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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Oʻrganish_tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻrganish_tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oʻrganish tarixi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻrganish_tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xususiyatlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xususiyatlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Xususiyatlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xususiyatlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizik-kimyoviy_xossalari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizik-kimyoviy_xossalari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fizik-kimyoviy xossalari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fizik-kimyoviy_xossalari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fizik-kimyoviy xossalari subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fizik-kimyoviy_xossalari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denaturatsiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denaturatsiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Denaturatsiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denaturatsiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuzilishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuzilishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tuzilishi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tuzilishi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tuzilishi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tuzilishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuzulish_darajalari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuzulish_darajalari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tuzulish darajalari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuzulish_darajalari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birlamchi_tuzilma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birlamchi_tuzilma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Birlamchi tuzilma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birlamchi_tuzilma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikkilamchi_tuzilma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikkilamchi_tuzilma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ikkilamchi tuzilma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikkilamchi_tuzilma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uchlamchi_tuzilma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uchlamchi_tuzilma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Uchlamchi tuzilma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uchlamchi_tuzilma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toʻrtlamchi_tuzilma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toʻrtlamchi_tuzilma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Toʻrtlamchi tuzilma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toʻrtlamchi_tuzilma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuzilish_turi_boʻyicha_tasnifi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuzilish_turi_boʻyicha_tasnifi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tuzilish turi boʻyicha tasnifi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuzilish_turi_boʻyicha_tasnifi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oddiy_va_murakkab_oqsillar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oddiy_va_murakkab_oqsillar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oddiy va murakkab oqsillar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oddiy_va_murakkab_oqsillar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Proteinlar</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 161 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFen" title="Proteïen – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proteïen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروتين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروتين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাংসসাৰ – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাংসসাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BClallar" title="Zülallar – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zülallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҡһымдар – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡһымдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%ABms" title="Baltīms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltīms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parot%C3%A9in" title="Parotéin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parotéin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတေင်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပရိုတေင်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটিন – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уураг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уураг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ung-b%C4%83h-c%C3%A9k" title="Lâung-băh-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lâung-băh-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina_(kimika)" title="Protina (kimika) – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Protina (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ – cheroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرۆتین – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlkovina" title="Bílkovina – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílkovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шурри – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕްރޮޓީން – divexi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޮޓީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divexi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πρωτεΐνη – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτεΐνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgud" title="Valgud – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiini" title="Proteiini – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protéine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiin" title="Proteiin – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proteiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaiwyt_(stof)" title="Aaiwyt (stof) – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aaiwyt (stof)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3it%C3%A9in" title="Próitéin – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próitéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2tain" title="Pròtain – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròtain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteen" title="Proteen – men" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Proteen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="men" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0n-pha%CC%8Dk-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חלבון – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoteyin" title="Pwoteyin – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoteyin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rje" title="Fehérje – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սպիտակուցներ – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակուցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%ADn" title="Prótín – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prótín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンパク質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცილები – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Ақуыз – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақуыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="پرٛوٹیٖن – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پرٛوٹیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AEn" title="Proteîn – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proteîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protin" title="Protin – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Protin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ладзар – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ладзар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protena" title="Protena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruteina" title="Pruteina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pruteina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ – laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltymai" title="Baltymai – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltymai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olbaltumvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4teinina" title="Prôteinina – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôteinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белковина – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മാംസ്യം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാംസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул) – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уураг (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="प्रथिने – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रथिने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတိန်း – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Ашовт – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашовт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتین – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پروتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiwitten" title="Eiwitten – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiwitten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqata" title="Burqata – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burqata" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروټين – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutina" title="Prutina – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Prutina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proteină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Белки – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Протеін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протеін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruti%C3%ACna" title="Prutiìna – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutiìna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروٽين – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ප්‍රෝටීන් – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bielkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beljakovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotiin" title="Borotiin – somalicha" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalicha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaiwiete" title="Oaiwiete – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oaiwiete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protini" title="Protini – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரதம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాంసకృత్తులు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాంసకృత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Сафедаҳо – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сафедаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตีน – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belok" title="Belok – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Аксым – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аксым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Білки – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteyene" title="Proteyene – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Proteyene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Ууруг – qalmoq" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ууруг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="qalmoq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ცილეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცილეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פראטעאין – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטעאין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8A" title="朊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nn%CC%84g-pe%CC%8Dh-chit" title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Qiyofa</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oqsillar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Oqsillar">Oqsillar</a>dan yoʻnaltirildi)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Protein_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/220px-Protein_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/330px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/440px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>protein model mosaic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oqsillar yoki protein molekulalari – aminokislotalar qoldiqlaridan (amin va karboksil guruhlari orqali birikkan) tashkil topgan murakkab moddalar hisoblanadi. Suv va tuzli eritmalarda eruvchanligiga qarab, oqsillar quyidagi yetti guruhga boʻlinadi: albulinlar, globulinlar, glutaminlar, gistonlar, prolaminlar, protaminlar va skleroproteinlar. Shuningdek, pepsin, tripsin, ximotripsin va papain kabi proteolitik fermentlar ham proteinlarga kiradi. Protein atamasi koʻpincha oqsillarning sinonimi sifatida ishlatiladi<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oqsillar barcha tirik mavjudotlarning tarkibiy qismiga kiruvchi azot tutuvchi organik moddalar hisoblanadi va hayot faoliyati uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega. Hujayrada bir necha ming xil oqsil mavjud boʻlib, ularning har biri oʻziga xos vazifani bajaradi. Shuning uchun ular proteinlar (<a href="/wiki/Yunoncha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunoncha">yunoncha</a> protos – birinchi, eng muhim) deb ataladi. Oqsillar hujayra vaznining taxminan 3/4 qismini tashkil etadi. Maʼlumki, barcha organizmlarning oqsillari, ularning har xil biologik faoliyatidan qatʼi nazar, bir xil 20 ta standart aminokislotadan tashkil topgan. Ushbu aminokislotalar alohida biologik faollikka ega emas. Oqsillarning kimyoviy farqlari ulardagi aminokislotalarning tartibiga bogʻliq. Aminokislotalar oqsil tuzilmasining „alifbosi“ boʻlib, ularni turli tartibda biriktirib, cheksiz miqdordagi ketma-ketliklarni yaratish va shu bilan cheksiz turdagi oqsillar hosil qilish mumkin. Masalan, har bir tur organizmda bir necha ming xil oqsil mavjud boʻlib, ular soni 10 millionga yaqin turli oqsillarni tashkil etadi. Matematik izlanishlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, 20 ta aminokislotadan hosil boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan oqsil izomerlarining umumiy ogʻirligi Yer sharining ogʻirligidan ham katta boʻlishi mumkin. Oqsillar makromolekulalar hisoblanadi va ularning molekulyar massasi bir necha mingdan bir necha milliongacha yetishi mumkin. Oqsillar molekulalarining asosiy tarkibiy qismi sifatida aminokislotalar xizmat qiladi. Har bir aminokislotada bitta uglerod atomi (α-uglerod atomi)ga aminoguruh va karboksil guruh birikadi. Oqsillarda 20 xil aminokislota uchraydi, ular oʻzaro R-guruhi bilan farqlanadi, bu guruh gidrofil yoki gidrofob, asosli, kislotali yoki neytral boʻlishi mumkin. Oqsillarda aminokislotalar bir-biriga peptid bogʻlari orqali, yaʼni amin bogʻlari bilan ulanadi. Bu bogʻ bir aminokislota α-karboksil qoldigʻining ikkinchi aminokislota α-aminoguruh qoldigʻi bilan bogʻlanishi natijasida hosil boʻladi. Shu tarzda tuzilgan polimerlar peptidlar deb ataladi. Dipeptid, tripeptid, tetrapeptid kabi nomlar molekuladagi aminokislota qoldiqlari soniga bogʻliq: masalan, dipeptidda 2 ta qoldiq, tripeptidda esa 3 ta qoldiq boʻladi. Kichik aminokislota peptidlaridan farqli oʻlaroq, polipeptidlar tarkibida 20 yoki undan ortiq (oqsillarda taxminan 50 tadan 2500 tagacha) aminokislota qoldiqlari mavjud. Oqsillarda ketma-ket joylashgan aminokislota qoldiqlari uzun zanjirni yoki oqsillarning birlamchi tuzilmasini tashkil etadi. Buning natijasida, oqsil molekulasidagi har xil joylashgan aminokislota qoldiqlari kimyoviy bogʻlar orqali oʻzaro bogʻlanib, oqsilning murakkab ikkilamchi, uchlamchi va toʻrtlamchi tuzilmalarini hosil qiladi. Yuqori darajadagi ushbu tuzilmalar fizik va kimyoviy omillar (yuqori harorat, kislota, ishqor va boshqalar) taʼsirida quyi darajaga qaytishi mumkin (bu jarayon oqsilning denaturatsiyasi deb ataladi) va oqsil oʻzining biologik faolligini yoʻqotadi. Biroq, ayrim hollarda, tashqi taʼsir bartaraf etilgach, oqsil yana oʻzining yuqori darajali tuzilmasini qayta tiklashi mumkin. </p><p><b>Oqsil tuzilishi va vazifalari boʻyicha</b> xilma-xil. Tuzilishiga koʻra, 2 katta guruhga boʻlish mumkin: globulyar va fibrillyar. Globulyar oqsillar asosan, sferik yoki ellips shaklida boʻlib, ular tarkibiga boshqa guruh moddalar ham qoʻshilgan (prostetik guruh). Masalan, gemoglobin globin va gemning qoʻshilmasidan hosil boʻlgan, shuning uchun uni yana gemoproteid deb ham atashadi. Lipid tutuvchi oqsil lipoproteidlar, uglevod tutuvchilar – glikoproteidlar, metall tutuvchilar – metall proteidlar deyiladi. </p><p><b>Fibrillyar oqsil</b> – bir yoki bir necha polipeptid zanjirdan tashkil topgan moddalar hisoblanadi. Ular uzun ip koʻrinishida boʻladi. Biriktiruvchi toʻqima (aktin, miozin, kollagen), soch, teri (a-keratin) oqsillari bunga misol boʻla oladi. Fibrillyar oqsillar, asosan, qurilish ashyosi yoki himoya vazifasini bajaradi. Oqsillarning biologik vazifalari boʻyicha quyidagi tasnifi mavjud: fermentlar (tripsin, ribonukleaza), tashuvchi oqsillar (gemoglobin, zardob albumini, mioglobin), oziq-ovqat va zaxira oqsillari (tuxum albumini, sutdagi kazein, ferritin), qisqaruvchi va harakat oqsillari (aktin, miozin), tuzilma oqsillari (kollagen, proteoglikanlar, kreatin), himoya Oqsillari (antitelolar, fibrinogen, trombin, ilon zahari, boʻgʻma qoʻzgʻatuvchisining toksini), nazorat qiluvchi oqsillar (insulin, kortikotropin, oʻsish gormoni) va boshqalar. </p><p><b>Oqsil ajratib olish</b> ulardagi aminokislota qoldiklarini aniqlashda kimyo va molekulyar biologiya fanlarining usullaridan (dializ, gelfiltratsiya, elektroforez, xromatografiya, sekvenatsiya va boshqalar) foydalaniladi. </p><p><b>Oqsil ajratib olish</b> jarayonida aminokislota qoldiqlarini aniqlash uchun kimyo va molekulyar biologiya fanlarining turli usullaridan (dializ, gel-filtratsiya, elektroforez, xromatografiya, sekvenatsiya va boshqalar) foydalaniladi. </p><p><b>Oqsillar</b> (polipeptidlar) – yuqori molekulyar ogʻirlikka ega organik moddalar boʻlib, alfa <a href="/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar">aminokislotalardan</a> iborat va peptid bogʻlari orqali birikkan zanjirlarni hosil qiladi<sup id="cite_ref-._:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-._:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kimyoviy nuqtai nazardan, barcha oqsillar polipeptidlar hisoblanadi Ammo tarkibida 30 dan kam aminokislota qoldiqlari mavjud boʻlgan qisqa polipeptidlar, ayniqsa kimyoviy sintezlanganlar, oqsil deb atalmaydi. Tirik organizmlarda oqsillarning aminokislota tarkibi <a href="/wiki/Genetik_kod" title="Genetik kod">genetik kod</a> orqali belgilanadi, va sintez jarayonida aksariyat hollarda 20 ta <a href="/wiki/Aminokislotalar#Oqsillarning_alfa_aminokislotalari" title="Aminokislotalar">standart aminokislota</a> ishtirok etadi. Ushbu aminokislotalarning koʻplab kombinatsiyalari oqsil molekulalarining xilma-xil xususiyatlarini belgilaydi. </p><p>Oqsillar tarkibidagi aminokislota qoldiqlari koʻpincha tarjimadan keyingi oʻzgarishlarga uchraydi, bu esa protein oʻz vazifasini bajargunga qadar yoki faoliyati davomida sodir boʻlishi mumkin. Koʻpincha tirik organizmlarda oqsillarning bir nechta molekulalari murakkab komplekslarni hosil qiladi, masalan, <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez" title="Fotosintez">fotosintetik kompleks</a> va boshqa strukturalar. Yuqori darajada tozalangan oqsillar past haroratlarda kristallar hosil qilib, ularning fazoviy tuzilishini oʻrganishga yordam beradi. </p><p>Tirik organizmlarning hujayralaridagi oqsillarning vazifalari va funksiyalari boshqa <a href="/wiki/Biopolimerlar" title="Biopolimerlar">biopolimerlar</a> – masalan, <a href="/wiki/Polisaxaridlar" title="Polisaxaridlar">polisaxaridlar</a> va deoksiribonuklein kislotasi (DNK) funktsiyalaridan ancha xilma-xildir. Oqsillar immunitet tizimida muhim rol oʻynaydi, transport vazifasini bajaradi (masalan, <a href="/wiki/Gemoglobin" title="Gemoglobin">gemoglobin</a> qon orqali gazlarni tashiydi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albumin (sahifa yaratilmagan)">albumin</a> esa yogʻlarni tashiydi), saqlash (masalan, <a href="/wiki/Kazein" title="Kazein">kazein</a> sutda mavjud). DNK polimeraza va RNK polimeraza matritsa reaktsiyalarida ishtirok etadi, strukturaviy vazifani bajaradi (masalan, soch va tirnoqlardagi keratin, biriktiruvchi toʻqimalardagi kollagen va elastin, mikrotubulalar hosil qiluvchi tubulin), signalizatsiya tizimlarida retseptor vazifasini bajaradi (masalan, rodopsin yorugʻlik taʼsirida <a href="/wiki/Nerv_impulsi" title="Nerv impulsi">nerv impulsi</a> shakllanishiga hissa qoʻshadi). Bundan tashqari, oqsillar energiya manbai yoki zaharli moddalar sifatida ham vazifalarni bajaradi. </p><p>Proteinlar <a href="/wiki/Hayvonlar" title="Hayvonlar">hayvonlar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Odamlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Odamlar">odamlar</a> uchun (asosiy manbalar: goʻsht, parranda goʻshti, baliq, sut, yongʻoq, dukkaklilar, don mahsulotlari; ozroq miqdorda: sabzavot, meva, rezavorlar va qoʻziqorinlar) zarur, chunki ularning tanasi barcha muhim <a href="/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar">aminokislotalarni</a> mustaqil sintez qila olmaydi. Baʼzi aminokislotalar proteinli ovqatlardan olinishi kerak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazm_qilish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazm qilish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Hazm qilish</a> jarayonida fermentlar isteʼmol qilingan oqsillarni aminokislotalarga parchalaydi. Ushbu aminokislotalar organizmning oʻz oqsillarini biosintezi uchun yoki keyinchalik <a href="/wiki/Energiya" title="Energiya">energiya</a> hosil qilish uchun ishlatiladi. </p><p>Proteinlarning aminokislota ketma-ketligini birinchi marta aniqlash uchun Fridrix Sanger <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> ustida tadqiqot olib bordi va <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>-yilda Kimyo boʻyicha <a href="/wiki/Nobel_mukofoti" title="Nobel mukofoti">Nobel mukofoti</a> bilan taqdirlandi. <a href="/wiki/Gemoglobin" title="Gemoglobin">Gemoglobin</a> va miyoglobin oqsillarining dastlabki uch oʻlchamli tuzilmalari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentgen_nurlari_diffraksiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentgen nurlari diffraksiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">rentgen nurlari diffraksiyasi</a> yordamida 1950-yillarning oxirida Perutz Maks Ferdinand va Kendrew Jon Cowdery tomonidan aniqlandi. Bu tadqiqotlari uchun ular <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>-yilda Kimyo boʻyicha <a href="/wiki/Nobel_mukofoti" title="Nobel mukofoti">Nobel mukofotiga</a> sazovor boʻlishdi<sup id="cite_ref-Perutz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perutz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kendrew_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendrew-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oʻrganish_tarixi"><span id="O.CA.BBrganish_tarixi"></span>Oʻrganish tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻrganish tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻrganish tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg/220px-Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg/330px-Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg/440px-Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_comte_de_Fourcroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><i>Antuan Fransua de Fourcroy</i>, oqsillarni oʻrganish asoschisi</figcaption></figure> <p>Protein birinchi marta 1728-yilda italyan olimi Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari tomonidan bugʻdoy unidan olingan. Oqsillar <a href="/wiki/XVIII_asr" title="XVIII asr">XVIII asrda</a> fransuz kimyogari Antuan de Furkroy va boshqa olimlarning faoliyati natijasida biologik <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulalarning</a> alohida sinfi sifatida aniqlangan. Shunda oqsillarning xossasi qayd etilgan, masalan, koagulyatsiya (dispers sistema) va oqsillarning denaturatsiyasi issiqlik yoki <a href="/wiki/Kislota" title="Kislota">kislota</a> taʼsirida. Oʻsha paytda albumin („tuxum oqi“), <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a> (qon oqsili) va dondan <a href="/wiki/Bug%27doy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug'doy">bugʻdoy</a> kleykovinasi kabi oqsillar oʻrganilgan. XIX asr boshlarida oqsillarning elementar tarkibi toʻgʻrisida baʼzi maʼlumotlar allaqachon olingan edi, maʼlumki, oqsillar gidrolizlanishi jarayonida <a href="/wiki/Aminokislotalar" title="Aminokislotalar">aminokislotalar</a> hosil boʻladi. Ushbu aminokislotalarning baʼzilari (masalan, glisin va <a href="/wiki/Leysin" title="Leysin">leysin</a>) allaqachon tavsiflangan edi. Gollandiyalik kimyogari Mulder Gerrit Yan oqsillarning kimyoviy tarkibi tahliliga asoslanib, deyarli barcha oqsillar oʻxshash empirik formulaga ega degan fikrni ilgari surdi. 1836-yilda Mulder oqsillarning kimyoviy tuzilishining birinchi modelini taklif qildi. Uglevodorod radikali nazariyasiga asoslanib, bir qancha takomillashtirishlardan soʻng, u oqsilning minimal struktura birligi quyidagi tarkibga ega degan xulosaga keldi: C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>62</sub>N<sub>10</sub>O<sub>12</sub>.U bu birlikni „oqsil“ (Pr) (<a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili">qadimgi yunoncha</a>: <i><span lang="grc">protos - birinchi, asosiy</span></i> dan), nazariyani esa „oqsil nazariyasi“ deb atadi<sup id="cite_ref-Ovchinnikov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovchinnikov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mulderning gʻoyalariga koʻra, har bir oqsil bir necha oqsil birliklaridan, <a href="/wiki/Oltingugurt" title="Oltingugurt">oltingugurt</a> va <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfordan</a> iborat. Misol uchun, u fibrin formulasini 10PrSP sifatida yozishni taklif qildi. Mulder, shuningdek, oqsillarni yoʻq qilish mahsulotlarini – aminokislotalarni oʻrgandi va ulardan biri (<a href="/wiki/Leysin" title="Leysin">leysin</a>) uchun kichik xatolik bilan molekulyar ogʻirlikni aniqladi – 131 atom massa birligi. Proteinlar haqidagi yangi maʼlumotlar toʻplanganligi sababli, oqsil nazariyasi tanqid qilina boshladi, ammo shunga qaramay, 1850-yillarning oxirigacha u hali ham umumiy qabul qilingan deb hisoblanardi. XIX asrning oxiriga kelib, oqsillarni tashkil etuvchi aminokislotalarning aksariyati oʻrganildi. 1880-yillarning oxirida rus olimi Aleksandr Yakovlevich Danilevskiy oqsil molekulasida peptid guruhlari (CO-NH) mavjudligini qayd etdi<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1894-yilda nemis fiziologi Albrecht Kossel aminokislotalar oqsillarning asosiy tuzilish elementlari boʻlgan nazariyani ilgari surdi. XX asr boshlarida nemis kimyogari Hermann Emil Fischer oqsillar peptid bogʻlari bilan bogʻlangan aminokislotalar qoldiqlaridan iborat ekanligini tajriba yoʻli bilan isbotladi. Shuningdek, u oqsilning aminokislotalar ketma-ketligini birinchi tahlilini oʻtkazdi va proteoliz hodisasini tushuntirdi. Ammo oqsillarning organizmlardagi markaziy roli 1926-yilda amerikalik kimyogar Jeyms Sumner tomonidan ferment reaza ekanligini koʻrsatmaguncha tan olinmagan. Sumner keyinchalik kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindori boʻldi<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.Sof oqsillarni ajratib olishning qiyinligi ularni chuqur oʻrganishni murakkablashtirdi. Shu sababli, dastlabki tadqiqotlar koʻproq oson tozalanishi mumkin boʻlgan polipeptidlar, masalan, qon oqsillari, tovuq tuxumlari, turli toksinlar va soʻyishdan keyin ajralib chiqadigan ovqat hazm qilish fermentlari yordamida amalga oshirildi. 1950-yillarning oxirida Armor Hot Dog kompaniyasi bir kilogramm sigir oshqozon osti bezi ribonukleaza A ni tozalashga muvaffaq boʻldi, bu keyinchalik koʻplab tadqiqotlar uchun eksperimental mavzuga aylandi. Oqsillarning ikkilamchi tuzilishi aminokislotalar qoldiqlari oʻrtasida vodorod bogʻlari hosil boʻlishi natijasida shakllanadi. Bu haqda 1933-yilda Uilyam Astberi fikr bildirgan, ammo Pauling Linus, oqsillarning ikkilamchi tuzilishini muvaffaqiyatli bashorat qilgan birinchi olim sifatida tanilgan. Keyinchalik, Valter Kauzman va Linnerström-Lang Kay Ulrik asarlarida uchlamchi tuzilishning roli va gidrofobik oʻzaro taʼsirlar keltirilgan. 1940-yillarning oxiri va 1950-yillarning boshida Fridrick Sanger sekvanslash usulini ishlab chiqdi va uning yordamida insulinning ikkita zanjirining aminokislotalar ketma-ketligini aniqladi. Bu usul proteinlarning tuzilishini oʻrganishda muhim yutuq boʻldi. 1955 yil <sup id="cite_ref-Sanger_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1951_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger1951-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1953_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger1953-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oqsillar aminokislotalarning chiziqli polimerlari ekanligini va shoxlanmaganligini (masalan, baʼzi <a href="/wiki/Shakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakar">shakarlar</a> zanjirlar, <a href="/wiki/Kolloidlar" title="Kolloidlar">kolloidlar</a> yoki siklollar ekanligini) koʻrsatadi. Aminokislotalar ketma-ketligi Sovet/Rossiya olimlari tomonidan aniqlangan birinchi oqsil 1972-yilda aspartat aminotransferaza boʻlgan <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Rentgen_nurlari_difraksiyasi" title="Rentgen nurlari difraksiyasi">Rentgen nurlari diffraktsiyasi</a> orqali olingan oqsillarning birinchi fazoviy tuzilmalari 1950-yillarning oxiri va 1960-yillarning boshlarida maʼlum boʻlgan va tuzilmalar yadro magnit rezonansi yordamida kashf etilgan 1980-2012-yillarda. Protein maʼlumotlar banki taxminan 87 000 protein tuzilmasini oʻz ichiga olgan<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XXI asrda oqsillarni oʻrganish sifat jihatidan yangi bosqichga koʻtarildi, bunda nafaqat alohida tozalangan oqsillar, balki bir vaqtning oʻzida miqdori va tajribadan keyingi modifikatsiyalar oʻrganiladi. Alohida <a href="/wiki/Hujayra" title="Hujayra">hujayralar</a>, toʻqimalar yoki butun organizmlarning koʻp miqdordagi oqsillari. Biokimyoning bu sohasi proteomika deb ataladi. <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a> usullaridan foydalanib, nafaqat rentgen nurlanish tahlili maʼlumotlarini qayta ishlash, balki oqsilning aminokislotalar ketma-ketligi asosida tuzilishini bashorat qilish ham mumkin boʻldi. Hozirgi vaqtda <a href="/wiki/Elektron_mikroskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron mikroskop">krioelektron mikroskopiya</a> yirik oqsil komplekslari va oqsillar domenlari fazoviy tuzilmalarini kompyuter dasturlari yordamida bashorat qilish atom aniqligiga yaqinlashmoqda<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xususiyatlar">Xususiyatlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Xususiyatlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Xususiyatlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oqsilning hajmini aminokislotalar qoldiqlari sonida yoki atom massa birligi (dalton) bilan molekulyar massa bilan oʻlchash mumkin, lekin molekula nisbatan katta boʻlganligi uchun uning massasi oqsilning hosila birliklarida, kilodaltonlarda (kDa) ifodalanadi. <a href="/wiki/Xamirturush" title="Xamirturush">Xamirturush</a> oqsillari oʻrtacha 466 ta aminokislota qoldigʻidan iborat boʻlib, molekulyar ogʻirligi 53 kDa ni tashkil qiladi. Hozirda maʼlum boʻlgan eng yirik oqsil, titin, sarkomerlardagi <a href="/wiki/Mushaklar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushaklar">mushaklarning</a> tarkibiy qismidir; uning turli xil variantlari (izoformalari) molekulyar ogʻirligi 3000 dan 3700 kDa gacha boʻlgan oraliqda oʻzgarib turadi. Inson titinining soleus (<a href="/wiki/Lotin_tili" title="Lotin tili">lotincha</a>: <i>soleus</i>) 38,138 ta aminokislotadan iborat Fulton A., Isaacs V. 1991. Oqsillarning molekulyar ogʻirligini aniqlash uchun oʻlchamni istisno qilish xromatografiyasi, poliakrilamid gel elektroforezi, mass-spektrometrik tahlil, choʻkish tahlili va boshqalar ishlatiladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fizik-kimyoviy_xossalari">Fizik-kimyoviy xossalari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Fizik-kimyoviy xossalari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fizik-kimyoviy xossalari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Protein_Composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/200px-Protein_Composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/300px-Protein_Composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/400px-Protein_Composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Oqsil molekulalarining qiyosiy oʻlchami. Chapdan oʻngga: antikor (IgG) (150 kDa), <a href="/wiki/Gemoglobin" title="Gemoglobin">gemoglobin</a> (66,8 kDa), <a href="/wiki/Gormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormon">gormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, ferment adenozin monofosfat va ferment glutaminsintetaza</figcaption></figure> <p>Oqsillar amfoterlik xususiyatiga ega, yaʼni sharoitga qarab ular kislota va asosiy xossalarini namoyon qiladi. Proteinlar suvli eritmada ionlanishga qodir boʻlgan bir necha turdagi kimyoviy guruhlarni oʻz ichiga oladi: </p><p>Karboksil guruhi (kislotali aminokislotalarning yon zanjirlari: aspartik kislota va glutamik kislotalar) Asosiy aminokislotalarning yon zanjirlarining azot oʻz ichiga olgan guruhlari (birinchi navbatda lizin va amidin qoldigʻi CNH(NH₂)) Arginin, biroz kamroq darajada esa histidinning imidazol qoldigʻi. Har bir oqsil izoelektrik nuqta (pH) bilan tavsiflanadi – muhitning kislotaliligi yoki vodorod indeksi (pH). Bunda berilgan molekulalarning umumiy elektr zaryadi nolga teng boʻladi va shunga mos ravishda ular elektr maydonida harakat qilmaydi (masalan, elektroforez paytida). Izoelektrik nuqtada oqsilning hidratsiyasi va eruvchanligi minimaldir. pH qiymati oqsildagi kislotali va asosli aminokislotalar qoldiqlarining nisbatiga bogʻliq. Koʻp kislotali aminokislota qoldiqlari boʻlgan oqsillar uchun izoelektrik nuqtalar kislotali mintaqada yotadi (bunday oqsillar kislotali deb ataladi). Koʻproq asosli qoldiqlarni oʻz ichiga olgan oqsillar uchun, izoelektrik nuqta ishqoriy mintaqada joylashadi (bunday oqsillar asosiy oqsillar deb ataladi). Berilgan oqsilning pH qiymati ion kuchi va u joylashgan bufer eritmasi turiga qarab ham oʻzgarishi mumkin, chunki neytral tuzlar darajaga taʼsir qiladi. Oqsilning kimyoviy guruhlarini ionlashtirish orqali proteinning pH-ni, masalan, kislota asosida titrlash egri chizigʻidan yoki izoelektrik fokuslash yordamida aniqlash mumkin.<sup id="cite_ref-Jakubke_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakubke-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Umuman olganda, oqsilning pI koʻrsatkichi u bajaradigan funktsiyaga bogʻliq: koʻpchilik umurtqali toʻqimalar oqsillarining izoelektrik nuqtasi 5,5 dan 7,0 gacha, lekin baʼzi hollarda qiymatlar ekstremal mintaqalarda boʻladi: masalan, <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a> uchun – kuchli kislotali meʼda shirasining proteolitik fermenti pI ~ 1va salmina uchun – oqsil-protamin <a href="/wiki/Sut" title="Sut">sut</a> yuqori arginin miqdori bilan ajralib turadigan qizil ikra, – pI ~ 12<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Fosfatlar bilan elektromagnit oʻzaro taʼsir tufayli <a href="/wiki/Nuklein_kislotalar" title="Nuklein kislotalar">nuklein kislotalar</a> bilan bogʻlangan oqsillar, fosfat guruhlari, koʻpincha asosiy oqsillardir. Bunday oqsillarga misol qilib <a href="/wiki/Gistonlar" title="Gistonlar">gistonlar</a> va protaminlarni keltirish mumkin. Oqsillar ham gidrofil va hidrofobiklarga boʻlinadi. Gidrofillarga aksariyat oqsillar sitoplazma, <a href="/wiki/Hujayra_yadrosi" title="Hujayra yadrosi">yadrolari</a> va hujayralararo modda, jumladan, erimaydigan keratin va fibroin kiradi. Gidrofobiklarga hujayra membranalari tashkil etuvchi oqsillarning aksariyati, – gidrofobik <a href="/wiki/Lipidlar" title="Lipidlar">lipidlar</a> membranalari bilan oʻzaro taʼsir qiluvchi integral membrana oqsillari(bu oqsillar uchun qoida tariqasida gidrofil joylar ham mavjud)<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denaturatsiya">Denaturatsiya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Denaturatsiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Denaturatsiya"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Fried_egg,_sunny_side_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg/220px-Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg/330px-Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg/440px-Fried_egg%2C_sunny_side_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Yuqori harorat taʼsirida tovuq tuxumining oqini yoʻq qilish</figcaption></figure> <p>Oqsilning denaturatsiyasi uning biologik faolligi yoki fizik-kimyoviy xossalarining toʻrtlamchi, uchlamchi yoki ikkilamchi tuzilma yoʻqolishi bilan bogʻliq har qanday oʻzgarishdir (qarang. „Oqsil tuzilishi“ boʻlimi). Qoida tariqasida, oqsillar organizmda normal faoliyat koʻrsatadigan sharoitlarda (harorat, pH, bosim, infraqizil nurlanish va boshqalar) ancha barqarordir<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bu sharoitlarning keskin oʻzgarishi oqsil denaturatsiyasiga olib keladi. Denaturatsiya qiluvchi moddaning tabiatiga koʻra mexanik (kuchli aralashtirish yoki chayqatish), fizik (isitish, sovutish, nurlanish, <a href="/wiki/Ultratovush" title="Ultratovush">ultratovush</a> bilan ishlov berish) va kimyoviy (<a href="/wiki/Kislota" title="Kislota">kislotalar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Ishqorlar" title="Ishqorlar">ishqorlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirt_faol_moddalar" title="Sirt faol moddalar">sirt faol moddalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbamid" title="Karbamid">karbamid</a>) denaturatsiya<sup id="cite_ref-Jakubke_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jakubke-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Protein denaturatsiyasi toʻliq yoki qisman, qaytariladigan yoki qaytarilmas boʻlishi mumkin. Kundalik hayotda qaytarib boʻlmaydigan oqsil denaturatsiyasining eng mashhur hodisasi tovuq tuxumining tayyorlanishi boʻlib, u yuqori harorat taʼsirida suvda eriydigan shaffof oqsil ovalbumin zich, erimaydigan va shaffof boʻlib qoladi. Denaturatsiya baʼzi hollarda suvda eruvchan oqsillarni <a href="/wiki/Ammoniy" title="Ammoniy">ammiak</a> tuzlari yordamida choʻktirishda (tuzlash usuli) kabi teskari boʻladi va bu usul ularni tozalash usuli sifatida ishlatiladi<sup id="cite_ref-._Strayer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-._Strayer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuzilishi">Tuzilishi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tuzilishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tuzilishi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Amino-veresterung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amino-veresterung.jpg/200px-Amino-veresterung.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amino-veresterung.jpg/300px-Amino-veresterung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amino-veresterung.jpg/400px-Amino-veresterung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>Peptid bogʻlanishining sxematik koʻrinishi (oʻngda). Xuddi shunday reaksiya oqsilni sintez qiluvchi molekulyar mashinada, yaʼni <a href="/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma">ribosomada</a> sodir boʻladi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protein molekulalari chiziqli <a href="/wiki/Polimerlar" title="Polimerlar">polimerlar</a> boʻlib, ular L-aminokislota qoldiqlaridan tashkil topgan (ular tarkibida oʻzgartirilgan aminokislota qoldiqlari va aminokislota boʻlmagan tabiatdagi tarkibiy qismlar ham boʻlishi mumkin). Ilmiy adabiyotlarda aminokislotalarni belgilash uchun <a href="/wiki/Lotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotin">Lotin</a> tilidagi bir yoki uch harfli qisqartmalar ishlatiladi, masalan, <a href="/wiki/Valin" title="Valin">valin</a> uchun: Val, V <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SovEntsAm_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SovEntsAm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bir qarashda koʻpchilik oqsillarda „faqat“ 20 ta aminokislotadan foydalanish oqsil tuzilmalarining xilma-xilligini cheklab qoʻygandek tuyulishi mumkin, ammo aslida ularning variantlari soni juda katta: 5 ta aminokislota qoldigʻi zanjiri 3 milliondan oshadi va 100 ta aminokislota qoldigʻi zanjiri (kichik protein) 10<sup>130</sup> dan ortiq variantda ifodalanishi mumkin. Uzunligi 2 dan bir necha oʻnlab aminokislota qoldiqlaridan iborat zanjirlar koʻpincha polimerizatsiya darajasi yuqori boʻlgan „peptidlar“ deb ataladi, ammo bu boʻlinish nisbatan oʻzboshimchalik bilan amalga oshiriladi. Bir aminokislotaning a-karboksil guruhi (-COOH) boshqa aminokislotaning amino guruhi (-NH<sub>2</sub>) bilan oʻzaro taʼsiri natijasida oqsil hosil boʻlganda, peptid bogʻ hosil boʻladi. Oqsilning uchlari terminal aminokislotalar qoldigʻi guruhlaridan qaysi biri erkin boʻlishiga qarab N- va C-terminus deb ataladi: mos ravishda -NH<sub>2</sub> yoki -COOH. Ribosomadagi oqsil sintezida birinchi (N-terminal) aminokislota qoldigʻi odatda <a href="/wiki/Metionin" title="Metionin">metionin</a> boʻladi va keyingi qoldiqlar oldingisining C-terminusiga qoʻshiladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuzulish_darajalari">Tuzulish darajalari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tuzulish darajalari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tuzulish darajalari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Protein-structure_ru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Protein-structure_ru.jpg/200px-Protein-structure_ru.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Protein-structure_ru.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Oqsillarning strukturaviy tashkiliy darajalari: 1 – birlamchi, 2 – ikkilamchi, 3 – uchlamchi, 4 – toʻrtlamchi</figcaption></figure> <p>K. Lindstrom oqsillarning strukturaviy tuzilishini 4 darajaga ajratishni taklif qildi: birlamchi, ikkilamchi, uchlamchi va toʻrtlamchi tuzilmalar. Ushbu boʻlinma biroz eskirgan boʻlsa-da, undan foydalanishda davom etilmoqda<sup id="cite_ref-Ovchinnikov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovchinnikov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Polipeptidning birlamchi tuzilishi (aminokislotalar qoldiqlari ketma-ketligi) uning <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> va <a href="/wiki/Genetik_kod" title="Genetik kod">genetik kod</a> tuzilishi bilan belgilanadi, va yuqori tartibli tuzilmalar <a href="/wiki/Oqsillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oqsillar">oqsillar</a> hosil boʻlish jarayonida shakllanadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birlamchi_tuzilma">Birlamchi tuzilma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Birlamchi tuzilma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Birlamchi tuzilma"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Protein_alignment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protein_alignment.jpg/300px-Protein_alignment.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protein_alignment.jpg/450px-Protein_alignment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protein_alignment.jpg/600px-Protein_alignment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption> Turli organizmlardagi oqsillarning (gemoglobinlarning) aminokislotalar ketma-ketligi tartibini tekislash misoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Birlamchi tuzilma – bu polipeptid zanjiridagi aminokislotalar qoldiqlarining ketma-ketligi. Proteinning asosiy tuzilishi aminokislotalar qoldiqlari uchun bir yoki uch harfli belgilar yordamida tasvirlanadi. Birlamchi tuzilmaning muhim xususiyatlari konservativ motivlar – maʼlum bir funksiyani bajaradigan va koʻplab oqsillarda uchraydigan aminokislotalar qoldiqlarining barqaror birikmalari. Konservativ motivlar turlarning evolyutsiyasi jarayonida saqlanib qoladi; ular koʻpincha nomaʼlum oqsil funksiyasini bashorat qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Turli organizmlar oqsillarining aminokislotalar ketma-ketligining homologiya (oʻxshashlik) darajasidan kelib chiqib, bu organizmlar tegishli boʻlgan taksonlar orasidagi evolyutsion masofani taxmin qilish mumkin. Oqsilning birlamchi tuzilishini genetik kodlar jadvali yordamida RNK ketma – ketligidan aniqlash mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ikkilamchi_tuzilma">Ikkilamchi tuzilma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Ikkilamchi tuzilma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ikkilamchi tuzilma"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikkilamchi tuzilma – bu polipeptid zanjirining vodorod bogʻlari bilan barqarorlashgan mahalliy tartibidir. Quyida oqsil ikkilamchi tuzilishining eng keng tarqalgan turlari keltirilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Leniger_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leniger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>**a-spirallar** – molekulaning uzun oʻqi atrofida zich burilishlar hosil qiladi. Bir burilishda 3,6 aminokislota qoldigʻi joylashgan boʻlib, spiralning balandligi 0,54 nm ni tashkil etadi (har bir qoldiq uchun 0,15 nm). Spiral bir-biridan 4 birlik masofada joylashgan H va O peptid guruhlari orasidagi vodorod aloqalari bilan barqarorlashadi. Odatda, oqsillarda oʻng qoʻl spiral shakllari ustunlik qiladi. Spiral glutamin kislota, lizin va arginin kabi elektrostatik oʻzaro taʼsirlar bilan buzilishi mumkin. Asparagin, serin, treonin va leysinning yaqin joylashishi spiralning prolin qoldiqlari orqali sterik tarzda xalaqit beradi va bu spiral uzulishiga olib keladi;</li></ul> <ul><li>**b-varaq (buklangan qatlamlar)** – uzoqroq masofadagi aminokislota qoldiqlari orasidagi vodorod bogʻlari yordamida barqarorlashgan zigzag shaklidagi polipeptid zanjirlaridan tashkil topgan. Har bir aminokislota qoldigʻi 0,34 nm oraliqda joylashadi<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bu zanjirlar parallel (bir xil yoʻnalishdagi) yoki antiparallel (qarama-qarshi yoʻnalishdagi) boʻlishi mumkin. Shuningdek, parallel va antiparallel b-tuzilmalardan iborat aralash b-tuzilma ham mavjud<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. B-varaqlar hosil boʻlishi uchun glisin va alanin kabi kichik oʻlchamli yon guruhlarga ega aminokislotalar muhimdir;</li></ul> <ul><li>**p-spirallar**;</li> <li>**3<sub>10</sub>-spiral**;</li> <li>**Tartibsiz boʻlaklar**.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uchlamchi_tuzilma">Uchlamchi tuzilma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Uchlamchi tuzilma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Uchlamchi tuzilma"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Proteinviews-1tim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/300px-Proteinviews-1tim.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/450px-Proteinviews-1tim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/600px-Proteinviews-1tim.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Misol sifatida triosefosfat izomeraza yordamida oqsilning uch oʻlchovli tuzilishini tasvirlashning turli usullari. Chap tomonda barcha atomlar va ular orasidagi bogʻlanishlar tasvirlangan „yadro“ modeli mavjud; Ranglar elementlarni koʻrsatadi. Oʻrtada uslublash motivi joylashgan. Oʻng tomonda atomlarning van-der-Vaals radius hisobga olingan holda tuzilgan oqsilning kontakt yuzasi. Ranglar hududlarning faollik xususiyatlarini koʻrsatadi</figcaption></figure> <p>Uchinchi darajali tuzilma polipeptid zanjirining fazoviy shaklidir. Bu struktura gidrofobik oʻzaro taʼsirlar yordamida barqarorlashgan ikkilamchi struktura elementlaridan tashkil topgan boʻlib, unda turli oʻzaro taʼsirlar muhim rol oʻynaydi. Uchinchi darajali tuzilmani barqarorlashtirishda quyidagi bogʻlanishlar ishtirok etadi: Kovalent bogʻlar – ikki sistein qoldigʻi orasida hosil boʻladigan disulfid koʻpriklari; Ion bogʻlar – qarama-qarshi zaryadlangan aminokislota qoldiqlarining ion guruhlari orasidagi bogʻlanishlar; Vodorod bogʻlari – aminokislota qoldiqlari orasidagi vodorod atomlari orqali hosil boʻladigan bogʻlanishlar; Gidrofobik oʻzaro taʼsirlar – oqsilning qutbsiz guruhlari suvdan ajralib, ichki qismda yigʻiladi, qutbli gidrofil guruhlar esa molekula yuzasida joylashadi. Oqsillar buklanish tamoyillarini oʻrganish shuni koʻrsatadiki, ikkilamchi tuzilish elementlarining joylashishi va atomlarning fazoviy shakllanishi orasida qoʻshimcha darajali tuzilma – buklama motivi (yoki arxitektura, strukturaviy motiv) mavjud. Buklama motivi a-spirallar va b-torlar kabi ikkilamchi tuzilish elementlarining oʻzaro joylashishini ifodalaydi. Shuningdek, oqsillarning tarkibiy qismlarini tashkil etadigan maydonlar mavjud boʻlib, ular mustaqil mavjud boʻlishi yoki kattaroq oqsil tarkibiga kirishi mumkin. Bu buklama motivlari koʻplab oqsillarda uchraydi va ularning evolyutsion yoki funktsional munosabatlarini aniqlashda ahamiyatlidir. Strukturaviy motivlar tasnifi uchun CATH yoki SCOP kabi tizimlardan foydalaniladi<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oqsilning fazoviy tuzilishini aniqlash uchun rentgen difraksion tahlil, yadro magnit-rezonansi va mikroskopning ayrim turlaridan foydalaniladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toʻrtlamchi_tuzilma"><span id="To.CA.BBrtlamchi_tuzilma"></span>Toʻrtlamchi tuzilma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Toʻrtlamchi tuzilma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Toʻrtlamchi tuzilma"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toʻrtlamchi tuzilishga ega boʻlgan oqsil bir necha polipeptid zanjirlaridan tashkil topib, umumiy supramolekulyar shaklda yigʻiladi. Bu oqsil molekulalari ribosomalarda alohida sintez qilinib, sintez tugaganidan soʻng yagona toʻrtlamchi tuzilmani hosil qiladi. Toʻrtlamchi tuzilishga ega oqsil bir xil yoki turli xil polipeptid zanjirlarini oʻz ichiga olishi mumkin. Uning barqarorligi ham uchinchi darajali tuzilishni mustahkamlovchi kovalent bogʻlar, ionli bogʻlar, vodorod bogʻlari va gidrofobik oʻzaro taʼsirlar bilan taʼminlanadi. Supramolekulyar oqsil komplekslari koʻpincha oʻnlab molekulalardan iborat boʻlib, murakkab funksiyalarni bajaradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuzilish_turi_boʻyicha_tasnifi"><span id="Tuzilish_turi_bo.CA.BByicha_tasnifi"></span>Tuzilish turi boʻyicha tasnifi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tuzilish turi boʻyicha tasnifi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Tuzilish turi boʻyicha tasnifi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuzilishning umumiy turiga koʻra oqsillarni uch guruhga boʻlish mumkin: Fibrillyar oqsillar – polimerlarni hosil qiladi, ularning tuzilishi odatda juda muntazam boʻlib, asosan turli zanjirlar orasidagi oʻzaro taʼsirlar orqali saqlanadi. Ular mikrofilamentlar, mikrotubulalar, fibrillalar hosil qiladi va hujayra toʻqimalarning tuzilishini qoʻllab-quvvatlaydi. Fibrillyar oqsillarga keratin va kollagen kiradi. Globulyar oqsillar – suvda eriydi, molekulaning umumiy shakli ozmi-koʻpmi sharsimon. Membrana oqsillari – <a href="/wiki/Hujayra_membranasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujayra membranasi">hujayra membranasi</a> domenlarini kesib oʻtuvchi domenlarga ega, lekin ularning qismlari membranadan hujayralararo muhitga va hujayra sitoplazmasiga chiqib turadi. Membrana oqsillari <a href="/wiki/Retseptorlar" title="Retseptorlar">retseptorlar</a> vazifasini bajaradi, yaʼni signallarni uzatadi va turli moddalarning membrana orqali oʻtishini ham taʼminlaydi. Transporter oqsillari oʻziga xosdir, ularning har biri faqat maʼlum molekulalarni yoki maʼlum bir signal turini membranadan oʻtkazishga imkon beradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oddiy_va_murakkab_oqsillar">Oddiy va murakkab oqsillar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oddiy va murakkab oqsillar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Oddiy va murakkab oqsillar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peptid zanjirlaridan tashqari, koʻpgina oqsillar aminokislotalar boʻlmagan guruhlarni ham oʻz ichiga oladi va bu mezonga koʻra, oqsillar ikkita katta guruhga boʻlinadi – oddiy va murakkab oqsillar (proteidlar). Oddiy oqsillar faqat polipeptid zanjirlaridan tashkil topgan boʻlsa, murakkab oqsillar tarkibida aminokislota boʻlmagan yoki protez guruhlari ham mavjud. Protez guruhlarning kimyoviy tabiatiga qarab, murakkab oqsillar orasida quyidagi sinflar ajratiladi: <a href="/wiki/Glikoproteinlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Glikoproteinlar">Glikoproteinlar</a>, protez guruhi sifatida kovalent bogʻlangan <a href="/wiki/Uglevodlar" title="Uglevodlar">uglevodlar</a> qoldiqlarini oʻz ichiga oladi; mukopolisaxaridlar qoldiqlarini oʻz ichiga olgan glikoproteinlar proteoglikanlar kichik sinfiga kiradi. Uglevod qoldiqlari bilan bogʻlanish odatda gidroksil guruhlari <a href="/wiki/Serin" title="Serin">serina</a> yoki treoninning oʻz ichiga oladi. Hujayradan tashqari oqsillarning aksariyati, xususan immunoglobulinlar, glikoproteinlar deb tasniflanadi. Proteoglikanlarda uglevodlar qismi oqsil molekulasining umumiy massasining ~95% ni tashkil qiladi va ular hujayralararo matritsaning asosiy komponenti hisoblanadi. Lipoproteinlar tarkibida kovalent bogʻlanmagan <a href="/wiki/Lipidlar" title="Lipidlar">lipidlar</a> protez qismi sifatida mavjud boʻlib, apolipoproteinlar oqsillari va ular bilan bogʻliq lipidlar tomonidan hosil boʻlgan lipoproteinlar qonda lipidlarni tashish uchun ishlatiladi. Metalloproteinlar tarkibida gem boʻlmagan koordinatali bogʻlangan metall ionlari mavjud. Metalloproteinlar orasida saqlash va tashish funktsiyalarini bajaradigan oqsillar (masalan, temir saqlovchi ferritin va transferrin) va fermentlar (masalan, rux oʻz ichiga olgan karbonat angidridi va turli xil mis, marganets, temir va boshqa metallarning faol markazlarida ionlarni oʻz ichiga olgan superoksid dismutaz) mavjud. Nukleoproteinlar tarkibida kovalent bogʻlanmagan <a href="/wiki/DNK" class="mw-redirect" title="DNK">DNK</a> yoki <a href="/wiki/RNK" class="mw-redirect" title="RNK">RNK</a> mavjud. Nukleoproteinlar tarkibiga <a href="/wiki/Xromatin" title="Xromatin">xromatin</a> kiradi, ularning tarkibiga <a href="/wiki/Xromosomalar" title="Xromosomalar">xromosomalar</a> ham kiradi. Fosfoproteinlar, protez guruhi sifatida kovalent bogʻlangan fosfor kislotasi qoldiqlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Serin, treonin va <a href="/wiki/Tirozin" title="Tirozin">tirozinning</a> gidroksil guruhlari fosfat bilan ester bogʻlanish hosil qilishda ishtirok etadi. Fosfoprotein, xususan, sutdagi <a href="/wiki/Kazein" title="Kazein">kazein</a>. Xromoproteinlar turli xil kimyoviy tabiatdagi rangli protez guruhlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Bularga turli funktsiyalarni bajaradigan metall tarkibidagi porfirin protez guruhiga ega boʻlgan koʻplab oqsillar kiradi: emoproteinlar (protez guruhi sifatida gemni oʻz ichiga olgan oqsillar, masalan, gemoglobin va <a href="/wiki/Sitoxromlar" title="Sitoxromlar">sitoxromlar</a>), xlorofillar, flavin guruhiga ega flavoproteinlar va boshqalar. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzME" class="mw-redirect" title="OʻzME">OʻzME</a>. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-._:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-._:0_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nisbatan yaqinda yana 2 ta aminokislota – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenosistein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenosistein (sahifa yaratilmagan)">selenosistein</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirolizin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirolizin (sahifa yaratilmagan)">pirolizin</a> topildi. Ular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arxeya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arxeya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arxeya</a> hujayralarining oqsillari tarkibiga kiradi, ammo tabiatda tarqalishi cheklangan. Bugungi kunda 22 ta aminokislotalar maʼlum boʻlib, ular tirik organizmlarning tabiiy <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a> tarkibiga kiritilgan irsiy maʼlumotlarga asoslangan biosintezlangan oqsillarning bir qismidir.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perutz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Perutz_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perutz M. F., Rossmann M. G., Cullis A. F., Muirhead H., Will G., North A. C. Gemoglobinning tuzilishi: 5,5 Å da uch o'lchovli Furye sintezi, rentgen tahlili natijasida olingan. — 1960. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendrew-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kendrew_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendrew J. C., Bodo G., Dintzis H. M., Parrish R. G., Wyckoff H., Phillips D. C. Rentgen tahlili natijasida olingan miyoglobin molekulasining uch o'lchovli modeli. — 1958. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovchinnikov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ovchinnikov_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ovchinnikov_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"><caption class="" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em">Proteinlar</caption> <tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Muallif(lar)</th> <td class="" style=""> Yu . A. Ovchinnikov</td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilevskiy A.Ya. Oqsil moddalari haqida biologik va kimyoviy hisobotlar (kimyoviy konstitutsiya uchun materiallar va ularning biogenezi). — 1888. — B. 289. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uch-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Uch_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"><caption class="" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em">Proteinlar</caption> <tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Muallif(lar)</th> <td class="" style=""> Tsvetkov L. A.</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Qismlar</th> <td class="" style=""> § 38. Oqsillar</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nashriyot</th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosveshcheniye_(nashriyot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosveshcheniye (nashriyot) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Prosveshcheniye</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evolution_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evolution_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"><caption class="" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em">Proteinlar</caption> <tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Muallif(lar)</th> <td class="" style=""> N. H. Barton, D. E. G. Briggs, J. A. Eisen</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Sahifalar soni</th> <td class="" style=""> 38</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></th> <td class="" style=""> 978-0-87969-684-9</td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger-lecture.pdf">„F. Sangerning Nobel ma'ruzasi“</a></span>. 2013-yil 5-yanvarda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6DR99GtT3?url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger-lecture.pdf">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 3-yanvar.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1951-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1951_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger F., Tuppy H. Insulinning fenilalanil zanjiridagi aminokislotalar ketma-ketligi. 2. Fermentli gidrolizatlardan peptidlarni tekshirish. — 1951. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger1953-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger1953_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger F., Tompson E. O. {{{sarlavha}}}. — 1953. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Braunshtein A.E., Egorov T.A., Polyanovskiy O.L., Aldanova N.A., Feygina M.Yu., Lipkin V.M., Abdulaev N.G., Grishin E.V., Kiselev A.P., Modyanov N.N., Nosikov V.V. {{{sarlavha}}}. — 1972. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kn-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kn_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filippovich Yu.B. {{{sarlavha}}}. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do">„Protein ma'lumotlar banki“</a></span>.  Rutgers va UCSD. — Biologik Makromolekulyar Resurs. 2012-yil 27-dekabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6DDe19Gl8?url=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 26-dekabr.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yahav T., Maimon T., Grossman E., Dahan I., Medalia O. Krio-elektron tomografiya: tizimli yondashuvlar orqali hujayra jarayonlari haqida tushunchaga ega bo'lish. — 2011. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakubke-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jakubke_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jakubke_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza:Book (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Andoza:Book</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.4.23.1">„EC 3.4.23.1 — BRENDA axborot tizimidagi pepsin A Pepsin A“</a></span>. 2008-yil 17-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617185925/http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.4.23.1">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 18-may.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singer_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer. S. J. {{{sarlavha}}}. — 1990. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-._Strayer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-._Strayer_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"><caption class="" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em">3 jildda biokimyo</caption> <tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Muallif(lar)</th> <td class="" style=""> Strayer L.</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nashriyot</th> <td class="" style=""> Mir</td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac198456050595/html">{{{sarlavha}}}</a>. — 1984-01-01. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SovEntsAm-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SovEntsAm_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza:Book (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Andoza:Book</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koonin E. V., Tatusov R. L., Galperin M. Y. To'liq genomlardan tashqari: ketma-ketlikdan tuzilish va funksiyaga. — 1998. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leniger-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Leniger_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leniger</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"><caption class="" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em">Proteinlar</caption> <tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Muallif(lar)</th> <td class="" style=""> Devid Uitford</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Sahifalar soni</th> <td class="" style=""> 45</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></th> <td class="" style=""> 70471498940</td></tr> </tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelshtein A. V., Ptitsyn O. B. Polipeptid zanjirlarining ikkilamchi tuzilmalari // Oqsil fizikasi. – Moskva: KDU, 2005. – S. 86-95. – <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/5982270652" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-98227-065-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3736688">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox 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(2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&oldid=5310588">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteinlar&oldid=5310588</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Yashirin turkum: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:ISBN_sehrli_havolalaridan_foydalanilgan_sahifalar" title="Turkum:ISBN sehrli havolalaridan foydalanilgan sahifalar">ISBN sehrli havolalaridan foydalanilgan sahifalar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi_maqolalari" 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