was awarded a third triumph for his achievements in Asia Minor, celebrated on his 45th birthday in 61 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015273_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015273-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey claimed the new provinces established in the East had increased annual state income from 200 million to 340 million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a>, plus an additional payment of 480 million sesterces to the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978118_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978118-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused to provide details of his personal fortune, but given the amounts declared publicly, this must have been enormous. Some of it was used to build one of the most famous structures of Ancient Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuritz198748_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuritz198748-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Senate then refused to ratify the treaties agreed by Pompey as part of his settlement of the East. Opposition was led by the <i>optimates</i> <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Celer" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer">Metellus Celer</a>, whose sister Mucia had recently been divorced by Pompey, for reasons still disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198553_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198553-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also defeated a bill to distribute farmland to his veterans, and landless members of the urban poor. A similar measure had been rejected in 63 BC, which arguably made the Senate over confident in their ability to control popular unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19732_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19732-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar,_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg/260px-First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg/390px-First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg/520px-First_Triumvirate_of_Caesar%2C_Crassius_and_Pompey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>; left to right, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a>, and Pompey</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Pompey could not overcome <i>optimate</i> opposition on his own, the situation changed when Marius' nephew <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> sought his endorsement for the consulship in 59 BC. A skilled, unscrupulous, and ambitious politician, Caesar used this alliance to harness Pompey's influence with the urban electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19733_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19733-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With additional support from Crassus, Caesar became one of the two consuls for 59 BC, the other being the <i>optimate</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus" title="Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus">Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus</a>. This meant Caesar could help pass legislation sponsored by Pompey and Crassus, while it was in his interest to keep them aligned, an important factor given the rivalry between his two patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978120–121_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978120–121-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite appearing to be the most junior, Caesar thus became central to the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a>, an informal political alliance designed to counter-balance the <i>optimates</i>. Pompey's influence was based on his reputation as a military commander, and popularity with the Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell197317_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell197317-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crassus' wealth allowed him to construct extensive patronage networks, but he lacked the military clout essential for political success in the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">late Republican era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015275_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015275-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/180px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/270px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/360px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, leader of <i>optimate</i> opposition to the triumvirate who became an ally of Pompey</figcaption></figure> <p>Once elected, Caesar secured the passage of a new agrarian bill, helped by Pompey's veterans, who filled the streets of Rome and allegedly intimidated the Senate. When Bibulus opposed the measure, he was attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">forum</a>, and spent the rest of his consulship under virtual house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015282_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015282-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar then ensured ratification of Pompey's settlements in the east, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Vatinia" title="Lex Vatinia">Lex Vatinia</a></i> made him governor of Gallia Cisalpina and <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>. He was also assigned <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Transalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Transalpina">Gallia Transalpina</a> after its governor died in office, before leaving Rome to launch the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> in 58 BC. His alliance with Pompey was strengthened when the latter married Caesar's daughter Julia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198553_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198553-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senatorial opposition to the triumvirate was led by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a>, a long-standing Pompeian ally. Despite this, the latter supported the populist politician <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> in an attack on Cicero for executing Roman citizens without trial during the <a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004238–239_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004238–239-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Clodius succeeded in having Cicero exiled, he was recalled to Rome by Pompey eighteen months later in 58 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, when shortages of grain caused popular unrest in 57 BC, a grateful Cicero backed Pompey's appointment as <i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_annonae" title="Praefectus annonae">praefectus annonae</a></i>, a temporary position set up for such occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey and Crassus were competing for command of a new expedition to Asia Minor, and in 56 BC they <a href="/wiki/Luca_Conference" title="Luca Conference">met</a> with Caesar to resolve these issues. Although Crassus was a long-standing rival, there are also indications Pompey felt his status as the foremost soldier of the Republic was threatened by Caesar's success in <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006253_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006253-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this in mind, Pompey set aside his differences with Crassus to promote their joint candidature as consuls for 55 BC. With Caesar's support, they were duly elected after prolonged periods of the violence which had become a feature of Roman political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953104-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in office, they ensured passage of a law giving Crassus the province of Syria and command of a punitive expedition against Parthia, providing him opportunities for both military glory and loot. Pompey was assigned the restive provinces of Hispania, along with Africa, while Caesar's governorships in Gaul were extended. All three men were given these positions for a period of five years, as well as the right to levy troops and "make peace and war with whomsoever they pleased."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953104-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_confrontation_to_civil_war">From confrontation to civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: From confrontation to civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_(with_conquests)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg/280px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg/420px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg/560px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Rome_at_Caesar_time_%28with_conquests%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire and satellite states, prior to the outbreak of civil war <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 49 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 54 BC, Caesar continued his conquest of Gaul, Crassus opened his campaign against the Parthians, and Pompey remained in Rome, where his wife Julia died in child birth in September. Contemporary sources suggest that combined with the death of Crassus and his son <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_(son_of_triumvir)" title="Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)"> Publius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a> in May 53 BC, this removed any obstacle to direct confrontation between Caesar and Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consular elections in 52 BC had to be suspended due to widespread violence. Seeking to end his alliance with Caesar, the <i>optimate</i> Bibulus proposed Pompey be elected sole consul, an unprecedented act backed by both Cato and the tribunate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2016307–308_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016307–308-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having restored order, Pompey married Cornelia, widow of Publius Crassus and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio_Nasica" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica">Metellus Scipio Nasica</a>, whom he appointed as his colleague for the last five months of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2016299_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016299-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As consul, Pompey helped enact legislation which some historians view as crucial to understanding the drift to war in 49 BC. Accused of using violence during his consulship in 59 BC, Caesar had previously been shielded by his proconsular immunity. With private support from Pompey, new laws made such prosecutions retrospective, which meant Caesar would probably be put on trial the moment he left Gaul and lost his <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200373_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200373-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid this, he had secured approval to stand for the consulship in 48 BC while still in Gaul, but another law backed by Pompey required electoral candidates to be physically present in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200375_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200375-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the two continued to co-operate in public,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200367_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200367-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey clearly viewed his colleague as a threat, as did much of the Senate. Both consuls for 50 BC, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_50_BC)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)">Paullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_50_BC)" title="Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 50 BC)">Gaius Claudius</a>, were opponents of Caesar, as was <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(praetor_49_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (praetor 49 BC)">Curio</a>, a plebeian tribune. They initiated legislation to remove Caesar from his command in Gaul, who allegedly bypassed this by bribing Paullus and Curio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019240_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019240-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For whatever reason, Curio came up with an alternative proposal; Caesar and Pompey should disarm at the same time, or be declared enemies of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019241–242_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019241–242-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was a clever move, since it was popular with those who wanted to avoid war, but unacceptable to the <i>optimates</i> who saw Caesar as a danger that had to be eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019243_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019243-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejection made open conflict more likely, and the Senate agreed to fund a consular army, organised by Pompey. When he fell ill while recruiting in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, the celebrations that followed his recovery allegedly convinced Pompey his popularity was sufficient to see off any opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953104-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, Caesar crossed the Alps with a single veteran legion and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, close to the border with the Roman Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant number of senators opposed any concessions to Caesar, but many also mistrusted Pompey, who has been criticised for "weak and ineffectual leadership" in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557–558_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557–558-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 49 BC, Caesar sent an ultimatum demanding acceptance of his compromise, failing which he would march on Rome "to avenge his country's wrongs". Confident their forces significantly outnumbered those available to Caesar, on 7 January the Senate declared him a public enemy; four days later, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> into Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Road_to_Pharsalus">The Road to Pharsalus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Road to Pharsalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></div> <p>When the war began, Caesar was a rebel with no navy and three understrength legions, while Pompey was backed by all the resources of the Roman state and his clients in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his position was weaker than it seemed, since he was simply an advisor to the Senate, many of whose members either preferred a negotiated solution, or regarded him with as much suspicion as Caesar. His military strategy had to be approved by the consuls, and he could only issue recommendations, which were not always followed. For example, Cicero rejected a request to help him with recruitment, and Cato refused to take command of Sicily, vital for control of Rome's grain supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/180px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/270px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/360px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><i>The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plans to defend Italy were undone by the speed with which Caesar moved, advancing directly on Rome with minimal resistance. Although outnumbered, his troops were experienced veterans, while many of Pompey's were new recruits, a weakness made worse by lack of co-ordination. Cato's brother-in-law, the <i>optimate</i> leader <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_54_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)">Lucius Domitius</a>, was cut off and captured in a hopeless defence of <a href="/wiki/Corfinium" title="Corfinium">Corfinium</a>, and his 13,000 men incorporated into Caesar's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Asinius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Asinius Pollio">Asinius Pollio</a>, they were later used to occupy Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978183_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978183-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey had abandoned Rome, ordering all senators and public officials to accompany him as he withdrew south to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a>. From there, he transported his troops across the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, an operation performed with almost complete success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978173–185_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978173–185-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking ships to pursue him, Caesar first secured his rear by subduing Pompeian forces in Hispania, before returning to Rome in December 49 BC. This gave Pompey time to build an army nearly twice the size of his opponents, while his navy destroyed two fleets being built for Caesar, ensuring the Pompeians retained control of the sea lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992559_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992559-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, in January 48 BC Caesar managed to cross the Adriatic with seven legions and land in southern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoak1921176_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoak1921176-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978192_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978192-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After capturing <a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, he advanced on Pompey's main supply base at <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a>. The latter arrived in time to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">block</a> the attempt, and establish a fortified camp on the other side of the River <a href="/wiki/Seman_(river)" title="Seman (river)">Apus</a>, where the two armies remained until spring.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither commander was anxious to begin hostilities, since Caesar was too weak militarily, while as with Mithridates, Pompey preferred to starve his opponent into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_(Latin).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png/250px-Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png/375px-Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png/500px-Map_of_Ancient_Greece_for_Caesar%27s_Civil_War_%28Latin%29.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The Pharsalus campaign, 48 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In late March the stalemate was broken when <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> finally managed to cross the Adriatic with four more legions and land at <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaeum</a>, some 57 kilometres north of Dyrrachium. Pompey tried to prevent the two Caesarian armies from linking up, by marching north-east and laying an ambush for Antony. The ambush, however, was revealed to Antony by some local Caesarian sympathisers, and he stayed in camp until Caesar approached. Pompey not willing to be caught between the two Caesarian forces withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978192–193_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978192–193-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar, his army now united with Antony's force, redeployed his forces by sending one-and-a-half legion to win support and gather supplies in <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, and a further two legions under <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus" title="Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus">Domitius Calvinus</a> to intercept <a href="/wiki/Metellus_Scipio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metellus Scipio">Metellus Scipio</a> in Macedonia. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus</a>, Pompey's oldest son, managed to destroy Caesar's fleet at Oricum and <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a>, making sure no more reinforcements and supplies would reach Caesar from Italy. Caesar tried to lure Pompey into a <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a> at Asparagium, but the latter refused. The next day Caesar outmaneuvred Pompey and marched for Dyrrachium again. When Pompey arrived at the city Caesar had already set up camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978193_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978193-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar lacked the siege equipment needed to take Dyrrhachium, and could not risk leaving Pompey to threaten his rear. He solved this by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">besieging Pompey in his camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978194_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978194-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the latter had enough food, water was scarce because Caesar had dammed the local rivers, and the Pompeian cavalry lacked forage for their horses. Ending the stalemate became a matter of urgency, and in late July Pompey finally managed to break through part of Caesar's defensive lines. Since this made the blockade pointless, Caesar cut his losses and withdrew to Apollonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978193–198_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978193–198-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point Metellus Scipio arrived in Thessaly. Caesar moved south to confront this threat and link up with Domitius Calvinus, allowing his men to sack <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gomphi" title="Siege of Gomphi">Gomphi</a> en route. Pursued by Pompey, he then withdrew to the area near <a href="/wiki/Farsala" title="Farsala">Pharsalus</a>, but failed to tempt Pompey into giving battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992561_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992561-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was later claimed Pompey only did so after being pressured by his subordinates, the delay may simply have been a reflection of his natural caution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992562_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992562-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless, Pompey's army of around 38,000 outnumbered the 22,000 men commanded by Caesar,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 7,000 cavalry to 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeppie1984109_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeppie1984109-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 August he deployed his men in battle formation, planning to use his superior cavalry to outflank his opponent on his left. Caesar had anticipated this, and repulsed the cavalry which fled in confusion, exposing the infantry behind them. Under pressure from the left and in front, the Pompeian army collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992563_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992563-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg/220px-Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg/330px-Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg/440px-Death_of_Pompey_Magnus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Death of Pompey Magnus; 18th century engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>Pompey escaped from the battlefield and made his way to <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a>, where he was reunited with his wife Cornelia. Most of his Eastern allies were present at Pharsalus and had either been killed or captured. The main absentee was 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a>, ruler of the wealthy and strategically important kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egypt</a>, making it an obvious destination. Cato announced his intention to continue the war from Africa, although most of his senatorial colleagues, including Cicero and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, made their peace with Caesar and returned to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004323_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004323-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> with a small fleet, and on 28 September 48 BC arrived at <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a> in Egypt, where Ptolemy was engaged in a bitter civil war with his co-ruler and elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a>. When he went ashore to greet an official delegation, Pompey was killed by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Septimius" title="Lucius Septimius">Lucius Septimius</a>, a Roman officer and former colleague serving in the Egyptian army. His body was cremated by two servants, while the head was kept as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One suggestion is that Ptolemy and his advisors feared Pompey planned to seize control of Egypt, especially since many Egyptian army officers were Roman mercenaries like Septimius who had previously served with him. At the same time, it seemed an easy way to win Caesar's support against Cleopatra, although ultimately this proved not to be the case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004327_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004327-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey's head was later returned to Cornelia for burial at his villa in the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>, while his ignominious death prompted Cicero to write "his life outlasted his power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="Wives of Pompey the Great">Wives of Pompey the Great</a></div> <p>Pompey had five wives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley1985_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley1985-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antistia_(wife_of_Pompey)" title="Antistia (wife of Pompey)">Antistia</a>. They married in 86 BC and divorced in 82 BC. By her he had no issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Pompey_the_Great#Aemilia_(82/81_BCE)" title="Wives of Pompey the Great">Aemilia Scaura</a>. When they married in 82 BC, Aemilia was pregnant by her former husband and died in childbirth in the same year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a>. They married in 79 BC and divorced in 61 BC. By her he had two sons and a daughter: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus Pompeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Magna" title="Pompeia Magna">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. They married in 59 BC and she died in childbirth in 54 BC. The child died a few days after birth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Metella" title="Cornelia Metella">Cornelia Metella</a>. They married in 52 BC and had no children together.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalship">Generalship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Generalship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pompey's military glory was second to none for two decades, yet his skills were occasionally criticized by some of his contemporaries. Sertorius or Lucullus, for instance, were especially critical.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey's tactics were usually efficient, albeit not particularly innovative or imaginative, and they could prove insufficient against greater tacticians. However, Pharsalus was his only decisive defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, he was reluctant to risk an open battle. While not extremely charismatic, Pompey could display tremendous bravery and fighting skills on the battlefield, which inspired his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While being a superb commander, Pompey also earned a reputation for stealing other generals' victories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrice2014145_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrice2014145-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Pompey is usually considered an outstanding strategist and organizer, who could win campaigns without displaying genius on the battlefield, but simply by constantly outmaneuvering his opponents and gradually pushing them into a desperate situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey was a great forward planner, and had tremendous organizational skill, which allowed him to devise grand strategies and operate effectively with large armies.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his campaigns in the east, he relentlessly pursued his enemies, choosing the ground for his battles.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above all, he was often able to adapt to his enemies and showed determination. On many occasions, he acted very swiftly and decisively, as he did during his campaigns in Sicily and Africa, or against the Cilician pirates. During the Sertorian war, on the other hand, Pompey was beaten several times by Sertorius. Despite an abysmal first year of the war for Pompey in 76 BC, he continued to campaign vigorously and as a result defeated many of Sertorius' subordinates. After Sertorius' army was greatly diminished, Pompey then decided to conduct a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a>, in which he would avoid open battles against his chief opponent but instead tried to gradually regain the strategic advantage by capturing his fortresses and cities and defeating his junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was unspectacular, but it led to constant territorial gains and did much to demoralize the Sertorian forces. By 73 or 72 BC, when he was assassinated, Sertorius was already in a desperate situation and his troops were deserting. Against Perperna, a tactician far inferior to his former commander-in-chief, Pompey decided to revert to a more aggressive strategy and he scored a decisive victory that effectively ended the war. </p><p>Against Caesar too, his strategy was sound. During the campaign in Greece, he managed to regain the initiative, join his forces to that of Metellus Scipio (something that Caesar wanted to avoid) and trap his enemy. His strategic position was hence much better than that of Caesar and he could have starved Caesar's army to death.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was finally compelled to fight an open battle by his allies, and his conventional tactics proved no match to those of Caesar (who also commanded the more experienced troops). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_heritage">Literary heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pompey was so striking a figure, and his fall so dramatic, that his story became the subject of frequent literary treatment. In the century after his death, the civil war between himself and Caesar was retold in <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>'s epic <i>De Bello Civili</i>, now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i> after the culminating battle. In the poem's final sections, however, Pompey's vengeful ghost returns to possess those responsible for his murder in Egypt and bring about their death.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Britain, too, several plays returned to the subject of "Caesar and Pompey", including <a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>'s <i>The Wars of Pompey and Caesar</i> (c. 1604). Another contemporary treatment by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a>, <i>Cornelia, or Pompey the Great, his faire Cornelia's tragedy</i> (1594), was a translation from the French of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garnier" title="Robert Garnier">Robert Garnier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in France, Pompey's story was told without the character appearing onstage in <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>'s <i>La Mort de Pompée</i> (1643) and this too had English adaptations: as <i>Pompey</i> (1663) by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Philips" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Philips">Catherine Philips</a>, as <i>Pompey the Great</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Waller" title="Edmund Waller">Edmund Waller</a> and others in 1664,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Pompey" title="The Death of Pompey">The Death of Pompey</a></i> (1724) by <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>. </p><p>Later in the 18th century, Pompey is made the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_poem" title="Epistolary poem">'heroical epistle'</a> in rhyming couplets from a supposed former lover in <a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">John Hervey</a>'s "Flora to Pompey".<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also figures in narrative poems of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/John_Edmund_Reade" title="John Edmund Reade">John Edmund Reade</a>'s "The Vale of Tempe" records the fugitive's desperate appearance as glimpsed by a bystander in the Greek valley;<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his arrival in Egypt is related by <a href="/wiki/Alaric_Watts" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaric Watts">Alaric Watts</a> in "The Death of Pompey the Great",<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ruined column raised to mark the site of his killing outside Alexandria is described by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Michell" title="Nicholas Michell">Nicholas Michell</a> in <i>Ruins of Many Lands</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">John Masefield</a>'s prose drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="The Tragedy of Pompey the Great">The Tragedy of Pompey the Great</a></i> of 1910, covering the period from his decision to fight Caesar to his assassination in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was later filmed for television in 1950 for the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Sunday_Night_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Sunday Night Theatre">BBC Sunday Night Theatre</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompey's career is recapitulated a century later in series of historical novels. In <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a></i>, Pompey is mainly featured in Books III-V, covering his rise to prominence through to his betrayal and murder in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey is also a recurring character in <a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa" title="Roma Sub Rosa">Roma Sub Rosa</a></i> crime fiction novels, where he brushes shoulders with Gordianus, the main protagonist of the series.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another fiction series in which Pompey plays a part in the historical background is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris's</a> trilogy of the life of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_Pompey's_life_and_career"><span id="Chronology_of_Pompey.27s_life_and_career"></span>Chronology of Pompey's life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chronology of Pompey's life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>29 September 106 BC – Born in <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>;</li> <li>86 BC – Marriage to Antistia;</li> <li>89 BC – Serves under his father at Asculum (during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a>);</li> <li>83 BC – Aligns with <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, after his return from the <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a> against King <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a>, raising a legion and cavalry in hopes of joining him;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004174_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004174-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>83–82 BC – Fights for Sulla during the war in Italy. First as cavalry commander then joint-commands and finally commanding an independent army.</li> <li>82 BC – Divorce by Antistia and marriage to Aemilia at the behest of Sulla, but Aemilia is already pregnant and eventually dies during childbirth;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>82–81 BC – Defeats <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>' allies in Sicily and Africa;</li> <li>81 BC – Returns to Rome and celebrates first triumph;</li> <li>79 BC – Pompey marries <a href="/wiki/Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Mucia_gens" title="Mucia gens">Mucii Scaevolae</a> family;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>79 BC – Pompey supports the election of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_78_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, who openly revolts against the Senate a few months later. Pompey suppresses the rebellion with an army raised from <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> and puts down the rebellion, killing the rebel <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_(tribune_83_BC)" title="Marcus Junius Brutus (tribune 83 BC)">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a>, who would go on to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004180,_181_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004180,_181-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>76–71 BC – Campaign in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sertorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertorius">Sertorius</a>;</li> <li>71 BC – Returns to Italy and participates in the suppression of a <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">slave rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, obtaining his second triumph;</li> <li>70 BC – First consulship (with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>);</li> <li>67 BC – Defeats the pirates and goes to the province of Asia;</li> <li>66–61 BC – Defeats King Mithridates of Pontus, ending the Third Mithridatic War;</li> <li>64–63 BC – Marches through Syria, the Levant, and Judea;</li> <li>61 BC – Divorce by Mucia Tertia;</li> <li>29 September 61 BC – Third triumph;</li> <li>April 59 BC – The so-called first <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">triumvirate</a> is constituted. Pompey allies with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and Crassus, marrying Caesar's daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a>;</li> <li>58–55 BC – Governs Hispania Ulterior by proxy, while the Theater of Pompey is constructed;</li> <li>55 BC – Second consulship (with Marcus Licinius Crassus), and the Theater of Pompey is finally inaugurated;</li> <li>54 BC – <a href="/wiki/Julia_(wife_of_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (wife of Pompey)">Julia</a> dies in childbirth, and the first triumvirate ends;</li> <li>52 BC – Serves as sole consul for an <a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">intercalary month</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1963114_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1963114-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has a third ordinary consulship with Metellus Scipio for the rest of the year, marrying his daughter <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Metella" title="Cornelia Metella">Cornelia Metella</a>;</li> <li>51 BC – Forbids Caesar (in Gaul) to stand for consulship <i>in absentia</i>;</li> <li>50 BC – Falls dangerously ill with fever in Campania, but is saved "by public prayers";<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>49 BC – Caesar crosses the Rubicon river and invades Italy, while Pompey retreats to Greece with the conservatives;</li> <li>48 BC – Caesar defeats Pompey's army near Pharsalus, Greece. Pompey retreats to Egypt and is killed at <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> had remained virtually neutral during the war, but now decided to throw their lot in with the Roman government – their hatred for Sulla probably being the deciding factor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197827_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197827-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Six legions and a navy of 120 warships and 800 transport ships. Both men and ships were immediately available: the men and ships from Sulla's armies<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197828_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197828-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reportedly 6,000 talents for Pompey, with <a href="/wiki/Tribunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes">tribunes</a> getting 10,000 drachmas each, <a href="/wiki/Centurions" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurions">centurions</a> 1,000, and enlisted men 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were Cilicia Aspera, Cilicia Campestris, Pamphylia, <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The three wreaths on the reverse refer to the three triumphs of Pompey; the top wreath is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments"><i>corona aurea</i></a> he received in 62; the globe in the center is a copy of the one paraded during the third triumph; the aplustre on the lower left alludes to his victory against the pirates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roman talent was roughly 32 kilograms of gold, making this distribution worth over $32 billion using 2023 prices</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The divorce may also have been a factor in the defection of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Nepos_(consul_57_BC)" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos (consul 57 BC)">Metellus Nepos</a>, previously one of Pompey's main supporters, although the Metelli had their own political ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19736_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19736-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a> wrote "Pompey could not brook an equal, or Caesar a superior."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now in Northern Italy, Ravenna was then a federated ally of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pompey was based at <a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small port north of Dyrrhachium, roughly on the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Shk%C3%ABmbi_i_Kavaj%C3%ABs" title="Shkëmbi i Kavajës">Shkëmbi i Kavajës</a> in Albania</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact location of the battle is still disputed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">these numbers refer to legionaries and do not include the light-armed troops provided by allied rulers and nations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978204_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978204-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197829-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197829_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197813-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197813_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins195398-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins195398_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesley1892167–170-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesley1892167–170_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeesley1892">Beesley 1892</a>, pp. 167–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953100-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953100_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015241–242-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015241–242_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoak1921145–146-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoak1921145–146_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoak1921">Boak 1921</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015272-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015272_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197824–25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197824–25_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197825–26-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197825–26_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197826-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197826_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197826–27-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197826–27_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197827-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197827_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197827_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015245-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015245_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198549-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198549_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaley1985">Haley 1985</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins195399-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins195399_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198550-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198550_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198550_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaley1985">Haley 1985</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197828-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197828_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197830-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197830_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197830–31-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197830–31_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray">Gray</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200228-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200228_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2002">Seager 2002</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197831–32-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197831–32_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblitt2014415–16-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenblitt2014415–16_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenblitt2014">Rosenblitt 2014</a>, pp. 415–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953101-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953101_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen199515-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen199515_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen1995">Gruen 1995</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen199516-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen199516_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen1995">Gruen 1995</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197842-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197842_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197841–43-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197841–43_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004141–142-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004141–142_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197844-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197844_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197845-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197845_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197846-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197846_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>Bellum Civile</i>, 1.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Sertorius</i>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197848-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197848_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013117–118-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013117–118_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatyszak2013">Matyszak 2013</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197847-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197847_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013118-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013118_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatyszak2013">Matyszak 2013</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197849-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197849_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013121–122-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013121–122_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatyszak2013">Matyszak 2013</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197849–50-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197849–50_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013126-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatyszak2013126_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatyszak2013">Matyszak 2013</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApCW1.110-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApCW1.110_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>Bellum Civile</i>, 1.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 18–20.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Sertorius</i>, pp. 19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sallust, <i>Histories,</i> 1.2.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953102-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953102_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953102_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004142-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004142_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Crassus</i>, 11.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 21.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1974412–413-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford1974412–413_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1974">Crawford 1974</a>, pp. 412–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy,_Periochae,_97.6_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i>Periochae</i>, 97.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Crassus</i>, 12.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Crassus</i>, 12.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETröster200920–21-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETröster200920–21_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTröster2009">Tröster 2009</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETröster200917-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETröster200917_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTröster2009">Tröster 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197866-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197866_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200243–44-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200243–44_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2002">Seager 2002</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201489–90-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201489–90_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlower2014">Flower 2014</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197868-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197868_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197871,_74-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197871,_74_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 71, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200247-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200247_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2002">Seager 2002</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197872-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197872_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197873-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197873_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200247–48-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200247–48_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2002">Seager 2002</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Lucullus</i>, pp. 33–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.14.4, 17.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 30.1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh1981107-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh1981107_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalgh1981">Greenhalgh 1981</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 32.1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.48–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 32.3–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Mithridatic Wars</i>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 36.54, 37.2–5.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 37.5.2–5, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, 37.11–14.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197893-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197893_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach197896-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach197896_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (1969). E.H. Warmington (ed.). <i>Dio's Roman History</i>. The Loeb Classical Library (in English and Greek). Vol. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 127 (book XXXVII). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/264964964">264964964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pages=127+%28book+XXXVII%29&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F264964964&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Jewish Antiquities</i>, 14.54.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrill201757–97-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrill201757–97_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrill2017">Morrill 2017</a>, pp. 57–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1974">Crawford 1974</a>, pp. 449–451, though he only links the aplustre with Pompey's <i><a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">cura annonae</a></i> of 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Souza2002174-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Souza2002174_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Souza2002">De Souza 2002</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978101-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978101_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19731-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19731_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1973">Mitchell 1973</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015273-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015273_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978118-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978118_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuritz198748-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuritz198748_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuritz1987">Kuritz 1987</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley198553-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198553_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley198553_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaley1985">Haley 1985</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19736-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19736_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1973">Mitchell 1973</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19732-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19732_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1973">Mitchell 1973</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19733-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19733_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1973">Mitchell 1973</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978120–121-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978120–121_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell197317-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell197317_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell1973">Mitchell 1973</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015275-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015275_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015282-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015282_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004238–239-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004238–239_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004254_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006253-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006253_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1953104-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1953104_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1953">Collins 1953</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Caesar</i>, 23.5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 53.4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, <i>Epitome of Roman History</i>, 2.13.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016307–308-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2016307–308_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey2016">Ramsey 2016</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey2016299-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey2016299_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey2016">Ramsey 2016</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200373-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200373_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton2003">Stanton 2003</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200375-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200375_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton2003">Stanton 2003</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200367-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200367_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton2003">Stanton 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019240-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019240_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2019">Drogula 2019</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019241–242-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019241–242_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2019">Drogula 2019</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019243-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2019243_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2019">Drogula 2019</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557–558-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557–558_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, pp. 557–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992557_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992558–559_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, pp. 558–559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978183-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978183_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978173–185-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978173–185_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 173–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992559-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992559_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoak1921176-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoak1921176_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoak1921">Boak 1921</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978192-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978192_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992560_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978192–193-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978192–193_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978193-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978193_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978194-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978194_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978193–198-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978193–198_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, pp. 193–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992561-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992561_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992562-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992562_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978204-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978204_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeppie1984109-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeppie1984109_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeppie1984">Keppie 1984</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylle1992563-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylle1992563_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylle1992">Wylle 1992</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004323-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004323_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015290_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2004327-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2004327_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2004">Holland 2004</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley1985-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaley1985_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaley1985">Haley 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Parallel Lives</i>, <i>Life of Pompey</i>, 5, 9, 15, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Sertorius</i> and <i>Life of Lucullus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeach1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_152-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeach1978">Leach 1978</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrice2014145-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrice2014145_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrice2014">Brice 2014</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Si Sheppard, <i>Pharsalus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History of the Ancient & Medieval World Vol. 6</i> (Revised ed.). 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British Film Institute. 20 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b7f3044be">the original</a> on 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI+Film+Forever&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+Pompey+the+Great&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.bfi.org.uk%2F4ce2b7f3044be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocío_Gordillo_Hervás2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rocío Gordillo Hervás (9 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2019_ant_1476_1_3780#ista_0000-0000_2019_ant_1476_1_T11_0198_0000">"Historical Fiction and Ancient Rome: Colleen McCullough's <i>Masters Of Rome</i> Series"</a>. <i>Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité</i>. <b>1476</b> (1): 206 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+de+l%27Institut+des+Sciences+et+Techniques+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Historical+Fiction+and+Ancient+Rome%3A+Colleen+McCullough%27s+Masters+Of+Rome+Series&rft.volume=1476&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=206+ff&rft.date=2024-02-09&rft.au=Roc%C3%ADo+Gordillo+Herv%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fista_0000-0000_2019_ant_1476_1_3780%23ista_0000-0000_2019_ant_1476_1_T11_0198_0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Nixon2014" class="citation web cs1">Keith Nixon (19 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimefictionlover.com/2014/10/interview-steven-saylor">"Interview: Steven Saylor"</a>. <i>Crime Fiction Lover</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crime+Fiction+Lover&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Steven+Saylor&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.au=Keith+Nixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrimefictionlover.com%2F2014%2F10%2Finterview-steven-saylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedicte_Page2015" class="citation web cs1">Benedicte Page (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/author-interviews/robert-harris-interview-312032">"Robert Harris | 'Cicero had very good relations with Caesar but he was absolutely delighted to see him murdered before his own eyes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Bookseller</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=Robert+Harris+%7C+%27Cicero+had+very+good+relations+with+Caesar+but+he+was+absolutely+delighted+to+see+him+murdered+before+his+own+eyes%27&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.au=Benedicte+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fauthor-interviews%2Frobert-harris-interview-312032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004174-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004174_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2004">Goldsworthy 2004</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004179_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2004">Goldsworthy 2004</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004180,_181-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2004180,_181_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2004">Goldsworthy 2004</a>, p. 180, 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1963114-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1963114_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1963">Abbott 1963</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juvenal, <i>Satire X</i>, p. 283</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1963" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Frank Frost (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aQgAQAAIAAJ"><i>A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions</i></a>. Biblo and Tannen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+and+Description+of+Roman+Political+Institutions&rft.pub=Biblo+and+Tannen&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Frank+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aQgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <i>SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome</i> (2016 ed.). Profile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846683817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846683817"><bdi>978-1846683817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+A+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Profile+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1846683817&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesley1892" class="citation book cs1">Beesley, A. (1892). <i>The Gracchi Marius and Sulla Epochs of Ancient History</i> (2017 ed.). Pinnacle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1374894761" title="Special:BookSources/978-1374894761"><bdi>978-1374894761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gracchi+Marius+and+Sulla+Epochs+of+Ancient+History&rft.edition=2017&rft.pub=Pinnacle+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=978-1374894761&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoak1921" class="citation book cs1">Boak, Edward (1921). <i>A History of Rome to 565 AD</i> (2016 ed.). Wentworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1363094448" title="Special:BookSources/978-1363094448"><bdi>978-1363094448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome+to+565+AD&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Wentworth+Publishing&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-1363094448&rft.aulast=Boak&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2014" class="citation book cs1">Brice, Lee (2014). <i>Warfare in the Roman Republic: from the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610692991" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610692991"><bdi>978-1610692991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Roman+Republic%3A+from+the+Etruscan+Wars+to+the+Battle+of+Actium&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1610692991&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1953" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, H.P. (1953). "Decline and Fall of Pompey the Great". <i>Greece and Rome</i>. <b>22</b> (66): 98–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500011888">10.1017/S0017383500011888</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/641489">641489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161450990">161450990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+Pompey+the+Great&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=98-106&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161450990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F641489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500011888&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Crawford, Michael H.</a> (1974). <i>Roman Republican coinage</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4"><bdi>0-521-07492-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1288923">1288923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Republican+coinage&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1288923&rft.isbn=0-521-07492-4&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza2002" class="citation book cs1">De Souza, Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOK-Jh1Zuk4C"><i>Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01240-9"><bdi>978-0-521-01240-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+in+the+Graeco-Roman+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01240-9&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOK-Jh1Zuk4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2019" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred K. (2019). <i>Cato the Younger: Life and death at the end of the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869021"><bdi>978-0190869021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cato+the+Younger%3A+Life+and+death+at+the+end+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0190869021&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlower2014" class="citation book cs1">Flower, Harriet (2014). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i>. CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107032248" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107032248"><bdi>978-1107032248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107032248&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2004). <i>In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire</i>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753817896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753817896"><bdi>978-0753817896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+name+of+Rome%3A+The+Men+Who+Won+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0753817896&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). <i>Caesar; The Life of a Colossus</i> (2013 ed.). Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297864004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297864004"><bdi>978-0297864004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%3B+The+Life+of+a+Colossus&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0297864004&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Eric William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pompey-the-Great">"Pompey the Great"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pompey+the+Great&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Eric+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPompey-the-Great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh1981" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, P. (1981). <i>Pompey: The Republican Prince</i>. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297778813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297778813"><bdi>978-0297778813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey%3A+The+Republican+Prince&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0297778813&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1995" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich (1995). <i>The Last Generation of the Roman Republic</i>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520022386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520022386"><bdi>978-0520022386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Generation+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0520022386&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Haley" title="Shelley Haley">Haley, Shelley</a> (April 1985). "The Five Wives of Pompey the Great". <i>Greece and Rome</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 49–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500030138">10.1017/S0017383500030138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4550">1477-4550</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/642299">642299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154822339">154822339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Five+Wives+of+Pompey+the+Great&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-59&rft.date=1985-04&rft.issn=1477-4550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154822339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F642299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500030138&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2004" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Tom (2004). <i>Rubicon, The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic</i>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0349115634" title="Special:BookSources/978-0349115634"><bdi>978-0349115634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubicon%2C+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0349115634&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppie1984" class="citation book cs1">Keppie, Lawrence (1984). <i>The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire</i> (2015 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138129139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138129139"><bdi>978-1138129139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Roman+Army%3A+From+Republic+to+Empire&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1138129139&rft.aulast=Keppie&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuritz1987" class="citation book cs1">Kuritz, Paul (1987). <i>The Making of Theatre History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-547861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-547861-5"><bdi>978-0-13-547861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Theatre+History&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-13-547861-5&rft.aulast=Kuritz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach1978" class="citation book cs1">Leach, John (1978). <i>Pompey the Great</i>. Biddles Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-6035-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-6035-4"><bdi>0-8476-6035-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey+the+Great&rft.pub=Biddles+Ltd&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8476-6035-4&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatyszak2013" class="citation book cs1">Matyszak, Philip (2013). <i>Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848847873" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848847873"><bdi>978-1848847873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sertorius+and+the+Struggle+for+Spain&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1848847873&rft.aulast=Matyszak&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1973" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Thomas (1973). "Cicero, Pompey and the Rise of the First Triumvirate". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>29</b>: 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900008953">10.1017/S0362152900008953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/641489">641489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152020610">152020610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Cicero%2C+Pompey+and+the+Rise+of+the+First+Triumvirate&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152020610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F641489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900008953&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2017" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Kit (2017). <i>Pompey, Cato, and the Governance of the Roman Empire</i>. OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198755142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198755142"><bdi>978-0198755142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey%2C+Cato%2C+and+the+Governance+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0198755142&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsey, John (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 298–324. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019234">45019234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=How+and+why+was+Pompey+Made+Sole+Consul+in+52+BC%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=298-324&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45019234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblitt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenblitt, Alison (2014). "The Turning Tide: The Politics of the Year 79 B.C.E.". <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>144</b> (2): 415–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fapa.2014.0008">10.1353/apa.2014.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830445">43830445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144556938">144556938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Turning+Tide%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Year+79+B.C.E.&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=415-431&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144556938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43830445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fapa.2014.0008&rft.aulast=Rosenblitt&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2002" class="citation book cs1">Seager, R (2002). <i>Pompey the Great: A Political Biography</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826203564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826203564"><bdi>978-0826203564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompey+the+Great%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826203564&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stanton, John (2003). "Why Did Caesar Cross the Rubicon?". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 67–94. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436678">4436678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Caesar+Cross+the+Rubicon%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-94&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTröster2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tröster, Manuel (2009). "Roman Hegemony and Non-State Violence: A Fresh Look at Pompey's Campaign against the Pirates". <i>Greece and Rome</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 14–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383508000673">10.1017/S0017383508000673</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40388852">40388852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154000527">154000527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Roman+Hegemony+and+Non-State+Violence%3A+A+Fresh+Look+at+Pompey%27s+Campaign+against+the+Pirates&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-33&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154000527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40388852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383508000673&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%B6ster&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylle1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wylle, Graham (1992). "The Road to Pharsalus". <i>Latomus</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 557–565. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41541372">41541372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Pharsalus&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-565&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41541372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wylle&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hillman, T., P., <i>The Reputation of Cn. Pompeius Magnus among His Contemporaries from 83 to 59 B.C.</i>, Diss. New York 1989.</li> <li>Nicols, Marianne Schoenlin. <i>Appearance and Reality. A Study of the Clientele of Pompey the Great</i>, Diss. Berkeley/Cal. 1992.</li> <li>Southern, P., Pompey the Great: Caesar's Friend and Foe, The History Press, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752425214" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752425214">978-0752425214</a></li> <li>Stockton, D., <i>The First Consulship of Pompey</i>, <i>Historia</i> 22 (1973), 205–18.</li> <li>Van Ooteghem, J., <i>Pompée le Grand. Bâtisseur d’Empire</i>. Brussels 1954.</li> <li>Wylie, G., J., <i>Pompey Megalopsychos</i>, <i>Klio</i> 72 (1990), 445–456.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Sura" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura">P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Aufidius_Orestes" title="Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes">Cn. Aufidius Orestes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />70 BC <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">M. Licinius Crassus</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius" title="Quintus Hortensius">Q. Hortensius Hortalus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Marcellinus" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus">Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Philippus_(consul_56_BC)" title="Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)">L. Marcius Philippus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />55 BC <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">M. Licinius Crassus</a> II </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_54_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)">L. Domitius Ahenobarbus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_54_BC)" title="Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)">Ap. Claudius Pulcher</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus" title="Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus">Cn. Domitius Calvinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Rufus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus">M. Valerius Messalla Rufus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> III </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedonius" title="Mercedonius">Intercalary Month</a>, 52 BC<br /><i>without colleague</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself<br /><a href="/wiki/Metellus_Scipio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metellus Scipio">Metellus Scipio</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />52 BC <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio">Metellus Scipio</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Rufus" title="Servius Sulpicius Rufus">Ser. Sulpicius Rufus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_51_BC)" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 51 BC)">M. Claudius Marcellus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pompey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pompey" title="Template:Pompey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pompey" title="Template talk:Pompey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pompey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pompey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pompey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Asio_River_(82_BC)" title="Battle of the Asio River (82 BC)">Asio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(82_BC)" title="Battle of Sena Gallica (82 BC)">Sena Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Clusium" title="Second Battle of Clusium">2nd Clusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(81_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (81 BC)">Utica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauron" title="Battle of Lauron">Lauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valentia_75_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Valentia 75 BC">Valentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sucro" title="Battle of Sucro">Sucro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum_(75_BC)" title="Battle of Saguntum (75 BC)">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_near_Osca" title="Battle near Osca">Osca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's campaign against pirates">Pirate War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korakesion" title="Battle of Korakesion">Coracaesium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lycus" title="Battle of the Lycus">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelorus" title="Battle of the Pelorus">Pelorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Abas" title="Battle of the Abas">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gellia_Cornelia" title="Lex Gellia Cornelia">Lex Gellia Cornelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis" title="Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis">Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Manilia" title="Lex Manilia">Lex Manilia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_eastern_settlement" title="Pompey's eastern settlement">Eastern settlement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Trebonia_(55_BC)" title="Lex Trebonia (55 BC)">Lex Trebonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Pompeia_de_ambitu" title="Lex Pompeia de ambitu">Lex Pompeia de ambitu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Pompeia_de_provinciis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Pompeia de provinciis (page does not exist)">Lex Pompeia de provinciis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Pompeianus" title="Temple of Hercules Pompeianus">Temple of Hercules Pompeianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_of_Pompey" title="Portico of Pompey">Portico of Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="Wives of Pompey the Great">Wives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antistia_(wife_of_Pompey)" title="Antistia (wife of Pompey)">Antistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(wife_of_Pompey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (wife of Pompey)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Metella" title="Cornelia Metella">Cornelia Metella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(son_of_Pompey)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)">Gnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Magna" title="Pompeia Magna">Pompeia Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(sister_of_Pompeius_Strabo)" title="Pompeia (sister of Pompeius Strabo)">Pompeia</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Memmius)" title="Pompeia (wife of Memmius)">Pompeia</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_and_Pompey" title="Caesar and Pompey">Caesar and Pompey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Pompey" title="The Death of Pompey">The Death of Pompey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Magno" title="Pompeo Magno">Pompeo Magno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Pompey_the_Great" title="The Tragedy of Pompey the Great">The Tragedy of Pompey the Great</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pompey" title="Category:Pompey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_of_Plutarch" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374485904">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6224297">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32151776763518011915">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305418913">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1841849/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXJkhwB9FYp6kV6wD6rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118595636">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80013395">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938643b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938643b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001147360">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701429&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1074073">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070070881">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90756998">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgvlh2d5j2nh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653882305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/26673">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266498105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08934415?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355380">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118595636.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118595636">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027318001">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompey&oldid=1258466656">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompey&oldid=1258466656</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pompey" title="Category:Pompey">Pompey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:106_BC_births" title="Category:106 BC births">106 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:48_BC_deaths" title="Category:48 BC deaths">48 BC deaths</a></li><li><a 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