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vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polio_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabies_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabies_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rabies vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabies_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_accusation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_accusation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>AIDS accusation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_accusation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hilary Koprowski</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="هيلاري كوبروفسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيلاري كوبروفسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="هیلاری کاپروسکیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیلاری کاپروسکیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Χιλάρι Κοπρόφσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιλάρι Κοπρόφσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിലാരി കോപ്രോവ്സ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിലാരി കോപ്രോവ്സ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="هيلارى كوبروفسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيلارى كوبروفسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Копровский, Хилари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Копровский, Хилари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hilary Koprowski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="希拉里·科普罗夫斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希拉里·科普罗夫斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q936389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish-Jewish-American physician, virologist, immunologist and medical researcher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hilary Koprowski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg/175px-Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg/263px-Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg/350px-Hilary_Koprowski._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="3001" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-12-05</span>)</span>5 December 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">Government General of Warsaw</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-04-11)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wynnewood,_Pennsylvania" title="Wynnewood, Pennsylvania">Wynnewood, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Polish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Poland, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irena_Koprowska" title="Irena Koprowska">Irena Koprowska</a> (m. 1938)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Sabin_Gold_Medal" title="Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal">Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal</a> (2007)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hilary Koprowski</b> (5 December 1916 – 11 April 2013) was a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a> active in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> who demonstrated the world's first effective live <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>. He authored or co-authored over 875 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific paper">scientific papers</a> and co-edited several <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>. </p><p>Koprowski received many academic honors and national decorations, including the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Lion" title="Royal Order of the Lion">Order of the Lion</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of Merit (France)">Order of Merit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, Finland's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland" title="Order of the Lion of Finland">Order of the Lion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a>. </p><p>Koprowski was the target of accusations in the press related to the "<a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis</a>", which posited that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines such as Koprowski's. This allegation was refuted by evidence showing that the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> was introduced to humans before his polio-vaccine trials were conducted in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Worobey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worobey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was settled out of court with a formal apology from <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilary Koprowski was born in Warsaw to an educated, assimilated Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents met in 1906 when Paweł Koprowski (1882–1957) was serving in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>, and moved to Warsaw soon after their marriage in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother Sonia (née Berland; 1883–1967), was a <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Berdichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdichev">Berdichev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hilary Koprowski attended Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej" title="Mikołaj Rej">Mikołaj Rej</a> Secondary School, and from age twelve he took piano lessons at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Conservatory">Warsaw Conservatory</a>. He received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">medical degree</a> from <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University">Warsaw University</a> in 1939. He also received music degrees from the Warsaw Conservatory and, in 1940, from the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cecilia Conservatory">Santa Cecilia Conservatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He adopted scientific research as his life's work, but never gave up music and composed several musical works. In July 1938, while in medical school, Koprowski married <a href="/wiki/Irena_Koprowska" title="Irena Koprowska">Irena Grasberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s invasion of Poland, Koprowski and his wife, likewise a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, fled the country, using Koprowski family business connections in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England. Hilary went to Rome, where he spent a year studying <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cecilia Conservatory">Santa Cecilia Conservatory</a>; while Irena went to France, where she gave birth to their first child, Claude Koprowski, and worked as an attending physician at a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the invasion of France loomed in 1940, Irena and the infant escaped from France via Spain and Portugal —where the Koprowski family reunited — to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, where Koprowski worked in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>. His field of research for several years was finding a live-virus vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the Koprowskis settled in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River,_New_York" title="Pearl River, New York">Pearl River</a>, New York, where Hilary was hired as a researcher for <a href="/wiki/Lederle_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lederle Laboratories">Lederle Laboratories</a>, the pharmaceutical division of <a href="/wiki/American_Cyanamid" title="American Cyanamid">American Cyanamid</a>. Here he began his <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> experiments, which ultimately led to the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral polio vaccine">oral polio vaccine</a>. Koprowski served as director of the <a href="/wiki/Wistar_Institute" title="Wistar Institute">Wistar Institute</a>, 1957–91, during which period Wistar achieved international recognition for its vaccine research and became a National Cancer Institute Cancer Center.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG/130px-2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG/195px-2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG/260px-2007.09.16._Hilary_Koprowski_by_Kubik_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Koprowski, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Koprowski died on April 11, 2013, aged 96,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plotkin2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plotkin2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Wynnewood,_Pennsylvania" title="Wynnewood, Pennsylvania">Wynnewood</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philly.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philly.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife are buried at <a href="/wiki/West_Laurel_Hill_Cemetery" title="West Laurel Hill Cemetery">West Laurel Hill Cemetery</a>, Southlawn Section, Lot 782, <a href="/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bala Cynwyd">Bala Cynwyd</a>, Pennsylvania. </p><p>Hilary Koprowski and his late wife had two sons. Their first child Claude (born in Paris, 1940), who died in 2020, was a retired physician.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their second son, Christopher (born 1951) is a retired physician certified in two specialties, neurology and radio-oncology. He is also the former chair of the department of radiation oncology at <a href="/wiki/Christiana_Hospital" title="Christiana Hospital">Christiana Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polio_vaccine">Polio vaccine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polio vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While at <a href="/wiki/Lederle_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lederle Laboratories">Lederle Laboratories</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koprowski created an early polio vaccine, based on an orally administered <a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">attenuated</a> <a href="/wiki/Polio_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polio virus">polio virus</a>. In researching a potential polio vaccine, he had focused on live viruses that were attenuated (rendered non-virulent) rather than on killed viruses (the latter became the basis for the injected vaccine subsequently developed by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>). </p><p>Koprowski viewed the live vaccine as more powerful, since it entered the intestinal tract directly and could provide lifelong immunity, whereas the Salk vaccine required booster shots. Also, administering a vaccine by mouth is easy, whereas an injection requires medical facilities and is more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koprowski developed his polio vaccine by attenuating the virus in brain cells of a <a href="/wiki/Cotton_rat" title="Cotton rat">cotton rat</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sigmodon_hispidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmodon hispidus">Sigmodon hispidus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> species that is susceptible to polio.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He administered the vaccine to himself in January 1948 and, on 27 February 1950, to 20 children at <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Village" title="Letchworth Village">Letchworth Village</a>, a home for disabled persons in <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland County, New York</a>. Seventeen of the 20 children developed antibodies to polio virus — the other three apparently already had antibodies — and none of the children developed complications. Within 10 years, the vaccine was being used on four continents. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a>'s early work with attenuated-live-virus polio vaccine was developed from attenuated polio virus that Sabin had received from Koprowski. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabies_vaccine">Rabies vaccine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rabies vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his work on the polio vaccine, Koprowski (along with <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Wiktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Wiktor (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Wiktor</a>) did significant work on an improved vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plotkin2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plotkin2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group developed the HDCV rabies vaccine in the 1960s at the Wistar Institute. It was licensed for use in the United States in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliations">Affiliations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koprowski was president of Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, Inc, and head of the Center for Neurovirology at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a>. In 2006 he was awarded a record 50th grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. He authored or co-authored over 875 scientific papers and co-edited several scientific journals. He served as a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">Pan American Health Organization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_legacy">Honors and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koprowski received many honorary degrees, academic honors, and national decorations, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Lion_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Lion (Belgium)">Order of the Lion</a> from the King of Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">French Order of Merit</a> for Research and Invention, a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholarship">Fulbright Scholarship</a>, and appointment as Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry">Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. In 1989 he received the <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> Award for Medicine and the Nicolaus Copernicus Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> in Warsaw. </p><p>Koprowski received numerous honors in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, including the Philadelphia Cancer Research Award, the <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Award">John Scott Award</a> and, in May 1990, the most prestigious honor of his home city, the Philadelphia Award. He was a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Physicians_of_Philadelphia" title="College of Physicians of Philadelphia">College of Physicians of Philadelphia</a>, which in 1959 presented him with its Alvarenga Prize. </p><p>Koprowski was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Sciences" title="New York Academy of Sciences">New York Academy of Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_of_America" title="Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America">Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held foreign membership in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts">Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters">Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters</a>. </p><p>On June 3, 1983, Koprowski received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the Faculty of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 March 1995, Koprowski was made a Commander of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland" title="Order of the Lion of Finland">Order of the Lion</a> by Finland's president. On 13 March 1997 he received the <a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Honneur">Legion d'Honneur</a> from the French government. On 29 September 1998 he was presented by Poland's president with the Grand Cross of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit</a>. </p><p>On 25 February 2000 Koprowski was honored with a reception at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a> celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first administration of his oral polio vaccine. At the reception, he received commendations from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Senate">Pennsylvania Senate</a>, and Pennsylvania Governor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a>. </p><p>On 13 September 2004, Koprowski was presented with the Pioneer in NeuroVirology Award by the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_NeuroVirology" title="International Society for NeuroVirology">International Society for NeuroVirology</a> at the 6th International Symposium on NeuroVirology held in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. On 1 May 2007, Koprowski was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin_Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Sabin Gold Medal">Albert Sabin Gold Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sabin_Vaccine_Institute" title="Sabin Vaccine Institute">Sabin Vaccine Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski_Prize_in_Neurovirology" title="Hilary Koprowski Prize in Neurovirology">Hilary Koprowski Prize in Neurovirology</a> in honor of Dr. Koprowski's contributions to the field of <a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">neurovirology</a>. The prize is awarded annually in conjunction with the International Symposium on Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, which is sponsored by the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease (IMMID) within the <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Medicine" title="Drexel University College of Medicine">Drexel University College of Medicine</a>. During the Symposium, the prize recipient is asked to deliver an honorary lecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AIDS_accusation">AIDS accusation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: AIDS accusation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis</a></div> <p>British journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hooper_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hooper (journalist)">Edward Hooper</a> publicized a hypothesis that Koprowski's research into a polio vaccine in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> in the late 1950s might have caused <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>. </p><p>The OPV AIDS hypothesis has, however, been rejected by the medical community and is contradicted by at least one article in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, which claims the <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> group M virus originated in Africa 30 years before the OPV trials were conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-Worobey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worobey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> refuted Hooper's claims, writing: "[I]t can be stated with almost complete certainty that the large polio vaccine trial... was not the origin of AIDS."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koprowski rejected the claim, based on his own analysis. In a separate court case, he won a regretful clarification,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a symbolic award of $1 in damages,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a defamation suit against <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, which had published an article repeating similar false allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-Koprowski_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koprowski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concurrent defamation lawsuit that Koprowski brought against the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> was settled several years later; the settlement's terms were not publicly disclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koprowski's original reports from 1960 to 1961 detailing part of his vaccination campaign in the Belgian Congo are available online from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowproski1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowproski1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koproski2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koproski2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koproski3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koproski3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_people#Biology,_medicine" title="List of Polish people">List of Polish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people#Science_and_technology" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wistar_Institute" title="Wistar Institute">Wistar Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Worobey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worobey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worobey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorobeySantiagoKeeleNdjango2004" class="citation journal cs1">Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF, Ndjango JB, Joy JB, Labama BL, Dhed'A BD, Rambaut A, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Hahn BH (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428820a">"Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6985): 820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..820W">2004Natur.428..820W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428820a">10.1038/428820a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15103367">15103367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4418410">4418410</a>. <q>Note 1,13: Korber, B.et al. <i>Science</i> 288, 1789–1796 (2000)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Origin+of+AIDS%3A+contaminated+polio+vaccine+theory+refuted&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=6985&rft.pages=820&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F428820a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4418410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15103367&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..820W&rft.aulast=Worobey&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Santiago%2C+ML&rft.au=Keele%2C+BF&rft.au=Ndjango%2C+JB&rft.au=Joy%2C+JB&rft.au=Labama%2C+BL&rft.au=Dhed%27A%2C+BD&rft.au=Rambaut%2C+A&rft.au=Sharp%2C+PM&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Hahn%2C+BH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F428820a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHilary+Koprowski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_B2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin B (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733782">"Investigating the origin of AIDS: some ethical dimensions"</a>. <i>J Med Ethics</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 253–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.29.4.253">10.1136/jme.29.4.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733782">1733782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12930866">12930866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Med+Ethics&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+origin+of+AIDS%3A+some+ethical+dimensions&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-256&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1733782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12930866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.29.4.253&rft.au=Martin+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1733782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHilary+Koprowski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/people/Koprowski">Profile</a>, Whatisbiotechnology.org; accessed 21 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/dr-hilary-koprowski-virologist-who-developed-the-first-oral-vaccine-against-polio-8577415.html">Dr Hilary Koprowski: Virologist who developed the first oral vaccine against polio</a>, independent.co.uk; accessed 21 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pawel Koprowski Memorial Vacation Award was founded by Hilary Koprowski in 1958 in honor of his father.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://records.ancestry.com/sonia_berland_records.ashx?pid=142363052">The Koprowski and Berland Genealogy</a>, ancestry.com; accessed 21 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=10785">Mémoires of Judith Yazvina (2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_187.html">Biography</a>, U.S. National Library of Medicine website; accessed 21 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoprowska1997" class="citation book cs1">Koprowska, Irena (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanwandersthro00kopr"><i>A Woman Wanders Through Life and Science</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791431771" title="Special:BookSources/9780791431771"><bdi>9780791431771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woman+Wanders+Through+Life+and+Science&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780791431771&rft.aulast=Koprowska&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanwandersthro00kopr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHilary+Koprowski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html?pagewanted=2&emc=eta1">Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, April 20, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plotkin2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plotkin2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plotkin2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotkin, S.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/87/15/8270.full">"In Memoriam: Hilary Koprowski, 1916–2013"</a>, <i>J. Virol.</i>, August 2013 vol. 87 no. 15, pp. 8270-8271. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01449-13. Accessed 24 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philly.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philly.com_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/breaking/20130413_Hilary_Koprowski__polio_vaccine_pioneer__dead_at_96.html">Hilary Koprowski, polio vaccine pioneer, dead at 96</a>, philly.com, April 13, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/claude-e-koprowski-61">"Claude Koprowski Obituary"</a>. 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claude+Koprowski+Obituary&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaw.princeton.edu%2Fmemorial%2Fclaude-e-koprowski-61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHilary+Koprowski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613112321/http://christianacare.org/body.cfm?id=961">"Nutrition Outreach Programs"</a>. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabin.org/files/PDF/GoldMedalSpeech2007.pdf">Award Ceremony and speeches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002180012/http://sabin.org/files/PDF/GoldMedalSpeech2007.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Panel nixes Congo trials as AIDS source". <i>Science</i>. <b>258</b> (5083): 738–39. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" 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Clarification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805175442/http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/rs93.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, uow.edu.au, 9 December 1993, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Martin (2001) "The Politics of a Scientific Meeting: the Origin-of-AIDS Debate at the Royal Society" in <i>Politics & the Life Sciences,</i> pp. 119-130 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/05pls.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802002522/http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/05pls.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koprowski-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koprowski_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilary_Koprowski1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hilary Koprowski (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112936/http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/Koprowski92.html">"AIDS and the polio vaccine"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>257</b> (5073): 1024, 1026–27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257.1024K">1992Sci...257.1024K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.257.5073.1024">10.1126/science.257.5073.1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1509249">1509249</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=AIDS+and+the+polio+vaccine&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=5073&rft.pages=1024%2C+1026-27&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1509249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.257.5073.1024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...257.1024K&rft.au=Hilary+Koprowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uow.edu.au%2Farts%2Fsts%2Fbmartin%2Fdissent%2Fdocuments%2FAIDS%2FKoprowski92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHilary+Koprowski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowproski1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kowproski1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeBrun A, Cerf J, Gelfand HM, Courtois G, Plotkin SA, Koprowski H (1960) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelities virus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo 1. Description of the city, its history of poliomyelitis, and the plan of the vaccination campaign", <i>Bull World Health Organ.</i> 22:203-13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1960/Vol22/Vol22-No3-4/bulletin_1960_22(3-4)_203-213.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031154221/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1960/Vol22/Vol22-No3-4/bulletin_1960_22(3-4)_203-213.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koproski2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koproski2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Koprowski H (1960) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in Leopoldville. Belgian Congo 2. Studies of the safety and efficacy of vaccination", <i>Bull World Health Organ</i> 22:215-34 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1960/Vol22/Vol22-No3-4/bulletin_1960_22(3-4)_215-234.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221524/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1960/Vol22/Vol22-No3-4/bulletin_1960_22(3-4)_215-234.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koproski3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koproski3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotkin SA, LeBrun A, Courtois G, Koprowski H (1961) "Vaccination with the CHAT strain of type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis virus in Leopoldville, Congo 3. Safety and efficacy during the first 21 months of study" <i>Bull World Health Organ</i> 24:785-92 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1961/Vol24/Vol24-No6/bulletin_1961_24(6)_785-792.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221712/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1961/Vol24/Vol24-No6/bulletin_1961_24(6)_785-792.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roger Vaughan, <i>Listen to the Music: The Life of Hilary Koprowski</i>, Berlin, Springer, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98849-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-98849-1">0-387-98849-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">David Oshinsky</a>, <i>Polio: An American Story</i>, Oxford University Press, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515294-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515294-8">0-19-515294-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002180012/http://sabin.org/files/PDF/GoldMedalSpeech2007.pdf">2007 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal awarded to Hilary Koprowski (booklet/PDF file)</a>; accessed 21 April 2015.</li> <li><i>Directory [of] PIASA Members, 1999</i>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_Arts_and_Sciences_of_America" title="Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America">Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America</a>, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Koprowski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hilary_Koprowski" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227061242/http://www.koprowski.net/documents/29.html">Hilary Koprowski (2012), Polio Vaccine. Official site.</a> Internet Archive.</li> <li>Stacey Burling (April 14, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207224637/http://articles.philly.com/2013-04-14/news/38531652_1_polio-vaccine-hilary-koprowski-rabies-vaccine">"Hilary Koprowski, polio vaccine pioneer, dead at 96".</a> Philly.com, Internet Archive.</li> <li>New York Times Obituary (April 21, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html">"Hilary Koprowski dies at 96."</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936389#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19728018">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14911/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8vCYWWm6t4YF3qKpdcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120233908">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043265">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12213325w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12213325w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050166093&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1407751">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071223118">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90093872">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611442005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296462205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513024106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14705895">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00896039?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120233908">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03078798X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p87xcj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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